EP3408423A1 - Verfahren zum wärmebehandeln eines aus einem metallwerkstoff bestehenden bauteils mit mindestens einem mit einer glasur- oder emaille-beschichtung beschichteten flächenabschnitt - Google Patents
Verfahren zum wärmebehandeln eines aus einem metallwerkstoff bestehenden bauteils mit mindestens einem mit einer glasur- oder emaille-beschichtung beschichteten flächenabschnittInfo
- Publication number
- EP3408423A1 EP3408423A1 EP17716981.0A EP17716981A EP3408423A1 EP 3408423 A1 EP3408423 A1 EP 3408423A1 EP 17716981 A EP17716981 A EP 17716981A EP 3408423 A1 EP3408423 A1 EP 3408423A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- glaze
- temperature
- enamel coating
- component
- cooling
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
- 239000002320 enamel (paints) Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 74
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 31
- 239000007769 metal material Substances 0.000 title claims description 17
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 53
- 238000010791 quenching Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 49
- 230000000171 quenching effect Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 46
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 20
- 229910001092 metal group alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 3
- 238000002485 combustion reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 15
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 14
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000005266 casting Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 abstract description 17
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 abstract description 16
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 12
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 10
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 10
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 description 7
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 description 7
- 238000000137 annealing Methods 0.000 description 6
- 239000010410 layer Substances 0.000 description 6
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 230000035882 stress Effects 0.000 description 4
- 230000032683 aging Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000011159 matrix material Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 3
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000002826 coolant Substances 0.000 description 2
- 210000003298 dental enamel Anatomy 0.000 description 2
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 description 2
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910000838 Al alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000035508 accumulation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000009825 accumulation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000009835 boiling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000012876 carrier material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000001311 chemical methods and process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000004567 concrete Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000112 cooling gas Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000007791 dehumidification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001419 dependent effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004534 enameling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000005496 eutectics Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010304 firing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003779 heat-resistant material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011261 inert gas Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011810 insulating material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011229 interlayer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000155 melt Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005058 metal casting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002905 metal composite material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000003921 oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000717 retained effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004901 spalling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007921 spray Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000003860 storage Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002344 surface layer Substances 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23D—ENAMELLING OF, OR APPLYING A VITREOUS LAYER TO, METALS
- C23D7/00—Treating the coatings, e.g. drying before burning
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C21/00—Alloys based on aluminium
- C22C21/02—Alloys based on aluminium with silicon as the next major constituent
- C22C21/04—Modified aluminium-silicon alloys
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22F—CHANGING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF NON-FERROUS METALS AND NON-FERROUS ALLOYS
- C22F1/00—Changing the physical structure of non-ferrous metals or alloys by heat treatment or by hot or cold working
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22F—CHANGING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF NON-FERROUS METALS AND NON-FERROUS ALLOYS
- C22F1/00—Changing the physical structure of non-ferrous metals or alloys by heat treatment or by hot or cold working
- C22F1/04—Changing the physical structure of non-ferrous metals or alloys by heat treatment or by hot or cold working of aluminium or alloys based thereon
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22F—CHANGING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF NON-FERROUS METALS AND NON-FERROUS ALLOYS
- C22F1/00—Changing the physical structure of non-ferrous metals or alloys by heat treatment or by hot or cold working
- C22F1/04—Changing the physical structure of non-ferrous metals or alloys by heat treatment or by hot or cold working of aluminium or alloys based thereon
- C22F1/043—Changing the physical structure of non-ferrous metals or alloys by heat treatment or by hot or cold working of aluminium or alloys based thereon of alloys with silicon as the next major constituent
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23D—ENAMELLING OF, OR APPLYING A VITREOUS LAYER TO, METALS
- C23D13/00—After-treatment of the enamelled articles
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23D—ENAMELLING OF, OR APPLYING A VITREOUS LAYER TO, METALS
- C23D1/00—Melting or fritting the enamels; Apparatus or furnaces therefor
Definitions
- the invention relates to a method for heat treating one of
- Metal alloy in particular a light metal material, existing component, in or on the at least one surface portion is coated with a glaze or enamel coating.
- Coatings combines during the firing of the respective
- Sections of the respective component without the risk of spalling of the coating must allow.
- Heating temperature heated. At this temperature, the glass matrix of the coating melts and creates a chemical bond between the coating and the base material of the component.
- castings produced can be adjusted specifically by a suitable heat treatment.
- a solution annealing with subsequent quenching in which the component is cooled at a high speed to a low target temperature, for example the room temperature, the strength of the component can be significantly increased. It has proved to be particularly economical when the baking and the heating to the quenching temperature, from which the quenching takes place, are carried out in one go.
- Cooling takes place, as they occur for example in a water quenching.
- quenching with such high cooling rates must be regularly employed, especially for components that are subjected to high mechanical stresses in use, such as cylinder heads of internal combustion engines.
- these components are the typical application examples of components that are coated in thermally highly stressed areas with a glaze or enamel coating of the type in question here.
- the component is heated to a heating temperature which is at least equal to a minimum quenching temperature. Then the component is starting from a temperature which in turn is at least equal to the minimum
- Quenching temperature is quenched to produce a higher-strength structure in the component.
- the heating temperature to which the component is heated prior to quenching is dimensioned so that the temperature of the component at the beginning of the quenching process, taking into account possible
- Temperature corresponds to the softening of the glaze or enamel coating begins.
- the cooling rate at which the glaze or enamel coating is pre-cooled according to the invention is lower than the cooling rate achieved during quenching.
- the glaze or enamel coating is preheated sufficiently slowly, prior to quenching, to a temperature lower than the component temperature, typically lower than the minimum quench temperature, and at which the glaze or enamel coating re-solidifies ,
- the target temperature of the precooling is generally the temperature above which the glass matrix softens and the chemical processes explained at the outset, due to which the glaze or enamel coating permanently adheres firmly to the metal material of the component.
- the coating is cooled at least in its region of its free surface to a temperature below this target temperature.
- the method according to the invention proves to be particularly suitable for the heat treatment of components which consist of a light metal material, in particular an aluminum-based material.
- Softening is softened, it solidifies by the precooling invention thus at least again so far that it firmly adheres to the metal substrate of the component and so in the subsequent
- Quenching of the entire component can withstand the rapid change in temperature without causing flaking.
- the pre-cooling of the glaze or enamel coating is carried out after the heating of the component to the heating temperature, it may happen that the component during the pre-cooling also cools to some extent. In this case, so is the minimum
- Quenching temperature from which the quenching of the component begins, is lower than the originally achieved heating temperature or
- Heating temperature is set so high that the component temperature is still above the minimum quenching temperature even after the temperature decrease occurring in the course of precooling.
- the pre-cooling temperature to which the glaze or enamel coating is precooled may typically be at least 30 ° C, more preferably at least 50 ° C lower than the minimum quench temperature.
- suitable stoving temperatures and thus the temperatures at which softening of the glass matrix of the glaze or enamel coating commences are typically in the range from 480 to 650.degree. C., in particular from 510 to 540.degree. Especially safe Therefore, it is possible to prevent the glaze or enamel coating from flaking off of components made of Al materials in that the
- Pre-cooling temperature is a maximum of 480 ° C, in particular at most 470 ° C or 450 ° C.
- typical minimum quenching temperatures for components consisting of Al materials are at least 480 ° C., in particular at least 500 ° C., with quenching temperatures of at least 520 ° C., in particular at least 530 ° C., having proved to be particularly advantageous in practice.
- Pre-cooling temperature can be carried out according to the invention by the fact that the glaze or enamel coating is impinged by means of a fluid.
- a suitably tempered gas stream is suitable for this purpose.
- Compressed air has proved to be particularly advantageous as a cooling gas, since it is readily available in the operating environment in which the inventive method is used and the compressed air flow can be easily adjusted so that it causes the required cooling.
- gases such as an inert gas, such as nitrogen or the like
- inert gas such as nitrogen or the like
- the respective gas flow can be directed by means of a nozzle device against the glaze or enamel coating, in order to ensure a concentrated cooling on the area coated with the glaze or enamel coating.
- Thermal conductivity or thermal diffusivity of the glaze or enamel coating is determined.
- the metal substrate of the component is not affected so long, as long as the heat wave through the pre-cooling not to the Casting surface penetrates.
- cooling times of not more than 60 seconds, in particular no more than 40 seconds are generally sufficient for this.
- a cooling below the required minimum quenching temperature at conventional coating thicknesses can be prevented particularly reliably by limiting the duration of the pre-cooling to a maximum of 20 seconds, in particular 5-20 seconds.
- Typical layer thicknesses of the glaze or enamel coating are in the range of up to 5 mm, in particular up to 2 mm.
- the duration of precooling of the glaze or enamel coating which is actually required in each case can be determined in a manner which is familiar to the person skilled in the art by experimental measurements on specimens of the components to be heat-treated.
- the temperature decrease of the glaze or enamel coating occurring during precooling and, on the other hand, the temperature profile in the region of the boundary layer between the glaze or enamel coating and the metal material of the component bearing it are detected by measurement or determined theoretically.
- the duration of the pre-cooling is set so that the temperature of the
- Quenching temperature adjacent temperature is present. Already limited by one on the free surface of the coating and thus on the near to this surface layers of glaze or enamel coating Pre-cooling prevents the glaze of the glaze or enamel coating during subsequent quenching. Since the coating has already cooled on its surface at the same time, the unit formed from component and layer base is under compressive stress, what their
- Practical cooling rates of the pre-cooling are in the range of less than 5 K / s, wherein at cooling rates of at least 0.5 K / s, the pre-cooling can be done so quickly that during the pre-cooling of the glaze or enamel coating not too great cooling of the rest Component occurs.
- the heat treatment carried out according to the invention can usually be carried out as solution annealing with subsequent quenching. If the components are cast components
- the typical Glühdauem be 0.5 - 5 h.
- the quenching of the component can then take place with cooling rates of at least 5 K / s, in particular at least 7 K / s or at least 10 K / s.
- cooling rates of up to 50 K / s have proven successful, with the concrete cooling rates achieved in the case of components with strongly changing wall thicknesses and local material accumulations being able to scatter strongly over the component volume.
- quenching medium here is particularly water. However, if desired, other quenching media may be used, such as spray, polymers, oils or gases.
- the respectively achieved cooling rate can be set in the same known manner.
- Quenching medium used water for example, the
- the method according to the invention is particularly suitable for the heat treatment of components for internal combustion engines in which at least one channel is provided on which at least one surface section is coated with the glaze or enamel coating.
- the heat-treated components according to the invention can, in a manner known per se, pass through further treatment steps, such as aging, in order to further optimize their properties with regard to the respective use.
- the single FIGURE shows as an example of a component of the present invention heat treated type schematically a cylinder head 1 for a
- Cast aluminum material for example, an AISM 1 or AISi10CuO, 5Mg alloy
- cast cylinder head 1 has a flat contact surface 2, with which he does not use in use over an optionally interposed shown cylinder head gasket on a likewise not shown here engine block of the respective internal combustion engine.
- the internal combustion engine has combustion chambers arranged in series and pistons moving up and down, likewise not visible here.
- dome-shaped recesses 3 are formed, which form the upper end of the combustion chambers of the engine in the stroke direction of the piston of the engine.
- Combustion chamber of the internal combustion engine is discharged.
- the inner surfaces 7 of the exhaust gas duct 6 delimiting the exhaust gas duct 6 are in operation, in particular in the region adjoining its inlet opening 8, high thermal and mechanical loads due to the high flow velocity in the open inlet
- Exhaust duct 6 is exposed to incoming hot exhaust gas.
- the inner surfaces 7 are covered with an enamel coating 9, whose thickness is on average 400 ⁇ and covering the inner surfaces 7 over the entire length of the exhaust passage 6.
- the cylinder head 1 has in a conventional manner according to the number of combustion chambers and associated valves many exhaust ports 6, which are arranged one behind the other in the longitudinal direction of the cylinder head 1 and each coated with an enamel coating 9.
- the production and composition of the enamel coating 9 are described in the already mentioned WO 2015/018795 A1, whose contents have already been included in the present application.
- the cylinder head 1 is first heated to a baking temperature of 520 ° C., in order to obtain the
- Enamel coating 9 burned so that it firmly adheres to the AI substrate of the component.
- the cylinder head 1 over an annealing time of 1, 5 h at a heating temperature of 535 ° C.
- the cylinder head 1 is taken within 10 s from the annealing furnace, not shown here, and placed on a holding device 10.
- the holding device 10 is part of a pre-cooling device which additionally comprises a nozzle arrangement 11.
- the nozzle assembly 11 has nozzles 12, one of which in each of the one longitudinal side 4 "formed
- Output opening 13 of the respective exhaust duct 6 is directed.
- the surfaces of the longitudinal side 4 "adjoining the outlet opening 13 are thermally shielded from the environment by means of a diaphragm 14 made of a heat-resistant material.
- the nozzle arrangement 11 is connected to a central compressed air supply 15
- a compressed air flow D is directed directly against the free surface 9 'of the enamel coating 9 via the nozzles 12 assigned to the individual exhaust gas passages 6 of the cylinder head.
- the enamel coating 9 is pre-cooled in this way to a pre-cooling temperature of less than 470 ° C.
- the cylinder head 1 is removed from the holding device 10 and immersed for 5 s in a water bath whose temperature is 95 ° C. In this way, the cylinder head 1 is quenched to room temperature.
- Dehumidification may be followed by aging at 200 ° C for a period of 1 to 200 hours. In the example described here, a storage time of 5 hours was chosen.
- the measure of the curing achieved by the heat treatment is the yield strength of the material of which the cylinder heads 1 consist.
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Metallurgy (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Thermal Sciences (AREA)
- Crystallography & Structural Chemistry (AREA)
- Cylinder Crankcases Of Internal Combustion Engines (AREA)
- Other Surface Treatments For Metallic Materials (AREA)
- Application Of Or Painting With Fluid Materials (AREA)
- Heat Treatments In General, Especially Conveying And Cooling (AREA)
- Re-Forming, After-Treatment, Cutting And Transporting Of Glass Products (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
DE102016103866.0A DE102016103866B3 (de) | 2016-03-03 | 2016-03-03 | Verfahren zum Wärmebehandeln eines aus einem Metallwerkstoff bestehenden Bauteils mit mindestens einem mit einer Glasur- oder Emaille-Beschichtung beschichteten Flächenabschnitt |
PCT/IB2017/000192 WO2017149380A1 (de) | 2016-03-03 | 2017-03-02 | Verfahren zum wärmebehandeln eines aus einem metallwerkstoff bestehenden bauteils mit mindestens einem mit einer glasur- oder emaille-beschichtung beschichteten flächenabschnitt |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
EP3408423A1 true EP3408423A1 (de) | 2018-12-05 |
EP3408423B1 EP3408423B1 (de) | 2021-05-19 |
Family
ID=58537039
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP17716981.0A Active EP3408423B1 (de) | 2016-03-03 | 2017-03-02 | Verfahren zum wärmebehandeln eines aus einem metallwerkstoff bestehenden bauteils mit mindestens einem mit einer glasur- oder emaille-beschichtung beschichteten flächenabschnitt |
Country Status (10)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US20190085466A1 (de) |
EP (1) | EP3408423B1 (de) |
JP (1) | JP2019507830A (de) |
KR (1) | KR102190321B1 (de) |
CN (1) | CN108779540B (de) |
BR (1) | BR112018016765A2 (de) |
DE (1) | DE102016103866B3 (de) |
RU (1) | RU2724268C2 (de) |
WO (1) | WO2017149380A1 (de) |
ZA (1) | ZA201805487B (de) |
Family Cites Families (10)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US1919136A (en) * | 1933-02-15 | 1933-07-18 | Smith Lloyd Raymond | Enameled metal articles and method of producing them |
GB580689A (en) * | 1943-08-13 | 1946-09-17 | Du Pont | Improvements in or relating to the application of enamel compositions to aluminium base alloys |
US3149001A (en) * | 1962-04-05 | 1964-09-15 | Aluminum Co Of America | Enameled aluminous metal product |
DE3277585D1 (en) * | 1981-09-05 | 1987-12-10 | Lucas Ind Plc | Coated metal substrate and method of coating a metal substrate |
SU1353549A1 (ru) * | 1986-07-01 | 1987-11-23 | Казахский Государственный Научно-Исследовательский И Проектный Институт Нефтяной Промышленности | Способ изготовлени трубопроводов из эмалированных труб |
DE102010025286B4 (de) * | 2010-06-28 | 2013-08-01 | Nemak Linz Gmbh | Leichtmetallgussteil für einen Verbrennungsmotor |
CN102206828B (zh) * | 2011-05-20 | 2013-05-08 | 大庆高新区北油创业科技有限公司 | 一种抽油杆表面合金化高综合性能改性处理工艺 |
CN102605378A (zh) * | 2012-01-13 | 2012-07-25 | 浙江吉利汽车研究院有限公司 | 一种齿轮的渗碳淬火方法 |
CN103011600B (zh) * | 2012-12-27 | 2015-01-14 | 广东潮宏基实业股份有限公司 | 一种用于贵金属饰品表面涂层的珐琅 |
DE102013108428A1 (de) * | 2013-08-05 | 2015-02-05 | Tenedora Nemak, S.A. De C.V. | Emaillepulver, Metallbauteil mit einem mit einer Emaillebeschichtung versehenen Flächenabschnitt und Verfahren zum Herstellen eines solchen Metallbauteils |
-
2016
- 2016-03-03 DE DE102016103866.0A patent/DE102016103866B3/de not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
2017
- 2017-03-02 KR KR1020187028528A patent/KR102190321B1/ko active IP Right Grant
- 2017-03-02 WO PCT/IB2017/000192 patent/WO2017149380A1/de active Application Filing
- 2017-03-02 RU RU2018134476A patent/RU2724268C2/ru active
- 2017-03-02 CN CN201780014578.4A patent/CN108779540B/zh active Active
- 2017-03-02 US US16/081,546 patent/US20190085466A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2017-03-02 JP JP2018545905A patent/JP2019507830A/ja active Pending
- 2017-03-02 EP EP17716981.0A patent/EP3408423B1/de active Active
- 2017-03-02 BR BR112018016765-7A patent/BR112018016765A2/pt not_active Application Discontinuation
-
2018
- 2018-08-16 ZA ZA2018/05487A patent/ZA201805487B/en unknown
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
ZA201805487B (en) | 2019-06-26 |
DE102016103866B3 (de) | 2017-05-18 |
BR112018016765A2 (pt) | 2018-12-26 |
RU2018134476A3 (de) | 2020-04-03 |
KR20180121952A (ko) | 2018-11-09 |
EP3408423B1 (de) | 2021-05-19 |
US20190085466A1 (en) | 2019-03-21 |
JP2019507830A (ja) | 2019-03-22 |
WO2017149380A1 (de) | 2017-09-08 |
CN108779540A (zh) | 2018-11-09 |
RU2018134476A (ru) | 2020-04-03 |
KR102190321B1 (ko) | 2020-12-14 |
CN108779540B (zh) | 2021-10-08 |
RU2724268C2 (ru) | 2020-06-22 |
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