Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • C09D—COATING COMPOSITIONS, e.g. PAINTS, VARNISHES OR LACQUERS; FILLING PASTES; CHEMICAL PAINT OR INK REMOVERS; INKS; CORRECTING FLUIDS; WOODSTAINS; PASTES OR SOLIDS FOR COLOURING OR PRINTING; USE OF MATERIALS THEREFOR
  • C09D5/00—Coating compositions, e.g. paints, varnishes or lacquers, characterised by their physical nature or the effects produced; Filling pastes
  • C09D5/32—Radiation-absorbing paints
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08K—Use of inorganic or non-macromolecular organic substances as compounding ingredients
  • C08K5/00—Use of organic ingredients
  • C08K5/16—Nitrogen-containing compounds
  • C08K5/34—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen in the ring
  • C08K5/3412—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen in the ring having one nitrogen atom in the ring
  • C08K5/3432—Six-membered rings
  • C08K5/3435—Piperidines
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • C09D—COATING COMPOSITIONS, e.g. PAINTS, VARNISHES OR LACQUERS; FILLING PASTES; CHEMICAL PAINT OR INK REMOVERS; INKS; CORRECTING FLUIDS; WOODSTAINS; PASTES OR SOLIDS FOR COLOURING OR PRINTING; USE OF MATERIALS THEREFOR
  • C09D127/00—Coating compositions based on homopolymers or copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by a halogen; Coating compositions based on derivatives of such polymers
  • C09D127/02—Coating compositions based on homopolymers or copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by a halogen; Coating compositions based on derivatives of such polymers not modified by chemical after-treatment
  • C09D127/12—Coating compositions based on homopolymers or copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by a halogen; Coating compositions based on derivatives of such polymers not modified by chemical after-treatment containing fluorine atoms
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • C09D—COATING COMPOSITIONS, e.g. PAINTS, VARNISHES OR LACQUERS; FILLING PASTES; CHEMICAL PAINT OR INK REMOVERS; INKS; CORRECTING FLUIDS; WOODSTAINS; PASTES OR SOLIDS FOR COLOURING OR PRINTING; USE OF MATERIALS THEREFOR
  • C09D127/00—Coating compositions based on homopolymers or copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by a halogen; Coating compositions based on derivatives of such polymers
  • C09D127/02—Coating compositions based on homopolymers or copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by a halogen; Coating compositions based on derivatives of such polymers not modified by chemical after-treatment
  • C09D127/12—Coating compositions based on homopolymers or copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by a halogen; Coating compositions based on derivatives of such polymers not modified by chemical after-treatment containing fluorine atoms
  • C09D127/18—Homopolymers or copolymers of tetrafluoroethene
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • C09D—COATING COMPOSITIONS, e.g. PAINTS, VARNISHES OR LACQUERS; FILLING PASTES; CHEMICAL PAINT OR INK REMOVERS; INKS; CORRECTING FLUIDS; WOODSTAINS; PASTES OR SOLIDS FOR COLOURING OR PRINTING; USE OF MATERIALS THEREFOR
  • C09D127/00—Coating compositions based on homopolymers or copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by a halogen; Coating compositions based on derivatives of such polymers
  • C09D127/02—Coating compositions based on homopolymers or copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by a halogen; Coating compositions based on derivatives of such polymers not modified by chemical after-treatment
  • C09D127/12—Coating compositions based on homopolymers or copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by a halogen; Coating compositions based on derivatives of such polymers not modified by chemical after-treatment containing fluorine atoms
  • C09D127/20—Homopolymers or copolymers of hexafluoropropene
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • C09D—COATING COMPOSITIONS, e.g. PAINTS, VARNISHES OR LACQUERS; FILLING PASTES; CHEMICAL PAINT OR INK REMOVERS; INKS; CORRECTING FLUIDS; WOODSTAINS; PASTES OR SOLIDS FOR COLOURING OR PRINTING; USE OF MATERIALS THEREFOR
  • C09D133/00—Coating compositions based on homopolymers or copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by only one carboxyl radical, or of salts, anhydrides, esters, amides, imides, or nitriles thereof; Coating compositions based on derivatives of such polymers
  • C09D133/04—Homopolymers or copolymers of esters
  • C09D133/06—Homopolymers or copolymers of esters of esters containing only carbon, hydrogen and oxygen, the oxygen atom being present only as part of the carboxyl radical
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • C09D—COATING COMPOSITIONS, e.g. PAINTS, VARNISHES OR LACQUERS; FILLING PASTES; CHEMICAL PAINT OR INK REMOVERS; INKS; CORRECTING FLUIDS; WOODSTAINS; PASTES OR SOLIDS FOR COLOURING OR PRINTING; USE OF MATERIALS THEREFOR
  • C09D7/00—Features of coating compositions, not provided for in group C09D5/00; Processes for incorporating ingredients in coating compositions
  • C09D7/40—Additives
  • C09D7/48—Stabilisers against degradation by oxygen, light or heat
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08K—Use of inorganic or non-macromolecular organic substances as compounding ingredients
  • C08K5/00—Use of organic ingredients
  • C08K5/0008—Organic ingredients according to more than one of the "one dot" groups of C08K5/01 - C08K5/59
  • C08K5/005—Stabilisers against oxidation, heat, light, ozone

Definitions

• the present invention relates to novel coating compositions having improved gloss retention properties, and to methods of reducing the exposure of earth's atmosphere to volatile organic compounds (VOCs) while forming protective coatings on substrates, and to coating compositions used in such methods.
• VOCs volatile organic compounds
• VOCs Volatile organic compounds
• EPA United States Environmental Protection Agency More specifically, these proposed regulations establish that a compound of carbon is a VOC if it has a vapor pressure of less than about 0.1 millimeters of mercury at 20 °C.
• VOC chemical oxidation-semiconductor
• a variety of chemicals are within the definition of VOC, and some of these chemicals have short- and long-term adverse health effects when released into the atmosphere. Accordingly, many countries have regulations governing the release of such compounds into the earth's atmosphere.
• One relatively large source of release of such compounds into the environment has been from the solvents that are used in coating products such as, paints, varnishes, waxes, adhesives, inks and the like.
• Many cleaning, disinfecting, cosmetic, degreasing, and hobby products also contain VOCs as solvents or carriers.
• One method to reduce or eliminate the release of such compounds into the atmosphere is to capture and prevent release of the solvent as it evaporates from the coating composition.
• Such methods can involve, for example, the installation of a mechanism to capture the vapors and to process such vapors in an incinerator.
• a substantial capital cost and/or processing cost is incurred as a result of such operations, and such operations can sometimes add
• One aspect of the present invention provides protective coating compositions having enhanced gloss retention properties.
• the preferred coating composition is formed by steps comprising:
• hydrofluoropentenes and combinations of these and preferably selected from 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene, 1 ,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene, consisting essentially of or consisting of trans- 1 ,3,3, 3 etrafiuoropropene, and combinations of these, (2) one or more vinyl ester monomer(s), and (3) one or more vinyl ether monomer(s), wherein at least a portion of said vinyl ether monomer is a hydroxyl group-containing vinyl ether monomer, wherein the copolymer preferably has a number average molecular weight of greater than about 10,000 and preferably a weight average molecular weight of greater than about 20,000, as measured according the procedure as described herein; and
• a stabilizing agent comprising: a) a radical scavenger, preferable a hindered amine capable of scavenging one or more of the radical intermediates produced in the photooxidation of said fluorocopolymers; and b) an absorber of UV light; and
• One aspect of the present invention comprises coating a substrate with the coating composition of the present invention and forming a protective polymeric layer on said substrate by allowing at least a substantial portion of said carrier, and preferably VOCs in said carrier, to evaporate into the earth's atmosphere, whereby said protective coating is formed.
• Another aspect of the present invention provides methods for obtaining a VOC tax credit as a result of reducing the release of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) into the earth's atmosphere compared to a baseline coating operation of the type that permits the escape of VOCs into the earth's atmosphere.
• methods according to this aspect include the steps of:
• hydrofluoropentenes and combinations of these and preferably selected from 2,3,3, 3-tetrafluoropropene, 1,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene, with said 1,3,3,3- tetrafluoropropene preferably comprising, consisting essentially of or consisting of trans-l,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene, and combinations of these, (2) one or more vinyl ester monomer(s), and (3) one or more vinyl ether monomer(s), wherein at least a portion of said vinyl ether monomer is preferably a hydroxy! group-containing vinyl ether monomer; and
• a stabilizing agent comprising: a) a radical scavenger, preferable a hindered amine capable of scavenging one or more of the radical intermediates produced in the photooxidation of said fluorocopolymers; and b) an absorber of L!V light: and
• the fluorocopolymer coating composition formed by step (b) of this invention has a solid content of from about 70% to about 90% by weight, and even more preferably in certain embodiments from about 75% to about 85% by weight,
• the fluorocopolymer coating composition formed by step (b) of this invention has a VOC content of less than about 450 g/1, more preferably less than about 400 g/3, and even more preferably less than about 350 g 1.
• the fluorocopolymer coating composition formed by step (b) of this invention has a VOC content of from about 450 g/1 to about 100 g/1, more preferably from about 400 g/1 to about 200 g/1, and even more preferably from about 350 g/1 to about 250 g/1.
• hydrofluoroolefins includes but is not necessarily limited to hvdrofluoroethylenes, hydrofluoropropenes, hydrofluorobutenes and hydrofluoropentenes, and the like.
• the hydrofluoroolefin used to form the coating composition of step (b) comprises 1,3,3,3- tetrafluoroolefin (HFO-1234ze) and/or 2,3,3,3-tetrafluorooleiin (HFO-1234yf), with said HFO-1234ze preferably comprising, consisting essentially of or consisting of trans-HFO- 1234ze, [0013]
• the fluoropolymer of step (b) is formed by solution copolymerization of the monomers represented by (I), (2) and (3) of step(b) (i).
• step (b)(i) comprises solution copolymers zing:
• hydrofluoroolefin monomer(s) preferably selected from the group consisting of hydrofluoroethylenes, hydrofluoropropenes, hydrofluorobutenes and hydrofluoropentenes, more preferably from the group consisting of HFO-1234ze, HFO-1234yf and combinations of these, and even more preferably HFO-1234ze, with said HFO-1234ze preferably comprising, consisting essentially of or consisting of trans ⁇ HFG-1234ze;
• the fluorocopolymer coating composition formed by step (b) of this invention has a VOC content of from about 450 g/l to about 100 g/l, more preferably from about 400 g/l to about 200 g/l, and even more preferably from about 350 g/l to about 250 g/l.
• hydrofluoroolefins includes but is not necessarily limited to hydrofluoroethylenes, hydrofluoropropenes, hydrofluorobutenes and h drofluoropentenes, and the like.
• the hydrofluoroolefin used to form the coating composition of step (b) comprises 1 ,3,3,3- tetrafiuoropropene (HFO-1234ze) and/or 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene (HFO-1234yf), with said HFO-1234ze preferably comprising, consisting essentially of or consisting of trans- HFO-1234ze.
• the fluorocopoly mer of step (b)(i) is formed by copolymerization, and preferably solution copolymerization, of the monomers represented by (1), (2) and (3) as follows:
• hydrofluoroolefin monomers preferably selected from the group consisting of hydrofluoroethylenes, hydrofluoropropenes, hydrofluorobutenes and hydrofluoropentenes, preferably from the group consisting of HFO-1234ze, HFO-1234yf and combinations of these, and even more preferably HFO-1234ze, with said HFO-1234ze preferably comprising, consisting essentially of or consisting of trans- HFO-1234ze;
• (2B) from about 10 mol% to about 40 mol% of vinyl ether, more preferably from about 10 mol% to about 30 mol%, and even more preferably from about 10 mol% to about 20 mol%, represented by formula CH 2 CR 3 -OR 4 respectively, wherein R 3 is independently either hydrogen or a methyl group and wherein R 4 is independently selected from the group consisting of an unsubstituted straight-chain, branched-chain or ali cyclic alkyl group having 1 to 12 carbon atoms; and
• the fluoropolymer coating composition formed by step (b) of the present invention has a solids content of from about 70% to about 90% by weight, more preferably in certain embodiments of from about 75% to about 85% by weight, and at the same time has a VOC content of from about 450 g/l to about 100 g/l, more preferably from about 400 g/l to about 200 g/l , and even more preferably from about 300 g/l to about 200 g/l.
• the copolymer formation step (b) (i) comprises providing one or more fluorocopolymers by copolymerization of:
• first monomer(s) consisting essentially of HFO-1234ze, with said HFO-1234ze preferably comprising, consisting essentially of or consisting of trans-HFO-
• HFO-1234yf preferably in an amount of from about 40 mol% to about 60 mol%, and more preferably from about 45 mol% to about 55 mol%
• vinyl ether monomer(s) preferably in amounts of from about 10 mol% to about 40 mol% of vinyl ether, more preferably from about 5 mol% to about 45 mol%, more preferably from about 10 mol% to about 30 mol%, and even more preferably from about 10 mol% to about 20 mol%, represented by formula
• CH 2 CR 3 -OR 4 respectively, wherein R 3 is independently either hydrogen or a methyl group and wherein R 4 are independently selected from the group consisting of a substituted or unsubstituted straight-chain or branched-chain alkyl group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms; and
• mol % is to the mol% of monomers used in the formation of the fluorocopolymer of the present invention, based on the total of the monomers.
• the copolymer formed by step (b) of the present invention has a number average molecular weight as measured by gel phase chromatography ("GPC") according to the method described in Skoog,
• the coating composition formed by step (b) has a VOC content of less than about 450 g/1, more preferably less than about 400 g/1, and even more preferably less tha about 300 g/1.
• VOC Volatile Organic Compound
• the coating specimen Add to the aluminum foil dish 3 ⁇ 1 ml of toluene solvent to form the coating specimen.
• the specimen is then draw into the syringe and the filled syringe is placed on the scale and the scale is tarred.
• the specimen is spread out in the dish to cover the bottom of the dish completely with as uniform thickness as possible. Obtain and record the weight of the specimen to the nearest 0.1 mg, which is designated as the Specimen Weight (SA) in the following calculations.
• SA Specimen Weight
• the foil dish containing the specimens is then heated in the forced draft oven for 60 min at 1 10 °C.
• Each dish is removed from the oven, placed immediately in a desiccator, cooled to ambient temperatiire, weighed to the nearest 0.1 mg, and this weigh is record, and is indicated as W2 in the following calculations.
• VA % volatiles (first determination)
• Wl weight of dish
• W2 weight of dish plus specimen
• SA specimen weight
• DA specimen specific Gravity
• VB % voiatiies (duplicate determination; calculate in same manner as VA).
• substrate refers to any device or article, or part of a device or article, to be coated.
• carrier is intended to refer to a component of a composition that serves to solvate, disperse and/or emulsify a rnonomeric or polymeric component of a composition.
• Figure 1 shows the gloss retention of the coating films.
• preferred aspects of the present invention involve coating methods that provide reduced VOC emissions while at the same time providing effective and efficient protective coatings on substrates.
• the quality of a protective coating applied to a substrate can be measured by a variety of coating properties that, depending on the particuiai" application, are important for achieving a commercially successful coating on a given substrate. These properties include but are not limited to; (1) viscosity; (2) color retention and gloss retention.
• Viscosity as used herein is measured according the ASTM Standard Test Method for Measuring Solution Viscosity of Polymers with Differential Viscometer, Designation D5225-14. According to this method as used to herein the viscometer used is a Brookfield viscometer (DV-II + Pro) using spindles S 18/S31 using torque values from between 40% and 80% at room temperatures of about 23 ⁇ 2 °C. If a solvent is used for the measurements, it is butyl acetate.
• the coating compositions formed according to the present methods exhibit: (1) a solid concentration of at least about
• D5225-14 of not greater than about 1700 mPa-s at about 23 ⁇ 2 °C and a color change after about 1000 hours, of not greater than 2.0, more preferably not greater than about 1.5, and even more preferably not greater than about 1.2, as measured in comparison to the initial color, each as measured by ASTM D 7251, QUV -A; and a VOC content of not greater than about 450 g/1, more preferably not greater than about 400 g/1, and even more preferably not greater than about 350 g/1.
• the QUV- A is measured as indicated above according to ASTM D 7251 , which is QUV Accelerated Weathering Tester Operating Procedure by which accelerated testing is performed in an accelerated testing cabinet sold under the trade mark QUV® manufactured by Q-Lab Corporation of Cleveland Ohio.
• Two lamps are used in this testing cabinet: "A" lamps (UV A-340) have a normal output of 0.69 W/m 2 @ 340 nm m and a maximum output of 1.38 W/m 2 @ 340 nm m; and "B" lamps (UVA-313) have a normal output of 0.67 W/m 2 @ 310 nm 0.67 and a maximum output of 1.23 W/m 2 @ 310 nm m.
• the designation QUV-A refers to tests using the A lamps and QU A- B refers to tests using the B lamps. The procedure is accomplished using the following steps:
• test plate containing the coating in the panel holder in the cabinet and power the cabinet on.
• hvdrofluoroethylene monomers include, among others:
• hydrofluoro-propene monomers include, among others:
• the hydrofluorooiefin comprises, consists essentially of or consist of HFO-1234yf and'or HFO-1234ze.
• the hydrofluorooiefin comprises, consists essentially of or consist of HFO-1234ze, with said HFO-1234ze preferably comprising, consisting essentially of or consisting of trans- HFO- 1234ze.
• hydrofluorooiefin monomers include, hydrofluorobutene according to the following formula: CX ⁇ X " CX 1 ; CX u X 1 ' X i i 'X i " X l s : wherein X 11 , X 12 , X 13 , X 14 , X 15 , X 16 , X 17 and X * ' 8 are independently selected from H or F or CI atom, but at least one of them is a hydrogen atom and another is a fluorine atom.
• hydrofluorobutene include, among others,
• the copolymers in accordance with the present invention preferably are also formed from vinyl ester monomer units, preferably in amounts of from about 5 mol% to about 45 mol%, more preferably from about 10 mol% to about 30 mol%, and even more preferably from about 10 mol% to about 20 moi%.
• the vinyl ester monomer(s) are represented by the formula wherein x is 1 and wherein R* is either hydrogen or a methyl group, and wherein R 2 is selected from the group consisting of a substituted or unsubstituted, preferably unsubstituted, straight-chain or branched-chain, preferably branched chain, alkyl group having 5 to 12 carbon atoms, more preferably having from 5 to 10 carbon atoms, and even more preferably 8 to 10 carbon atoms.
• the alkyl group includes at least one tertiary or quaternary carbon atom.
• the vinyl ester is compound which includes at least one quaternary carbon according to the following formula:
• R 7 and R 8 are alkyl groups, preferably branched alkyl groups, that together contain from 5 to about 8, more preferably from 6 to 7, carbon atoms.
• Examples of vinyl ester monomers that are preferred according to certain preferred embodiments include vinyl acetate, vinyl propionate, vinyl butyrate, vinyl pivalate, vinyl capronate, vinyl laurate, VEOVA-9 (vinyl versatate ester formed from a C9 carbocylic acid, produced by Mornentive), VEOVA-10 (vinyl versataie ester formed from a CIO carbocylic acid, produced by Mornentive) and vinyl cyclohexanecarboxylate.
• Each of VEOVA-9 and VEOVA-10 contain at least one quaternary carbon according to Formula A above.
• the vinyl ester comprises vinyl versatate ester having from 11 to 12 carbon atoms in the molecule, preferably with at least one quaternary carbon according to Formula A above.
• the copolymers in accordance with the present invention preferably are also formed from vinyl ether monomer units, preferably in amounts of from about 5 mol% to about 45 mol%, more preferably from about 10 mol% to about 30 mol%, and even more preferably from about 1 0 mol% to about 20 mol%.
• R 4 is selected from the group consisting of a substituted or unsubstituted, preferably unsubstituted, straight-chain or branched-chain, preferably straight chain, alkyl group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms, more preferably 1 to 3 carbon atoms.
• vinyl ether monomers that are preferred according to certain preferred embodiments include alkyl vinyl ethers such as methyl vinyl ether, ethyl, propyl vinyl ether, n-butyl vinyl ether, isobutyl vinyl ether, hexyl vinyl ether, octyl vinyl ether, decyl vinyl ether and lauryl vinyl ether.
• Vinyl ethers including an alicyclic group can also be used, for example, cyclobutyl vinyl ether, cyclopenfyi vinyl ether and cyclohexyl vinyl ether.
• the vinyl ether comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of ethyl vinyl ether.
• the amount of vinyl ether and vinyl ester monomers together comprise from about 25 mol% to about 45 mol% of the total monomers.
• the copolymers in accordance with the present invention preferably are also formed from hydroxy 1 vinyl ether monomer units, preferably in amounts of from about 3 mol% to about 60 mol% of hydroxy vinyl ether monomer, preferably in an amount of from about 3 mol% to about 30 mol%, more preferably from about 3 mol% to about 20 moi%, and even more preferably from about 3 mol% to about 10 moi%.
• hydroxy 1 vinyl ether monomer units preferably in amounts of from about 3 mol% to about 60 mol% of hydroxy vinyl ether monomer, preferably in an amount of from about 3 mol% to about 30 mol%, more preferably from about 3 mol% to about 20 moi%, and even more preferably from about 3 mol% to about 10 moi%.
• R 3 is as defined above, preferably hydrogen
• R 5 is selected from the group consisting of an C2 to C6 substituted or unsubsti luted, preferably unsubsti luted, straight-chain or branched- chain, preferably straight chain, alkyl group.
• Examples of preferred hydroxyalkyl vinyl ether monomers include hydroxyl-ethyl vinyl ether, hydroxy-propyl vinyl ether, hydroxybuiyl vinyl ether, hydroxypentyl vinyl ether and hydroxyhexy! vinyl ether.
• the copolymer is formed from about 5 mo!% to about 20
• the co-monomers according to the fluorocopolymer formation step (b)(i) comprise, and preferably consist essentially of:
• B) vinyl ether monomer(s), represented by formula CH 2 CR 3 -OR 4 respectively , wherein R J is independently either hydrogen or a methyl group, preferably hydrogen, and wherein R 4 is selected from the group consisting of a substituted or unsubstituted straight-chain or branched-chain, preferably straight chain, alkyl group having 1 to 3 carbon atoms, preferably 2 carbon atoms, said vinyl ether monomer(s) preferably being present in amounts of from about 10 mol% to about 40 mol%, more preferably from about 5 mol% to about 45 mol%, more preferably from about 10 mol% to about 30 moi%, and even more preferably from about 10 mol% to about 20 mol%; and (3) third monomer(s) consisting of hydroxyalkyl vinyl ether represented by formula where R' is methyl or hydrogen, preferably hydrogen, and R' is selected from the group consisting of an C3 to C5, preferably C4, unsubstituted straight- chain alkyl group, wherein the
• the protective coating compositions of the present invention preferably comprise a light stabilizer comprising: a) a radical scavenger, preferable a hindered amine capable of scavenging one or more of the radical intermediates produced in the photooxidation of said fluorocopolymers; and b) an absorber of UV light.
• a light stabilizer comprising: a) a radical scavenger, preferable a hindered amine capable of scavenging one or more of the radical intermediates produced in the photooxidation of said fluorocopolymers; and b) an absorber of UV light.
• the radical scavenger comprises, consists essentially of, or consist of hinder amine compounds.
• hindered amine radical scavengers include; bis(l,2,2,6,6-pentamethyl-4-piperidinyl)-sebacate; l-(methyi)-8-(l, 2,2,6,6- pentamethyl-4-piperidinyl)-sebacate; bis (l-octyloxy-2,2,6-tetramethyl-4-piperidyl) sebacate and combinations of these.
• An example of a preferred combination of bis(l,2,2,6,6-pentamethyl-4-piperidinyl)-sebacate and l-(methyl)-8-(l,2,2,6,6-pentamethyl- 4-piperidinyl)-sebacate is available from Ciba Chemicals under the trademark TNUVT 292,
• An example of the preferred bis (l-octyloxy-2,2,6-tetraraethyl-4-piperidyl) sebacate is available from the Ciba Chemicals Division of BASF under the trademark TNUVIN 123.
• UV absorber With respect to the UV absorber, it is contemplated that a variety of such compounds can be used effectively in view of the teachings contained herein.
• the UV absorber comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of one or more UV absorbers of the hydroxyphenvlbenzotnazole class.
• the UV absorber comprises; beta-[3-(2-H-benzotriazole-2-yl)-4-hydroxy-5- tert-butylphenyl] -propionic acid poly(ethylene glycol) 300-ester; bis ⁇ b-[3-(2-H- benzotriazole-2-yi)-4-hydroxy-5-tert-but>'iphenyi]-propionic acid ⁇ -poly (ethylene glycol) 300-ester; and the combination of these.
• UV absorber that is a combination of beta-[3-(2-H-benzotriazole-2-yl)-4-hydrox '-5-tert-butylphenyl]-propionic acid poly(ethylene glycol) 300-ester and bis ⁇ beta-[3-(2-H-benzotriazole-2-yl)-4-hydroxy-5- tert-butylphenyl]-propionic acid ⁇ -poly(ethylene glycol) 300-ester is sold under the trade designation TINUVTN 1130 by Ciba Chemicals division of BASF.
• copolymers of the present invention may be formed to achieve the preferred characteristics described herein using a variety of techniques, and all such techniques are within the broad scope of the present invention.
• the fluorocopolymer is preferably produced in a polymerization system that utilizes a carrier for the monomer/polymer during and/or after formation.
• the carrier acts as a solvent and/or dispersant for the monomer and/or polymer, and such operations include dispersion, emulsion and solution polymerization.
• Examples of carriers in such systems include: esters, such as methyl acetate, ethyl acetate, propyl acetate and butyl acetate; ketones, such as acetone, methyl ethyl acetone and cyclohexanone: aliphatic hydrocarbons, such as hexane, cyclohexane, octane, nonane, decane, undecane, dodecane and mineral spirits; aromatic hydrocarbons, such as benzene, toluene, xylene, naphthalene, and solvent napthta; alcohols, such as methanol, ethanol, tert-butanol, iso-propanol, ethylene glycol monoalkyl ethers; cyclic ethers, such as tetrahydrofuran, tetrahydropyran, and dioxane; fluorinated solvents, such as
• the temperature conditions used in the polymerization process of the present invention can be varied according to the particular equipment and applications involved and all such temperatures are within the scope of the present invention.
• the polymerization is conducted at a temperature in a range of from about 30 °C to about 150 °C, more preferably from about 40 °C to about 100 °C, and even more preferably from about 50 °C to about 70 °C, depending on factors such as the polymerization initiation source and type of the polymerization medium.
• the solution polymerization is conducted under conditions under which the total amount of the solvent used in the copolymerization process, based on the weight of the solvent and monomer in the solution, is from about 10 wt% to about 40 wt%, more preferably in amounts of from about 10 wt% to about 30 wt%, and more preferably in certain embodiments in an amount of from about 15% to about 25%.
• the solvent used in the solution copolymerization process comprises, preferably consists essentially of, and more preferably in certain embodiments consists of C2 - C5 alkyi acetate, and even more preferably butyl acetate.
• the copolymer as formed accordance with the preferred methods described herein is prepared by copolymer! zing those monomers under conditions effective to achieve a copolymer having a number average molecular weight of 5000 to 50,000, or is some embodiments 5000 to 10,000 as measured by gel phase chromatography ("GPC") according to the method described in Skoog,
• the copolymer has a number average molecular weight that is greater than about 10000, and even more preferably from 10,000 to about 14,000. According to certain preferred embodiments, the copolymer has a molecular weight distribution of 2 to 10, more preferably 2.5 to 8, and most preferably 3 to 6.
• copolymers having a molecular weight less than 5000 produces weatherability and chemical resistance of the protective coating that is less than is desired for some applications and that when the polymers have a molecular weight of more than 50,000, coating compositions having viscosities that may negatively impact the spreading or coating properties of the coating compositions and hence difficulties in the coating operations.
• the formation of fluorocopolymer coating compositions comprises, and preferably consists essentially of: (i) providing one or more fluorocopolymers by copolymerization of
• first monomer consisting essentially of HFO-1234ze, with said HFO- 1234ze preferably comprising, consisting essentially of or consisting of trans-HFO- 1234ze, preferably in an amount of from about 40 moi% to about 60 mol%, and even more preferably from about 45 mol% to about 55 mol%, and even more preferably about 50 mol%,
• third rnonomer(s) consisting of hydroxyalkyl vinyl ether represented by the formula where R 3 is methyl or hydrogen, preferably hydrogen, and R 1 is selected from the group consisting of a substituted or unsubstituted straight-chain or branched-chain C3 to C5 alkyl, preferably C4, unsubstituted straight-chain alkyl group, wherein the amount of said third monomer is preferably from about 3 mol% to about 30 mol%; and
• a carrier for said one or more fluorocopolymers comprising one or more V OC compounds and preferably selected from aromatic hydrocarbons such as xylene and toluene; alcohols such as n-butanol; esters such as butyl acetate; ketones such as methyl isobutyl ketone, and glycol ethers such as ethyl cellusolve, with C2 - C5 alkyl acetate being preferred, and even more preferably comprising, consisting essentially of, or consisting of butyl acetate; and
• a stabilizing agent comprising: a) a radical scavenger, preferable a hindered amine capable of scavenging one or more of the radical intermediates produced in the photooxidation of said fluorocopolymers; and b) an absorber of UV light; and (iv) combining said one or more fluorocopolymers with said carrier and said light stabilizer to produce a polymeric composition comprising not greater than about 30% by weight of said carrier, preferably with a solids content of at least about 70% by weight.
• the fluorocopolymer composition of the present invention and in particular the fluorocopolymer formed as described in the preceding sentence, has a polymer number average molecular weight as measured by gel phase chromatography ("GPC") according to the method described in Skoog, D.A. Principles of Instrumental Analysis, 6th ed.; Thompson
• the coating compositions of the present invention have a viscosity at 25 °C of less than about 1900 mPa-s, more preferably less than about 1800 mPa-s and even more preferably of less than about 1700 mPa-s as measured by Ford Cup at least at one of 12 revolutions per minutes (r/m), 30 r/m and 60 r/m, and preferably at all three speeds, preferably as measured according to ASTM 01200-10(2014) or ASTM D2196 as appropriate.
• the formation of fluorocopolymer coating compositions comprises, and preferably consists essentially of: (i) providing one or more fluorocopolymers by copolymerization of
• a carrier for said one or more fluorocopolymers comprising one or more VOC compounds selected from aromatic hydrocarbons such as xylene and toluene; alcohols such as n-butanol; esters such as butyl acetate; ketones such as methyl isobutyl ketone, and glycol ethers such as ethyl cellusolve, with C2 - C5 alkyl acetate being preferred, and even more preferably comprising, consisting essentially of, or consisting of butyl acetate;
• a stabilizing agent comprising: a) a radical scavenger, preferable a hindered amine capable of scavenging one or more of the radical intermediates produced in the photooxidation of said fluorocopolymers; and b) an absorber of UV light; and (iv) combining said one or more fluorocopolymers with said carrier to produce a polymeric composition comprising not greater than about 30% by weight of said carrier, preferably with a solids content of at least about 70% by weight,
• the formation of fluorocopolymer coating compositions comprises, and preferably consists essentially of:
• first monomer consisting essentially of HFO-1234ze, with said HFO- 1234ze preferably comprising, consisting essentially of or consisting of trans-HFO- 1234ze, preferably in an amount of from about 40 moi% to about 60 mol%, and even more preferably from about 45 mol% to about 55 mol%, and even more preferably about 50 mol%,
• aromatic hydrocarbons such as xylene and toluene
• alcohols such as n-butanol
• esters such as butyl acetate
• ketones such as methyl isobutyl ketone
• glycol ethers such as ethyl cellusolve
• a radical scavenger preferable a hindered amine capable of scavenging one or more of the radical intermediates produced in the photooxidation of said fluorocopolymers; and b) an absorber of UV light; and
• the formation of fluorocopolymer coating compositions comprises, and preferably consists essentially of:
• first monomer consisting essentially of trans-HFO- 1234ze in an amount of from about 40 mol% to about 60 mo!%, and even more preferably from about 45 mol% to about 55 mol%, and even more preferably about 50 mol%,
• A) vinyl ester monomer represented by formula CH 2 CR l - 0(O )xR 2 wherein x is 1 and wherein R ! is either hydrogen or a methyl group, preferably hydrogen, and wherein R 2 is an unsubstituted branched- chain alkyl group having 6 to 8 carbon atoms including at least one quaternary carbon atom, wherein said vinyl ester monomer is present in an amount of from about 5 mol% to about 45 mol%, more preferably from about 10 mol% to about 30 mol%, and even more preferably from about 10 mol% to about 20 mol%; and
• vinyl ether monomer(s) represented by formula wherein R 3 is either hydrogen or a methyl group, preferably hydrogen, and wherein R 4 is selected from the group consisting of a substituted or imsubstituted straight-chain or branched-chain, preferably straight chain, alkyl group having 1 to 3 carbon atoms, preferably 2 carbon atoms, said vinyl ether monomer(s) preferably being present in amounts of from about 10 mol% to about 40 mol%, more preferably from about 5 mol% to about 45 mol%, more preferably from about 10 mol% to about 30 mol%, and even more preferably from about 10 mol% to about 20 mol%; and
• a carrier for said one or more fluorocopolymers comprising one or more VOC compounds selected from aromatic hydrocarbons such as xylene and toluene; alcohols such as n-butanol; esters such as butyl acetate; ketones such as methyl isobutyl ketone, and glycol ethers such as ethyl cellusolve.
• aromatic hydrocarbons such as xylene and toluene
• alcohols such as n-butanol
• esters such as butyl acetate
• ketones such as methyl isobutyl ketone
• glycol ethers such as ethyl cellusolve.
• C2 - C5 alkyl acetate being preferred, and even more preferably comprising, consisting essentially of, or consisting of butyl acetate; and
• a stabilizing agent comprising: a) a radical scavenger, preferable a hindered amine capable of scavenging one or more of the radical intermediates produced in the photooxidation of said fluorocopolymers; and b) an absorber of UV light; and
• the formation of fluorocopolymer coating compositions comprises, and preferably consists essentially of:
• first monomer consisting essentially of HFO-1234ze, with said HFO- 1234ze preferably comprising, consisting essentially of or consisting of trans-HFO- 1234ze, preferably in an amount of from about 40 moi% to about 60 mol%, and even more preferably from about 45 mol% to about 55 mol%, and even more preferably about 50 mol%,
• x is 1 and wherein R 1 is a methyl group, and wherein R ; is an unsubstituted branched-chain alkyl group having 6 to 8 carbon atoms, wherein said alky] group preferably includes at least one quaternary carbon atom, wherein said vinyl ester monomer is present in an amount of from about 5 mol% to about 45 mol%, more preferably from about 10 mol% to about 30 mol%, and even more preferably from about 10 mol% to about 20 mol%; and
• vinyl ether monomer(s) represented by formula wherein R 3 is a methyl group, and wherein R 4 is selected from the group consisting of a substituted or unsubstituted straight-chain or branched-cham, preferably straight chain, alkyl group having 1 to 3 carbon atoms, preferably 2 carbon atoms, said vinyl ether monomer(s) preferably being present in amounts of from about 10 mol% to about 40 mol %, more preferably from about 5 mol% to about 45 mol%, more preferably from about 10 mol% to about 30 mol%, and even more preferably from about 10 mol% to about 20 mol%; and
• a stabilizing agent comprising: a) a radical scavenger, preferable a hindered amine capable of scavenging one or more of the radical intermediates produced in the photooxidation of said fluorocopolymers; and b) an absorber of UV light; and
• the formation of fluorocopolymer coating compositions comprises, and preferably consists essentially of:
• first monomer consisting essentially of trans-HFO-1234ze in an amount of from about 40 mol% to about 60 mol%, and even more preferably from about 45 mol% to about 55 mol%, and even more preferably about 50 mol%
• second monomer(s) comprising:
• A) vinyl ester monomer represented by formula CH ⁇ CR 1 - 0(C 0)xR 2 wherein x is 1 and wherein R ! is either hydrogen or a methyl group, preferabiy hydrogen, and wherein R 2 is an unsubstituted branch ed- chain alkyl group having 6 to 8 carbon atoms including at least one tertiary carbon atom, wherein said vinyl ester monomer is present in an amount of from about 5 mol% to about 45 mol%, more preferably from about 10 mol% to about 30 mo] %, and even more preferably from about 10 mol% to about 20 mol%; and
• a carrier for said one or more fluorocopolvmers comprising one or more VOC compounds selected from aromatic hydrocarbons such as xylene and toluene; alcohols such as n-butanol; esters such as butyl acetate; ketones such as methyl isobutyl ketone, and glycol ethers such as ethyl cellusolve, with C2 - C5 alkyl acetate being preferred, and even more preferably comprising, consisting essentially of, or consisting of butyl acetate; and
• a stabilizing agent comprising: a) a radical scavenger, preferable a hindered amine capable of scavenging one or more of the radical intermediates produced in the photooxidation of said fluorocopolymers; and b) an absorber of UV light; and
• the formation of fluorocopolymer coating compositions comprises, and preferably consists essentially of:
• x is 1 and wherein R 1 is a methyl group
• R 2 is an unsubstituted branched-chain alkyl group having 6 to 8 carbon atoms, wherein said alkyl group preferably includes at least one quaternary carbon atom, wherein said vinyl ester monomer is present in an amount of from about 5 mol% to about 45 mol%, more preferably from about 10 mol% to about 30 mol%, and even more preferably from about 0 mol% to about 20 mol%; and
• vinyl ether monomer(s) represented by formula wherein 3 ⁇ 4 is a methyl group and wherein R 4 is selected from the group consisting of a substituted or unsubstituted straight-chain or branched-chain, preferably straight chain, alkyl group having 1 to 3 carbon atoms, preferably 2 carbon atoms, said vinyl ether monomer(s) preferably being present in amounts of from about 10 mol% to about 40 mol%, more preferably from about 5 mol% to about 45 mol%, more preferably from about 10 mol% to about 30 mol%, a d even more preferably from about 10 mol% to about 20 mol%; and
• a carrier for said one or more fluorocopolymers comprising one or more V OC compounds and preferably selected from aromatic hydrocarbons such as xylene and toluene; alcohols such as n-butanol; esters such as butyl acetate; ketones such as methyl isobutyl ketone, and glycol ethers such as ethyl celiusolve, with C2 - C5 alkyl acetate being preferred, and even more preferably comprising, consisting essentially of, or consisting of butyl acetate; and
• a stabilizing agent comprising: a) a radical scavenger, preferable a hindered amine capable of scavenging one or more of the radical intermediates produced in the photooxidation of said fluorocopolymers; and b) an absorber of UV light; and
• the formation of fluorocopolymer coating compositions comprises, and preferably consists essentially of:
• first monomer consisting essentially of trans-HFO-1234ze in an amount of from about 40 mol% to about 60 mol%, and even more preferably from about 45 mol% to about 55 mol%, and even more preferably about 50 mol%,
• x is 1 and wherein R 1 is hydrogen, and wherein R 2 is an unsubstituted branched-chain alkyl group having 6 to 8 carbon atoms including at least one quaternary carbon atom, wherein said vinyl ester monomer is present in an amount of from about 5 mol% to about 45 mol%, more preferably from about 10 mol% to about 30 mol%, and even more preferably from about 10 mol% to about 20 mol%; and
• third monomer(s) consisting of hydroxyalkyl vinyl ether represented by the formula where R 3 is either hydrogen or a methyl group and R 5 is selected from the group consisting of a C3 to C5, preferably C4, unsubstituted straight-chain alkyl group, wherein the amount of said third monomer is preferably from about 3 mol% to about 30 mol%; and
• a carrier for said one or more fluorocopolymers comprising one or more VOC compounds selected from aromatic hydrocarbons such as xylene and toluene; alcohols such as n-butanoi; esters such as butyl acetate; ketones such as methyl isobutyl ketone, and glycol ethers such as ethyl ceilusolve, with C2 - C5 alkyl acetate being preferred, and even more preferably comprising, consisting essentially of, or consisting of butyl acetate; and
• a stabilizing agent comprising: a) a radical scavenger, preferable a hindered amine capable of scavenging one or more of the radical intermediates produced in the photooxidation of said fluorocopolymers; and b) an absorber of UV light; and (iv) combining said one or more fluorocopol mers with said carrier and said light stabilizer to produce a polymeric composition comprising not greater than about 30% by weight of said carrier, preferably with a solids content of at least about 70% by weight.
• the formation of fluorocopolymer coating compositions comprises, and preferably consists essentially of:
• first monomer consisting essentially of HFO-1234ze, with said HFO- 1234ze preferably comprising, consisting essentially of or consisting of trans-HFO- 1234ze, preferably in an amount of from about 40 moi% to about 60 mol%, and even more preferably from about 45 mol% to about 55 mol%, and even more preferably about 50 mol%,
• a carrier for said one or more fluorocopolymers comprising one or more VOC compounds and preferably selected from aromatic hydrocarbons such as xylene and toluene; alcohols such as n-butano!; esters such as butyl acetate; ketones such as methyl isobutyl ketone, and glycol ethers such as ethyl eellusolve, with C2 - C5 alkyl acetate being preferred, and even more preferably comprising, consi sting essenti ally of, or consisting of butyl acetate; and
• a stabilizing agent comprising: a) a radical scavenger, preferable a hindered amine capable of scavenging one or more of the radical intermediates produced in the photooxidation of said fluorocopolymers; and b) an absorber of UV light; and
• fluorocopolymer coating compositions comprises, and preferably consists essentially of:
• first monomer consisting essentially of HFO-1234ze, with said HFO- 1234ze preferably comprising, consisting essentially of or consisting of trans-HFO- 1234ze, preferably in an amount of from about 40 mol% to about 60 mol%, and even more preferably from about 45 mol% to about 55 mol%, and even more preferably about 50 mol%,
• x is 1 and wherein R 1 is hydrogen or a methyl group, preferably hydrogen, and wherein R 2 is an unsubstituted branched-chain alkyl group having 6 to 8 carbon atoms, wherein said alkyl group preferably includes at least one quaternary carbon atom, wherein said vinyl ester monomer is present in an amount of from about 5 mol% to about 45 mol%, more preferably from about 10 mol% to about 30 mol%, and even more preferably from about 10 mol% to about 20 mol%; and
• a carrier for said one or more fluorocopolymers comprising one or more V OC compounds selected from aromatic hydrocarbons such as xylene and toluene; alcohols such as n-butanol; esters such as butyl acetate; ketones such as methyl isobutyi ketone, and glycol ethers such as ethyl cellusolve, with C2 - C5 alkyl acetate being preferred, and even more preferably comprising, consisting essentially of, or consisting of butyl acetate; and
• a stabilizing agent comprising: a) a radical scavenger, preferable a hindered amine capable of scavenging one or more of the radical intermediates produced in the photooxidation of said fluorocopolymers; and b) an absorber of UV light; and
• the formation of fluorocopolymer coating compositions comprises, and preferably consists essentially of:
• first monomer consisting essentially of trans-HFO-1234ze, preferably in an amount of from about 40 mol% to about 60 mol%, and even more preferably from about 45 mol% to about 55 mol%, and even more preferably about 50 mol%,
• x is 1 and wherein R ! is hydrogen or methyl, preferably hydrogen, and wherein R 2 is an unsubsiituted branched-chain alky] group having 6 to 8 carbon atoms, wherein said alkyl group preferably includes at least one quaternar ' carbon atom, wherein said vinyl ester monomer is present in an amount of from about 5 mol% to about 45 mol%, more preferably from about 10 mol% to about 30 mol%, and even more preferably from about 10 mol% to about 20 mol%; and
• vinyl ether monomer(s) represented by formula CH ⁇ CR ⁇ -O-R 4 , wherein R 3 is hydrogen or methyl, preferably hydrogen, and wherein R 4 is straight chain alkyl group having 2 carbon atoms, said vinyl ether monomer(s) preferably being present in amounts of from about 10 mol% to about 40 mol%, more preferably from about 5 mol% to about 45 mol%, more preferably from about 10 mol% to about 30 mol%, and even more preferably from about 10 mol% to about 20 mol%; and
• a stabilizing agent comprising: a) a radical scavenger, preferable a hindered amine capable of scavenging one or more of the radical intermediates produced in the photooxidation of said fluorocopolyrners, said hindered amine being selected from the group consisting of bis(l ,2,2,6,6-pentaraethyl-4-piperidinyl)-sebacate; 1 -(methyl)-8-(.l ,2,2,6,6- pentamethyl-4-piperidinyl)-sebacate; bis (l-octyloxy-2,2,6-tetrametiiyi-4-piperidyl) sebacate and combinations of these; an d b) an absorber of UV light comprising one or more compounds of hydroxyphenylhenz.otria.zole class.
• the UV absorber comprises: beta-[3-(2-H-benzotriazole-2-yl)-4-hyckoxy-5-tert- butylphenyl] -propionic acid poly(ethylene glycol) 300-ester; bis ⁇ b-[3-(2-H- benzotriazole-2-yl)-4-hydroxy-5-tert-butylphenyl]-propionic acid ⁇ -poly(ethylene glycol) 300-ester; and the combination of these; and
• the formation of fluorocopolymer coating compositions comprises, and preferably consists essentially of:
• first monomer consisting essentially of trans-HFO-1234ze, preferably in an amount of from about 40 mol% to about 60 mol%, and even more preferably from about 45 mol% to about 55 mol%, and even more preferably about 50 moi%
• second monomer(s) comprising:
• A) vinyl ester monomer represented by formula CH ⁇ CR 1 - 0(C 0)xR 2 wherein x is 1 and wherein R ! is hydrogen or methyl, preferably hydrogen, and wherein R 2 is an unsubstituted branched-chain alkyl group having 6 to 8 carbon atoms, wherein said alkyi group preferably includes at least one quaternary carbon atom, wherein said vinyl ester monomer is present in an amount of from about 5 mol% to about 45 mol%, more preferably from about 10 mol% to about 30 mol%, and even more preferably from about 10 mol% to about 20 mol%; and
• third monomer(s) consisting of hydroxyalkyl vinyl ether represented by the formula where R 3 is hydrogen or methyl, preferably hydrogen, and R 1 is selected from the group consisting of an C3 to C5, preferably C4, unsubstituted straight-chain alkyl group, wherein the amount of said third monomer is preferably from about 3 mol% to about 30 mol%; and (ii) providing a carrier for said one or more fluorocopoiymers, said carrier comprising at least about 50% by weight of C2 - C5 alky] acetate and even more preferably butyl acetate; and
• a stabilizing agent comprising: a) a radical scavenger, preferable a hindered amine capable of scavenging one or more of the radical intermediates produced in the photooxidation of said fluorocopoiymers, said hindered amine being selected from the group consisting of bis(l ,2,2,6,6-pentamethyl-4-piperidinyl)-sebacate; 1 -(methyl)-8-(l ,2,2,6,6- pentamethyl-4-piperidinyl)-sebacate; bis (l-octyloxy-2,2,6-tetramethyl-4-piperidyl) sebacate and combinations of these; and b) an absorber of UV light comprising at least one compounds selected from the group of consisting of beta-[3-(2-H-benzotriazole-2-yl)-4-hydroxy-5-tert- butylphenylj-propionic acid poly(ethylene glycol) 300-ester; bis ⁇
• the formation of fluorocopolymer coating compositions comprises, and preferably consists essentially of: (i) providing one or more fluorocopolymers by copolymerization of
• first monomer consisting essentially of trans-HFO-1234ze, preferably in an amount of from about 40 mol% to about 60 mol%, and even more preferably from about 45 mol% to about 55 mol%, and even more preferably about 50 moi%,
• vinyl ether monomer(s), represented by formula CH 2 CR 3 -0-R 4 , wherein R 3 is hydrogen and R 4 is selected from the group consisting of a substituted or unsubstituted branched-chain alkyl group having 1 to 3 carbon atoms, preferably 2 carbon atoms, said vinyl ether monomer(s) preferably being present in amounts of from about 10 mol% to about 40 mol%, more preferably from about 5 mol% to about 45 mol%, more preferably from about 10 mol% to about 30 mol%, and even more preferably from about 10 mol% to about 20 mol%; and (3) third rnonomer(s) consisting of hydroxyalkyl vinyl ether represented by the formula where R 3 is hydrogen, and R 5 is a C4 unsubstituted straight-chain alkyl group, wherein the amount of said third monomer is preferably from about 3 moi% to about 30 mol%; and
• a stabilizing agent comprising: a) a radical scavenger, preferable a hindered amine capable of scavenging one or more of the radical intermediates produced in the photooxidation of said fluorocopoiymers, said hindered amine being selected from the group consisting of bis(l ,2,2,6,6-pentamethyl-4-piperidinyl)-sebacate; 1 -(methyl)-8-(l ,2,2,6,6- pentamethyl-4-piperidinyl)-sebacate; bis (l-octyloxy-2,2,6-tetramethyl-4-piperidyl) sebacate and combinations of these; and b) an absorber of UV light comprising at least one compounds selected from the group of consisting of beta-[3-(2-H-benzotriazole-2-yl)-4-hydroxy-5-tert- butylphenyl j-propionic acid poly(ethylene glycol) 300-ester; bis
• the fluorocopolymer composition of the present invention and in particular the fluorocopolymer formed as described in the preceding paragraphs [0049] - [0060], has a polymer number average molecular weight as measured by gel phase chromatography ("GPC") according to the method described in Skoog, D.A. Principles of Instrumental Analysis, 6th ed.
• GPC gel phase chromatography
• the coating compositions of the present invention have a viscosity at 25 °C of less tha about 1900 mPa-s, more preferably less than about 1800 mPa-s and even more preferably of less than about 1700 mPa-s as measured by Ford Cup at least at one of 12 revolutions per minutes (r/m), 30 r/m and 60 r/m, and preferably at all three speeds, preferably as measured according to ASTM 01200-10(2014) or ASTM D2196 as appropriate.
• copolymers as formed in accordance with the procedures described herein may then be used to form various coating compositions that have the substantial advantages described above.
• various solvents can be used for the preparation of solution-type paints or coatings by adding those solvents to the fluorocopolymer of the present invention formed as described herein.
• preferred solvents for formation of the coating composition include aromatic hydrocarbons such as xylene and toluene; alcohols such as n-butanol; esters such as butyl acetate; ketones such as methyl isobutyl ketone, and glycol ethers such as ethyl cellusolve and various commercial thinners.
• the coating composition of the present invention has a solid content of from about 70% to about 90% by weight based on the total weight of the coating composition, and more preferably in certain embodiments from about 75% go about 85% by weight of solids.
• the solids comprise and preferably consist essentially of the copolymers of the present invention and/or cross-linked copolymers formed using the copolymers of the present invention.
• the coating is formed by brushing, a rolling, air spraying, airless spraying, flow coating, roller coating, a spin coating, and the like and any combination of these may be used.
• the coating can be applied on various substrates.
• the coating film can be formed directly on a substrate or via a primer or if necessary, via an undercoating layer. Although all thicknesses are within the scope of the present invention, in preferred embodiments the outermost cured coating film layer has a layer thickness of from about 20 to about 30 ⁇ .
• the present invention is further illustrated by the following non- limiting examples. e l - Fluoropol
• a solution polymerization operation is carried out by charging into a 5500 ml stainless steel autoclave equipped with a stirrer the components as indicated in the following Table 1A:
• the mixture was gradually heated to 57 °C in the autoclave, and 1.5 g of tert-butyl peroxypivalate was charged into the autoclave and then the other 5 g of tert-butyl peroxypivalate was continuously fed into the autoclave within 24 hours with a constant flow velocity.
• tert-butyl peroxypivalate totally 6.5 g
• 30 g of methanol was added into the autoclave and the autoclave temperature was kept at 57 °C for 2 hrs. Then the autoclave was cooled to room temperature, the unreacted monomers were purged and the autoclave was opened. A crude copolymer solution was obtained.
• Butyl acetate is added as a thinner into the crude copolymer solution according to the procedure described above to obtain a solution with a solid content of 30 wt % to about 40 wt%.
• the diluted solution is charged into a glass flask, and agitation at 250 rpm is initiated under vacuum on the flask until the vacuum reach about 100 Pa, with the temperature of the copolymer solution being maintained at 18 ⁇ 1 °C. Distilled solution is collected in the cold trap and monitored by GC-MS until no unreacted monomers, including 1234ze, ethyl vinyl ether or methanol were detected.
• the vacuum pump, agitation and temperature controller are then stopped. Then ZnO was removed off by filtration.
• the post-treatment of the solution will include heating the solution (e.g., 87 °C) for an extended period of time (e.g., 1 day), and as a result of such post-treatment residual initiator in the solution will become decomposed and some HF acid will tend to be formed.
• AI2O3 molecular sieve A202-HF a UOP product (8.0 wt% of the total polymer weight) or molecular sieve PI 88, a UOP product (2.0 wt% of the total polymer weight) or AI2O3 powder (7% wt) into the clear copolymer solution and then conduct the post-treatment by heating the solution to 87 ⁇ 2 °C for 14-18h with 250 rpm agitation. Then agitation was discontinued and the contents were cooled to room temperature, after which the AI2Q3 molecular sieve was removed off by filtration.
• the high-speed dispersion machine is used to reduce the pigment size and disperse the FPVE resin, the pigment and the dispersant throughout the mixture with glass beads.
• the dispersing condition is typically about 3000 RPM and continues several hours until the composition fineness is less than 20 ⁇
• the dispersing time can be varied to accommodate the type of pigments used. For example, for sample White 1 (white color coating formulation), it takes about 2 hours to disperse, while for samples Grey 2-6 (grey color coating), and it takes about 3 hours to disperse.
• the mixture is then filtered to remove the glass beads.
• the paste is as produced above is then thinned to produce "Let Down” formulation by adding FPVE resin, solvent, and additives such as stabilizers as indicated above, and then the components are mixed by high-speed dispersion machine at 1500 RPM for 30 minute.
• FPVE resin has h droxy! group which can be cured with isocyanate compounds.
• Desmodur N3390 is chosen as curing agent and added to the Let Down formulation as indicated in the table above.
• the final coating formulation is prepared by mix all the components identified above by high-speed dispersion machine at 1500 RPM for 30 minute.
• a coating film In order to form a coating film, conventional methods such as a brush, a roller, an air spray, an airless spray, a flow coater, a roll coater, a spin coater, and the like may be applied, and the coating can be applied on various substrates.
• the coating film can be formed directly on a substrate or via a primer or if necessary, via an undercoatmg layer.
• the outermost cured coating film layer usually has a layer thickness of 20-30 um.
• the film After coated on the substrate, the film will be kept in the room temperature in 1 week to make sure completely cured. After that, it can be tested for mechanical properties and weather resistance, etc.
• Figure 1 shows the gloss retention of the coating films. (QUV-B, 1 ,500 hours) UV /' Condensation Cabinet Cycle: 24 hours UV at 60 °C.

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