EP3325374B1 - Flexible storage device for packaging particulate solid substances or liquids,method for manufacturing this device and packaging method using this device - Google Patents

Description

The invention relates to a flexible storage device for packaging bulk solid materials. The field of the invention is that of large containers, intended for the packaging of large quantities of particulate solid matter, also called FIBC bags (Large Flexible Bulk Container) or FIBC bags (from the English " Flexible Intermediate Bulk Container ") . These storage devices have been known for many years and used for the protection, storage and transport of loose particulate materials such as food materials (sugar, flour, starch), polymer granules or chemicals.

These containers are conventionally made of polymer fiber fabrics (for example PP, HDPE, LLDPE), possibly made waterproof. The capacity of these containers is generally between 0.5 and 2 m ³ . The large size and mass of the containers, once filled, makes handling difficult, and in some cases dangerous. In practice, for optimal use of storage spaces, the filled bags are stacked on several levels; it is therefore essential to ensure the stability over time of the stacks.

According to the experience of the Applicant, over time, the particulate matter continues to settle and move in the container, thus deforming the flexible container in a position which very often deviates from the vertical, and which can go up to 'to cause imbalance. These containers conventionally have a rectangular bottom, very often square, and rectangular vertical side walls, which should allow, when the bags are juxtaposed, an optimal filling of the available storage surface. In practice, the pressure exerted by the particulate materials on the side walls deforms them towards the outside, the filled container deviating from its ideal, parallelepiped shape. The footprint of the container is then greater than the dimensions of the rectangular or even square bottom. Thus, and in a truck with a surface area of 32 m ² , it turns out to be impossible to juxtapose more than 24 filled containers, each with a square base of 1 m unless subjected to a strong compaction during the loading and possibly causing damage.

However, the prior art is known for large flexible bulk containers, in particular documents WO 92/14660 , WO 92/21572 , or even WO 2010 / 130961A , of substantially parallelepiped shape whose resistance to deformation as well as stability when filled are improved by stabilizing elements, internal, flexible.

To this end, flexible partitions, vertical, internal to the storage volume of the container, connect the side walls together, and divide the storage volume into several vertical compartments, namely a central compartment and four peripheral compartments.

In the document containers WO 92/14660 or that of the document WO 2010/130961 , the edges of the partitions defining the upper mouth of the central compartment are positioned below the level of the upper edges of the side walls of the container so as to constitute overflows during filling. The filling of such a container is carried out by pouring a stream of particulate material from above into the central compartment, the material first filling the central compartment, then by overflowing above the overflows, the peripheral compartments. .

The prior filling of the central compartment allows, by the pressure of the particulate material on its walls to stretch cleanly and uniformly the flexible partitions of the central compartment, and before the material spills into the peripheral compartments.

Once filled, the stability over time of the container is significantly improved compared to a traditional container (without stabilizing element) in that it does not deviate from the vertical once placed on the ground, thus limiting the risks of tilting of the container. container. In addition, the flexible partitions connecting the side walls (between them) limit the amplitude of the deformations of the side walls of the container towards the outside. The size of the filled container is improved, optimizing the storage capacities.

In these prior art, the flexible partitions of the stabilizing elements are, and like the walls of the flexible container, typically made of polymer fiber fabrics (for example PP, HDPE, LLDPE), possibly made more or less waterproof by coating or laminating.

When the storage periods are extended, however, there is a risk of moisture regaining of the material contained, through the walls of the container, coming from the external environment. According to the Applicant's observations, this increase in humidity can go as far as the formation of lumps in the container, which oppose the good flow of the material through the lower opening of the container, once the latter is open. In this case, and prior to unloading the container, it may be necessary to remove the contents of the container, by mechanical operations on the external walls of the container. These stripping operations are undesirable in that they complicate the unloading of the materials and also constitute a risk of deterioration of the container.

The document container WO 92/14660 discloses however in Figure 9 a structure with the presence of an internal lining, identified 28 in a liquid impermeable material such as polyethylene, which makes it possible to avoid (or at the very least to limit) the resumption of humidity.

The structure of the document storage device WO 92/14660 thus comprises a container constituting the bottom and the four side walls of the container, typically canvas. Each side wall of the container is formed by two flexible halves, joined to each other by a vertical seam connecting their assembly edge, marked 23. Each flexible half, moreover, has at the upper corners of the container a hanging loop. The four suspension loops of the device make it possible to lift the filled device, conventionally by means of a lifting system.

The internal stabilization element consists of a flexible tubular element, having four vertical seams, thus forming a flexible tube whose volume internal forms the central compartment, and four vertical bands, marked 7, distributed at 90 ° around said tube, intended to be fixed respectively to the four side walls of the bag. To this end, each vertical edge of the strip 7 is sandwiched between the two assembly edges marked 23, and crossed by the same fixing seam. The internal lining marked 28 in FIG. 9 internally covers the side, top and bottom walls of the container, forming a filling chute at its upper part, marked 34 and a discharge chute marked 35. This internal lining necessarily includes four slots marked 29, each crossed by the corresponding vertical strip 7 which connects the central tube of the stabilization element to the corresponding side wall of the bag. According to the Applicant's findings, and if the flexible bulk container of the document WO 92/14660 not only addresses the problems of storage optimization and security, as well as the problem of moisture uptake, it is of significant manufacturing complexity. Due to the large passage slots of the internal polyethylene lining, identified 29, the liquid tightness of such a large container can be improved.

Also known from the large flexible bulk container of the document WO 92/21572 intended to respond to the problems of optimization of the storage surface, of security, and of recovery of humidity, identified above.

• un conteneur souple, typiquement en toile formant un fond rectangulaire et quatre parois rectangulaires, pourvues de quatre boucles de suspension, destinées à assurer la manutention du récipient,
• un insert, repéré 12, formant des moyens de stabilisation avec la création en-soi de compartiments verticaux de remplissage, à savoir un compartiment central, et quatre compartiments périphériques,
• une doublure interne, repérée 15, intercalée entre les parois internes du sac et les parois externes de l'insert, et destinée à conférer au récipient une étanchéité.

For this purpose, the large flexible bulk container of this prior art comprises three sub-assemblies, namely, as illustrated in the figure 5 :

• a flexible container, typically of canvas forming a rectangular bottom and four rectangular walls, provided with four suspension loops, intended to handle the container,
• an insert, identified 12, forming stabilization means with the creation in itself of vertical filling compartments, namely a central compartment, and four peripheral compartments,
• an internal lining, marked 15, interposed between the internal walls of the bag and the external walls of the insert, and intended to give the container a seal.

The insert is a flexible element, comprising an external envelope, covering the side walls of the bag, and can be provided, according to the embodiment of the figure 6 , of a filling spout marked 29, upper, and a discharge spout marked 30, lower. The insert comprises an internal tubular element, including a tube (“ core 34 ”) internally forming the central vertical compartment, as well as fixing elements marked 25 (“ strip 25 ”), distributed around the tube, and fixed to the internal side walls of the external envelope. In this prior art, the tube (“ core 34 ”), as well as the connecting elements 25 extend over the height of the container and divide the filling volume of the insert into the central compartment and the four peripheral compartments. The filling of such a container is carried out by pouring a stream of particulate material from above, at the level of the central compartment, the material first filling the central compartment, then the peripheral compartments through holes 32, increasing dimensions over the height of the side wall of the tube.

According to the Applicant's observations, the presence of holes marked 32 does not make it possible to obtain, like the containers of the documents cited above, good tension of the flexible walls forming the central compartment. On the contrary, and according to the Applicant's observations, in large commercial containers whose wall of the tube forming the central compartment is provided with large holes (of the order of 10 cm or more), the tension is irregular on the height of the tube, giving rise to folds, extending over the height of the tube, which are then copied onto the wall of the outer envelope of the insert when the material fills the peripheral compartments. The filling of the container is therefore not optimal. Once the container is filled, and according to the findings of the inventor, the fabric of the side walls of the container is pleated in the direction of the height.

According to the embodiment of the figure 6 , the central tube (“ core 34 ”) and the fixing elements (“ strips 25 ”) are produced from a flexible tubular element in one piece, by means of first welds, marked 36, at the level of the the proximal end of the fixing element 25, each delimiting one of the fixing elements, marked 25 of the internal tube, marked 34. These fixing elements 25 are then fixed in turn, each by their other end, distal, to the internal walls of the external envelope, by means of two other welds, identified 37.

According to the findings of the inventor, each fixing element, marked 25 is itself a tubular element comprising, two marked walls 33 (“ bars 33 ”) extending from the marked tube 34, both connected to a marked wall 35 (“ bar 35 ”), forming the distal end of the element marked 25, this distal end being fixed by two distant welds, marked 37 to the external envelope.

• le récipient nécessite trois sous-ensembles distincts, à savoir un sac, un insert, et une doublure interne d'étanchéité, intercalaire, pour assurer l'étanchéité du récipient lorsque le sac n'est pas lui-même un sac étanche,
• les trous repérés 32 répartis sur la hauteur de la paroi du tube central assurant le déversement de la matière particulaire, depuis le compartiment central vers les quatre compartiments périphériques sont à l'origine de plis lors du remplissage, non seulement sur la hauteur du tube centrale de l'insert, mais également sur l'enveloppe externe de l'insert,
• les éléments de fixation (« strip 25 ») du mode de réalisation de la figure 6, sont tubulaires, l'espace interne de chacun de ces éléments de fixation constituant un volume interne perdu, non utilisé pour stocker la matière particulaire.

In summary and according to the Applicant's findings, such a flexible bulk container, and as taught by the document WO 92/21572 has the following disadvantages:

• the container requires three separate sub-assemblies, namely a bag, an insert, and an intermediate sealing inner lining, to seal the container when the bag is not itself a waterproof bag,
• the holes marked 32 distributed over the height of the wall of the central tube ensuring the discharge of the particulate matter, from the central compartment to the four peripheral compartments are the source of folds during filling, not only over the height of the central tube of the insert, but also on the outer envelope of the insert,
• the fastening elements (“ strip 25 ”) of the embodiment of the figure 6 , are tubular, the internal space of each of these fixing elements constituting a lost internal volume, not used to store the particulate matter.

The purpose of the present invention is to overcome the aforementioned drawbacks by proposing a flexible storage device for the packaging of solid materials in bulk, with a footprint close to the rectangular or even the square when filled, so as to optimize the storage capacities when the containers are juxtaposed, of increased safety as regards the risk of tilting, and preferably, and at least according to one embodiment, suitable for limiting the uptake of humidity of the material contained.

Another object of the present invention is to provide such a structural device such that it can be manufactured at a limited cost price.

Other objects and advantages of the invention will appear during the description which follows which is given for information only and which is not intended to limit it.

• un conteneur souple, comprenant un fond et au moins deux parois latérales, des boucles de suspension en partie supérieure destinées au levage, lesdits boucles de suspension étant solidaires à la partie supérieure dudit conteneur souple, le matériau du conteneur est une toile de fibres polymères, brute, enduite ou laminée
• un ensemble, élément distinct dudit conteneur souple, prévu en insert entre le fond et les parois latérales dudit conteneur souple, ledit ensemble comprenant :
  • une enveloppe externe, souple, formant au moins les quatre parois latérales du volume de stockage et, la paroi de fond du volume de stockage,
  • une enveloppe interne, tubulaire, souple, solidarisée par des lignes de fixation verticales sur les quatre parois latérales de l'enveloppe externe, divisant le volume de stockage en cinq compartiments verticaux, y compris un compartiment central, défini par le volume intérieur de l'enveloppe interne, et quatre compartiments périphériques, définis respectivement entre les parois latérales de l'enveloppe externe, et les parois latérales de l'enveloppe interne, et dans lequel l'enveloppe interne présente un bord supérieur définissant l'embouchure supérieure dudit compartiment central et un bord inférieur définissant l'embouchure inférieure dudit compartiment central, le bord supérieur de l'enveloppe interne étant situé en dessous ou à même hauteur que le bord supérieur des parois latérales du volume de stockage, de sorte à ce que le bord supérieur de l'enveloppe interne constitue une surverse autorisant le débordement des matières depuis le compartiment central vers les compartiments périphériques, l'enveloppe interne étant dépourvue d'ouverture(s) de diamètre supérieur à 200 micromètres, entre le bord supérieur de l'enveloppe interne et le bord inférieur de l'enveloppe interne ;
  • et dans lequel l'enveloppe externe est constituée par un premier film polymère et l'enveloppe interne est constituée par un deuxième film polymère, lesdites lignes de fixation verticales étant des lignes de soudure entre le premier film polymère et le deuxième film polymère, chaque ligne de soudure joignant directement l'enveloppe externe formant l'une des parois latérales à la paroi du tube de l'enveloppe interne définissant le périmètre du compartiment central,et dans lequel le film polymère de l'enveloppe interne et de l'enveloppe externe est de paroi d'épaisseur comprise entre 50 micromètres et 250 micromètre,
  et dans lequel l'enveloppe externe comprenant aux quatre angles du volume de stockage, des bavettes, sensiblement verticales, sur la hauteur du volume de stockage, chacune obtenue par soudure entre elles de deux épaisseurs du premier film polymère, lesdites bavettes verticales étant utilisées comme bord de collage ou bord de couture pour fixer ledit ensemble audit conteneur,
  et dans lequel l'enveloppe externe formant ladite paroi de fond du volume de stockage, la paroi de fond formant avec les parois latérales de l'enveloppe externe le volume de stockage pour les matières solides particulaire, la paroi de fond étant pourvue d'une goulotte de vidage formée par l'enveloppe externe qui traverse une ouverture dans le fond du conteneur, un lien permettant de fermer la goulotte de vidage, et dans lequel l'enveloppe externe définit un couvercle pourvu d'une goulotte de remplissage , un lien permettant de fermer la goulotte de remplissage.

The invention relates to a flexible storage device for the conditioning of particulate solid materials, having a bottom and side walls defining a substantially rectangular storage volume, the device comprising:

• a flexible container, comprising a bottom and at least two side walls, suspension loops in the upper part intended for lifting, said suspension loops being integral with the upper part of said flexible container, the material of the container is a web of polymer fibers, raw, coated or laminated
• an assembly, a separate element from said flexible container, provided as an insert between the bottom and the side walls of said flexible container, said assembly comprising:
  • an external, flexible envelope, forming at least the four side walls of the storage volume and, the bottom wall of the storage volume,
  • an internal, tubular, flexible envelope, joined by vertical fixing lines on the four side walls of the external envelope, dividing the storage volume into five vertical compartments, including a central compartment, defined by the internal volume of the internal envelope, and four peripheral compartments, defined respectively between the side walls of the external envelope, and the side walls of the internal envelope, and in which the internal envelope has an upper edge defining the upper mouth of said central compartment and a lower edge defining the lower mouth of said central compartment, the upper edge of the internal envelope being located below or at the same height as the upper edge of the side walls of the storage volume, so that the upper edge of the internal envelope constitutes an overflow allowing the overflowing of materials from the central compartment towards the peripheral compartments, the internal envelope being devoid of opening (s) of diameter greater than 200 micrometers, between the upper edge of the internal envelope and the lower edge of the internal envelope;
  • and in which the outer casing is constituted by a first polymer film and the inner casing is constituted by a second polymer film, said vertical fixing lines being weld lines between the first polymer film and the second polymer film, each line of solder directly joining the external envelope forming one of the side walls to the wall of the tube of the internal envelope defining the perimeter of the central compartment, and in which the polymer film of the internal envelope and the external envelope is with a thickness of between 50 micrometers and 250 micrometers,
  and in which the external envelope comprising at the four angles of the storage volume, flaps, substantially vertical, over the height of the storage volume, each obtained by welding together two thicknesses of the first polymer film, said vertical flaps being used as bonding edge or sewing edge for fixing said assembly to said container,
  and wherein the outer envelope forming said bottom wall of the storage volume, the bottom wall forming with the side walls of the outer envelope the storage volume for particulate solids, the bottom wall being provided with a emptying spout formed by the outer casing which passes through an opening in the bottom of the container, a link allowing the emptying spout to be closed, and in which the outer casing defines a cover provided with a filling spout, a link permitting to close the filler neck.

• ledit conteneur souple consiste essentiellement en ladite paroi de fond, et deux parois latérales uniquement, sensiblement parallèles, recouvrant deux des quatre parois latérales de l'enveloppe externe, et de sorte que les deux autres parois latérales de l'enveloppe externe ne sont pas recouvertes par des parois dudit conteneur ;
• le bord supérieur de l'enveloppe interne, présente des échancrures en regard des différents compartiments périphériques, favorisant le déversement des matières particulaires par débordement, depuis le compartiment central vers les compartiments périphériques ;
• l'enveloppe interne et l'enveloppe externe sont dans un même film polymère extrudé, monocouche ou multicouches ;

According to optional features of the invention taken alone or in combination:

• said flexible container consists essentially of said bottom wall, and two side walls only, substantially parallel, covering two of the four side walls of the outer casing, and so that the other two side walls of the outer casing are not covered by walls of said container;
• the upper edge of the internal envelope, has notches facing the various peripheral compartments, promoting the discharge of particulate matter by overflow, from the central compartment to the peripheral compartments;
• the inner shell and the outer shell are in the same extruded polymer film, monolayer or multilayer;

• un complexe polyamide/polyéthylène,
• un multi-couche 100% PE,
• un complexe de polyoléfines de même nature ou de natures différentes, type EVOH,
• un complexe de polyoléfines et d'aluminium.

According to one embodiment, the polymer film of the external envelope and / or of the internal envelope is chosen from:

• a polyamide / polyethylene complex,
• a 100% PE multi-layer,
• a complex of polyolefins of the same nature or of different natures, EVOH type,
• a complex of polyolefins and aluminum.

According to one embodiment, the external envelope and the internal envelope have a surface resistivity of between 1.0 × 10 ⁹ Ω to 1.0 × 10 ¹² Ω (of type L2) provided with dissipative agents so that the storage device can be qualified as a large flexible bulk container classified as type B according to standard 61340-4-4 Edition 2.0 2012-01 when the container is made of an insulating material within the meaning of the standard, or of type C when the container is in a conductive material.

Alternatively and according to yet another embodiment, the outer shell and the inner shell are made of an electrically conductive material with a surface resistivity of less than 1.0 × 10 ⁷ Ω (of type L1) so that the device storage can be qualified as a large flexible bulk container classified as type C according to standard 61340-4-4 Edition 2.0 2012-01.

• on prévoit un premier film polymère destiné à constituer l'enveloppe externe et un second film polymère, , de préférence sous forme d'une gaine tubulaire de périmètre inférieur, éventuellement pourvue d'échancrures de déversement, destinée à constituer l'enveloppe interne,
• on soude le second film polymère à l'intérieur d'une gaine tubulaire formée par le premier film polymère obtenant deux gaines souples coaxiales, formées respectivement par le premier et le second film polymère, les deux gaines étant fixées l'une dans l'autre, au niveau d'au moins quatre premières lignes de soudure.

The invention also relates to a method for manufacturing a storage device according to the invention, in which said assembly is obtained at least by the implementation of the following steps:

• a first polymeric film intended to constitute the external envelope is provided and a second polymeric film, preferably in the form of a tubular sheath of lower perimeter, optionally provided with discharge notches, intended to constitute the internal envelope,
• the second polymer film is welded inside a tubular sheath formed by the first polymer film obtaining two flexible coaxial sheaths, formed respectively by the first and the second polymer film, the two sheaths being fixed one inside the other , at least at the first four weld lines.

According to one embodiment, the vertical flaps are formed at the four angles of the storage volume of the external envelope, each obtained by welding together two thicknesses of the first polymer film.

• on soude entre elles deux épaisseurs du premier film polymère au niveau de huit angles de la gaine, chacune des soudures, dite secondes soudures, s'étendant depuis le bord à l'une des embouchures de la gaine et jusqu'à un bord longitudinal de la gaine, obtenant ainsi la goulotte de remplissage et la goulotte de vidage,
• on retire les angles de la gaine par découpe du premier film polymère le long et à l'extérieur des secondes soudures.

According to one embodiment of the method, the assembly having a bottom provided with an emptying spout and a cover provided with a filling spout and the bottom is obtained with emptying spout and said cover with filling spout by the steps following successive:

• two thicknesses of the first polymer film are welded together at eight angles of the sheath, each of the welds, called second welds, extending from the edge to one of the mouths of the sheath and to a longitudinal edge of the sheath, thus obtaining the filling spout and the emptying spout,
• the angles of the sheath are removed by cutting the first polymer film along and outside the second welds.

The invention also relates to a method for packaging bulk solid matter (or a liquid) comprising discharging a particulate solid matter into bulk (or alternatively of a liquid), from above in the central compartment of a flexible storage device according to the invention, the material (or liquid) first filling said central compartment, then by overflowing above the upper edge of the inner envelope only, the four compartments.

• La figure 1 est une vue éclatée de la structure d'un dispositif de stockage, conforme à l'invention selon un premier mode de réalisation, ledit dispositif comprenant, d'une part, un conteneur, typiquement en toile polymère, pourvu des boucles de suspension comprenant quatre parois latérales et un fond, et, d'autre part, un ensemble formé des premier et deuxième films polymères, définissant le volume de stockage étanche aux matières particulaires, y compris un couvercle avec goulotte de remplissage et un fond avec goulotte de vidage, ledit ensemble étant prévu en insert dans le conteneur,
• La figure la est une vue, selon une coupe horizontale de l'ensemble, illustrant le compartiment central et les compartiments périphériques formés par les parois internes et externes dudit ensemble,
• Les figures 2a et 3a, 2b et 3b, 2c, 3d et 3e, illustrent respectivement différentes vues des étapes successives de la fabrication d'un ensemble d'un dispositif conforme à l'invention, selon un mode de réalisation,
• La figure 4 est une vue éclatée de la structure d'un dispositif de stockage, conforme à l'invention selon un deuxième mode de réalisation, ledit dispositif comprenant, d'une part, un conteneur, typiquement en toile polymère, pourvu des boucles de suspension, ledit conteneur comprenant deux parois latérales uniquement et un fond, et, d'autre part, un ensemble formé des premier et deuxième films polymères, définissant le volume de stockage étanche aux matières particulaires, y compris un couvercle avec goulotte de remplissage et un fond avec goulotte de vidage, ledit ensemble étant prévu en insert dans le conteneur,
• La figure 5 est une vue du dispositif de la figure 4, ledit ensemble inséré dans le conteneur souple,
• La figure 6 est une vue d'un dispositif de stockage non conforme à l'invention selon un troisième mode de réalisation, pour lequel les boucles de préhension sont fixées (par couture ou par soudure) directement audit ensemble qui forme seul le volume de stockage pour les matières particulaires,
• La figure 7 est une vue d'un dispositif de stockage non conforme à l'invention selon un quatrième mode de réalisation dont le volume de stockage pour les matières particulaires est obtenue par la réunion dudit ensemble et du conteneur, plus particulièrement par la fixation des bords inférieurs des parois latérales formées par l'enveloppe externe à la paroi de fond du conteneur.

The invention will be better understood on reading the following description accompanied in the appendix by the figures among which:

• The figure 1 is an exploded view of the structure of a storage device, according to the invention according to a first embodiment, said device comprising, on the one hand, a container, typically of polymeric fabric, provided with suspension loops comprising four side walls and a bottom, and, on the other hand, an assembly formed of the first and second polymer films, defining the storage volume sealed against particulate matter, including a cover with filling spout and a bottom with emptying spout, said together being provided as an insert in the container,
• FIG. 1a is a view, in a horizontal section of the assembly, illustrating the central compartment and the peripheral compartments formed by the internal and external walls of said assembly,
• The figures 2a and 3a , 2b and 3b , 2c , 3d and 3rd , respectively illustrate different views of the successive stages in the manufacture of an assembly of a device according to the invention, according to one embodiment,
• The figure 4 is an exploded view of the structure of a storage device, according to the invention according to a second embodiment, said device comprising, on the one hand, a container, typically made of polymeric fabric, provided with hanging loops, said container comprising only two side walls and a bottom, and, on the other hand, an assembly formed of the first and second polymer films, defining the storage volume sealed against particulate matter, including a cover with filling spout and a bottom with spout emptying, said assembly being provided as an insert in the container,
• The figure 5 is a view of the device of the figure 4 , said assembly inserted in the flexible container,
• The figure 6 is a view of a storage device not in accordance with the invention according to a third embodiment, for which the gripping loops are fixed (by sewing or by welding) directly to said assembly which alone forms the storage volume for the materials particulate,
• The figure 7 is a view of a storage device not in accordance with the invention according to a fourth embodiment, the storage volume for the particulate matter is obtained by the union of said assembly and the container, more particularly by fixing the lower edges of the side walls formed by the envelope external to the bottom wall of the container.

The invention relates to a flexible storage device 1, 1 ′ for the conditioning of particulate solid materials, having a bottom and side walls defining a substantially parallelepipedic storage volume.

The storage device has a cover 35, closing the storage volume from above.

• des boucles de suspension 25 en partie supérieure destinées au levage
• un ensemble comprenant :
  • une enveloppe externe 30, souple, formant au moins, les quatre parois latérales 31, 32, 33, 34 du volume de stockage et, éventuellement la paroi de fond du volume de stockage,
  • une enveloppe interne 40, tubulaire, souple, solidarisée par des lignes de fixation verticales 41, 42, 43, 44 sur les quatre parois latérales 31,32,33,34 de l'enveloppe externe 30, divisant le volume de stockage en cinq compartiments C1, C2, C3, C4, C5 verticaux, y compris un compartiment central C1, défini par le volume intérieur de l'enveloppe interne, et quatre compartiments périphériques C2, C3, C4, C5, définis respectivement entre les parois latérales de l'enveloppe externe 30, et les parois latérales de l'enveloppe interne 40.

Such a storage device 1, 1 ', 1 ", 1''' includes:

• suspension loops 25 in the upper part intended for lifting
• a set including:
  • an external, flexible envelope 30 forming at least the four side walls 31, 32, 33, 34 of the storage volume and, optionally the bottom wall of the storage volume,
  • an internal envelope 40, tubular, flexible, joined by vertical fixing lines 41, 42, 43, 44 on the four side walls 31, 32, 33, 34 of the external envelope 30, dividing the storage volume into five compartments C1, C2, C3, C4, C5 vertical, including a central compartment C1, defined by the interior volume of the internal envelope, and four peripheral compartments C2, C3, C4, C5, defined respectively between the side walls of the outer casing 30, and the side walls of the inner casing 40.

The outer casing 30 consists essentially of a first polymer film and the inner casing 40 consists essentially of a second polymer film, said vertical fixing lines being weld lines between the first polymer film and the second polymer wire. The first polymer film and / or the second polymer film are typically obtained by extrusion, or co-extrusion when the first film and / or the second film are complexes, that is to say multi-layers of the same polymeric material or several different polymers.

The weld lines, at least four in number, can be between 5 mm and 20 mm wide. These weld lines can be optionally doubled.

As illustrated in the examples of the figures, each weld line directly joins the external envelope 30 forming one of the side walls 31, 32, 33, 34 to the wall of the tube of the internal envelope 40 defining the perimeter of the central compartment C1.

The internal envelope 40 has an upper edge 50 defining the upper mouth of said central compartment C1 and a lower edge 51 defining the lower mouth of said central compartment C1. The upper edge 50 of the internal envelope 40 is located at the same height as the upper edge of the side walls 31, 32, 33, 34 of the storage volume, or even below the upper edge of the side walls 31, 32, 33, 34 of the storage volume, so that the upper edge 50 of the internal envelope constitutes an overflow allowing the material to overflow from the central compartment C1 to the peripheral compartments C2 to C5.

The filling of the storage volume of the device is thus obtained by pouring a loose particulate solid material (or a liquid) from above into the central compartment C1, the material first filling said central compartment C1, then by overflow of the material above the upper edge 50 of the internal envelope 30, the four peripheral compartments C2, C3, C4, C5.

The internal envelope 40 is devoid of opening (s) of diameter greater than 200 micrometers, between the upper edge 50 of the internal envelope 40 and the lower edge 51 of the internal envelope 40. The side wall of the central compartment C1 is thus impermeable to the particulate material, so that the discharge of the material from the central compartment C1 to the peripheral compartments C2 to C5 takes place only above the upper edge 50 forming the overhangs, and not through holes in the wall of the central compartment as taught by the device of the document WO 92/21572 , these holes being marked 9 at the figure 5 of the document WO 92/21572 , or 32 at the figure 6 of the document WO 92/21572 .

According to the inventor's findings, the absence of such holes makes it possible to uniformly tension the wall of the central compartment C1, and contrary to the teaching of the document WO 92/21572 the holes of which generate an irregular tension in the wall of the central compartment along the height, with the formation of folds on the height during filling, which are then copied when the peripheral compartments are filled.

The internal envelope 40 may possibly be perforated, but only with the aim of promoting the deaeration of the storage volume, and / or again, and as will be described hereinafter with the aim of limiting the breakdown voltage of assembly 3: in both cases, the perforations are micro-perforations whose diameter is determined so as to be impermeable to the particulate material.

According to a first embodiment, illustrated in the examples of figures 1 , 4 , 5 and 7 , said storage device comprises a flexible container 2, comprising a bottom 20 and at least two side walls 21, 22, 23, 24, said suspension loops 25 being integral with the upper part of said flexible container 2. The material of container 2 is a web of polymer fibers, raw, coated or laminated.

According to this first embodiment, said assembly 3 is a separate element from said flexible container 2, provided as an insert between the bottom and the side walls of said flexible container. The side walls 31, 32, 33, 34 formed by the external envelope 30 of said assembly are covered, in whole or in part, respectively, by the side walls of the flexible container 2.

According to one embodiment, illustrated in figure 1 , the container 2 has a bottom 20, and four side walls 21, 22, 23, 24, these four side walls then coming respectively to cover the four side walls 31, 32, 33, 34 of the external envelope 30.

According to another embodiment, illustrated in figure 5 or at the figure 7 , the container 2 has a bottom 20 and two side walls 22, 24 only, substantially parallel, covering two of the four side walls of the outer casing 30. In other words, the other two side walls of the outer casing 30 are not covered by walls of said container 2. Such a construction is advantageous in that it makes it possible to save material (polymeric fabric) for the production of container 2. Preferably, said assembly 3 is secured by sewing or by gluing to the two side walls 22, 24 of the container, for example at the level of four fixing lines extending vertically at the corners of the storage volume.

According to an embodiment illustrated in the examples of figures 1 , 4 , 5 or 6 , the outer casing 30 also forms a bottom wall 38, said bottom 38 forming with the side walls 31, 32, 33, 34 of the outer casing 30 the storage volume of solid materials, impermeable to particulate matter.

The bottom wall 38 is provided with a discharge chute 36, which passes through an opening 26 in the bottom 20 of the container 2. The outer casing 30 defines a cover 35 provided with a filling chute 37. The filling chute 37 and the discharge chute 36 are closed by a link. A method of manufacturing an assembly comprising a bottom 38 provided with a discharge chute 36, and a cover 35 provided with a filling chute 37 is described below.

In a case not covered by the invention where said external envelope 30 forms a cover 35, and a bottom 38 forming with the side walls 31, 32, 33, 34, a storage volume, impermeable to the particulate material, the storage device can advantageously be devoid of of said container 2, typically canvas. The suspension loops 25 are then secured directly to said assembly 3, typically at the four corners of the storage volume.

Such an embodiment, illustrated without limitation to the figure 6 , is intended more particularly for the transport of moderate load, in comparison with the storage device with flexible container 2, typically in canvas, which will make it possible to lift more substantial loads.

According to another embodiment not covered by the invention, illustrated without limitation to the figure 7 , the outer casing 30 has no bottom, that is to say open per se at its lower part, said bottom 20 of the container 2 being fixed to the side walls 31, 32, 33, 34 of the outer casing 30 According to such an embodiment, the bottom 20 of the container 2 and the side walls 31, 32, 33, 34 of the external envelope 30 form the volume for storing solid materials, impermeable to particulate matter, the bottom 20 of the container thus closing the lower opening. For this purpose, the lower edges marked 39 of the side walls 31, 32, 33, 34 of the external envelope 30 can be fixed (in a sealed manner to the particulate material) at the periphery 27 of the bottom wall 20 of the container 2 The bottom is then preferably made of a coated or laminated fabric in order to be impermeable to the particulate material.

According to one embodiment, the upper edge 50 of the internal envelope 40 has notches 52, in particular of V shape, facing the various peripheral compartments C2 to C5, promoting the discharge of particulate matter by overflowing, from the compartment central C1 to the peripheral compartments C2 to C5.

According to the invention, the polymer film of the internal and external envelope has a wall thickness between 50 micrometers and 250 micrometers, preferably between 90 micrometers and 150 micrometers, such as 120 micrometers. The internal envelope 40 and / or the external envelope 30 are preferably in the same monolayer or multilayer film, in order to facilitate recycling of the assembly 3.

• un complexe polyamide/polyéthylène,
• un multicouche 100% polyéthylène,
• un complexe de polyoléfines de même nature ou de natures différentes, notamment type EVOH,
• un complexe de polyoléfines et d'aluminium.

The polymer film of the external envelope 30 and / or of the internal envelope 40 can be chosen from:

• a polyamide / polyethylene complex,
• a 100% polyethylene multilayer,
• a complex of polyolefins of the same nature or of different natures, in particular of the EVOH type,
• a complex of polyolefins and aluminum.

According to the filling tests conducted by the Applicant, good results have been obtained with a polyamide / polyethylene complex (PA / PE), and more particularly a multilayer (PE / Binder / PA / Binder / PE), that is to say -display comprising a polyamide layer between two polyethylene layers, as well as two binder layers respectively interfacing between the polyamide layer and the corresponding polyethylene layers as well as a PA / PA / PE film on the same principles as above.

Such a tested film, with a thickness of 120 micrometers, made it possible to constitute a good barrier to humidity from the external environment. Due to the low elongation under stress of this polyamide / polyethylene complex, the assembly gave good filling performance by limiting the amplitude of the deformations of the lateral walls of the external envelope towards the outside, under the pressure of the material. , and in comparison to an assembly of the same construction, the first and second films of which are made of polyethylene only.

The outer casing 30 has flaps B1, B2, B3, B4 which are substantially vertical, at the four angles of the storage volume, over the height of the storage volume. Each of the flaps B1, B2, B3, B4 is obtained by welding together two thicknesses of the first polymer film.

These vertical flaps B1, B2, B3, B4 are used as a bonding or sewing edge for fixing said assembly 3 to said container2 of the container, for example as shown according to the embodiment of the figure 1 or from figure 5 .

These flaps B1, B2, B3, B4 can also, according to an embodiment not covered by the invention, be used to directly fix said suspension loops 25, and as illustrated by way of non-limiting example figure 6 .

In addition, different construction measures can be taken to limit the risks of explosion linked to the occurrence of electrostatic discharge.

• l'enveloppe interne et l'enveloppe externe peuvent être isolantes, de résistivité superficielle supérieure à 1,0 x 10¹² Ω, dépourvues de couche conductrice de l'électricité statique et dépourvues de couche dissipative de l'électricité statique, les enveloppes 30,40 interne et externe comprenant des micro-perforations, de préférence traversantes, réparties sur toute leur surface et de telle façon que la tension de claquage de l'ensemble enveloppe interne et enveloppe externe soit inférieure à 4 kV sans nécessiter la mise à la terre du dispositif,
• la matière du conteneur, le cas échéant, est un isolant, sans additif antistatique, ni couche conductrice de l'électricité, et la tension de claquage de la paroi du conteneur étant inférieure à 6 kV

de telle façon que le dispositif de stockage peut être qualifié comme grand récipient pour vrac souple classé de type B selon la norme 61340-4-4 Edition 2.0 2012-01.According to an embodiment not covered by the invention:

• the internal envelope and the external envelope may be insulating, with a surface resistivity greater than 1.0 × 10 ¹² Ω, devoid of a conductive layer of static electricity and devoid of a dissipative layer of static electricity, the envelopes 30, 40 internal and external comprising micro-perforations, preferably through, distributed over their entire surface and in such a way that the breakdown voltage of the internal envelope and external envelope assembly is less than 4 kV without requiring grounding of the device,
• the material of the container, if applicable, is an insulator, without antistatic additive, nor electrically conductive layer, and the breakdown voltage of the wall of the container being less than 6 kV

in such a way that the storage device can be qualified as a large flexible bulk container classified as type B according to standard 61340-4-4 Edition 2.0 2012-01.

The diameter of the micro-perforations can be between 5 micrometers and 130 micrometers, and for example between 5 microns and 40 microns (µm). The diameter of the micro-perforations will be chosen as a function of the particle size of the material to be stored and in order to prevent the material from crossing the wall of the external envelopes 30, or even of the internal envelope 40. The density of the micro-perforations on the outer envelope 30 and inner 40 is between 0.2 perforations per cm ² and 2 perforations per cm ^2, and preferably uniform.

Advantageously, such a storage device is of increased safety with regard to the risk of dangerous electrostatic discharge, and without requiring dissipative agents capable of migrating towards the stored product and of contaminating it, and without requiring the grounding of the storage device. during filling and emptying operations. For more details on the production of micro-perforations, the skilled person can refer to the patent application PCT / FR2014 / 051836 of this plaintiff.

According to another embodiment, the external envelope 30 and the internal envelope 40 have a surface resistivity of between 1.0 × 10 ⁹ Ω to 1.0 × 10 ¹² Ω (of type L2), that is to say provided with dissipative agents so that the storage device can be qualified as a large flexible bulk container classified as type B according to standard 61340-4-4 Edition 2.0 2012-01 when the container is in an insulating or dissipative material sense of the standard, or type C when the container is in a conductive material. Such an embodiment does not require grounding of the storage device during filling and emptying operations when of type B, but contains dissipative agents capable of migrating the stored products.

Still according to another embodiment, the external envelope 30 and the internal envelope 40 are made of an electrically conductive material with a surface resistivity of less than 1.0 × 10 ⁷ Ω (of type L1) so that the storage device can be qualified as a large flexible bulk container classified as type C according to standard 61340-4-4 Edition 2.0 2012-01. However, such a device requires the grounding of the storage device during filling and emptying operations, and in order to ensure safety against the risks of electric shock.

• on prévoit un premier film polymère destiné à constituer l'enveloppe externe 30 et un second film polymère, de préférence sous forme d'une gaine tubulaire de plus petit diamètre, éventuellement pourvue d'échancrures de déversement 52, destinée à constituer l'enveloppe interne 40 (voir figures 2a et 3a),
• on soude le second film polymère à l'intérieur d'une gaine tubulaire formée par le premier film polymère obtenant deux gaines souples coaxiales, formées respectivement par le premier et le second film polymère, les deux gaines étant fixées l'une dans l'autre, au niveau de quatre premières lignes de soudure 41 à 44 (voir figures 2b et 3d).

The invention also relates to a method of manufacturing a storage device according to the invention, in which said set 3 is obtained at least by the implementation of the following steps:

• there is provided a first polymeric film intended to constitute the external envelope 30 and a second polymeric film, preferably in the form of a tubular sheath of smaller diameter, possibly provided with discharge notches 52, intended to constitute the internal envelope 40 (see figures 2a and 3a ),
• the second polymer film is welded inside a tubular sheath formed by the first polymer film obtaining two flexible coaxial sheaths, formed respectively by the first and the second polymer film, the two sheaths being fixed one inside the other , at the level of the first four weld lines 41 to 44 (see figures 2b and 3d ).

These steps make it possible to obtain said assembly, with the external envelope 30 and the internal envelope 40 which mutually define the vertical compartments C1 to C, namely the central compartment C1, and the peripheral compartments C2 to C5. Optionally and prior to these two steps, the first polymer film and the second polymer film can be perforated, over their entire surface, uniformly, said micro-perforations with a diameter preferably between 5 micrometers and 130 micrometers and a density preferably between 0.2 perforations per cm ² and 2 perforations per cm ² , as previously described.

Each of the two tubular sheaths can be obtained from the first polymer film (or second polymer film), originally in the form of a sheet, which is folded back on itself and two of the edges of which are welded in order to get the sheath. According to another alternative, the first polymer film and / or the second polymer film can advantageously be present from the outset in the form of a bellows sheath, extruded in one piece.

Thus and according to an embodiment illustrated in the figure 2a , the first polymer film and / or the second polymer film may already be each in the form of a bellows sheath, typically extruded in one piece.

The process may also have an additional step for which vertical flaps B1, B2, B3, B4 are formed on said set, which will then serve as a bonding or sewing edge and as explained above.

Thus and as illustrated without limitation to the figure 2c , flaps B1, B2, B3, B4 are formed vertically at the four angles of the storage volume of the external envelope 30, each of the flaps being obtained by welding together two thicknesses of the first polymer film, in particular over several centimeters.

• on soude entre elles deux épaisseurs du premier film polymère au niveau de huit angles de la gaine, chacune des soudures, dite secondes soudures, s'étendant depuis le bord à l'une des embouchures de la gaine et jusqu'à un bord longitudinal de la gaine, obtenant ainsi la goulotte de remplissage et/ou la goulotte de vidage (voir figure 3d),
• on retire les angles de la gaine par découpe du premier film polymère le long et à l'extérieur des secondes soudures (voir figure 3e).

Said assembly having a bottom wall 38 provided with an emptying spout 36 and a cover 35 provided with a filling spout 37, it is possible to obtain the bottom 38 with emptying spout 36 and said cover 35 with filling spout 37 by the following successive stages:

• two thicknesses of the first polymer film are welded together at eight angles of the sheath, each of the welds, called second welds, extending from the edge to one of the mouths of the sheath and to a longitudinal edge of the sheath, thus obtaining the filling spout and / or the emptying spout (see 3d figure ),
• the angles of the sheath are removed by cutting the first polymer film along and outside the second welds (see figure 3e ).

The four upper welds S1, S2, and S1 ', S2' make it possible to produce the cover 35 with its filling spout 37, the four lower welds S3, S4 and S3 ', S4' the bottom with the emptying spout 36.

Naturally other embodiments could have been envisaged by a person skilled in the art without departing from the scope of the invention defined by the claims below.

NOMENCLATURE

• 1, 1 ', 1 ", 1' ''. Storage device,
• 2. Flexible container,
• 20. Bottom (container),
• 21, 22, 23, 24. Side walls (container)
• 25. Suspension loops,
• 26. Opening (Bottom 20),
• 27. Periphery (Bottom)
• 3. Set or Insert,
• 30. Outer envelope
• 31, 32, 33, 34. Side walls
• 35. Cover,
• 36. Drain chute,
• 37. Filling spout,
• 38. Bottom (Set or insert),
• 39. Lower edges (side walls formed by the outer casing 30),
• 40. Internal envelope,
• 41 to 44. Vertical welds (first welds)
• 50. Upper edge,
• 51. Bottom edge,
• C1. Central compartment,
• C2 to C5. Peripheral compartments,
• S1, S2 and S1 ', S2'. Superior welds,
• S3, S4 and S3 ', S4'. Lower welds.

Claims (11)

1. Flexible storage device (1) for packaging particulate solid or liquid materials, having a bottom and side walls defining a substantially parallelepipedal storage volume, said device comprising:

   - a flexible container (2) comprising a bottom (20) and at least two side walls (21, 22, 23, 24), suspension loops (25) at the top part intended for lifting, said suspension loops (25) being secured to the top part of said flexible container (2), the material of the container (2) is a fabric made from polymer fibres, untreated, coated or laminated,

   - an assembly (3), an element separate from said flexible container, provided as an insert between the bottom (20) and the side walls (21, 22, 23, 24) of said flexible container, said assembly (3) comprising:

   - a flexible outer envelope (30) forming at least the four side walls (31, 32, 33, 34) of the storage volume and the bottom wall of the storage volume,

   - a flexible tubular inner envelope (40), secured by vertical fixing lines (41, 42, 43, 44) to the four side walls (31, 32, 33, 34) of the outer envelope (30), dividing the storage volume into five vertical compartments (C1, C2, C3, C4, C5), including a central compartment (C1) defined by the internal volume of the inner envelope, and four peripheral compartments (C2, C3, C4, C5) defined respectively between the side walls of the outer envelope (30) and the side walls of the inner envelope (40), and wherein the inner envelope (40) has a top edge (50) defining the top opening of said central compartment (C1) and a bottom edge (51) defining the bottom opening of said central compartment (C1), the top edge (50) of the inner envelope (40) being situated at the same height as or below the top edge of the side walls of the storage volume, so that the top edge (50) of the inner envelope constitutes an overflow allowing the overflow of materials from the central compartment (C1) to the peripheral compartments (C2 to C5), the inner envelope (40) having no opening or openings with a diameter greater than 200 micrometres, between the top edge (50) of the inner envelope (40) and the bottom edge (51) of the inner envelope (40),

   - and wherein the outer envelope (30) is formed by a first polymer film and the inner envelope (40) is formed by a second polymer film, said vertical fixing lines being weld lines between the first polymer film and the second polymer film, each weld line directly joining the outer envelope (30) forming one of the side walls (31, 32, 33, 34) to the wall of the tube of the inner envelope (40) defining the perimeter of the central compartment (C1), and wherein the polymer film of the inner and outer envelopes has a wall with a thickness of between 50 micrometres and 250 micrometres,

   and wherein the outer envelope (30) comprising, at the four corners of the storage volume, substantially vertical flaps (B1, B2, B3, B4), over the height of the storage volume, each obtained by welding together two thicknesses of the first polymer film, said vertical flaps (B1, B2, B3, B4) being used as a gluing edge or stitching edge for fixing said assembly (3) to said container (2),
   and wherein the outer envelope (30) forming said bottom wall (38) of the storage volume, the bottom wall (38) forming with the side walls (31, 32, 33, 34) of the outer envelope (30) the storage volume for the particulate solid materials, the bottom wall (38) being provided with a drainage spout (36) formed by the outer envelope (30) that passes through an opening (26) in the bottom (20) of the container (2), a tie making it possible to close the drainage spout (36), and wherein the outer envelope (30) defines a lid (35) provided with a filling spout (37), a tie making it possible to close the filling spout.
2. Device according to claim 1, wherein said flexible container (2) consists essentially of said bottom wall (20) and only two substantially parallel side walls (22, 24) overlapping two of the four side walls of the outer envelope (30), and so that the other two side walls (31, 33) of the outer envelope (30) are not overlapped by walls of said container (2).
3. Device according to either claim 1 or claim 2, wherein the top edge (50) of the inner envelope (40) has scallopings (52) opposite the various peripheral compartments (C2 to C5), assisting the pouring of particulate materials by overflow, from the central compartment (C1) to the peripheral compartments (C2 to C5).
4. Device according to any of claims 1 to 3, wherein the inner envelope (40) and the outer envelope (30) are made from the same extruded polymer film, single-layer or multilayer.
5. Device according to any of claims 1 to 4, wherein the polymer film of the outer envelope (30) and/or of the inner envelope (40) is chosen from:

   - a polyamide/polyethylene complex,

   - a 100% PE multilayer,

   - a complex of polyolefins of the same nature or different natures, of the EVOH type,

   - a complex of polyolefins and aluminium.
6. Device according to any of claims 1 to 5, wherein the outer envelope (30) and the inner envelope (40) have a surface resistivity of between 1.0 x 10⁹ Ω and 1.0 x 10¹² Ω provided with dissipative agents so that the storage device can be qualified as a large receptacle for flexible bulk classified type B in accordance with the standard 61340-4-4 Edition 2.0 2012-01 when the container is made from an insulating or dissipative material within the meaning of the standard, or of type C when the container is made from a conductive material within the meaning of the standard.
7. Device according to any of claims 1 to 5, wherein the outer envelope and the inner envelope are made from an electrically conductive material with a surface resistivity of below 1.0 x 10⁷ Ω so that the storage device can be qualified as a large receptacle for flexible bulk classified type C according to the standard 61340-4-4 Edition 2.0 2012-01.
8. Method for manufacturing a storage device according to any of claims 1 to 7, wherein said assembly (3) is obtained at least by the implementation of the following steps:

   - a first polymer film is provided, intended to constitute the outer envelope (30), and a second polymer film, preferably in the form of a tubular sheath with a smaller perimeter, optionally provided with pouring scallopings, intended to constitute the inner envelope (40),

   - the second polymer film is welded inside a tubular sheath formed by the first polymer film, obtaining two coaxial flexible sheaths, formed respectively by the first and second polymer films, the two sheaths being fixed one in the other, at four first weld lines (41, 42, 43, 44).
9. Method according to claim 8, wherein said assembly having said bottom (38) provided with a drainage spout (36) and said lid (35) provided with a filling spout (37), and the bottom (38) is obtained with a drainage spout (36) and said lid (35) with a filling spout (37) by the following successive steps:

   - two thicknesses of the first polymer film are welded together at eight corners of the sheath, each of the welds, referred to as second welds (S1, S2, S1, S2', S3, S4) extending from the edge to one of the openings of the sheath and as far as a longitudinal edge of the sheath, thus obtaining the filling spout (37) and the drainage spout (36),

   - the corners of the sheath are removed by cutting the first polymer film along and outside the second welds (S1, S2, S1', S2', S3, S4, S3', S4').
10. Method according to claim 8 or claim 9, wherein the vertical flaps (B 1, B2, B3, B4) are formed at the four corners of the storage volume of the outer envelope (30), each obtained by welding together two thicknesses of the first polymer film.
11. Method for packaging solid materials in bulk, comprising the pouring of a particulate solid material in bulk or of the liquid material from the top in the central compartment (C1) of a flexible storage device according to any of claims 1 to 7, the material first of all filling said central compartment, and then, by overflow of the material above the top edge (50) of the inner envelope (40) solely, the four peripheral compartments (C2, 3, C4, C5).

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