EP3305902A1 - Uv-assoziierte mtdna-fusionstranskripte sowie verfahren dafür und anwendungen davon - Google Patents

Uv-assoziierte mtdna-fusionstranskripte sowie verfahren dafür und anwendungen davon Download PDF

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EP3305902A1
EP3305902A1 EP17192852.6A EP17192852A EP3305902A1 EP 3305902 A1 EP3305902 A1 EP 3305902A1 EP 17192852 A EP17192852 A EP 17192852A EP 3305902 A1 EP3305902 A1 EP 3305902A1
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skin
exposure
uvr
mtdna
transcript
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French (fr)
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Andrew Harbottle
Gabriel Dakubo
Ryan Parr
Jennifer Creed
Brian Reguly
Kerry Robinson
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Mdna Life Sciences Inc
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Mdna Life Sciences Inc
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    • C12Q1/00—Measuring or testing processes involving enzymes, nucleic acids or microorganisms; Compositions therefor; Processes of preparing such compositions
    • C12Q1/68—Measuring or testing processes involving enzymes, nucleic acids or microorganisms; Compositions therefor; Processes of preparing such compositions involving nucleic acids
    • C12Q1/6876—Nucleic acid products used in the analysis of nucleic acids, e.g. primers or probes
    • C12Q1/6883—Nucleic acid products used in the analysis of nucleic acids, e.g. primers or probes for diseases caused by alterations of genetic material
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    • C07K14/795—Porphyrin- or corrin-ring-containing peptides
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    • C12N15/09—Recombinant DNA-technology
    • C12N15/11—DNA or RNA fragments; Modified forms thereof; Non-coding nucleic acids having a biological activity
    • C12N15/62—DNA sequences coding for fusion proteins
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    • C12N9/00—Enzymes; Proenzymes; Compositions thereof; Processes for preparing, activating, inhibiting, separating or purifying enzymes
    • C12N9/0004—Oxidoreductases (1.)
    • C12N9/0012—Oxidoreductases (1.) acting on nitrogen containing compounds as donors (1.4, 1.5, 1.6, 1.7)
    • C12N9/0036—Oxidoreductases (1.) acting on nitrogen containing compounds as donors (1.4, 1.5, 1.6, 1.7) acting on NADH or NADPH (1.6)
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    • C12N9/0004—Oxidoreductases (1.)
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    • C12N9/00—Enzymes; Proenzymes; Compositions thereof; Processes for preparing, activating, inhibiting, separating or purifying enzymes
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    • C12N9/00—Enzymes; Proenzymes; Compositions thereof; Processes for preparing, activating, inhibiting, separating or purifying enzymes
    • C12N9/14—Hydrolases (3)
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    • C12Y106/00—Oxidoreductases acting on NADH or NADPH (1.6)
    • C12Y106/99—Oxidoreductases acting on NADH or NADPH (1.6) with other acceptors (1.6.99)
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    • C12Y109/03—Oxidoreductases acting on a heme group of donors (1.9) with oxygen as acceptor (1.9.3)
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    • C12Y207/10—Protein-tyrosine kinases (2.7.10)
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    • C12Y306/00—Hydrolases acting on acid anhydrides (3.6)
    • C12Y306/01—Hydrolases acting on acid anhydrides (3.6) in phosphorus-containing anhydrides (3.6.1)
    • C12Y306/01003—Adenosine triphosphatase (3.6.1.3)

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to the field of mitochondrial genomics.
  • the invention relates to mitochondrial fusion transcripts and related deletion molecules associated with UV exposure, as well as their detection and monitoring in biological samples.
  • the mitochondrial genome is a compact yet critical sequence of nucleic acids.
  • Mitochondrial DNA or "mtDNA” comprises a small genome of 16,569 nucleic acid base pairs (bp) (Anderson et al., 1981; Andrews et al., 1999) in contrast to the immense nuclear genome of 3.3 billion bp (haploid).
  • the mtDNA genetic complement is substantially smaller than that of its nuclear cell mate (0.0005%).
  • individual cells carry anywhere from 10 3 to 10 4 mitochondria depending on specific cellular functions (Singh and Modica-Napolitano, 2002). Communication or chemical signalling routinely occurs between the nuclear and mitochondrial genomes (Sherratt et al., 1997).
  • the mitochondrial genome is unusual in that it is a circular, intron-less DNA molecule.
  • the genome is interspersed with repeat motifs which flank specific lengths of sequences. Sequences between these repeats are prone to deletion under circumstances which are not well understood. Given the number of repeats in the mitochondrial genome, there are many possible deletions. The best known example is the 4977 "common deletion.” This deletion has been associated with several purported conditions and diseases and is thought to increase in frequency with aging (Dai et al., 2004; Ro et al., 2003; Barron et al., 2001; Lewis et al., 2000; Muller-Hocker, 1998; Porteous et al., 1998).
  • the present invention provides a method of detecting mitochondrial fusion transcripts.
  • the present invention provides a method of detecting a mitochondrial fusion transcript, wherein the transcript is associated with UV exposure, comprising the steps of: (a) providing a biological sample; and (b) detecting the presence of the mitochondrial fusion transcript in the sample.
  • a method for determining the cumulative UV exposure in a subject comprising the steps of: (a) providing a biological sample from the subject; and (b) detecting the presence of a mitochondrial fusion transcript associated with UV exposure.
  • an isolated mitochondrial fusion transcript associated with UV exposure there is provided an isolated mitochondrial fusion transcript associated with UV exposure.
  • a fusion transcript for detecting UV exposure.
  • a fusion transcript as a biomarker for UV exposure.
  • kits for detecting UV exposure comprising: (a) a probe having a sequence substantially complementary to a portion of an isolated fusion sequence of the invention.
  • a method of detecting a deletion in the human mtDNA genome, wherein said deletion is associated with UV exposure comprising the steps of: (a) providing a biological sample; (b) extracting mtDNA from the biological sample; and (c)detecting the presence of a mtDNA deletion molecule.
  • a method for determining the cumulative UV exposure in a subject comprising the steps of: (a) providing a biological sample; (b) extracting mtDNA from the biological sample; and (c) detecting the presence of a deletion in the mtDNA associate with UV exposure.
  • an isolated mtDNA deletion molecule associated with UV exposure there is provided an isolated mtDNA deletion molecule associated with UV exposure.
  • a mtDNA deletion as a biomarker for UV exposure.
  • a method of testing the efficacy of a skin care product to prevent, minimize, ameliorate or protect against UV exposure or damage comprising the steps of: (a) preparing a skin care product with the desired characteristics; (b) applying the skin care product to a patient's skin or a skin equivalent; (c) exposing the skin or skin equivalent to UVR; (d) detecting the presence of a mitochondrial fusion transcript associated with UV exposure in a sample of the exposed patient's skin or the exposed skin equivalent; and (e) comparing the presence of the transcript to a reference value.
  • a method of testing the efficacy of a new skin care product or formulation to prevent, minimize, ameliorate or protect against UV exposure or damage comprising the steps of:
  • a method of screening skin care products for the ability to prevent, minimize, ameliorate or protect against UV exposure or damage comprising the steps of: (a) applying the skin care products to a patient's skin or a skin equivalent; (b) exposing the skin or skin equivalent to UVR; (c) detecting the presence of a mitochondrial fusion transcript associated with UV exposure; and (e) comparing the presence of the fusion transcript for each skin care product tested against a reference value and/or each other.
  • a method of screening skin care products for the ability to prevent, minimize, ameliorate or protect against UV exposure or damage comprising the steps of: (a) applying the skin care product to a patient's skin or a skin equivalent; (b) exposing the skin or skin equivalent to UVR; (c) detecting the presence of a mtDNA deletion molecule in a sample of the exposed patient's skin or the exposed skin equivalent, wherein the mtDNA deletion molecule is associated with UV exposure; and (e) comparing the presence of the deletion molecule for each skin care product tested against a reference value and/or each other.
  • a method of testing the efficacy of a skin care product to prevent, ameliorate or protect against skin aging or photo-aging comprising the steps of: (a) preparing a skin care product with the desired characteristics; (b) applying the skin care product to a patient's skin or a skin equivalent; (c) exposing the skin or skin equivalent to UVR; (d) detecting the presence of a mitochondrial fusion transcript associated with UV exposure in a sample of the exposed patient's skin or the exposed skin equivalent; and (e) comparing the presence of the transcript to a reference value.
  • a method of testing the efficacy of a new skin care product or formulation to prevent, ameliorate or protect against skin aging or photo-aging comprising the steps of: (a) preparing a skin care product with the desired characteristics; (b) applying the skin care product to a patient's skin or a skin equivalent; (c) exposing the skin or skin equivalent to UVR; (d) detecting the presence of a mtDNA deletion molecule in a sample of the exposed patient's skin or the exposed skin equivalent, wherein the mtDNA deletion molecule is associated with UV exposure; and (e) comparing the presence of the molecule to a reference value.
  • a method of screening skin care products for the ability to prevent, ameliorate or protect against skin aging or photo-aging comprising the steps of: (a) applying the skin care products to a patient's skin or a skin equivalent; (b) exposing the skin or skin equivalent to UVR; (c) detecting the presence of a mitochondrial fusion transcript associated with UV exposure; and (e) comparing the presence of the fusion transcript for each skin care product tested against a reference value and/or each other.
  • a method of screening skin care products for the ability to prevent, ameliorate or protect against skin aging or photo-aging comprising the steps of: (a) applying the skin care product to a patient's skin or a skin equivalent; (b) exposing the skin or skin equivalent to UVR; (c) detecting the presence of a mtDNA deletion molecule in a sample of the exposed patient's skin or the exposed skin equivalent, wherein the mtDNA deletion molecule is associated with UV exposure; and (e) comparing the presence of the deletion molecule for each skin care product tested against a reference value and/or each other.
  • the present invention provides novel mitochondrial fusion transcripts and related mtDNA molecules that are associated with UV exposure.
  • the invention also provides for the detection and monitoring of fusion transcripts and associated mtDNA molecules in biological samples.
  • the invention provides for the use of fusion transcripts and related mtDNA deletions in the screening and testing of skin care products.
  • the term "about” is intended to refer to a variation from the stated value or factor. It is to be understood that such a variation is always included in any given value or factor provided herein, whether or not it is specifically referred to. By way of example, such variation may be approximately +/-10%. It is also well known to all persons skilled in the art that there are degrees of error necessarily associated with measurement. The degree of error will vary depending on the precision of the instrument used to take the reading. Since the Applicant cannot know the precision of the instrument that will be used by persons working the invention, the degree of measurement error cannot be necessarily defined. Likewise, the accuracy of the nucleotide and amino acid sequences submitted herewith is dependent on the accuracy of the equipment and process used. Therefore, minor sequence variations are not considered to fall outside of the teaching of this application.
  • mitochondrial fusion transcript refers to an RNA transcription product produced as a result of the transcription of a mutated mitochondrial DNA sequence wherein such mutations may comprise mitochondrial deletions and other large-scale mitochondrial DNA rearrangements.
  • hybridize refers to the ability of a nucleic acid to bind detectably and specifically to a second nucleic acid.
  • Polynucleotides, oligonucleotides and fragments thereof hybridize to direct target nucleic acid strands under hybridization and wash conditions that minimize appreciable amounts of detectable binding to non-specific nucleic acids.
  • High stringency conditions can be used to achieve selective hybridization conditions as known in the art.
  • hybridization and washing conditions are performed at high stringency according to conventional hybridization procedures. Washing conditions are generally 1-3 x SSC, 0.1-1% SDS, 50-70°C with a change of wash solution after about 5-30 minutes.
  • ameliorate includes the arrest, prevention, decrease, or improvement in one or more the symptoms, signs, or features of UV damage, both temporary and long-term.
  • aberration or “mutation” encompasses modifications in the wild type mitochondrial DNA sequence that results in a fusion transcript and includes, without limitation, substantive or large-scale mtDNA deletions.
  • mitochondria DNA As used herein, “mitochondrial DNA” or “mtDNA” is DNA present in or originated in mitochondria.
  • subject or “patient” as used herein refers to an animal in need of treatment or an animal being tested.
  • animal refers to both human and non-human animals, including, but not limited to, mammals, birds and fish.
  • the term "derived from,” as applied to an object indicates that the object is obtained from a specified source, albeit not necessarily directly from that source.
  • diagnosis means using the presence or absence or quantity of a mutation or combination of mutations as a factor in UV exposure diagnosis or UV exposure management.
  • skin refers to the outer protective covering of the body, consisting of the corium and the epidermis, and is understood to include sweat and sebaceous glands, as well as hair follicle structures.
  • the skin is mammalian skin, preferably human.
  • biological sample refers to a tissue or bodily fluid containing cells from which a molecule of interest can be obtained.
  • the biological sample can be derived from skin cells or tissue, wherein tissue may be taken from the dermis or epidermis, or a combination of both.
  • the biological sample can be used either directly as obtained from the source or following a pre-treatment to modify the character of the sample.
  • the sample may be obtained by a variety of methods including, but not limited to, punch biopsy, surgical excision, and non-invasive or minimally invasive skin sampling methods such as a wet swabbing, tapelift, cotton tip swabbing, scraping of skin using a sterile surgical blade, scraping of skin using a wooden scraper, sticky surface of an adhesive pad (CapSureTM Clean-up Pad, Arcturus), film from LCM MacroCapTM (Arcturus), heated film from LCM MacroCapTM (Arcturus) and employing a small gauge needle (for example, 28 gauge), to collect micro-cores of skin tissue.
  • punch biopsy surgical excision
  • non-invasive or minimally invasive skin sampling methods such as a wet swabbing, tapelift, cotton tip swabbing, scraping of skin using a sterile surgical blade, scraping of skin using a wooden scraper, sticky surface of an adhesive pad (CapSureTM Clean-up Pad, Arcturus), film from LCM Ma
  • MtDNAs are useful biomarkers in the identification of risk factors or disruptive cellular processes associated with disease onset and environmental exposure to factors such as toxins, carcinogens or harmful radiation.
  • large-scale rearrangement mutations in the mitochondrial genome result in the identification of fusion transcripts associated with UV exposure.
  • mtDNA encoding such transcripts and probes directed thereto for the detection, diagnosis and monitoring of UV exposure is provided herein.
  • the methodologies of the present invention are also useful in the identification of skin care products either through the detection of mtDNA deletions or their associated fusion transcripts.
  • the present application provides for various methods to detect (and measure) the amount of UV related damage in a biological sample, as well as to screen and test for products that can reduce or prevent such damage.
  • mtDNA molecules for use in the methods of the present invention may be derived through the isolation of naturally-occurring mutants or may be based on the complementary sequence of any of the fusion transcripts described herein.
  • Exemplary mtDNA sequences and fusion transcripts are disclosed in the Applicant's co-pending PCT application ( PCT/CA2009/000351 ), which is incorporated herein by reference.
  • Mutant sequences associated with UV exposure comprise mtDNA deletions that result in the generation of a fusion transcript. While the modification or change can vary greatly in size from only a few bases to several kilobases, preferably the modification results in a substantive or large-scale mtDNA deletion, also termed genomic aberration.
  • a junction point of a sequence deletion is first identified. Sequence deletions are primarily identified by direct and indirect repetitive elements which flank the sequence to be deleted at the 5' and 3' end. The removal of a section of the nucleotides from the genome followed by the ligation of the genome results in a fused DNA sequence with an open reading frame (ORF) and novel junction point.
  • ORF open reading frame
  • mtDNA molecules for use in the methods of the present invention are provided below. As previously described (see PCT/CA2009/000351 ), these mtDNAs are based on modifications of the known mitochondrial genome (SEQ ID NO: 1) and have been assigned a fusion or "FUS" designation, wherein A:B represents the junction point between the last mitochondrial nucleotide of the first spliced gene and the first mitochondrial nucleotide of the second spliced gene. The identification of the spliced genes is provided in parentheses followed by the corresponding sequence identifier. Where provided below, (AltMet) and (OrigMet) refer to alternate and original translation start sites, respectively.
  • FUS 8469:13447 (AltMet) (ATP synthase F0 subunit 8 (ATPase8) to NADH dehydrogenase subunit 5 (ND5)) (SEQ ID No: 2)
  • FUS 10744:14124 NADH dehydrogenase subunit 4L (ND4L) to NADH dehydrogenase subunit 5 (ND5))
  • FUS 7974:15496 Cytochrome c oxidase subunit II (COII) to Cytochrome b (Cytb))
  • FUS 7992:15730 (Cytochrome c oxidase subunit II (COM) to Cytochrome b (Cytb)) (SEQ ID No: 5)
  • FUS 8210:15339 (Cytochrome c oxidase subunit II (COM) to Cytochrome b (Cytb))
  • FUS 8210:15339 (Cytochrome c oxidas
  • house keeper genes including, but not limited to, Human PPIB
  • the following mtDNA sequences are determined useful for predicting, diagnosing or monitoring UV damage, and for testing and screening skin care products effective in preventing or ameliorating UV damage:
  • mtDNA sequences having SEQ ID NOs: 19 and 20 are preferably used in carrying out the methods of the invention.
  • the present invention also provides the use of variants or fragments of these sequences for predicting, diagnosing and/or monitoring UV damage or exposure.
  • variant refers to a nucleic acid differing from a mtDNA sequence of the present invention, but retaining essential properties thereof. Generally, variants are overall closely similar, and, in many regions, identical to a select mtDNA sequence. Specifically, the variants of the present invention comprise at least one of the nucleotides of the junction point of the spliced genes, and may further comprise one or more nucleotides adjacent thereto. In one embodiment of the invention, the variant sequence is at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98% or 99% identical to any one of the mtDNA sequences of the invention, or the complementary strand thereto.
  • fragment refers to a short nucleic acid sequence which is a portion of that contained in the disclosed genomic sequences, or the complementary strand thereto. This portion includes at least one of the nucleotides comprising the junction point of the spliced genes, and may further comprise one or more nucleotides adjacent thereto.
  • the fragments of the invention are preferably at least about 15 nt, and more preferably at least about 20 nt, still more preferably at least about 30 nt, and even more preferably, at least about 40 nt, at least about 50 nt, at least about 75 nt, or at least about 150 nt in length.
  • a fragment "at least 20 nt in length,” for example, is intended to include 20 or more contiguous bases of any one of the mtDNA sequences listed above.
  • “about” includes the particularly recited value, a value larger or smaller by several (5, 4, 3, 2, or 1) nucleotides, at either terminus or at both termini.
  • These fragments have uses that include, but are not limited to, as diagnostic probes and primers as discussed herein. Of course, larger fragments (e.g., 50, 150, 500, 600, 2000 nucleotides) are also contemplated.
  • primer or probe capable of recognizing an mtDNA sequence of the invention.
  • the probe may be labeled, according to methods known in the art.
  • hybridization of mtDNA to, for example, an array of oligonucleotides can be used to identify particular mutations, however, any known method of hybridization may be used.
  • probes for use in the present invention may be generated as described in the Applicant's co-pending PCT application.
  • probes can be generated directly against exemplary mtDNA fusion molecules of the invention, or to a fragment or variant thereof.
  • sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 3, 4 12, 13, 19 and 20 can be used to design primers or probes that will detect a nucleic acid sequence comprising a fusion sequence of interest.
  • primers or probes which hybridize to these nucleic acid molecules may do so under highly stringent hybridization conditions or lower stringency conditions, such conditions known to those skilled in the art and found, for example, in Current Protocols in Molecular Biology (John Wiley & Sons, New York (1989)), 6.3.1-6.3.6 .
  • Primers and probes of the invention may also hybridize to target sequences where there is DNA slippage or where a similar sequence altering event has occurred.
  • the probes of the invention contain a sequence complementary to at least a portion of the aberrant mtDNA comprising the junction point of the spliced genes. This portion includes at least one of the nucleotides involved in the junction point A:B, and may further comprise one or more nucleotides adjacent thereto.
  • the present invention encompasses any suitable targeting mechanism that will select an mtDNA molecule using the nucleotides involved and/or adjacent to the junction point A:B.
  • the probes of the invention are preferably at least about 15 nt, and more preferably at least about 20 nt, still more preferably at least about 30 nt, and even more preferably, at least about 40 nt, at least about 50 nt, at least about 75 nt, or at least about 150 nt in length.
  • a probe of "at least 20 nt in length,” for example, is intended to include 20 or more contiguous bases that are complementary to an mtDNA sequence of the invention. Of course, larger probes (e.g., 50, 150, 500, 600, 2000 nucleotides) may be preferable.
  • the probes of the invention will also hybridize to nucleic acid molecules in biological samples, thereby enabling the methods of the invention. Accordingly, in one aspect of the invention, there is provided a hybridization probe for use in detecting, diagnosing and/or monitoring UV damage or exposure, wherein the probe is complementary to at least a portion of an aberrant mtDNA molecule. In another aspect the present invention provides probes and a use of (or a method of using) such probes for screening or testing skin care products effective in preventing or ameliorating UV damage or exposure.
  • Measuring the level of aberrant mtDNA in a biological sample can determine the level of UV exposure in a subject.
  • the present invention encompasses methods for detecting, diagnosing or monitoring UV damage or exposure, comprising obtaining one or more biological samples, extracting mtDNA from the samples, and assaying the samples for aberrant mtDNA by: quantifying the amount of one or more aberrant mtDNA sequences in the sample and comparing the quantity detected with a reference value.
  • the reference value is based on whether the method seeks to detect, diagnose or monitor UV damage or exposure. Accordingly, the reference value may relate to mtDNA data collected from one or more known UV exposed biological samples, from one or more known non-UV exposed biological samples, and/or from one or more biological samples taken over time.
  • the sample may be derived from rarely sun exposed, occasionally sun exposed, usually sun exposed skin or blood and collected by a variety of methods including, but not limited to, punch biopsy, surgical excision, and non-invasive or minimally invasive skin sampling methods such as a wet swabbing, tapelift, cotton tip swabbing, scraping of skin using a sterile surgical blade, scraping of skin using a wooden scraper, sticky surface of an adhesive pad (CapSureTM Clean-up Pad, Arcturus), film from LCM MacroCapTM (Arcturus), heated film from LCM MacroCapTM (Arcturus) and employing a small gauge needle (for example, 28 gauge), to collect micro-cores of skin tissue.
  • punch biopsy surgical excision
  • non-invasive or minimally invasive skin sampling methods such as a wet swabbing, tapelift, cotton tip swabbing, scraping of skin using a sterile surgical blade, scraping of skin using a wooden scraper, sticky surface of an adhesive pad (Cap
  • the step of detecting the presence of mutations in the mtDNA can be selected from any technique as is known to those skilled in the art.
  • analyzing mtDNA can comprise sequencing the mtDNA, amplifying mtDNA by PCR, Southern, Northern, Western South-Western blot hybridizations, denaturing HPLC, hybridization to microarrays, biochips or gene chips, molecular marker analysis, biosensors, melting temperature profiling or a combination of any of the above.
  • the invention provides a method of detecting UV exposure in a mammal, the method comprising assaying a tissue sample from the mammal for the presence of an aberrant mitochondrial DNA described above.
  • the present invention also provides for methods comprising assaying a tissue sample from the mammal by hybridizing the sample with at least one hybridization probe.
  • the probe may be generated against a mutant mitochondrial DNA sequence of the invention as described herein.
  • the invention provides a method as above, wherein the assay comprises: a) conducting a hybridization reaction using at least one of the probes of the invention to allow the at least one probe to hybridize to a complementary aberrant mitochondrial DNA sequence; b) quantifying the amount of the at least one aberrant mitochondrial DNA sequence in the sample by quantifying the amount of the mitochondrial DNA hybridized to the at least one probe; and, c) comparing the amount of the mitochondrial DNA in the sample to at least one known reference value.
  • diagnostic imaging assays as known in the art.
  • the diagnostic assays of the invention can be readily adapted for high-throughput.
  • High-throughput assays provide the advantage of processing many samples simultaneously and significantly decrease the time required to screen a large number of samples.
  • the present invention contemplates the use of the nucleotides of the present invention in high-throughput screening or assays to detect and/or quantitate target nucleotide sequences in a plurality of test samples.
  • fusion transcripts and associated hybridization probes useful in methods for predicting, diagnosing and/or monitoring UV damage or exposure.
  • such molecules may be derived through the isolation of naturally-occurring transcripts or, alternatively, by the recombinant expression of mtDNAs isolated according to the methods of the invention.
  • mtDNAs typically comprise a spliced gene having the initiation codon from the first gene and the termination codon of the second gene.
  • fusion transcripts derived therefrom include a junction point associated with the spliced genes.
  • Naturally occurring fusion transcripts can be extracted from a biological sample and identified according to any suitable method known in the art, or may be conducted according to the methods described in the Applicant's co-pending PCT application.
  • stable polyadenylated fusion transcripts are identified using Oligo(dT) primers that target transcripts with poly-A tails, followed by RT-PCR using primer pairs designed against the target transcript.
  • Fusion transcripts can also be produced by recombinant techniques known in the art. Typically this involves transformation (including transfection, transduction, or infection) of a suitable host cell with an expression vector comprising an mtDNA sequence of interest.
  • Fusion transcripts of an unexpected nature have also been identified by the Applicant and proven useful in the methods of the present invention. Until now, each of the fusion transcripts identified occurred as a result of a deletion event in the mitochondrial genome resulting in the fusion of two genes to form a novel sequence then transcribed by the mitochondria. By contrast, the 3895bp deletion described in detail below, results in the fusion of the D-loop, which is located in a non-coding region of the mtDNA.
  • mitochondrial fusion transcripts are formed by the deletion of nucleotide content between two adjacent or non-adjacent genes (see Genomic Mutations section above and the Applicant's co-pending PCT application). After removal of the deleted DNA, the remainder of the mitochondrial genome is then recombined resulting in a new gene, or transcript. As previously discussed, this spliced gene is comprised of the initiation codon of the 5'-most original gene, varying contributions of genetic content from the original two genes, and the termination codon of the 3'-most original gene.
  • the 5' contents of the Frame 2 fusion transcript starts with proline at position 386 but only initiates at the first methionine located at position 470 located within the Hypervariable segment 3 (438-574).
  • the 3' content of the fusion transcript begins at position 4443 within tRNA methionine (4402-4469) and terminates at position 5511 of NADH dehydrogenase subunit 2 (4470-5511) ( Figure 3).
  • Figure 4 displays the resulting fusion transcript initiating at position 470 formed by the deletion of positions 548-4442 of the mitochondrial genome.
  • the present invention encompasses fusions transcripts of varied content, i.e. those comprising spliced sequences of two coding regions and those comprising spliced coding and non-coding regions.
  • mitochondrial fusion transcripts Once mitochondrial fusion transcripts have been identified, the sequences are then tested for their association with UVR, as described in the examples below. Such testing may be carried out in vivo, or in cultured skin equivalents that are grown and dosed with varying levels of UVR (see Example 6).
  • house keeper transcripts including, but not limited to, Human P
  • mitochondrial fusion transcripts have been determined useful for predicting, diagnosing or monitoring UV damage, and for testing and screening skin care products effective in preventing or ameliorating UV damage:
  • the present invention provides the use of variants or fragments of these sequences for predicting, diagnosing and/or monitoring UV exposure.
  • Variants or fragments of the fusion transcripts identified herein adhere to the size limitations and percent identities described above with respect to the genomic variants and fragments, or as determined suitable by a skilled technician.
  • putative protein sequences corresponding to transcripts 2, 3, 11, 12, 20 and 32 of the invention are listed below. These sequences, which encode hypothetical fusion proteins, are provided as a further embodiment of the present invention and may be considered useful in the methods of the present invention.
  • primers or probes can be developed to target the transcript in a biological sample.
  • primers and probes may be prepared using any known method (as described above) or as set out in the examples provided in the Applicant's co-pending PCT application.
  • a probe may, for example, be generated for the fusion transcript, and detection technologies, such as QuantiGene 2.0TM by PanomicsTM, used to detect the presence of the transcript in a sample.
  • Primers and probes may be generated directly against exemplary fusion transcripts of the invention, or to a fragment or variant thereof. For instance, the sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 22, 23, 31, 32, 38 and 39 can be used to design probes that will detect a nucleic acid sequence comprising a fusion sequence of interest.
  • probes designed to hybridize to the fusion transcripts of the invention contain a sequence complementary to at least a portion of the transcript and preferably expressing the junction point of the spliced genes. This portion includes at least one of the nucleotides complementary to the expressed junction point, and may further comprise one or more complementary nucleotides adjacent thereto.
  • the present invention encompasses any suitable targeting mechanism that will select a fusion transcript that uses the nucleotides involved and adjacent to the junction point of the spliced genes.
  • transcript probes of the invention are preferably at least about 15 nt, and more preferably at least about 20 nt, still more preferably at least about 30 nt, and even more preferably, at least about 40 nt, at least about 50 nt, at least about 75 nt, or at least about 150 nt in length.
  • a probe of "at least 20 nt in length,” for example, is intended to include 20 or more contiguous bases that are complementary to an mtDNA sequence of the invention. Of course, larger probes (e.g., 50, 150, 500, 600, 2000 nucleotides) may be preferable.
  • the probes of the invention will also hybridize to the fusion transcripts in biological samples, thereby enabling the methods of the invention. Accordingly, in one aspect of the invention, there is provided a hybridization probe for use in detecting, diagnosing and/or monitoring UV damage or exposure, wherein the probe is complementary to at least a portion of a fusion transcript of the invention. In another aspect, there is provided probes and use thereof (or a method of using) such probes for testing and screening skin care products effective in preventing or ameliorating UV damage or exposure.
  • novel fusion transcripts have been demonstrated to increase in abundance following exposure to irradiation with solar simulated light (see, for instance, Example 6). Detection of these novel fusion transcripts both in vitro and in vivo allows for the quantification of exposure to UV irradiation (both UVB and UVA).
  • the present invention therefore, encompasses methods for detecting, diagnosing or monitoring UV damage or exposure, comprising obtaining one or more biological samples, extracting mitochondrial RNA from the samples, and assaying the samples for fusion transcripts by: quantifying the amount of one or more fusion transcripts in the sample and comparing the quantity detected with a reference value.
  • the reference value is based on whether the method seeks to detect, diagnosis or monitor UV damage or exposure. Accordingly, the reference value may relate to transcript data collected from one or more known UV exposed biological samples, from one or more known non-UV exposed biological samples, and/or from one or more biological samples taken over time.
  • the sample may be derived from rarely sun exposed, occasionally sun exposed, usually sun exposed skin or blood and collected by a variety of methods as indicated above.
  • the invention provides a method of detecting UV exposure in a mammal, the method comprising assaying a tissue sample from the mammal for the presence of a fusion transcript described above.
  • the present invention also provides for methods comprising assaying a tissue sample from the mammal by hybridizing the sample with at least one hybridization probe.
  • the probe may be generated against a fusion transcript of the invention as described herein.
  • the invention provides a method as above, wherein the assay comprises: a) conducting a hybridization reaction using at least one of the probes to allow the at least one probe to hybridize to a complementary fusion transcript sequence; b) quantifying the amount of the at least one fusion transcript sequence in the sample by quantifying the amount of the transcript hybridized to the at least one probe; and, c) comparing the amount of the transcript in the sample to at least one known reference value.
  • the diagnostic assays of the invention may also comprise diagnostic methods and screening tools as described herein and can be readily adapted for high-throughput.
  • the present invention contemplates the use of the fusion transcripts and associated probes of the present invention in high-throughput screening or assays to detect and/or quantitate target nucleotide sequences in a plurality of test samples.
  • Modulation of changes in the abundance of novel UV associated fusion transcripts and related mtDNA molecules, through the application of specific actives or formulations such as sunscreens, anti-oxidant or anti-ageing products, may be used to assess the efficacy of products in protecting the skin from damage by UV irradiation. Such assessment may take the form of in vitro testing of new formulations using Skin Equivalent Models (see Figures 10 and 11 ) or through in vivo testing of products using biological samples (see Figure 12 ).
  • the invention therefore contemplates methods of preparing and testing the efficacy of a skin care product to prevent, minimize, ameliorate or protect against UV exposure or damage by preparing a product having the desired characteristics (e.g. UVA filter and/or UVB filter), applying the skin care product to a patient's skin or to a skin equivalent model; exposing the skin or skin equivalent model to UVR; detecting the presence of at least one mitochondrial deletion molecule and/or fusion transcript in a sample taken from the exposed patient's skin or the exposed skin equivalent; and comparing the presence of the deletion or transcript to a reference value, such as a control gene and/or transcript. Control patients or skin equivalents models, which have not received the skin product, may also be used as a reference value.
  • a product having the desired characteristics e.g. UVA filter and/or UVB filter
  • the arrest, prevention, decrease, or improvement in one or more the symptoms, signs, or features of UV damage both temporary and long-term, indicates the ability of the new product (formulation) to prevent, minimize, ameliorate or protect against UV exposure or damage.
  • product analysis is performed as shown in the examples provided below.
  • the methods for testing the new products comprise exposing a subject's skin or a skin equivalent model to at least one sub-lethal dose of ultraviolet radiation (UVR) prior to the step of detecting the presence of the mtDNA deletion or fusion transcript.
  • UVR ultraviolet radiation
  • the skin or skin equivalent may be exposed to a series of repetitive sub-lethal doses of UVR, such as daily doses of UVR, prior to testing.
  • the UVR is from a solar-simulated UVR source, wherein the UVR comprises UVA, UVB, or UVA/UVB, however, sun exposure is also herein contemplated.
  • control sequences including, but not limited to, the housekeeping genes and transcripts discussed above. As for the mtDNA deletion and fusion transcript markers, these can be inserted at the end of the described methods either singularly or in tandem.
  • the patient's skin sample may be collected from the dermal or epidermal layer of the skin and may be derived by way of punch biopsy, surgical excision, and non-invasive or minimally invasive skin sampling methods such as a wet swabbing, tapelift, cotton tip swabbing, scraping of skin using a sterile surgical blade, scraping of skin using a wooden scraper, sticky surface of an adhesive pad (CapSureTM Clean-up Pad, Arcturus), film from LCM MacroCapTM (Arcturus), heated film from LCM MacroCapTM (Arcturus) and employing a small gauge needle (for example, 28 gauge), to collect micro-cores of skin tissue.
  • the sample can be used either directly as obtained from the source or following a pre-treatment to modify the character of the sample.
  • the skin sample can be pre-treated prior to use, for example, with preservatives, reagents, and the like.
  • sampling technique may be employed at a single time.
  • the same or different techniques may be used alone or together throughout the test period.
  • skin collections may be taken once only, or at regular intervals such as daily, weekly or monthly.
  • the Applicant has also developed a novel system for testing skin care products in vitro using Skin Equivalent Models. These models are produced and grown, for instance, as described in Example 2, following which they may be treated with a skin care product and dosed by varying increments of UVR.
  • the product to be tested is simply applied to the surface of the skin equivalent, for example, at a density of 2mg/cm 2 , and spread evenly across the surface of the cells.
  • the skin equivalents are then placed under the solar simulator and exposed to one or more doses of UV light. Dosing is dependent on the individual experimental setup and product to be tested. However, several examples of typical dosing regimes are provided in Tables 1 and 2 below.
  • the methods of the present invention may also be used for widespread skin screening for both medical and cosmeceutical purposes.
  • the ability to assess the level of DNA damage in a subject's skin due to UV radiation at any time point and from any external anatomical location provides the foundation for a unique and informative screening test to assess the safety and efficacy of existing and new skin care products and skin care regimes for a given subject.
  • identifying the specific genetic changes associated with UV exposure it may be readily determined whether and to what extent a particular skin care product or regime should be applied.
  • the methods of the present invention also assist in screening agents to gauge their ability to prevent, minimize, ameliorate or protect against UV exposure or damage. This allows a practitioner or consumer to assess which brands are best suited for their particular skin care requirements.
  • Products to be screened by the methods of the invention include but are not limited to sunscreens and anti-aging serums and creams and maybe assessed in pairs or in batches of 3 or more products. Screening methods may be carried out as described above for testing new formulations or as detailed in the examples below.
  • kits for detecting or monitoring the UV exposure of a subject.
  • kits may include one or more sampling means, in combination with one or more primers or probes according to the present invention.
  • kits may also include instructions for using the contents thereof.
  • kits can optionally include reagents required to conduct a diagnostic assay, such as buffers, salts, detection reagents, and the like.
  • Other components such as solutions for the isolation and/or treatment of a biological sample, may also be included in the kit.
  • One or more of the components of the kit may be lyophilised and the kit may further comprise reagents suitable for the reconstitution of the lyophilised components.
  • the kit may also contain reaction vessels, mixing vessels and other components that facilitate the preparation of the test sample.
  • the kit may also optionally include instructions for use, which may be provided in paper form or in computer-readable form, such as a disc, CD, DVD or the like.
  • kits for diagnosing UV exposure comprising sampling means and a probe or primer of the invention.
  • Atmospheric Attenuation filter + Vis IR filter + PETG Filter As shown in Figure 15 .
  • Atmospheric Attenuation filter + Vis IR filter as shown in Figure 16 .
  • SED refers to Standard Erythemal Dose, which is the amount of UVR required to cause erythema (or reddening of the skin).
  • Figure 5A shows the dose response results for mtDNA deletion analysis performed by quantative realtime PCR on skin swab samples taken following UVR doses of up to 3.0 SED. This experiment demonstrates that UVR induced mtDNA damage increases with increasing doses of UVR, up to the point where erythema begins to occur.
  • the experimental formulations were prepared in a cosmetic lotion emulsion comprised of standard cosmetic ingredients. Each product contains a constant level of UVB filter but levels of UVA filter were varied as follows: Table 3: Content of new formulations Sample No. UVB Filter UVA Filter Star Rating 1 ( B in figures) 3.8% 0% 1 Star 2 ( A in figures) 3.8% 1.75% 3 Star 3 ( C in figures) 3.8% 4.5% 5 Star
  • FIG 10 shows the results of PCR analysis on in vitro samples exposed to UVA ( Figure 10 ) and solar simulated light ( Figure 11 ) following application of the formulations (A, B or C).
  • Figure 12 the results following in vivo testing of the formulations are provided.
  • B may be lower than expected as the lack of UVA filter combined with the UVB in the solar simulated light has taken the damage past the erythemic threshold (section 00121), meaning less damage is recorded in the sample.
  • Anti-aging products included a range of night crèmes/serums from a number of top brands ( Figure 14 ). These data show that there is great variation in the protection afforded by anti-aging type products as far as mtDNA damage is concerned. Many of these products contain anti-oxidant compounds as their main actives, and this shows that measurement of mtDNA damage can distinguish between those formulations and indeed individual actives which are effective and those which exhibit little to no protection.

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