Classifications

• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • B23B—TURNING; BORING
  • B23B3/00—General-purpose turning-machines or devices, e.g. centre lathes with feed rod and lead screw; Sets of turning-machines
  • B23B3/06—Turning-machines or devices characterised only by the special arrangement of constructional units
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • B23B—TURNING; BORING
  • B23B1/00—Methods for turning or working essentially requiring the use of turning-machines; Use of auxiliary equipment in connection with such methods
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • B23B—TURNING; BORING
  • B23B27/00—Tools for turning or boring machines; Tools of a similar kind in general; Accessories therefor
  • B23B27/14—Cutting tools of which the bits or tips or cutting inserts are of special material
  • B23B27/16—Cutting tools of which the bits or tips or cutting inserts are of special material with exchangeable cutting bits or cutting inserts, e.g. able to be clamped
  • B23B27/1603—Cutting tools of which the bits or tips or cutting inserts are of special material with exchangeable cutting bits or cutting inserts, e.g. able to be clamped with specially shaped plate-like exchangeable cutting inserts, e.g. chip-breaking groove
  • B23B27/1611—Cutting tools of which the bits or tips or cutting inserts are of special material with exchangeable cutting bits or cutting inserts, e.g. able to be clamped with specially shaped plate-like exchangeable cutting inserts, e.g. chip-breaking groove characterised by having a special shape
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • B23B—TURNING; BORING
  • B23B29/00—Holders for non-rotary cutting tools; Boring bars or boring heads; Accessories for tool holders
  • B23B29/04—Tool holders for a single cutting tool
  • B23B29/12—Special arrangements on tool holders
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • B23B—TURNING; BORING
  • B23B29/00—Holders for non-rotary cutting tools; Boring bars or boring heads; Accessories for tool holders
  • B23B29/24—Tool holders for a plurality of cutting tools, e.g. turrets
  • B23B29/242—Turrets, without description of the angular positioning device
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • B23B—TURNING; BORING
  • B23B5/00—Turning-machines or devices specially adapted for particular work; Accessories specially adapted therefor
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • B23Q—DETAILS, COMPONENTS, OR ACCESSORIES FOR MACHINE TOOLS, e.g. ARRANGEMENTS FOR COPYING OR CONTROLLING; MACHINE TOOLS IN GENERAL CHARACTERISED BY THE CONSTRUCTION OF PARTICULAR DETAILS OR COMPONENTS; COMBINATIONS OR ASSOCIATIONS OF METAL-WORKING MACHINES, NOT DIRECTED TO A PARTICULAR RESULT
  • B23Q1/00—Members which are comprised in the general build-up of a form of machine, particularly relatively large fixed members
  • B23Q1/25—Movable or adjustable work or tool supports
  • B23Q1/64—Movable or adjustable work or tool supports characterised by the purpose of the movement
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G05—CONTROLLING; REGULATING
  • G05B—CONTROL OR REGULATING SYSTEMS IN GENERAL; FUNCTIONAL ELEMENTS OF SUCH SYSTEMS; MONITORING OR TESTING ARRANGEMENTS FOR SUCH SYSTEMS OR ELEMENTS
  • G05B19/00—Programme-control systems
  • G05B19/02—Programme-control systems electric
  • G05B19/18—Numerical control [NC], i.e. automatically operating machines, in particular machine tools, e.g. in a manufacturing environment, so as to execute positioning, movement or co-ordinated operations by means of programme data in numerical form
  • G05B19/182—Numerical control [NC], i.e. automatically operating machines, in particular machine tools, e.g. in a manufacturing environment, so as to execute positioning, movement or co-ordinated operations by means of programme data in numerical form characterised by the machine tool function, e.g. thread cutting, cam making, tool direction control
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • B23B—TURNING; BORING
  • B23B2200/00—Details of cutting inserts
  • B23B2200/12—Side or flank surfaces
  • B23B2200/123—Side or flank surfaces curved
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • B23B—TURNING; BORING
  • B23B2200/00—Details of cutting inserts
  • B23B2200/20—Top or side views of the cutting edge
  • B23B2200/202—Top or side views of the cutting edge with curved cutting edge
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • B23B—TURNING; BORING
  • B23B2200/00—Details of cutting inserts
  • B23B2200/20—Top or side views of the cutting edge
  • B23B2200/208—Top or side views of the cutting edge with wiper, i.e. an auxiliary cutting edge to improve surface finish
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • B23B—TURNING; BORING
  • B23B2200/00—Details of cutting inserts
  • B23B2200/28—Angles
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • B23B—TURNING; BORING
  • B23B2220/00—Details of turning, boring or drilling processes
  • B23B2220/12—Grooving
  • B23B2220/123—Producing internal grooves
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • B23B—TURNING; BORING
  • B23B2260/00—Details of constructional elements
  • B23B2260/004—Adjustable elements

Definitions

• the invention relates to a device for machining a rotating about a rotation axis workpiece, wherein a cutting plate is used, which has at least two in a cutting edge plane extending cutting edges, which merge into a tip, optionally forming a rounding into each other, wherein the a holder fixed to a holder can be brought into engagement with a surface to be machined of the workpiece and the holder by means of a feed drive and a pivot drive by a control device during the chip removal such about a vertical standing in the feed plane pivot axis and with a component of movement relative to the workpiece in the direction the axis of rotation can be displaced such that the chip removal point travels along the cutting edge and the surface to be machined in a rolling movement in a feed plane which is not cut by the rotation axis.
• the invention further relates to a method for machining a workpiece rotating about a rotation axis, in which a cutting plate is used, which has at least two cutting edges extending in a cutting edge plane, which merge into one another, optionally forming a rounding, wherein the cutting plate mounted on a holder is brought into engagement with a surface to be machined of the workpiece and the holder by means of a feed drive and a pivot drive by a control device during chip removal so pivots about a pivot axis perpendicular to the feed plane and relative to a movement component opposite the factory piece is displaced in the direction of the axis of rotation that the chip removal point migrates in a rolling movement in a not cut off from the axis of rotation feed plane along the cutting edge and the surface to be machined.
• the invention further relates to a device for machining a rotating about a rotation axis workpiece with a pivotable about a pivot axis about a pivot axis holder, the one
• Holding cutting plate which has at least one curved in a cutting edge plane cutting edge and with a feed drive with which the pivot drive in the perpendicular to the pivot axis extension advancing plane that is not cut by the axis of rotation, with a component of movement parallel to the axis of rotation relative to the workpiece displaced is, wherein the feed drive and the pivot drive are so controlled by a control device that a chip removal point in a rolling movement along the cutting edge and the surface to be machined of the workpiece moves
• the invention further relates to a method for machining a rotating about a rotation axis workpiece with a pivotable about a pivot axis about a pivot axis holder, the one
• Cutting insert which has at least one cutting edge curved in a cutting edge plane and is displaced relative to the workpiece by means of a feed drive with which the pivot drive is displaced in the feed plane perpendicular to the pivot axis extension, which is not cut by the rotation axis, with a movement component parallel to the rotation axis; for machining a workpiece rotating about an axis of rotation with a holder pivotable about a pivot axis by a pivoting drive and holding a cutting plate which holds at least one in one Cutting edge having a curved cutting edge and with a feed drive, in which the pivot drive in the plane perpendicular to the pivot axis extension feed plane, which is not cut by the rotation axis, with a movement component parallel to the rotation axis relative to the workpiece movement controlled that a chip removal point in a rolling movement along the cutting edge and the surface to be machined of the workpiece moves.
• the invention further comprises an insert for performing the method or for use on the device with two each extending along one of two intersecting in an intersection curvature lines extending optionally forming a rounding in the region of the intersection merging cutting edges.
• a generic device or a generic method is described by DE 10 2006 011 300 B3.
• a tool carrier is displaceable relative to a workpiece carrier.
• the workpiece carrier has a chuck in which a workpiece is inserted.
• the chuck is rotatable about a rotation axis.
• the axis of rotation runs in the feed level.
• Y-axis extends a pivot axis which sits on an arm of the tool carrier.
• a holder of an indexable insert can be pivoted about this pivot axis, for which purpose a pivot drive is provided.
• the cutting plate has a cutting edge running on a circular arc line, wherein the center of the circular arc line coincides with the pivot axis.
• DE 199 63 897 B4, DE 10 2004 026 675 B3, DE 101 44 649 or DE 10 2007 033 820 A1 each describe a method for turning of rotationally symmetrical workpieces and an associated device and a cutting plate usable for turning.
• the cutting tool is rotated about an axis parallel to the axis of rotation of the workpiece so that a chip removal location travels both along the surface to be machined and along the cutting edge.
• DE 103 93 255 T5 describes a machine tool for turning a workpiece, wherein a diamond-shaped cutting plate during of the feed is pivoted about a pivot axis which extends transversely to the axis of rotation of the workpiece. This is to change the rake angle or the flank angle during the feed.
• US 5,713,253 describes a device and a method for turning a workpiece, in which a parallel to the axis of rotation extending pivot axis is provided for pivoting a tool holder, so that the cutting plate can be pivoted during turning.
• US Pat. No. 6,775,586 B2 describes a tool holder which can be displaced on a mechanical stage and holds a milling tool whose axis can be pivoted in space.
• the invention has for its object to further develop the known method, the known device and the insert to be used advantageous for use and to expand its scope.
• the object is achieved by the invention specified in the claims, wherein the dependent claims represent not only advantageous developments of the independent claims, but to the same extent have an independent meaning to solve the problem.
• the invention relates to a turning processing method in which a workpiece is continuously rotated and a cutting plate along the surface to be machined is brought into a chip-removing engagement in the workpiece.
• the cutting plate is displaced relative to the machine frame and thus opposite the workpiece in such a way that a chip removal move along the workpiece surface to be machined.
• the cutting plate is to be pivoted either during chip removal or between two processing steps about a vertical in the feed plane / plane of movement pivot axis.
• the inventive machine tool is a machine for turning workpieces and has a pivot axis which is perpendicular to the feed plane.
• the pivot axis is perpendicular to the axis of rotation, wherein the pivot axis and the axis of rotation have a variable center distance and is provided in particular that the pivot axis in the feed plane, ie in particular transversely and parallel to the extension direction of the axis of rotation, can be moved.
• the machine tool can in this regard have a cross-table arrangement on which a torsionally rigid actuator sits, with which the cutting plate can be pivoted.
• the actuator may pivot a holder having an arm at the end of which the insert is mounted. It is essential that between the cutting plate and the workpiece such a relative displacement can be realized that the cutting edge of the cutting plate rolls on a surface to be machined of the workpiece.
• the axis of rotation of the workpiece can be stationary in space and the cutting plate can move in spaces. It is also possible to fix the insert in the room and that
• a combination is also possible in which the workpiece is displaced in one spatial direction and the cutting plate in another spatial direction.
• an insert is used, which has a cutting edge which is curved in its direction of extension deviating from the contour line of the surface to be machined.
• the cutting edge is convex and more curved than the contour line.
• a machined spherical surface can also be machined with a convexly curved cutting edge. The absolute values of the radii of curvature contour line and cutting edge may even be the same in this case.
• a convex, ie convex surface can also be machined with a concave cutting edge, which is less curved.
• the cutting edge can also run in a straight line and roll on a convex surface to be machined.
• the course of the cutting edge can also follow an elliptical curve line or a curvature line, which is formed by a plurality of juxtaposed radii.
• the cutting edge extends in a cutting edge plane in which runs the other curved contour line of the surface to be machined.
• the cutting edge is moved with a rolling on the surface to be machined Vorschubschiskomponente. As a result of the rolling movement, a chip removal point travels both along the cutting edge and along the contour line of the surface to be machined.
• the surface to be machined may be a cylindrical surface, a convexly or concavely rounded surface of a rotating body, or the surface of a truncated cone. It is provided in particular that the plane normal of the cutting edge plane is perpendicular to the axis of rotation.
• the rolling movement is then preferably generated by a movement of the holder in the cutting edge plane, wherein the holder is pivoted during this displacement about the pivot axis, so that the holder is rotated on a curved path about a rolling axis, wherein the rolling axis during the rotational movement along the cutting edge or the contour line of the workpiece can wander.
• the axis of rotation preferably runs within the cutting edge contour plane.
• the device according to the invention has a controller which is set up or can be set up in such a way that the movement of the cutting plate lies in the cutting edge plane and the cutting edge unrolls during the processing on the surface to be processed.
• the axis of rotation of the workpiece is designated as the Z axis of a Cartesian spatial coordinate system
• the cutting edge plane is preferably located in an XZ plane.
• the device may comprise a cross slide, which is displaceable in the XZ plane by means of two spindle drives perpendicular to each other.
• the cross slide can carry a pivot drive with a pivot axis which lies in the Y-axis, ie perpendicular to the plane of movement.
• the holder can be pivoted to achieve the rolling movement.
• the rolling cutting plate movement can be superimposed on a linear feed movement in the direction of the contour line of the surface to be processed.
• the rolling movement can also be superimposed on any feed movement running along an arbitrary contour line, so that a pulling cut can be carried out with a chip removal point traveling along the cutting edge.
• the chip removal point can travel along the cutting edge at a greater or lesser speed than it travels along the surface to be machined. This depends on whether the rolling movement is directed in the direction of the additional feed movement or the additional feed movement.
• the rolling indexing plate movement can also be a pure rolling movement, in which a fixed point on the cutting edge moves along a cycloid.
• the invention includes a method with at least two processing steps. After a first processing step, the
• Cutting plate are pivoted slightly about the pivot axis.
• a second processing step follows the first processing step by the same or preferably another cutting edge of the cutting insert is in cutting engagement with the workpiece.
• a first surface of the workpiece is first processed and then a second surface of the workpiece, which is different from the first surface.
• the two surfaces can adjoin one another directly. But it is also envisaged that the mutually different surfaces in the direction of the axis of rotation of Workpieces are spaced apart.
• a first of the two surfaces is processed with a first cutting edge and a second of the two surfaces with a different from the first cutting edge second cutting edge.
• the cutting plate If the two surfaces are adjacent to one another, it may not be necessary to move the cutting plate when changing from machining the first surface to processing the second surface. If the two surfaces to be machined are spaced from one another, then the cutting plate must be moved by means of the feed drive when changing from the machining of the first surface to the machining of the second surface. If two directly adjoining surfaces are processed, it is preferable to use a cutting plate in which the two cutting edges meet in a point. When changing a tip-side cutting edge can be used, which may be rounded. A curved cutting edge may be followed by a so-called wiper cutting edge, which is a rectilinear edge running in the feed direction behind the curved edge
• Cutting edge can be brought into cutting engagement to smooth the workpiece surface by a minor chip removal.
• the two wiper cutting edges are in particular at an angle of less than 90 ° to each other.
• the cutting plate or the holder holding it is slightly pivoted, so that a cutting edge assigned to another cutting edge, for example a wiper cutting edge, can perform its surface-smoothing function.
• the spindle drives and the rotary drive movement are controlled by an electronic control.
• the cutting edge has two cutting edges each running along a line of curvature.
• the cutting edges extend in the region of a tip of the cutting edge intersecting curvature lines.
• the latter are preferably circular arc lines.
• the circular arc lines each define centers that form virtual pivot axes.
• this pivoting movement is generated about the virtual axes.
• the virtual axes can also shift in parallel along the surfaces to be processed. This has the advantage that it is possible to work with relatively small radii of curvature of the cutting edges.
• the radii of curvature of the cutting edges are at least 5 mm and a maximum of 50 mm, possibly a maximum of only 40 mm, optimally a maximum of 30 mm.
• the length of the holder, so the distance between the pivot axis of the holder and the cutting edge is greater, preferably a multiple greater than the cutting edge radius.
• the invention relates to a cutting plate having at least three cutting edges each extending along a circular arc line.
• the circular arc lines intersect in at least three intersections.
• the at least three cutting edges run on at least partial areas of such circular arc lines.
• a first cutting edge extends on a circular arc line from one point of intersection to the other point of intersection and adjoins one to form an edge or a rounding other cutting edge on.
• the first cutting edge is longer than the other two cutting edges, which in turn can also extend to an intersection of the circular arc lines along which they extend. But it is also envisaged that these other cutting edges extend only to partial lengths of the circular arc lines, so for example. In straight edges, in particular pass over the edges that intersect at a different location than the curvature of the cutting edges defining circular arc lines.
• the cutting plate may also have a trapezoidal plan.
• the points of intersection of the circular arc lines or of the smoothly running cutting edges lie on the corners of an irregular polygon, in particular an isosceles but not equilateral triangle.
• the invention relates to a cutting insert having two cutting edges extending along a circular arc line, wherein the two circular arc lines intersect at two points of intersection. Again, the cutting edges over the entire circular arcs, so from intersection to
• the two cutting edges extend only over partial areas of the circular arc lines. But they adjoin one another at one of the two points of intersection.
• Such an insert is in particular part of a Monoblockwerk- stuff, in which the insert firmly connected to the holder, for example. Soldered.
• Such a monoblock tool can, for example, form a piercing plate.
• the cutting edges are then preferably segments of the cutting plate.
• the holder is pivoted by a separate pivot drive. It is also intended as a pivot axis for the holder of the
• Cutting plate to use an existing axis for adjusting the angular position of a milling head, with the otherwise intended a milling cutter is rotated about a control axis.
• This axis is used to pivot the holder.
• the cutting insert according to the invention can be clamped on the holder and has a cutting edge that is curved in the broad side plane deviating from the cross-sectional contour line of the surface to be machined.
• Cutting tool can be an indexable insert with two parallel broadsides.
• a broadside can also be formed prismatic.
• the indexable insert may have two cutting edges that meet in a point. These two cutting edges form a cutting edge pair and are used in particular for the production of angled surfaces to each other.
• the cutting edges preferably run along a curved line.
• the cutting edges of a cutting edge pair can run without kinks from a first intersection of the two cutting edges to a second intersection of the two cutting edges.
• the one or more cutting edges of the cutting plate can lie on circular arc lines.
• Two circular arc lines intersecting in two points can have the same radius.
• the cutting plate may have the shape of a bird tongue, that is, have two peaks generated by intersecting circular arc lines. However, the cutting plate can also have only one tip, but this is preferably generated by two circular arc lines intersecting there, in particular with the same radius. It can be positive inserts with a positive clearance angle.
• the broad side surface then merges into an acute angle of less than 90 ° in the narrow side surface. It can also be a negative cutting plate having a clearance angle of 0 °.
• the narrow side surface merges in the cutting edge at a 90 ° angle into the broadside surface.
• the insert may have two, three, four or more circular arc lines. It may in particular be an S-plate or a T-plate.
• the circular arc lines may have the same or different radii.
• the radius of the circular arc lines of the cutting edges can be between 4 and 50 mm, but also between 10 and 30 mm, preferably between 10 and 20 mm.
• the cutting plate preferably has at least two cutting edges which run on curved lines.
• the curved lines are preferably circular arc lines, the circular arc having a radius of maximum 30 mm.
• the circular arc lines intersect in one
• This intersection can form a tip of the insert.
• the cutting tip can also be rounded at its tip.
• the tangent angles at the intersection of the intersecting curvature lines preferably have an angle of 90 ° or less than 90 °.
• the tangent angle is greater than 60 °. It is sufficient if the tangent angle is smaller by 1 ° than the angle of the adjoining surfaces to be machined, ie, for example, 89 °.
• the tangent angle is thus preferably in a range between 61 and 89 °.
• Cutting first edit a cylinder surface and immediately following a plane.
• the reverse processing order is possible.
• the cutting plate is first brought into such a pivotal position that its first cutting edge rolls during machining on the cylinder jacket surface until the chip removal has reached the tip of the cutting plate and the tip is in the transition edge between the cylinder surface and flat surface. In this position, either an immediate processing of the plane surface by means of the other cutting edge can be made.
• the invention also includes those inserts whose tangent angle of the cutting edges defining curvature lines in the tip region is greater than 90 ° or smaller than 60 °. However, the angle must be smaller than the angle of the adjacent surfaces to be machined. With such
• Cutting plate can be processed, for example, a subsequent to a cylindrical surface truncated cone surface.
• the machining takes place in a first processing step, in which the cutting plate is pivoted about a first virtual pivot axis which lies in the center of the curvature line of the machined cutting edge.
• the cutting plate is pivoted about a second virtual pivot axis, which lies in the center of the curvature line of the second cutting edge.
• both processing steps of the pivotal movement of the holder is superimposed on a lateral movement whose direction is determined by the contour of the surface to be processed.
• an insert has three or more cutting edges, wherein also here the curvature lines which define the course of the cutting edges intersect at points of intersection and the local tangent angles are smaller than 90 °. Two of the cutting edges may leak into clamping edges, which may abut against counter-clamping edges of the holder to the position of the
• the clamping edges can be straight or curved.
• Such an insert may have three corners, with two corners formed by tips of adjacent cutting edges. These two tips are spaced apart by a first distance, which is greater or smaller, than a second distance, by which the intersections of the two clamping edges are each spaced from the tips.
• Such a cutting column has vertices that lie on the vertices of an isosceles but not equilateral triangle.
• the cutting plate may have a screw recess or a clamping recess for attachment to the holder. There is also provided a tangential clamping of the cutting plate.
• the invention also includes such triangular or square cutting inserts, in which three or four cutting edges merge into each other with the formation of intersections.
• the cutting plate can also be circular, for example. Have a diameter of 25 mm. Circular inserts can be used whose diameter is greater than 20 mm.
• the insert can be made of at least one of the following materials: HSS, cermet, ceramic, carbide, powder steel, CBN, PCD and CVD.
• the inventive method is suitable both for hard machining and for soft machining in particular metallic workpieces. It is a modifying t turning process.
• a modified lathe with an electrical control which is designed, set up or programmed so that the lathe described above and described in the embodiments is performed.
• FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of the structure of a device for turning a workpiece
• Fig. 2 increases a cutting edge 4 of a cutting plate 6 in one
• Chip machining position on a workpiece 2 according to a first embodiment of a machining method
• Fig. 4 is a representation according to Figure 2 but after a rolling
• FIG. 5 shows a representation according to FIG. 4 after a further rolling feed movement
• FIG. 6 shows a representation according to FIG. 5 after a further rolling feed movement
• 7 shows a representation according to FIG. 6 during a change of the machining cutting edges
• FIG. 8 shows a representation according to FIG. 7 after a further rolling feed movement
• FIG. 11 shows a representation according to FIG. 10 after a further rolling feed movement
• FIG. 12 shows a second embodiment of the machining method, in which in four successive phases a, b, c, d, the different positions of a cutting plate 6 during the machining of a freely shaped surface 7 of a workpiece 2 are shown,
• Fig. 13 is a view similar to Figure 12 concerning a third
• 15 shows a second embodiment of an insert
• 16 is an illustration of a cutting plate in the form of a cutting
• FIG. 17 shows a cutting plate in the form of a three-knife trimmer
• FIG. 19 shows an embodiment in which the cutting plate is a monobloc tool and a spherical cylindrical surface is rotated
• Fig. 20 shows the use of a three-knife trimmer to produce a groove
• Fig. 22 shows another embodiment of a cutting plate in the
• FIG. 23 shows the section according to the line XXIII-XXIII in FIG. 22, FIG.
• Fig. 24 shows another embodiment of a cutting plate in the
• FIG. 25 shows the section according to the line XXV-XXV in FIG. 24, FIG.
• Fig. 26 shows another embodiment of a cutting plate in the
• Top view, 27 shows another embodiment of a cutting plate in plan view
• Fig. 28 shows another embodiment of a cutting plate in the
• FIG. 29 shows a representation approximately according to FIG. 1 of a further exemplary embodiment
• FIG. 31 shows an illustration according to FIG. 1 of a further exemplary embodiment
• FIG. 32 shows a representation according to FIG. 1 of a further exemplary embodiment
• FIG. 34 shows a representation according to FIG. 33 of a further exemplary embodiment
• FIG. 35 shows a representation according to FIG. 33 of a further exemplary embodiment
• FIG. 36 shows a representation according to FIG. 33 of a further exemplary embodiment, Fig. 37 in a plan view of the pivot axis 9, a further embodiment of the invention.
• FIG. 1 shows, roughly schematically, the elements of a lathe that are essential to the invention, namely a workpiece spindle with a chuck 10, which can be driven in rotation about a rotation axis 1.
• the chuck 10 carries a rotationally symmetrical workpiece 2 to be machined, which can be additionally held on its side facing the chuck 10 by a quill 11.
• an unillustrated cross slide is arranged, which is displaceable in a plane of movement.
• the plane of movement is spanned by the Z direction in which the workpiece axis of rotation 1 extends and by an X direction perpendicular thereto.
• the cross slide can be displaced by mutually perpendicular drive spindles in the XZ plane. It can be displaced by a simultaneous drive of both spindles on a curved path.
• the cross slide carries a pivot drive, which has a pivot axis 9 which extends in the Y-axis. The pivot axis 9 is thus perpendicular to the plane of movement of the cross slide. With the pivot drive, a holder 5 can be rotated about the pivot axis 9.
• the pivoting drive for pivoting the holder 5 about the axis 9 and for displacing the cross slide in the two linear directions X and Z is controlled by a control device 12.
• the control device 12 is an electronic, in particular digital control device which controls the axes according to a control program.
• the rotary actuator can be a servomotor with an angle encoder.
• the control device 12 is set up so that the holder 5 can be brought into a predetermined pivoting position by means of the servomotor. It is particularly provided that the holder. 5 can be pivoted from a first pivot position by a defined angle in a second pivot position. In both pivot positions or during pivoting a turning can be performed.
• the holder 5 carries an indexable insert 6.
• the indexable insert 6 has two arcuate cutting edges 4, 4 'which intersect at one point.
• the two cutting edges 4, 4 ' form a cutting edge pair.
• two arcuate cutting edges 4, 4 ' in each case intersect at a first and at a second point of intersection, wherein the two intersection points form tips of the cutting plate 6, which lie diametrically opposite one another.
• the cutting edges 4, 4 ' lie in one plane. It is the plane in which the broad side surface 13 of the cutting plate 6 extends.
• the broad side surface 13 lies in the X-Z plane, ie in the plane of movement of the holder 5.
• the workpiece axis of rotation 1 is in the plane defined by the broad side surface 13. This plane is a cutting edge plane.
• the two cutting edges 4, 4 ' are formed by the edge of the cutting plate 6, at which a narrow side wall 14 and the broad side surface 13 meet.
• the cutting plate 6 is located in a shape adapted to their receiving tables of the holder 5 and is held by a clamping claw 15 in a clamping fit and is held by a clamping claw 15, a clamping finger and / or eccentric pin or screw in a clamping fit.
• the cutting plate can also be formed by a monoblock tool (special tool), for example a piercing plate.
• FIG. 2 shows a rotationally symmetrical tool 2 which has a cylinder jacket surface 7 and an end face T perpendicular thereto. The end face T extends in the plane of rotation of the workpiece axis of rotation. 1
• the chip removal point 8 moves from the position shown in FIG. 2 into the position shown in FIG.
• the chip removal point migrates during rolling feed in the position shown in Figure 6, in which is approximated to the transition edge of the surface to be machined 7 to be machined surface T.
• Figure 7 illustrates the change of cutting edge 4 in cutting engagement with the cutting edge 4 'to edit the flat surface T.
• the cutting edge 4' rolls on the surface to be machined 7 'from the position shown in Figure 7 on the intermediate positions shown in Figures 8 to 10 to the end position shown in Figure 11 from radially inside radially outside over the entire surface to be machined 7 '.
• the cutting edges 4, 4 ' are convexly curved in the embodiment. They have a positive curvature. However, the cutting edges 4, 4 'can also be rectilinear, ie have a curvature 0 or be concavely curved, ie have a negative curvature.
• Curvature depends on the curvature of the surface to be machined 7, 7 'in the working plane, ie in the feed plane of the cutting plate 6 and the cutting edge plane. If, for example, a convex surface is to be machined, then the cutting edge can definitely have a negative curvature or the curvature 0.
• the curvature value is in any case greater than the curvature value of the surface to be machined in the working plane.
• the line of curvature which defines the course of the cutting edge 4, 4 ' can be formed by different radii merging into each other or another smooth contour line, for example an elliptical or involute curve, but also by a cycloid.
• the course of the cutting edge 4, 4 'in the cutting edge plane is defined by a curvature line which extends along a circular arc line.
• the rolling movement according to the invention also includes such relative movements of the cutting edges 4, 4 'relative to the surface 7, 7' to be machined, in which the pure rolling movement is superimposed on a feed movement in the X-Z surface.
• the cutting edge 4, 4 ' in this case has a relative movement with respect to the workpiece 2 along the contour line of the surface 7, 7' to be processed. In the exemplary embodiment, this would each be a linear movement transversely and in the direction of the workpiece axis of rotation 1. This is especially provided when surfaces 7, T are to be processed, which are longer in the feed direction than the respective cutting edge 4, 4 '.
• the inventive method is not only low-wear. It also generates a constant cutting force. It thus leads to a reduced heating of the tool compared to piercing methods in which the entire cutting edge length is used on the contour level. It can be compared to similar methods of the prior art with constant surface quality achieve greater feed values.
• the process can be carried out with reversible inserts that can be resharpened.
• the cutting plate 6 is continuously pivoted about the pivot axis 9 during the feed movement, which has a component in the X direction w and a component in the Z direction v.
• This pivotal movement is superimposed on a lateral movement of the cutting plate 6 and in particular of the pivot axis 9, not illustrated, or of the associated pivoting drive, which extends along the contour line of the surface 7 to be machined.
• the chip removal point 8 travels on the cutting edge 4 from right to left at a lower speed than the chip removal point 8 travels from left to right along the surface 7 to be processed.
• the turning operation takes place here with the tool 6 being continuously swiveled.
• two surfaces 7, T of a workpiece 2 to be machined are produced with a cutting plate 6.
• the surface 7 to be machined can be a cylinder jacket surface.
• the surface to be machined T may be a frusto-conical surface.
• One of the two surfaces can also be a plane surface.
• the cutting plate 6 has a tip 4 ", which forms the main cutting edge. straight running so-called wiper cutting edges 4, 4 '.
• the wiper cutting edges 4, 4 ' lie - in relation to the cutting direction predetermined by the feed direction Vi, V 2 - behind the tip cutting edges 4 ", so that the main cutting performance is achieved by the tip cutting edges 4" and the wiper cutting edges 4, 4 'have a substantially only smoothing function.
• the angle ⁇ between the two wiper cutting edges 4, 4 ' is about 90 ° -l °, ie 89 °.
• the method is subdivided into two turning steps a, b.
• the cutting plate 6 is linearly displaced along the surface to be processed in the direction of the advance Vi without being pivoted, so that the chip removal point 8 remains stationary on the cutting edge 4 "
• the second surface to be machined T is machined in a second turning step B.
• the cutting plate 6 is previously pivoted in such a way that the rectilinear cutting edge 4 (wiper cutting edge) in line contact with the surface T.
• the feed takes place here in the direction V 2 , so that the main cutting performance is provided by the tip-side, curved cutting edge 4 "and the rectilinear chip edge 4 'exerts a single smoothing function.
• FIG. 14 shows an embodiment of a cutting plate 6. It is a cutting plate in bird tongue form with two identically designed cutting edges 4, 4 ', each of which extends on circular arc lines with a radius Ri or R 2 .
• the radii Ri and R 2 can be the same. But they can also be different or changing.
• the cutting plate 6 thus has only two cutting edges 4, 4 ', which meet in opposite peaks 16.
• FIG. 15 relates to a second exemplary embodiment of a cutting plate 6.
• the cutting edges 4, 4 ' extend along arcuate lines, which each run on circular arcs with the same radii Ri, R 2 .
• the cutting edges 4, 4 'do not extend from tip to tip, ie from intersection to point of intersection of the two circular arc lines, but meet only in a tip 16.
• Such a cutting plate is particularly useful where tight space a long cutting plate 6, such as it is shown in Figure 14, do not allow.
• FIG. 14 shows a double cutter and FIG. 15 shows a cutter.
• FIG. 16 likewise shows a cutter with two cutting edges 4 which meet in a point and which run on a circular arc line with a radius of curvature of 19 mm.
• FIG. 17 shows an approximately triangular cutting plate in plan view, which forms a total of three cutting edges, wherein two adjacent cutting edges each intersect at one point and all cutting edges 4 are formed by circular arc lines with a radius of arc of 19 mm.
• FIG. 18 shows a roughly quadrangular cutting plate in plan view, in which a total of four cutting edges 4 extending along circular arc lines each intersect with an adjacent cutting edge 4 at an intersection. Again, the cutting edges run along circular arc lines with a radius of curvature of 19 mm. All inserts of Figures 16 to 18, but also according to Figure 14, may have a central opening through which a fastening screw or a fixing pin can be inserted.
• FIG. 19 shows two cutting tools in the form of a special tool. It is a monoblock tools with mirror-image cutting edges 4, 4 ', each extending on a circular arc.
• the cutting plate is pivoted both on an arcuate feed path and about a pivot angle, so that the cutting edge 4 moves in a rolling movement over the convex surface to be manufactured 7.
• the reference numeral 4 ' however, the cutting edge of the same tool is designated at a different pivot angle to make a face machining.
• FIG. 20 shows the machining of a workpiece 2 with a three-knife trimmer, as shown in FIG. 17.
• the cutting edge 4 extending along a circular arc makes a merely rolling movement relative to the workpiece 2 during machining.
• the width of the groove produced in the workpiece 2, ie the length of the surface 7 to be machined in the axial direction, has the same length as the arc distance
• FIG. 21 likewise shows a three-knife trimmer according to FIG. 17 when milling a peripheral groove into a workpiece 2.
• the axial length of the workpiece to be machined is shown in FIG.
• the cutting edge 4 rolls according to a pivoting movement of the cutting plate on the surface to be machined 7 from 7 to the surface 7, ie the groove width is greater than the length of the cutting edge.
• this cutting plate movement is superimposed on a linear feed direction in the axial direction.
• Figures 22 and 23 show an indexable insert with two cutting edges 4, 4 'extending along circular arc lines. From the cross-sectional illustration Figure 23 shows that it is a positive indexable insert 6.
• the cutting edges 4, 4 'extend on circular arc lines which intersect at two corner points 16, 16'. At the intersection 16 'the cutting edge is rounded. At intersection 16, the cutting edges meet to form a transitional edge each other. The transitional edge forms a peak.
• tangents 17 are shown in FIG. These are tangents to the circular arc lines defining the course of the cutting edges 4, 4 'at their point of intersection.
• the angle ⁇ of the tangents 17, 17 ' is less than 90 °, for example 89 ° and smaller.
• Figures 24 and 25 show a negative indexable insert 6. Again, the cutting edges 4, 4 'and the curvature lines generating them have in their intersection tangents 17, which at an angle ß of ⁇ 90 °.
• FIG. 26 shows an indexable insert 6 with a total of three cutting edges 4, 4 'extending in each case on arcuate lines.
• the cutting edge 4 extends between two corner points 16, 16 ', at which the cutting edge 4' meets with the cutting edge 4 or the cutting edge 4 "with the cutting edge 4.
• the course of the cutting edges 4, 4 ', 4 " is defined by circular arc lines with the radii Ri, R 2 / R 3.
• the cutting edge 4' runs along a circular arc line defined by the radius Ri
• the circular arc line defined by the radius Ri is intersected by the circular arc lines defined by the radii R 2 and R 3 in the intersections 16, 16 '.
• the cutting edge 4 meets the cutting edge 4 'and at the intersection 16' the cutting edge 4 "The tangents 17, 17 ', 17" at the cutting edges 4, 4', 4 "in the intersection points 16, 16 'stand at an angle of ⁇ 90 ° to one another .
• the cutting edges 4 'and 4 go kink-site free in rectilinear clamping edges 18, 18" over, which meet at an intersection 35.
• the curvature line with the radii Ri, R 2 intersect at an intersection 16 ".
• the intersection points 16, 16 ', 16" thus lie on the vertices of an irregular polygon. It is an isosceles but not equilateral triangle.
• the figure 27 also shows a three cutting edges 4, 4 ', 4 "forming cutting plate 6. Again, the cutting edge 4 meets in two intersections 16, 16' each have a different cutting edge 4 ', 4", wherein the cutting edges 4' 4 'form a corner point 35. The edges of the cutting plate 6 form clamping edges 18 in the region of the corner point 35.
• the clamping edges 18 run on curved lines here about the curvature lines generating them, but from point of intersection 16 to 16 'or 16 to 16 "and 16' to 16" along the curvature lines determined by the radii Ri, R 2 , R 3 , whose vertices 16, 16 '16 "also here
• the corner point 35 coincides here with the point of intersection 16 "of the circular arc lines which define the course of the cutting edges 4 ', 4". kidney, together.
• the angle between the tangents 17, 17 ', 17 "in the region of the intersections 16, 16' is a little less than 90 °.
• FIG. 28 shows a cutting plate whose cutting edges 4, 4 ', 4 "extend along circular arc lines which have the radii Ri, R 2 , R 3.
• the corner points of the cutting edges 4, 4', 4" lie on the vertices of a trapezoid.
• FIG. 29 shows a workpiece 2 which can be driven in rotation about an axis of rotation 1 and an indexable insert 6 with which a cylinder jacket surface 7 and a planar surface 7 'immediately adjacent thereto can be turned off.
• the indexable cutting insert 6 has two cutting edges 4, 4 'which run in each case on arcuate lines with a radius Ri, R 2 .
• the two radii Ri, R 2 can be the same size.
• the radii Ri, R 2 define centers 20, 20 ', which represent virtual pivot axes about which the cutting plate 6 is pivoted during the respective machining.
• the cutting plate 6 is fixedly connected to a holder 5, which can be pivotally driven about a pivot axis 9, wherein a not shown here pivot drive the pivot axis 9 can be moved in the paper plane.
• the lateral displacement in the plane of the paper is matched to the pivoting movement about the pivot axis 9 in such a way that the indexable insert during the machining processing the cylindrical peripheral surface 7 rolling and with the cutting edge 4 around the center 20 of the radius Ri at the processing of the flat surface 7 'with the cutting edge 4' about the center point 20 for 'the radius of rolls R 2, the center 20 20' each parallel Surface 7, 7 'wanders.
• the planar surface 7 ' is machined with the cutting edge 4' by pivoting the cutting plate about the center 20 of the radius R 2 , the center migrating parallel to the plane surface 7 ', and immediately thereafter the cylinder surface 7 becomes the cutting edge 4
• the latter moves in the axial direction of the axis of rotation 1, so that the cutting edge 4 rolls on the cylinder jacket surface 7.
• the cutting edge 4 "the planar surface 7" is machined here the processing takes place rolling.
• each of the centers 20 of the radii of curvature Ri, R 2 , R 3 of the associated cutting edges 4, 4', 4 is defined.
• the plane surface 7 "' is made by a separate tool having an insert 6' with a cutting edge 4 which is curved about a center 20.
• a holder 5 can be pivoted about a pivot axis 9 and in the plane be shifted so that the cutting edge 4 rolls around a virtual roll axis 20 on the flat surface 7 "'.
• the tangent angles ß in the tips of the cutting edges are ⁇ 90 °
• the tangent angles in the tip 16 cutting plate 6 are greater than 90 °, but smaller, as the angle between the two surfaces to be machined 7, 7 '.
• the cutting plate has four cutting edges, each extending along circular arc lines. Only three cutting edges are used, namely to machine a cylinder jacket surface 7 and two adjoining truncated cone lateral surfaces 7 ', 7 ".
• the intersections of the circular arc lines which here define the course of the cutting edges 4, 4', 4", lie on the Corner points of a square. They can also be corner points of an irregular quadrilateral.
• a cutting plate is used, in which the arc of the arc defining the course of the cutting edges lie on the vertices of a pentagon or a hexagon.
• the pentagon or hexagon can be regular or irregular.
• FIG 33 shows an exemplary embodiment in which a cylinder jacket surface 7 and an adjoining plane surface 7 'are machined.
• a free line 21 is made with the tip 16 of the cutting plate 6. Shown here is not only the tangent angle ⁇ , but also the angle ⁇ , in which the flat surface 7 'abuts the cylinder jacket surface 7.
• the tangent angle ß is 89 ° and the angle ⁇ between the two surfaces 7, 7 '90 °.
• FIG. 34 shows a slender indexable insert 6, wherein the tangent angle is less than 60 °, so that an inner cone surface T can be made, to which a cylinder jacket surface 7 connects, the angle between the inner cone surface T and Cylinder surface is 760 °.
• FIG. 35 shows the use of a cutting plate 6, which has only one tip 16, in which case the two cutting edges 4, 4 'abut each other by forming a tangent angle ß of 89 ° in the top to two surfaces edit, which are in a surface angle ⁇ of 90 ° to each other.
• the embodiment shown in Figure 36 also shows an indexable insert with only one tip 16.
• the tangent angle ß with which the cutting edges 4, 4 'collide in the tip, 119 °, so that with this indexable insert a cylinder jacket surface. 7 and an adjoining conical mating surface T can be made, which are at an angle of 120 ° to each other.
• the tangent angle is only slightly, in particular about 1 ° smaller than the angle between the two surfaces to be machined.
• a milling spindle 32 of a milling head is used in order to realize the pivoting drive of the holder 5.
• the indexable insert 6 can be displaced laterally by means of a feed drive 34 relative to the workpiece 2 in the plane of the paper.
• the holder 5 about the pivot axis 9 of Rotate cutter spindle 32, so that with the cutting plate 6, the cylinder jacket surface 7 and the two flat surfaces T, 7 "can be edited.
• a method characterized in that the cutting plate 6 has a first cutting edge 4, the step in a first machining step is brought in chip-removing engagement in a first surface 7 of the workpiece 2, and a second cutting edge 4 ', the after a pivoting of the cutting plate 6 about the pivot axis 9 in a second processing step in a chip-removing engagement in a second surface to be machined 7 'of the workpiece 2 is brought.
• a method which is characterized in that the cutting plate movement has at least one pivoting movement about the pivot axis 9, which is moved in the cutting edge plane 3.
• a method which is characterized in that the rolling cutting plate movement of a superposition of a pure rolling movement and a longitudinal displacement of the cutting plate 6 along the contour line of the surface to be machined 7, T composed.
• a method which is characterized in that the cutting plate 6 is moved with such a feed motion and is pivoted about the pivot axis 9 such that the chip removal point 8 travels at a speed along the surface 7, T to be machined, which is larger or less than the speed at which the chip removal point 8 travels along the cutting edge 4, 4 '.
• a device which is characterized by a pivot drive with the cutting plate 6 during the chip removal or between two processing steps to a perpendicular in the feed plane
• Swivel axis 9 is pivotable.
• a device which is characterized in that a feed drive and the pivot drive is set up or set up so that the cutting edge 4, 4 'in the processing of the surface to be machined 7, T performs a rolling movement, the chip removal 8th along the cutting edge 4, 4 'wanders.
• a device which is characterized in that the plane normal of the cutting edge plane 3 is perpendicular to the axis of rotation 1 and / or that the axis of rotation 1 in the cutting edge plane 3 or in a plane parallel thereto.
• a device which is characterized in that the holder 5 is pivotable about the pivot axis 9, which is spatially displaceable in the cutting edge plane 3.
• An insert which is characterized in that the cutting edge 4, 4 'extends along a circular arc line which extends in the plane of the broad side surface 13.
• An insert which is characterized in that at least two cutting edges 4, 4 'extend along two contour lines which are formed by intersecting circles with a radius Ri, R 2 , wherein the cutting edges 4, 4' in the region at least an intersection of the contour lines, if necessary, merge into each other to form a rounding.
• a cutting insert which is characterized in that the cutting insert is an indexable insert with two cutting edge pairs 4, 4 'or four cutting edge pairs 4, 4'.
• An insert characterized in that the insert has at least one of the following materials: HSS, cermet, ceramic, cemented carbide, powder steel, CBN, PCD, CVD.
• Pivoting drive 25, 32 such a large pivot angle is realized that in a first processing step with a first of the two cutting edges 4, a first surface 7 of the workpiece 2 with a along the first cutting edge 4 migrating chip removal 8 machinable and then in an at least second processing step with a at least second of the two cutting edges 4, 4 'an at least second surface T of the workpiece is machinable, wherein the chip removal 8 along the second cutting edge 4' and the second surface to be machined T migrates.
• a method which is characterized in that in a first processing step with a first of the two cutting edges 4, a first surface 7 of the workpiece 2 is processed with a chip removal point 8 traveling along the first cutting edge 4 and thereafter in an at least second Machining step with an at least second of the two cutting edges 4, 4 'an at least second surface T of the workpiece 2 is machined, wherein the chip removal 8 along the second cutting edge 4' and the second T to be machined surface T moves.
• a device or a method which are characterized in that the first or second surface 7, T is a cylinder jacket surface, a plane surface. che, a truncated cone surface or a convex or concave surface and the two surfaces 7, T at an angle of ⁇ 180 ° to each other and are immediately adjacent to each other or spaced apart.
• a device or a method which is characterized in that the distance of the pivot axis 9 of the holder 5 from the cutting edge 4, 4 ', 4 "is greater than the radius Ri, R 2 , R3 of the cutting edge, preferably at least twice as large as the radius of the cutting edge.
• a device or a method characterized in that the two cutting edges 4, 4 'each extend along arcuate lines whose centers are 20 virtual pivot axes about which the cutting plate 6 pivots in the two processing steps, wherein the virtual Swivel axis 20 contour parallel to the surfaces to be machined 7, T is shifted.
• a device which is characterized in that the cutting edge 4, 4 'has a radius of curvature which is smaller than the distance of the pivot axis 9 of the holder 5 from the cutting edge 4, 4' and the holder 5 in the feed level additionally with a movement component transversely to the axis of rotation 1 is displaced.
• a method or a device which are characterized in that the pivot axis 23 is formed by a control axis 32 for Winkelverstellen a milling head of a machine tool.
• a method or a device characterized in that the cutting plate 6 is moved with such a feed movement and is pivoted about the pivot axis 9, that the chip removal 8 moves at a speed along the surface to be machined 7, T, the is greater or less than the speed at which the chip removal point 8 travels along the cutting edge 4, 4 '.
• An insert which is characterized in that the angle ß two at the intersection 16 adjacent to the curvature lines tangent 17 is less than or equal to 90 °, preferably less than 90 °.
• An insert which is characterized by two each along a line of curvature, in particular circular arc line extending cutting edges 4, 4 ', wherein the two curvature lines, in particular circular arc lines intersect at two points of intersection 16, 16'.
• a cutting plate which is characterized in that the intersections 16, 16 ', 16 "of the circular arc lines on the corners of an irregular Polygons, especially on those of an isosceles, but not equilateral triangle.
• An insert which is characterized in that the other cutting edges 4 ', 4 "transition without kinks or with the formation of edges into rectilinear clamping edges 18.
• An insert characterized in that the clamping edges run along a straight line or along a curved line.
• An insert which is characterized in that the two cutting edges 4, 4 'extend along circular arc lines which intersect at two points of intersection, the insert 6 forming tips 16 in the region of both points of intersection.
• An insert which is characterized in that the insert has at least one of the following materials: HSS, cermet, ceramic, carbide, powder steel CBN, PCD, CVD.
• the invention further relates to the use of a cutting insert in one of the described embodiments for turning a rotationally symmetrical workpiece with a method of the type described above.
• intersection step 16 16 'corner, intersection step

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• 2016
  • 2016-02-16 DE DE102016102651.4A patent/DE102016102651A1/de active Pending
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