EP3167020B1 - Latex hybride à polymérisation séquentielle - Google Patents

Latex hybride à polymérisation séquentielle Download PDF

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Publication number
EP3167020B1
EP3167020B1 EP15818184.2A EP15818184A EP3167020B1 EP 3167020 B1 EP3167020 B1 EP 3167020B1 EP 15818184 A EP15818184 A EP 15818184A EP 3167020 B1 EP3167020 B1 EP 3167020B1
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Prior art keywords
water
latex
acrylic
monomer
vinyl
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German (de)
English (en)
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EP3167020A1 (fr
EP3167020A4 (fr
Inventor
Robert J. Sheerin
Hrire Gharapetian
Navin Tilara
Kimberly Hamilton
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Benjamin Moore and Co
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Benjamin Moore and Co
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
    • C08F265/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by polymerising monomers on to polymers of unsaturated monocarboxylic acids or derivatives thereof as defined in group C08F20/00
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
    • C08F2/00—Processes of polymerisation
    • C08F2/12—Polymerisation in non-solvents
    • C08F2/16—Aqueous medium
    • C08F2/22—Emulsion polymerisation
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
    • C08F265/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by polymerising monomers on to polymers of unsaturated monocarboxylic acids or derivatives thereof as defined in group C08F20/00
    • C08F265/04—Macromolecular compounds obtained by polymerising monomers on to polymers of unsaturated monocarboxylic acids or derivatives thereof as defined in group C08F20/00 on to polymers of esters
    • C08F265/06—Polymerisation of acrylate or methacrylate esters on to polymers thereof
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • C09D—COATING COMPOSITIONS, e.g. PAINTS, VARNISHES OR LACQUERS; FILLING PASTES; CHEMICAL PAINT OR INK REMOVERS; INKS; CORRECTING FLUIDS; WOODSTAINS; PASTES OR SOLIDS FOR COLOURING OR PRINTING; USE OF MATERIALS THEREFOR
    • C09D151/00—Coating compositions based on graft polymers in which the grafted component is obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds; Coating compositions based on derivatives of such polymers
    • C09D151/003—Coating compositions based on graft polymers in which the grafted component is obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds; Coating compositions based on derivatives of such polymers grafted on to macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving unsaturated carbon-to-carbon bonds
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
    • C08F222/00—Copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by a carboxyl radical and containing at least one other carboxyl radical in the molecule; Salts, anhydrides, esters, amides, imides, or nitriles thereof
    • C08F222/36—Amides or imides
    • C08F222/38—Amides
    • C08F222/385—Monomers containing two or more (meth)acrylamide groups, e.g. N,N'-methylenebisacrylamide

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to an aqueous latex composition comprising latex particles comprising a first phase polymer and a second phase polymer.
  • the invention relates to a hybrid latex composition containing polymer particles that are polymerized in at least two sequential stages including a core copolymer of acrylic monomers of a first phase, and a shell copolymer of acrylic and vinyl acetate monomers of a second phase, including a monomer that is crosslinkable under ambient conditions.
  • the emulsion coating composition according to the invention can advantageously be used in paint compositions and architectural coating applications.
  • Latex made up of all acrylic polymers are known for their toughness, good water resistance, and excellent scrub and stain resistance when used as binders in paints.
  • vinyl acrylic latex polymers e.g. a copolymer of vinyl acetate and acrylic monomer
  • polymer resins made with vinyl acetate are more prone to water sensitivity.
  • Vinyl acetate monomers are also more economical than their acrylic counterparts.
  • acrylic and vinyl acetate latexes have desirable properties; however, blending of an all-acrylic polymer and a vinyl acrylic polymer may compromise the overall performance of the latex, and compatibility issues of the two different polymers may arise.
  • Core-shell copolymer has found relevance in a variety of applications including adhesives, binder, inks, paints and architectural coatings.
  • core-shell copolymers are prepared by a stepwise emulsion polymerization, a first step produces a core polymer or a first phase and a second step produces a shell polymer or a second phase.
  • the shell polymer contributes to the film property and the core polymer imparts the mechanical strength to the latex.
  • Latex particles having a core/shell structure a for example discussed in CA 2,118,754 or US 8,530,591 ; the use of polymer latex particles in architectural coatings is discussed in US 2012/0165428 .
  • the present inventors have determined that core and shell of different polymer units in latex particles allow combination of properties that are not readily achievable with blends of the different single polymer units.
  • the present invention provides an aqueous crosslinkable core-shell latex composition that includes an all-acrylic polymer core and a vinyl acrylic polymer shell with ambient crosslinkable monomers polymerized thereon.
  • the inventive core-shell hybrid latex is prepared by a sequential polymerization process.
  • the crosslinkable monomers solve the latex hydrophilicity caused by vinyl acetate monomer, improve the shell's toughness, and provide good block resistance property to the film.
  • the resulting hybrid polymer possesses the beneficial performance properties of an individual all-acrylic polymer and vinyl acrylic polymer and is made in a cost effective manner.
  • an aqueous latex composition comprising latex particles comprising a first phase polymer, and a second phase polymer.
  • the first phase polymer is polymerized from a first set of monomers comprising at least about 95 wt.% of one or more acrylic monomers in the first phase polymer
  • the second phase polymer is polymerized from a second set of monomers comprising at least one acrylic monomer, at least one vinyl monomer and from about 0.5 wt.% to about 6 wt.% of a crosslinkable monomer in the second phase polymer.
  • the second phase polymer comprises from about 50 wt.% to about 95 wt.% based on the total weight of the polymers in the latex particles.
  • the crosslinkable monomer is selected from the group consisting of diacetone acrylamide, diacetone methacrylamide and acetoacetoxyethyl methacrylate or a combination thereof, and the aqueous latex composition further comprises a cross-linking agent in an aqueous phase to crosslink with the crosslinkable monomer when water evaporates.
  • the total amount of vinyl monomer in the latex particles is greater than about 50 wt. % of the latex particles and a ratio of vinyl monomer to acrylic monomer in the latex particles is less than about 95:5.
  • the first set of monomers further may comprise about 1 wt. % to about 5 wt. % of the crosslinkable monomer in the first phase polymer, wherein the crosslinkable monomer preferably comprises diacetone acrylamide.
  • the second set of monomers includes from about 1 wt. % to about 4 wt. % of the crosslinkable monomer in the second phase polymer.
  • the cross-linking agent in the latex aqueous composition may include adipic dihydrazide.
  • the at least one vinyl monomer in the second set of monomers may comprise vinyl acetate, and the at least one acrylic monomer in the second set of monomers may comprise butyl acrylate or 2-hexyl ethyl acetate.
  • the first set of monomers may comprise a crosslinking monomer, which can be 1,4-butanediol diacrylate.
  • the second phase polymer may comprise from about 60 wt.% to about 80 wt.% based on the total weight of the latex particles, in particular from about 65 wt. % to about 75 wt. % based on the total weight of the latex particles.
  • the ratio of vinyl monomer to acrylic monomer in the latex particles may range from about 60:40 to about 95:10, or is less than about 90:10 or is less than about 80:20.
  • the aqueous latex composition may have a minimum film forming temperature from about 4°C to about 15°C.
  • the latex particles are sequentially polymerized latex particles, wherein a volume average particle size of the sequentially polymerized latex particles may range from about 120 nm to about 165 nm in diameter.
  • the first phase polymer may form a core and the second phase polymer may form a shell; or the first phase polymer may form a shell and the second phase polymer may form a core; or the first phase polymer and the second phase polymer form side-by-side latex particles.
  • the total amount of vinyl monomer in the latex particles is greater than about 60 wt. % of the latex particles, preferably greater than about 70 wt. % of the latex particles.
  • a paint composition that has the aqueous latex composition of any of the embodiments summarized above.
  • the present invention concerns an aqueous latex composition
  • aqueous latex composition comprising copolymers of acrylic and vinyl acetate and the method of making the same.
  • Commonly owned issued U.S. patent No. 8,034,871 and published as US 2009/0227705 A1 entitled " Latex Based Open-Time Extender for Low VOC Paints" to Bochnik et al. discloses a sequentially polymerized core-shell latex open-time extender, which is added to the paint composition or architectural coating.
  • U.S. publication No. 2012/0165428 entitled " Polymer for Extending the Open Time of Waterborne Architectural Coating" to Tilara et al. teaches another water soluble open time extender to be mixed with the paint composition/architectural coating.
  • Bochnik and Tilara are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties. Both Bochnik and Tilara teach an additive, i.e ., open time extenders, in an aqueous solution, to be added to a paint composition.
  • the present invention is directed to a novel film forming hybrid latex that is cross-linkable to each other in ambient conditions.
  • the present invention relates to a hybrid latex containing polymer particles that are polymerized in at least two stages so as to form two distinct phases.
  • the first phase is typically a bulk or core polymer, which preferably is an all acrylic core cross-linked during polymerization.
  • the second phase is a surface or shell polymer, which preferably is a vinyl-acrylic copolymer with a cross-linkable moiety polymerized thereon.
  • the cross-linkable moieties cross-link with other latex particles in ambient conditions preferable with a cross-linking agent in water.
  • a conventional acrylic latex polymerization typically involves a single charge of emulsified monomer or a monomer mix that is introduced, initiated, and polymerized to form polymer particles.
  • a two-stage sequential latex polymerization according to the invention can involve the following: a first introduction, initiation, and polymerization of a first charge of monomer to form the first phase; and, thereafter, introduction of a second charge of monomer or monomer emulsion and co-polymerization of that second charge of monomers with the first phase to form a second phase.
  • Multi-stage sequential latex polymerizations according to the invention advantageously allow for the second phase to be introduced within 0 min to 240 min, preferably between 60 and 120 min, more preferably 90 min, of the completion of the first core phase.
  • a two-stage sequential latex polymerization according to the invention can occur in the following manner. First, an initial kettle charge containing water, optionally but preferably a surfactant, and optionally a buffer like sodium bicarbonate, is placed in a reaction vessel (i.e. reactor) and brought to a polymerization temperature with nitrogen purge.
  • the polymerization temperature can be tailored to the particular initiators/monomers in the polymerization. For example, when sodium persulfate is used as the initiator for acrylic monomers, the polymerization temperature can be between about 70 °C and about 90 °C, preferably between about 75 °C and about 85 °C, and more specifically about 80 °C.
  • a seed amount of a first emulsion containing water, a surfactant, a first mixture of monomers, additional additives, and optionally a pH adjustor can then be added.
  • a first initiator solution containing water and persulfate initiator can thereafter be added to the emulsion.
  • a seed amount of monomer, in combination with the initiator solution, should be sufficient to allow the polymerization to begin.
  • the seed amount can represent about 1% to about 10%, for example from about 3% to about 6%, of the weight of the first emulsion.
  • the proportion of monomers added in this first emulsion can ideally represent the desired composition of the first phase.
  • the first emulsion can advantageously contain at least about 10 wt.%, preferably at least about 25 wt.%, more preferably at least about 40 wt.% or at least about 50% of the total monomer content.
  • the first emulsion can also advantageously contain no more than about 90 wt.%, preferably no more than about 80 wt.%, more preferably no more than about 70 wt.% of the total monomer content.
  • a second emulsion is simultaneously added with the second initiator solution.
  • the second emulsion contains water, a surfactant, a second mixture of monomers, additional additives, and optionally a pH adjustor.
  • the rates of addition of the first and second emulsions and the second initiator solution containing water and sodium persulfate can advantageously be tailored to be appropriate to the reaction conditions and the nature of the reactants in the polymerization. Nevertheless, the rate of addition of the second initiator solution should typically be such that the second initiator solution is co-added during both the addition of the remainder of the first emulsion and the addition of the second emulsion.
  • the sequential addition of the monomer emulsions can occur for a period of about 2 to about 5 hours, preferably from about 3 to about 4 hours, for example about 3.5 hours.
  • a sufficient polymerization time is allowed. This polymerization time can be, in one embodiment, from about 1 ⁇ 2 hour to about 2 hours, for example about 1 hour.
  • the inventive latex is sequentially polymerized in at least two stages so as to form at least two distinct phases: the first phase may be a core and the second phase may be a shell, whereby the core is the result of the first phase of the sequential emulsion polymerization, and the shell is the result of the second phase of the sequential emulsion polymerization.
  • the relative positions of the first and second phases of the polymer particles can be internal and external, e.g., core and shell, as well as neighboring, e.g., side-by-side, dependent on how the first and second phases of the polymerization are performed.
  • the relative positions of the first and the second phases of the polymer particles are internal and external.
  • the terms core and shell also include the side-by-side configuration.
  • a two part chaser system can be co-added to the reaction vessel.
  • the first part of the chaser system is a solution containing water, a redox initiator system comprising an oxidizing agent (e.g. tert- butyl hydroperoxide), and optionally a surfactant.
  • the second part is comprised of water, a reducing agent (e.g. a sodium salt of an organic sulfinic acid derivative), and optionally a surfactant.
  • the primary purpose of the chaser solution when present, is to react with, and thus devolatilize, any residual monomers and/or low molecular weight oligomers from the polymerization.
  • a stabilizing solution containing water and a pH adjustor, as well as a biocide/preservative can optionally be added to the reaction vessel to help stabilize the latex emulsion.
  • the core may be polymerized with crosslinking monomers, e.g ., 1,4-butanediol diacrylate, in the pre-emulsion composition.
  • crosslinkable monomers such as diacetone acrylamide (DAAM) are present and are co-polymerized in the first stage pre-emulsion composition.
  • DAAM diacetone acrylamide
  • the crosslinking monomers cross-link the core during the polymerization process.
  • the crosslinkable monomers remain uncrosslinked while in the aqueous phase and become cross-linked after being applied to a surface and the water evaporates.
  • the crosslinked monomer of the core polymer imparts improved hardness and weathering property to the resulting latex.
  • the shell should have the crosslinkable monomers co-polymerized thereon. After being applied on to a substrate, the crosslinkable monomers in the shell crosslink to other latex particles to form a film.
  • the core may also have cross-linkable monomers polymerized thereon.
  • a paint composition containing core-shell hybrid latex particles according to the invention can be formulated according to the following method.
  • a pigment dispersion composition, or grind is formed by: combining water, a dispersant, a pH adjustor, surfactant, defoamer, colorant/pigment, optionally a plasticizer, and a biocide/preservative; stirring and optionally grinding for a period of time to sufficiently mix the ingredients; and, while continuing to stir and/or grind, adding more water.
  • a latex containing sequentially polymerized polymer particle according to the invention followed by a pH adjustor, if desired, and a performance additive composition comprising an organic solvent, a surfactant, and a defoamer.
  • a performance additive composition comprising an organic solvent, a surfactant, and a defoamer.
  • an anticorrosive solution can then be added.
  • a rheology modifier can be added, optionally including more water, if desired, and also a pH adjustor, thus forming a paint composition.
  • more colorant(s) and/or pigment(s) can be added to the paint composition either to compliment the (white) pigment(s)/colorant(s) already in the pigment dispersion composition or to add another desired color to the paint composition.
  • acrylic refers to (co)polymer compositions made from monomers selected from the group consisting of acrylates, alkacrylates, alkyl acrylates such as butyl acrylate, alkyl alkacrylates, acrylic acid, ionic acrylate salts, alkacrylic acids, ionic alkacrylate salts, acrylamide, alkacrylamides, monoalkyl acrylamides, monoalkyl alkacrylamides, acrylonitrile, alkacrylonitriles, substituted versions thereof ( e.g ., hydroxyalkyl acrylates, hydroxyalkyl alkacrylates, alkacrylamidoalkyl ethyleneureas, alkenyloxyamidoalkyl ethyleneureas, and the like), 2-ethylhexyl acrylate (2-EHA) and the like, and combinations thereof.
  • monomers selected from the group consisting of acrylates, alkacrylates, alkyl acrylates such as butyl acrylate
  • Vinyl monomers include vinyl esters, such as, for example, vinyl acetate, vinyl propionate, vinyl laurate, vinyl pivalate, vinyl nonanoate, vinyl decanoate, vinyl neodecanoate, vinyl butyrates, vinyl benzoates, vinyl isopropyl acetates and similar vinyl esters; vinyl aromatic hydrocarbons, such as, for example, styrenic monomers listed below, vinyl aliphatic hydrocarbon monomers, such as, for example, vinyl chloride and vinylidene chloride as well as ⁇ ⁇ olefins such as, for example, ethylene, propylene, isobutylene, as well as conjugated dienes such as 1,3-butadiene, methyl-2-butadiene, 1,3-piperylene, 2,3-dimethyl butadiene, isoprene, cyclohexene, cyclopentadiene, and dicyclopentadiene; and vinyl alkyl ethers, such as, for example,
  • the latex composition according to the invention can be used in architectural coatings and in paint formulations. In another embodiment, the latex composition according to the invention can be combined with one or more pigments/colorants in hydrophobic latex applications.
  • the inventive core-shell latex aqueous composition comprises sequentially polymerized polymer latex particles having a core and a shell, wherein the core polymer is polymerized from a first set of acrylic monomers, including about 1% to about 5% by weight or about 1% to about 4% by weight of a crosslinking monomer or a first crosslinkable monomer; and the shell polymer is polymerized from a second set of acrylic and vinyl/vinyl acetate monomers including about 1% to about 5% by weight or about 1% to about 4% by weight of a second crosslinkable monomer thereof.
  • the shell preferably contains about 65% to about 75% of all the weight of the core-shell latex, and can be in the range of about 50% to about 95% and more preferably about 60% to about 80% of the weight of the latex.
  • the core would make up the remaining weight.
  • the shell preferably is a co-polymer of vinyl monomers, acrylic monomers and the crosslinkable monomers. Independent of the crosslinkable monomer, the ratio of the vinyl monomer to acrylic monomer is from about 60:40 to about 95:5 and can be about 70:30, 80:20, or 90:10 or any ranges or subranges within these ratios. For example, the range of vinyl to acrylic ratios in the shell could be 60:40 - 90:10 or 70:30 - 95:5 and so on.
  • the total vinyl amount in the latex could be greater than about 50%, about 60%, or about 70%.
  • the cross-linking monomers in the core which can be polymerized as part of the core, can be 1, 4 butanediol diacrylate.
  • the first and second crosslinkable monomers, which are also polymerized as part of the core, if present, and shell, respectively, are selected from the group consisting of diacetone acrylamide (DAAM), diacetone methacrylamide (DAMAM) and acetoacetoxyethyl methacrylate (AAEM) or the like or a combination thereof.
  • DAAM diacetone acrylamide
  • DAMAM diacetone methacrylamide
  • AAEM acetoacetoxyethyl methacrylate
  • the aqueous composition that suspends the core-shell latex preferably comprises 0.5 - 2.5 wt.% of a cross-linking agent, such as adipic dihydrazide relative to the amount of crosslinkable monomers.
  • a cross-linking agent such as adipic dihydrazide relative to the amount of crosslinkable monomers.
  • the cross-linking agent in the aqueous composition typically is not polymerized as a moiety on the core-shell latex.
  • the ratio of the crosslinkable monomer in the shell to the crosslinking agent in the aqueous composition is about 2:1.
  • the core-shell latex of this invention shows both the unique durability of an all-acrylic polymer and the properties of an open time extender of a vinyl polymer.
  • the crosslinkable monomer polymerized into the shell is present at a sufficient amount to counteract the hydrophilic nature of the vinyl by providing good blocking property, low water sensitivity, and exceptional durability.
  • Examples 1 - 39, 42 and 43 relate to core-shell latexes that are polymers of vinyl acrylic and all-acrylic copolymers.
  • the vinyl acrylic copolymers are co-polymers of vinyl acetate and butyl acrylate monomers or 2-EHA, and the all-acrylic copolymer have methyl methacrylate and butyl acrylate monomers.
  • the vinyl acetate and butyl acrylate or 2-EHA monomers in the vinyl acrylic copolymer may have a preferred weight ratio of about 80:20 or about 4: 1; however, their ratios can have the ranges discussed above or can be any ranges or sub-ranges shown in the Examples below.
  • the methyl methacrylate and butyl acrylate monomers in the all acrylic polymer may have a weight ratio of about 1.1: 1.
  • the minimum film forming temperature (MFFT) for these core-shell latexes ranges from 4 - 15 °C, or any ranges or sub-ranges shown in the Examples below.
  • Examples 1 - 3 and 42 - 43 relate to latexes that have a core of vinyl acrylic copolymer and a shell of an all-acrylic copolymer.
  • the weight ratios of core to shell in these latexes range from 50: 50 to 70: 30.
  • Examples 4 - 39 relate to latexes that have a core of an all-acrylic copolymer and a shell of a vinyl acrylic copolymer.
  • the weight ratios of core to shell in these latexs range from 10: 90 to 80: 20.
  • Comparative Examples 40 - 41 represent single phase latexes polymerized from monomers of vinyl acetate and butyl acrylate in two different weight ratios of 4: 1 and 8.4: 1 respectively.
  • the latex of Example 41 is more heavily weighted towards vinyl acetate and has a correspondingly higher MFFT of 10 °C compared with 6 °C of Example 41.
  • Example 32 and 38 comprise no DAAM, and serve as control examples.
  • the range of DAAM within the present invention can be between any two values in the core and/or shell in the examples and can be as low as 0.5% and as high as the total % in both the core and the shell.
  • Example 1 set forth the experimental procedures in details. Modifications of example 1 are highlighted in the subsequent examples, which demonstrate variations in accordance with the present invention. Comparative examples, which do not fall within the scope of the present invention, are also provided.
  • Pre-emulsion Components (g) Stage I Stage II Post addition Deionized water (DI water) 231 231 Sodium C 14 -C 16 sulfonate 0 0 Polyoxyethylene tridecyl ether phosphate, ammonium salt 37 6 30 Sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate 0 1 Diacetone acrylamide (DAAM) 23 23 N-(2-Methacryloyl oxyethyl)ethylene urea (MEEU) 13 13 Methacrylic acid (MAA) 6.75 6.75 Methyl methacrylate (MMA) 0 296 Butyl acrylate (BA) 112 262 Vinyl acetate (VA) 446 0
  • the temperature of the reactor was raised to maintain at about 74.0 °C in 1 hour during the course of the addition of the pre-emulsion solution.
  • the remaining stage I pre-emulsion was all added to the reactor and the content was stirred for another 15 min.
  • An amount of SPS initiator aqueous solution (0.45 g in 10.75 ml of DI water, at 4.0% concentration by weight) was co-fed with the remaining monomer emulsion during the entire feed time of about 2 hours.
  • Stage II monomer emulsion was fed into the reactor.
  • the total feed of Stage II monomer emulsion and a SPS solution (0.45 g in 10.75 ml of DI water, at 4.0% concentration by weight) was completed in about 3.5 hours.
  • the Stage II pre-emulsion was fed into the reactor at an increasingly rate during the course of addition as shown below.
  • Stage II pre-emulsion solution was all added to the reactor along with a post addition of polyoxyethylene tridecyl ether phosphate, ammonium salt, 30 g.
  • the reactor was stirred for an additional 15 min and was cooled to 55 °C at the end.
  • the redox chasers t-BHP i.e. tert- butyl hydroperoxide, 1.0 g in 21 ml of DI water
  • 1.0 g of a sodium salt of an organic sulfinic acid derivative in 21 ml of DI water were added slowly to the batch for the residual monomer control and the remaining redox chasers was all added the end of 20 minutes.
  • the reactor was then cooled to room temperature.
  • Example 2 The experimental procedure is similar to Example 1 with the following pre-emulsion ingredients. All amounts in the following table, and in the other tables directed to polymer particle formation, are in grams.
  • Initial charge to the reactor DI water 504 Sodium C 14 - C 16 sulfonate 1.34 Sodium bicarbonate 1.2 Charge Initiator Components Sodium persulfate (SPS) 2.23 DI water 12.8 Pre-emulsion Components Stage I Stage II DI water 277.2 184.8 Polyoxyethylene tridecyl ether phosphate, ammonium salt 40.7 8 Sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate 0 1 Diacetone acrylamide (DAAM) 27.6 18.4 N-(2-Methacryloyl oxyethyl)ethylene urea (MEEU) 15.6 10.4 Methacrylic acid (MAA) 8.1 5.4 Methyl methacrylate (MMA) 0 236 Butyl acrylate (BA) 134 209 Vinyl acetate (VA) 536
  • Example 2 The experimental procedure is similar to Example 1 with the following pre-emulsion ingredients.
  • This example includes the post addition process that employs 28.6 g polyoxyethylene tridecyl ether phosphate, ammonium salt.
  • Initial charge to the reactor DI water 504 Sodium C 14 - C 16 sulfonate 1.35 Sodium bicarbonate 1.2 Charge Initiator Components Sodium persulfate (SPS) 2.23 DI water 12.8 Pre-emulsion Components (g) Stage I Stage II Post addition DI water 323 139 Polyoxyethylene tridecyl ether phosphate, ammonium salt 44.8 8 28.6 Sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate 0 1 Diacetone acrylamide (DAAM) 32.2 13.8 N-(2-Methacryloyl oxyethyl)ethylene urea (MEEU) 18.2 7.8 Methacrylic acid (MAA) 9.45 4.05 Methyl methacrylate (MMA) 0 177 Buty
  • Example 2 The experimental procedure is similar to Example 1 with the following pre-emulsion ingredients.
  • Example 2 The experimental procedure is similar to Example 1 with the following pre-emulsion ingredients.
  • Sulfosuccinate surfactant mixture A 10.3 10.3 Sulfosuccinate surfactant mixture B 17.0 19.0 Diacetone acrylamide (DAAM) 17.25 40.65 N-(2-Methacryloyl oxyethyl)ethylene urea (MEEU) 12.70 29.70 Acrylic acid (AA) 6.6 15.4 Methyl methacrylate (MMA) 289.1 0 Butyl acrylate (BA) 256.6 63.71 Vinyl acetate (VA) 0 1210.40 Sodium vinyl sulfonate (SVS) 40.70 Feed Initiator Components Sodium persulfate (SPS) 0.67 1.10 DI water 18.0 24.5 Redox Chasers TBH ( tert -butyl hydroperoxide) 3.18 DI water 35.16 Sodium salt of an organic sulfinic acid derivative 3.18 DI water 35.16 Base NH 3 0
  • Example 2 The experimental procedure is similar to Example 1 with the following pre-emulsion ingredients.
  • Example 2 The experimental procedure is similar to Example 1 with the following pre-emulsion ingredients.
  • Example 2 The experimental procedure is similar to Example 1 with the following pre-emulsion ingredients.
  • This example includes a third stage process that employs 40.80 g of an ether sulfate compound that is an anionic non-nonylphenol surfactant.
  • Example 2 The experimental procedure is similar to Example 1 with the following pre-emulsion ingredients.
  • This example includes a third stage process that employs 19.38 g Methoxypolyethylene Glycol (MPEG) 750 (i.e., oxyalkylene polymer).
  • MPEG Methoxypolyethylene Glycol
  • Initial charge to the reactor DI water 822 Sulfosuccinate surfactant mixture A 3.00 Sodium bicarbonate 1.9 Charge Initiator Components Sodium persulfate (SPS) 3.64 DI water 20.88 Pre-emulsion Components Stage I Stage II Stage III DI water 250.0 550.0 Polyoxyethylene tridecyl ether phosphate 23.50 0 Methoxypolyethylene Glycol (MPEG) 750 0 0 19.38 Sulfosuccinate surfactant mixture A 10.30 10.3 Sulfosuccinate surfactant mixture B 17.00 19.0 Diacetone acrylamide (DAAM) 22.50 53.25 N-(2-Methacryloyl
  • Table II compiles data comparing Standard 804-44 (5281A AURA semi-gloss) paint composition that includes 30/70 core-shell weight ratio with no DAAM, with paint composition that includes 30/70 core-shell weight ratio with 4% DAAM by weight throughout the hybrid particles, and with paint composition that includes 30/70 core-shell weight ratio with 3% DAAM by weight in the shell only.
  • Particle size distribution is determined by Microtrac 250 particle size analyzer using light scattering technology. Particle size (ps) reported herein is volume average particle size unless otherwise stated.
  • the viscosity of paint compositions were obtained using analysis methods in accordance with standardized methods (e.g., stormer viscosity for mid-shear viscosity, reported in Kreb Units (KU); ICI viscosity for high-shear viscosity, reported in Poise (P)). A higher stormer viscosity indicates a higher load of the brush and the forming of a better film. Viscosity measurements were obtained using a Bohlin CVO Rotational Viscometer (0.5° cone and 4 mm diameter plate). As evident from Table II, the KU viscosity, ICI viscosity, and pH of the inventive and comparative paint compositions are similar.
  • Paint "sag” is a downward drooping movement of paint that occurs immediately after application. See, e.g., http://www.benjaminmoore.com/en-us/for-contractors/sagging . Sagging measurements of liquid paint is made using a graduated metal applicator that applies the paint on a white-black card, and then the card is positioned vertically. The gradation values of the sagging paint are then read to determine sag resistance in accordance with ASTM D 4400. A higher number indicates more sagging of the paint film. Table II shows that the sag of the inventive paint compositions is at least as good as, if not better than, the sag of comparative acrylic paint compositions.
  • Leneta Flow & Leveling test pertains to a known flow and leveling test. See, e.g., http://www.leneta.com/leveling-test.html and ASTM D 4062. For each sample, containing either an inventive or conventional paint composition, a drawdown was made with a flow leveling bar and dried overnight. Thereafter, a rating of 1 to 10 was assigned, with 10 being the best (i.e., perfectly flat on the drawdown card) and 1 being the worst. Table II shows that the Leneta flow and leveling properties of the inventive paint compositions are substantially better than the comparative paint compositions employing 100% acrylic particles.
  • Paints come in a variety of finish gloss levels, which correspond to different levels of specular reflection.
  • an air dry gloss 0.003 drawdown (DD) test was performed, which included air drying a 3 mil DD paint film and then determining its gloss at a preselected reflecting angle of 60° from the vertical using a standardized meter in accordance with ASTM D 523 ("Standard Test Method for Specular Gloss"). Gloss ratings by this test method are thus obtained by comparing the reflectance from the specimen to that from a polished glass standard at a reflecting angle of 60°.
  • an air dry sheen 0.003 drawdown (DD) test was performed, which included air drying a 3 mil DD paint film and then determining its sheen at a preselected reflecting angle of 85° from the vertical using a standardized meter in accordance with ASTM D 523. Sheen ratings by this test method are thus obtained by comparing the reflectance from the specimen to that from a polished glass standard at a reflecting angle of 85°. Gloss and sheen pertain to the shininess of the dried paint's surface. Traditional semi-gloss paints have a gloss at 60° of 35-70 units. Table II paint data shows that all of the evaluated paints are semi-gloss. The sheen for all these evaluated paints are also similar.
  • the degree of attachment between the inventive and comparative paint compositions and the underlying material it is in contact with is assessed by a Wet Adhesion ASTM 7 day 3 min test, a Wet Adhesion ASTM 7 day 5 minute test, and a Wet Adhesion ASTM 7 day test (Scratch Test).
  • the Wet Adhesion ASTM 7 day 3 minute test and the Wet Adhesion ASTM 7 day 5 min test and the Wet Adhesion ASTM 7 day test (Scratch Test) were performed on glossy alkyd panels, which are substrates of high gloss paints (IMPERVO® Alkyd High Gloss Metal & Wood Enamel Wet Adhesion Paint) that were dried in an oven at 120 °F for 24 hours.
  • Various 3-mil thick drawdown coatings of the inventive aqueous paint compositions were applied to the glossy alkyd panels and let dry for about 7 days at ambient conditions.
  • 5 no peeling or flaking
  • 4 less than 5% peeling or flaking
  • 3 5-15% peeling or flaking
  • 2 15-35% peeling or flaking
  • 1 35-65% peeling or flaking
  • 0 greater than 65% peeling or flaking.
  • Block resistance or the propensity of a coating to adhere to itself instead of to its substrate, was measured according to a modified version of ASTM D4946-89, which is referred to as the Block Resistance 1 Day 120°F test.
  • ASTM D4946-89 a modified version of ASTM D4946-89
  • a 3 mil thick coating of the inventive or comparative paint composition was prepared. After one week of drying at room temperature, the cured coating was cut into four one inch squares. Two of the squares were oriented face to face ( i . e ., coated sides touching) and are placed under a 100-gram weight in a 120 °F oven for about 24 hours. The other two of the squares were oriented face to face and placed under a 100-gram weight at room temperature for about 24 hours.
  • Block resistance was rated based on the percentage of area of the paint on one surface that was transferred to the other surface. 0% transfer indicates a perfect blocking resistance, which is assigned a score of 5 on a 5-point scale, while 100% transfer indicate that paints on both sides are completely stuck together, which is assigned a score of 1 on the 5-point scale. Table II shows that block resistance for inventive and comparative paint samples is about the same, except that the comparative paint comprising acrylic-vinyl acrylic core shell particles made without DAAM exhibited the most transfer of paint from one surface to the other surface.
  • Low-temperature coalescence at 50°F was measured according to a modified version of ASTM D3793.
  • ASTM D3793 For each sample of paint, a number of 6"x12" Upson panels were cooled to about 50° F for about 1 hour. On one half (6"x6" portion) of each panel, a draw down coating of each composition was prepared having a thickness starting at about 1 mils and going to about 24 mils. These panels were then kept about 50° F in a refrigerator for about 24 hours, and were allowed to recover for about 1/2 hour at room temperature, after which point the panels were left overnight.
  • Scrub resistance was measured according to a modified version of ASTM D2486 Method B, and this test is referred to herein as the Scrub Resistance 7 Day Dry test.
  • a scrub panel was created with three 9"-wide draw down coatings of samples of about 7 mils thickness prepared side by side (at least one of the samples should be a control sample) and allowed to cure horizontally for about 2 weeks at room temperature (e.g., from about 20-25° C). Black scrub panels were preferably used for coating compositions that are white, pastel, and medium colors. In addition, an extra scrub panel was used as a conditioning panel. On a GardnerTM Abrasion Tester, the night before testing, a medium bristle brush was soaked in DI water overnight.
  • the conditioning panel was secured in the GardnerTM Abrasion Tester. With a wooden tongue depressor, about 10 grams of abrasive scrub medium was applied to the brush, and about 5 cc of DI water was syringed evenly across the panel in the area to be scrubbed. The conditioning panel was scrubbed for about 400 cycles. Thereafter, the conditioning panel was removed and discarded, the brush was washed with water, and each scrub panel was secured in the GardnerTM Abrasion Tester. Like with the conditioning panel, the abrasive scrub medium was applied to the brush, and the water was applied to the panel.
  • the scrub panel was then scrubbed for a maximum of about 2000 cycles (typically about 1 hour). About every 100 cycles, excess scrub medium was moved from outside the scrub area to inside the scrub area. About every 400 cycles, another 10 grams of scrub medium is added to the brush, and another 5 cc of DI water was syringed onto the scrub area. The number of cycles it took to remove one continuous line of each coating was noted. This process was repeated for each scrub panel.
  • Scrub resistance 7 Day Dry test (first break).
  • a 7 mil drawdown of paint(s) is prepared on a scrub panel and allowed to air dry at room temperature for one week.
  • a medium bristle brush is soaked overnight in deionized water for conditioning prior to running the test.
  • Two glass plates are placed in the tray of the Abrasion tester, and three brass shims are placed on the plates in such a way that each paint being tested will have a shim under it.
  • the test panel with the dried paint is secured to the two glass plates on the Gardner Abrasion Tester.
  • abrasive scrub medium Ten grams of abrasive scrub medium are applied to the bristles of the brush and the brush is then placed in a brush holder which is secured to the cables of the Abrasion Tester. Five cc of deionized water is applied to the test panel, and the scrub cycles are started. Every 400 cycles another 10 g of abrasive medium is applied to the brush and another 5 cc of deionized water is applied to the panel. The test is continued until paint is removed in one continuous line across its own shim and the number of cycles required to reach this point is recorded.
  • Stain removal testing was conducted in accordance with ASTM D4828 in order to evaluate the ease of stain removal caused by a test stain material and by litter.
  • the samples of inventive and comparative paint compositions were drawn down on a black vinyl chart and allowed to dry for 7 days in a constant temperature and humidity room at 77° F and 30% relative humidity. Stains, TTP-29 (ASTM D3450 black stain), and litter (ASTM 2198) were applied in separate tests to the film and allowed to stand for 2 hours. Excess stain was gently wiped using laboratory tissue, and then placed upon a Washability tester fitted with a sponge. The sponge was saturated with a 1% solution of a cleaning solution containing ethoxylated alcohol and lauryl polyglucose in water (S. C.
  • a water sensitivity test (1 minute, 2 minutes and 3 minutes water spot test) is illustrated by the following procedures.
  • Emulsion latex samples were drawn down on a sealed Leneta card (made by BYK for example) to form a dry film using a BYK-GARDNER 3 MIL WET FILM draw down bar.
  • the latex film was air-dried on a flat horizontal surface for one week before testing.
  • 3 - 5 drops of water were placed and the water sensitivity of the latex film was rated using a finger nail scratching method for rating the dry film strength after 1 minute and 5 minute soaking periods.
  • the wet films are rated for resistance to finger nail scratching from 1 to 5, with 5 being the best and 1 being the worst.
  • Table II shows that the comparative acrylic paints had the least degree of sensitivity to water, as expected.
  • the paint data further shows that comparative 3 comprising acrylic-vinyl core shell particles made without DAAM was the most sensitive to water.
  • the water stain (water spotting) 7-day dry test tests water stain resistance by a visual rating of water stain on the dried paint film.
  • a 3 mil film of paint is dried for 7 days at room temperature, and 3 ml of DI water is placed on the horizontal dried paint film for 3 minutes, and then the Leneta card is raised to a vertical position to allow water to flow down across the surface of the film.
  • the film is placed in a vertical position while the water evaporates.
  • the water stain mark on the film surface is visually inspected and assigned a number from 1 to 5, with 5 being the best and 1 being the worst.
  • Table II shows that Comparative 1 and the inventive paints had similar characteristic with respect to water spotting.
  • the paint data further shows that Comparative 2 exhibited the most resistance to water spotting.
  • inventive and comparative paint compositions to resist wine staining has also been assessed. Qualitative results are reported relative to the ability of wine to stain Comparative 1. The inventive paint compositions were less susceptible to wine staining than the control standard.
  • Open time performance was evaluated by a real world brushout open-time test.
  • three separate individuals (Individuals 1, 2 and 3) were asked to paint one panel and the surroundings on a 6-panel factory primed wood door obtained from Home DepotTM with a sample of paint, either an inventive paint composition or a comparative paint composition. These three individuals were provided with an acrylic control paint and the paints undergoing testing in a blinded fashion. The doors were painted in an environment having a temperature of 70.5 °F and a relative humidity of 26%.
  • Each individual was asked to comment on the brushability, especially the ability to cut-in, of each of the paint samples they used.
  • the open time was evaluated on a 5-point scale as follows: 1 (very poor, quick set up), 2 (so-so, poor), 3 (average, ok, good), 4 (very good), and 5 (excellent, open, wet). As evident from Table II, the open time for the inventive paint compositions was substantially longer than the open time for the comparative acrylic paints.
  • the comparative acrylic paint compositions and the inventive paint compositions were substantially similar with respect to KU viscosity, ICI viscosity, pH, gloss, sheen, wet adhesion characteristics, and low temperature coalescence characteristics.
  • block resistance, scrub resistance, stain removal characteristics (both litter and TTP-29 stain), and water spotting was about the same, although the inventive compositions exhibited better wine stain resistance than the standard acrylic paint Comparative 1.
  • the inventive paint compositions exhibited substantially improved open time by real world brushout, and substantially improved flow and leveling characteristics based on Leneta flow and leveling testing and based on the brush mark test.
  • inventive paints consistently higher with respect to dry appearance and finish than the comparative acrylic paints. These substantially improved results with respect to open time, flow and leveling characteristics, appearance and finish compared to acrylic paint composition is unexpected.
  • the comparative acrylic paints exhibited substantially less water sensitivity than the inventive paints.
  • Table III of real world brushout testing data demonstrates that the inventive paints' open times range between 7 minutes and 8 minutes, and are substantially longer than the open time of the control paint.
  • Inventive Example 3 The open time, application and dry finish properties of Inventive Example 3 are better than those of Comparative Example 1. Without being bound to any particular theory, the present inventors believe that the latex particles even with the vinyl acrylic in the core have similar positive effects as those with the vinyl acrylic in the shell. Additionally, the core-shell latex may be side-by-side latex, as discussed above.
  • minimum film forming temperature is the minimum temperature at which the latex will form a continuous film.
  • MFFT was determined on MFFT Bar-90 from Rhopoint Instruments. Temperature range was between 0 °C (the cold end) and 18 °C (the warm end). Emulsions were applied using 75 micron cube applicator from the warm end on the right to the cold end on the left to form tracks. Emulsions were allowed to dry for 3 hours. When films have formed, the MFFT were determined as points on tracks where the film has coalesced.
  • biocides/preservatives useful in the compositions according to the invention can include, but are not limited to, hydroxy-functional aza-dioxabicyclo compounds such as those commercially available from ISP (mixture of bicyclic oxazolidines), those compounds pertaining to octylisothiazolinone (OIT)-based preservative, isothiazolones such as 4,5-dichloro-2-N-octyl-3(2H)-isothiazolone, broad spectrum non-metallic fungicide additives from Troy Corp. and the like, and combinations thereof.
  • ISP mixed-cyclic oxazolidines
  • OIT octylisothiazolinone
  • isothiazolones such as 4,5-dichloro-2-N-octyl-3(2H)-isothiazolone
  • broad spectrum non-metallic fungicide additives from Troy Corp. and the like, and combinations thereof.
  • the latex compositions can be included in a paint or other coating composition, which can advantageously be an emulsion further containing water, a coalescence solvent, a pH adjustor, a surfactant, a defoamer, a pigment, optionally but preferably a dispersant, optionally but preferably a rheology modifier, and optionally but preferably a biocide or preservative.
  • a paint or other coating composition which can advantageously be an emulsion further containing water, a coalescence solvent, a pH adjustor, a surfactant, a defoamer, a pigment, optionally but preferably a dispersant, optionally but preferably a rheology modifier, and optionally but preferably a biocide or preservative.
  • coalescence solvents and organic solvents useful in the compositions according to the invention can include, but are not limited to, 2-ethylhexyl ether of ethylene glycol, methyl carbitol, propylene glycol, ethylene glycol, compounds such as CAS No. 25265-77-4 (2,2,4-Trimethyl-1,3-pentanediol monoisobutyrate), plasticizers such as dibutyl phthalate, and the like, and combinations thereof.
  • defoamers useful in the compositions according to the invention can include, but are not limited to, polysiloxane-polyether copolymers such as dimethylpolysiloxanes combined with hydrophobic and partially hydrophilic polyethers, and VOC-free, silicone-free polymer-based defoamer, and nonionic antifoam formulations, such as may comprise a blend of mineral oils and silica derivatives, and organic oil-based defoamers, mineral oil-based defoamers, siloxane-based defoamers, and molecular defoamers, and the like, and combinations thereof.
  • polysiloxane-polyether copolymers such as dimethylpolysiloxanes combined with hydrophobic and partially hydrophilic polyethers
  • VOC-free, silicone-free polymer-based defoamer and nonionic antifoam formulations, such as may comprise a blend of mineral oils and silica derivatives, and organic oil-based def
  • anticorrosive agents useful in the compositions according to the invention can include, but are not limited to, sodium nitrite, ammonium benzoate, sodium benzoate and the like.
  • dispersants useful in the compositions according to the invention can include, but are not limited to, 2-amino-2-methyl-1-propanol, hydrophobic copolymers such as ammonium salt of a hydrophobic copolymer dispersant, carboxylated polyelectrolyte salts such as sodium salt of a maleic anhydride copolymer dispersant, and the like, and combinations thereof.
  • rheology modifiers useful in the compositions according to the invention can include, but are not limited to, hydrophobically modified urethane rheology modifiers, hydrophobically modified polyether rheology modifiers, alkali swellable (or soluble) emulsions, hydrophobically modified alkali swellable (or soluble) emulsions, cellulosic or hydrophobically modified cellulosic rheology modifiers.
  • HEUR Hydrophobically Modified Ethylene Oxide Urethane
  • HEC hydroxyethylcellulose
  • HHEC hydrophobically modified hydroxyethylcellulose
  • Dow hydrophobically modified alkali-soluble emulsions
  • pigments/colorants While typically multiple pigments/colorants are present in end-use latexes that are to be used in paint or architectural coating applications, sometimes only a white pigment, such as a zinc oxide and/or a titanium oxide, is added in the early stages of the formation of the paint composition ( e . g ., in the base composition). In such a case, any other desired pigments/colorants of various colors (including more white pigment) can optionally be added at the later stages of, or after, formation of the paint composition.
  • examples of pigments/colorants useful according to the invention can include, but are not limited to, carbon black, iron oxide black, iron oxide yellow, iron oxide red, iron oxide brown, organic red pigments, including quinacridone red and metallized and non-metallized azo reds ( e .
  • exemplary color pigments can be added as powders, but can more conveniently be added as aqueous dispersions to paint compositions according to the invention.
  • extender pigments/colorants can be added, e . g ., to the grind composition portion of the paint composition.
  • extender pigments/colorants useful in the paint compositions according to the invention can include, but are not limited to, silica, silicates, carbonates such as calcium carbonates, and the like, and combinations thereof.
  • the latex compositions according to the invention can advantageously exhibit a pH from about 6 to about 10, although the pH needs only to be sufficient to maintain the stability of the particular constituents in combination with the surfactant(s) and other stabilizing components.
  • the polymer particles according to the invention are typically polymerized in a latex system comprising water, surfactant, the desired monomer(s), an initiator, optionally a polymer molecular weight control agent, optionally an organic solvent, optionally a pH adjustor, and optionally a chaser agent, which can be added at various times.
  • Molecular weights reported in this disclosure are number average molecular weights unless otherwise specified, and have units in Daltons.
  • surfactants useful in the compositions according to the invention can include, but are not limited to, nonionic and/or anionic surfactants such as sodium lauryl sulfate, alkyl-phenol (APE)-free nonionic surfactant from Rhodia which is a fatty alcohol ether (40 EO), ammonium nonoxynol-4 sulfate, nonylphenol (10) ethoxylate, nonylphenol ( ⁇ 10mol%) ethoxylate, nonylphenol ( ⁇ 40mol%) ethoxylate, octylphenol ( ⁇ 40mol%) ethoxylate, octylphenol (9-10) ethoxylate, sodium dodecyl sulfonate, sodium tetradecyl sulfonate, sodium hexadecyl sulfonate, polyether phosphate esters, alcohol ethoxylate phosphate esters, nonionic and anionic surfactants from Dow Chemical, anionic alkyl s
  • initiators and chaser solutions useful in the compositions according to the invention can include, but are not limited to, ammonium persulfate, sodium persulfate, redox systems such as reducers comprising sodium salt of an organic sulfinic acid derivative, and sodium hydroxymethanesulfinate (i.e., sodium formaldehyde sulfoxylate), and oxidizer such as tert -butyl hydroperoxide, and the like, and combinations thereof, typically in an aqueous solution. Either or both of these components can optionally contain an additional surfactant and/or a pH adjustor, if desired to stabilize the emulsion.
  • redox systems such as reducers comprising sodium salt of an organic sulfinic acid derivative, and sodium hydroxymethanesulfinate (i.e., sodium formaldehyde sulfoxylate)
  • oxidizer such as tert -butyl hydroperoxide, and the like, and combinations thereof, typically in an
  • pH adjustors useful in the compositions according to the invention can include, but are not limited to, ammonium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide, sodium carbonate, sodium bicarbonate, potassium hydroxide, potassium carbonate, potassium bicarbonate, ammonia, and the like, and combinations thereof.
  • compounds that qualify as pH adjustors can be added for purposes other than adjusting pH, e . g ., emulsion stabilization, and yet are still characterized herein as pH adjustors.

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Claims (15)

  1. Composition aqueuse de latex comprenant des particules de latex comprenant un polymère de première phase et un polymère de deuxième phase, dans laquelle
    le polymère de première phase est polymérisé à partir d'un premier ensemble de monomères comprenant au moins environ 95% en poids d'un ou de plusieurs monomère(s) acrylique(s) dans le polymère de première phase ; et
    le polymère de deuxième phase est polymérisé à partir d'un deuxième ensemble de monomères comprenant au moins un monomère acrylique, au moins un monomère vinylique et d'environ 0,5% en poids à environ 6% en poids d'un monomère réticulable dans le polymère de deuxième phase ;
    dans laquelle le polymère de deuxième phase constitue d'environ 50% en poids à environ 95% en poids par rapport au poids total des polymères dans les particules de latex ; et
    dans laquelle le monomère réticulable est choisi dans le groupe constitué de diacétone acrylamide, de diacétone méthacrylamide et de méthacrylate d'acétoacétoxyéthyle ou d'une combinaison de ceux-ci, et
    dans laquelle la composition aqueuse de latex comprend en outre un agent de réticulation dans une phase aqueuse pour se réticuler avec le monomère réticulable lorsque l'eau s'évapore, et
    dans laquelle une quantité totale de monomère vinylique dans les particules de latex est supérieure à environ 50% en poids des particules de latex et un rapport du monomère vinylique sur le monomère acrylique dans les particules de latex est inférieur à environ 95:5.
  2. Composition aqueuse de latex de la revendication 1, dans laquelle le premier ensemble de monomères comprend en outre environ 1% en poids à environ 5% en poids du monomère réticulable dans le polymère de première phase, et où le monomère réticulable comprend de préférence la diacétone acrylamide.
  3. Composition aqueuse de latex de la revendication 1, dans laquelle le deuxième ensemble de monomères comporte d'environ 1% en poids à environ 4% en poids du monomère réticulable dans le polymère de deuxième phase.
  4. Composition aqueuse de latex de la revendication 1, dans laquelle l'agent de réticulation comprend le dihydrazide adipique.
  5. Composition aqueuse de latex de la revendication 1, dans laquelle l'au moins un monomère vinylique dans le deuxième ensemble de monomères comprend l'acétate de vinyle, et où, de préférence, l'au moins un monomère acrylique dans le deuxième ensemble de monomères comprend l'acrylate de butyle ou l'acétate de 2-hexyléthyle.
  6. Composition aqueuse de latex de la revendication 1, dans laquelle le polymère de deuxième phase constitue d'environ 60% en poids à environ 80% en poids par rapport au poids total des particules de latex.
  7. Composition aqueuse de latex de la revendication 1, dans laquelle le rapport du monomère vinylique sur le monomère acrylique dans les particules de latex
    est compris entre environ 60:40 et environ 90:10 ; ou
    est inférieur à environ 90:10 ; ou
    est inférieur à environ 80:20.
  8. Composition aqueuse de latex de la revendication 1, ayant une température minimale de formation de film comprise entre environ 4°C et environ 15°C.
  9. Composition aqueuse de latex de la revendication 1, dans laquelle le premier ensemble de monomères comprend en outre un monomère de réticulation ; le monomère de réticulation comprenant de préférence le diacrylate de 1,4-butanediol.
  10. Composition de peinture comprenant la composition aqueuse de latex de la revendication 1.
  11. Composition aqueuse de latex de la revendication 1, dans laquelle les particules de latex sont des particules de latex polymérisées de manière séquentielle.
  12. Composition aqueuse de latex de la revendication 11, dans laquelle une taille moyenne de particules en volume des particules de latex polymérisées de manière séquentielle est comprise entre environ 120 nm et environ 165 nm en diamètre.
  13. Composition aqueuse de latex de la revendication 11, dans laquelle
    le polymère de première phase forme un noyau et le polymère de deuxième phase forme une enveloppe ; ou
    le polymère de première phase forme une enveloppe et le polymère de deuxième phase forme un noyau ; ou
    le polymère de première phase et le polymère de deuxième phase forment des particules de latex côte à côte.
  14. Composition aqueuse de latex de la revendication 6, dans laquelle le polymère de deuxième phase constitue d'environ 65% en poids à environ 75% en poids par rapport au poids total des particules de latex.
  15. Composition aqueuse de latex de la revendication 1, dans laquelle la quantité totale de monomère vinylique dans les particules de latex est supérieure à environ 60% en poids des particules de latex, de préférence supérieure à environ 70% en poids des particules de latex.
EP15818184.2A 2014-07-07 2015-06-26 Latex hybride à polymérisation séquentielle Active EP3167020B1 (fr)

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US14/324,826 US9688800B2 (en) 2014-07-07 2014-07-07 Sequentially polymerized hybrid latex
PCT/US2015/037906 WO2016007313A1 (fr) 2014-07-07 2015-06-26 Latex hybride à polymérisation séquentielle

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US10526480B2 (en) * 2016-11-15 2020-01-07 Hercules Llc Ultra-high solids emulsion and application
MX2019012900A (es) * 2017-05-04 2019-12-16 Dow Global Technologies Llc Preparacion de una formulacion de recubrimiento con particulas de polimero hinchables en alcali.
CN110831981B (zh) * 2017-05-04 2022-06-24 路博润先进材料公司 双活化微凝胶
EP3674372A4 (fr) * 2017-09-26 2021-06-02 DIC Corporation Encre, encre pour impression à jet d'encre, matière imprimée, et procédé de production de matière imprimée
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US9688800B2 (en) 2017-06-27
US20160002456A1 (en) 2016-01-07
EP3167020A1 (fr) 2017-05-17
EP3167020A4 (fr) 2017-12-20
PL3167020T3 (pl) 2019-10-31
AU2015288216A1 (en) 2017-01-12
CN106574136A (zh) 2017-04-19
AU2015288216B2 (en) 2018-02-15
CA2952972C (fr) 2018-11-06
CN106574136B (zh) 2019-12-03
CA2952972A1 (fr) 2016-01-14
WO2016007313A1 (fr) 2016-01-14

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