EP3129557B1 - Systeme, vorrichtungen und/oder verfahren zum zurückhalten von abhängen - Google Patents

Systeme, vorrichtungen und/oder verfahren zum zurückhalten von abhängen Download PDF

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Publication number
EP3129557B1
EP3129557B1 EP15777098.3A EP15777098A EP3129557B1 EP 3129557 B1 EP3129557 B1 EP 3129557B1 EP 15777098 A EP15777098 A EP 15777098A EP 3129557 B1 EP3129557 B1 EP 3129557B1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
tube
wall
face
approximately
retainer
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Active
Application number
EP15777098.3A
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English (en)
French (fr)
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EP3129557A2 (de
EP3129557A4 (de
Inventor
Mark Woolbright
Rodney Tyler
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Conwed Plastics Acquisition Co V LLC
Original Assignee
Conwed Plastics Acquisition Co V LLC
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Application filed by Conwed Plastics Acquisition Co V LLC filed Critical Conwed Plastics Acquisition Co V LLC
Publication of EP3129557A2 publication Critical patent/EP3129557A2/de
Publication of EP3129557A4 publication Critical patent/EP3129557A4/de
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP3129557B1 publication Critical patent/EP3129557B1/de
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Classifications

    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
    • E02D—FOUNDATIONS; EXCAVATIONS; EMBANKMENTS; UNDERGROUND OR UNDERWATER STRUCTURES
    • E02D29/00—Independent underground or underwater structures; Retaining walls
    • E02D29/02—Retaining or protecting walls
    • E02D29/0258—Retaining or protecting walls characterised by constructional features
    • E02D29/0291—Retaining or protecting walls characterised by constructional features made up of filled, bag-like elements
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
    • E02D—FOUNDATIONS; EXCAVATIONS; EMBANKMENTS; UNDERGROUND OR UNDERWATER STRUCTURES
    • E02D17/00—Excavations; Bordering of excavations; Making embankments
    • E02D17/20—Securing of slopes or inclines
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
    • E02D—FOUNDATIONS; EXCAVATIONS; EMBANKMENTS; UNDERGROUND OR UNDERWATER STRUCTURES
    • E02D29/00—Independent underground or underwater structures; Retaining walls
    • E02D29/02—Retaining or protecting walls
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
    • E02D—FOUNDATIONS; EXCAVATIONS; EMBANKMENTS; UNDERGROUND OR UNDERWATER STRUCTURES
    • E02D29/00—Independent underground or underwater structures; Retaining walls
    • E02D29/02—Retaining or protecting walls
    • E02D29/0225—Retaining or protecting walls comprising retention means in the backfill
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
    • E02B—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING
    • E02B11/00—Drainage of soil, e.g. for agricultural purposes
    • E02B11/005—Drainage conduits
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
    • E02D—FOUNDATIONS; EXCAVATIONS; EMBANKMENTS; UNDERGROUND OR UNDERWATER STRUCTURES
    • E02D2200/00—Geometrical or physical properties
    • E02D2200/13—Geometrical or physical properties having at least a mesh portion
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
    • E02D—FOUNDATIONS; EXCAVATIONS; EMBANKMENTS; UNDERGROUND OR UNDERWATER STRUCTURES
    • E02D2300/00—Materials
    • E02D2300/0085—Geotextiles

Definitions

  • the problem of economically and/or ergonomically building a healthy plant-filled "living wall” that stabilizes a relatively low (up to 10') earthen slope can be uniquely solved by stacking courses of plantable lightweight polymer block-like modules ("blocks") that define a substantially planar solid face, a substantially planar latticed bottom, and one or more back posts or stops, the blocks configured to constrain movement of substantially horizontally-extending tubular mesh socks that are filled with plant growing medium, the blocks configured to be stabilized by polymer straps that extend into the slope's backfill at multiple locations per course. Any strap can be secured to the backfill via a strap pin, which can be similar to a pin used for securing landscaping fabric.
  • a strap pin which can be similar to a pin used for securing landscaping fabric.
  • the problem of economically and ergonomically providing drip irrigation to a plant-filled "living wall” that stabilizes a relatively low (up to 10') earthen slope can be uniquely solved by providing stacked courses of plantable lightweight polymer block-like modules ("blocks") that define a substantially planar solid face, a substantially planar latticed bottom, and one or more back posts or stops, the blocks configured to constrain movement of substantially horizontally-extending tubular mesh socks that are filled with plant growing medium, the blocks configured to facilitate passage of one or more drip irrigation conduits through at least some of the socks.
  • blocks plantable lightweight polymer block-like modules
  • the problem of economically and/or ergonomically building a healthy plant-filled "living wall” that stabilizes a relatively low (up to 10') earthen slope can be uniquely solved by stacking courses of substantially horizontally-extending tubular mesh socks that are filled with plant growing medium, the socks stabilized by one or more lightweight polymer modules ("panels") that define two substantially planar, latticed, and vertical faces, one face horizontally offset from the other by a predetermined distance to obtain a predetermined batter for the wall, at least one of the faces coupled to an integral and substantially planar, latticed, and horizontal face, the panels configured to be stabilized by polymer straps that extend into the slope's backfill at multiple locations per course.
  • panels lightweight polymer modules
  • the problem of economically and/or ergonomically building a healthy plant-filled "living wall” that stabilizes a relatively low (up to 10') earthen slope, comprises courses formed of alternating block-like modules and open spaces, the courses positioned in a running bond pattern, and provides continuous long-term vertical bearing surfaces for those modules can be uniquely solved by stacking courses of substantially horizontally-extending short tubular mesh socks that are filled with plant growing medium, the socks stabilized by one or more lightweight polymer modules that define two substantially planar, latticed, and vertical faces, one face horizontally offset from the other by a predetermined distance to obtain a predetermined batter for the wall, at least one of the faces coupled to an integral and substantially planar, latticed, and horizontal face, the modules configured to be stabilized by polymer straps that extend into the slope's backfill at multiple locations per course, each module configured to receive removable side rails that provide a vertical bearing surface for two above-positioned modules.
  • a retaining wall system (1,2) configured to substantially stabilize a slope (60) formed from earthen material (60), the retaining wall system (1,2) comprising: a stabilizing wall (1,2) comprising a plurality of stacked courses (1,2) formed from one or more substantially horizontally-extending mesh tubes (10,50), each tube (10,50) substantially filled with a plant growing medium; a plurality of modular tube retainers (20,30) collectively configured to substantially resist tipping and bowing of an approximately planar major face of the stabilizing wall (1,2), the slope (60) located distal to the major face; and wherein:
  • the object of the present invention is to simplify and reinforce the above mentioned retaining wall system.
  • Certain exemplary embodiments can combine modular welded wire mesh face elements (or "baskets") with a sock, such as a Filtrexx® SoxxTM (e.g., FilterSoxxTM, SoilSoxx®, GroSoxx®, GardenSoxx®, etc.) that can be filled with a plant growing medium.
  • a Filtrexx® SoxxTM e.g., FilterSoxxTM, SoilSoxx®, GroSoxx®, GardenSoxx®, etc.
  • Multiple stacked horizontal courses of this combination of wire mesh and filled socks can create a structural wall, which can serve as a securement and/or retainer of an earthen slope.
  • the wall can be designed and/or built to fulfill predetermined engineering requirements for securing and/or retaining the slope, and/or for relieving hydraulic pressure that builds behind the wall (i.e., distal to the face of the wall).
  • the face of the wall can be nearly 100% plantable, and can thereby grow into a "green” or "living" wall.
  • FIG. 1 is a perspective view of an exemplary embodiment of a living wall system 1000, which can comprise a modular wire mesh face element 1100, which can comprise a base portion 1120 that is connected (integrally or otherwise) at a predetermined angle K to a face portion 1140.
  • Angle K can be maintained via one or more struts 1400 that solidly, integrally, firmly, rigidly, loosely, and/or non-destructively releaseably connect one or more wires 1130 of base portion 1120 to one or more wires 1150 of face portion 1440.
  • One or more wall reinforcement straps 1500 can wrap around at least one wire 1122 of base portion 1120 and extend into backfill of the earthen slope.
  • Frictional contact between the reinforcement straps and the backfill and/or earth of the earthen slope can resist forces that tend to lateral more and/or topple the wall.
  • reinforcement straps 1500 can wrap around a roller, cushion, and/or jacket 1700 that at least partially surrounds one of wires 1130, thereby reducing and/or minimizing point loadings (and the associated stresses) on the strap and/or lowering the likelihood of tearing and/or puncturing the strap.
  • FIG. 2 is a perspective view of an exemplary embodiment of a living wall system 2000, which can comprise a modular wire mesh face element 2100 that can constrain the movement of one or more fabric mesh tubes 2200, 2202 that is filled with a plant growing media.
  • FIG. 3 is a perspective view of an exemplary embodiment of a living wall system 3000, which can comprise a modular wire mesh face element 3100 and one or more fabric mesh tubes 3200 that is filled with a plant growing media. Face element 3100 can be secured to earthen material 3300 and/or backfill 3800 via reinforcement straps 3600.
  • FIG. 4 is a perspective view of an exemplary embodiment of a living wall system 4000, which can comprise a stack of modular wire mesh face elements 4100, 4102, each configured to constrain vertical and/or horizontal movement of one or more fabric mesh tubes 4200, 4204, 4204, 4206.
  • FIG. 5 is a perspective view of an exemplary embodiment of a living wall system 5000, which can comprise a stack of modular wire mesh face elements 5100, 5102, 5104, each constraining movement of one or more plantable fabric mesh tubes 5200, 5202, 5204, 5206, 5208.
  • FIG. 6 is a perspective view of an exemplary embodiment of a living wall system 6000, which can comprise a modular wire mesh face element 6100 that can constrain the movement of one or more fabric mesh tubes 6200 that is filled with a plant growing media and that has one or more plants 6900 (e.g., trunk, stem, blade, branch, leave root, etc.) growing through its mesh and/or through the mesh of face element 6100.
  • plants 6900 e.g., trunk, stem, blade, branch, leave root, etc.
  • FIG. 7 is a perspective view of an exemplary embodiment of a living wall system 7000, which can comprise multiple vertically stacked and/or horizontally adjacent modular wire mesh face elements 7100 that can constrain the movement of one or more fabric mesh tubes 7200 that is filled with a plant growing media and that has one or more plants 7900 (e.g., trunk, stem, blade, branch, leave root, etc.) growing through its mesh and/or through the mesh of face element 7100, thereby forming a living or "green" wall.
  • plants 7900 e.g., trunk, stem, blade, branch, leave root, etc.
  • the plants can be selected such that they grow to cover the major and/or most otherwise visible face of the wall within a predetermined period of time. For instance, grasses can be selected that will substantially cover the wall within approximately 1 to approximately 9 months, while vines, shrubs, or the like can be selected that will substantially cover the wall within approximately 1 year to approximately 4 years (e.g., 18 months, 2.25 years, 3 years, etc.)
  • the wire mesh face elements can be from approximately 1 foot to approximately 15 feet wide, including all values and sub-ranges therebetween, by approximately 0.5 foot to approximately 3 feet tall, including all values and sub-ranges therebetween, thereby presenting from approximately 1 to approximately 45 square feet (including all values and sub-ranges therebetween) of wall facing.
  • the face elements can be stacked, sometimes in a running bond manner, to build walls and/or stabilize slopes of great height.
  • the wire mesh face elements can be interlocked side-to-side and/or top-to-bottom and/or can avoid loose wires that can snag equipment, clothing, and/or skin.
  • Each face element can be pre-bent at the desired angle, such as from approximately 45 degrees to approximately 85 degrees, including all values therebetween (e.g., 48.2, 55, 62.5, 70, 78.75, etc. degrees) and sub-ranges therebetween.
  • This bend can allow the wall to be built with a pre-determined and/or desired slope angle, batter, and/or setback of one or more courses relative to a below course.
  • the wall can even be built to have a nearly smooth overall wall face, which can allow rain to fall on the facing and/or plants to grow straight up out of the socks and/or through the facing.
  • the facing elements also can be vertical and/or pre-bent at 90 degrees and the setback can be computed into the measurement of distance between upper and lower face elements to achieve a desired batter and/or setback.
  • a welded wire mesh face element can comprise an angled face portion and a substantially horizontal portion that extends from the face of the wall distally into the slope and/or backfill located behind the wall.
  • the angled face portion can be supported by at least one strut (which can be formed of the same or similar wire) that allows vertical loads applied to the face element to be transferred to the substantially horizontal portion of the face element.
  • the sock can have a length of from approximately 1 foot to approximately 6 feet (including all values and sub-ranges therebetween) when supplied as “short socks” and a length of from approximately 4 feet to approximately 10,000 feet (including all values and sub-ranges therebetween) when supplied as a "continuous sock".
  • the sock can have a diameter of from approximately 5 inches to approximately 24 inches (including all values and sub-ranges therebetween).
  • a sock can rest on the substantially horizontal portion of the face element, directly behind the angled face portion, thereby providing a reservoir of growing medium for plants that grow through the angled face portion.
  • the plant growing medium can be Filtrexx GrowingMediaTM, a Filtrexx certified growing medium, and/or can include compost, composted organic materials, organic feedstocks, composted products, mulch, wood shavings, alum, lime, clay, pea gravel, gravel, sand, soil, wood chips, bark, peat, soil blends, straw, hay, leaves, sawdust, paper mill residuals, wood wastes, wood pellets, hemp, bamboo, biosolids, coconut fibers, coir, wheat straw, rice straw, rice hulls, oat straw, soybean hulls, palm wastes, palm leaves, agricultural waste products, manure, wool, hair, sugar cane bagasse, seed hulls, jute, flax, hulls, organic waste, cat litter, plant seeds, plugs, sprigs, and/or spores, etc.
  • a compost can provide treatment of runoff water by physically straining the runoff; biologically degrading unwanted, harmful, and/or polluting substances; and/or chemically binding certain pollutants, such as metals (e.g., arsenic, cadmium, chromium, cobalt, copper, lead, mercury, nickel, and/or selenium), hydrocarbons and/or organic chemicals (such as 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene), and/or nutrients (such as fertilizer, nitrates, phosphates, sewage, and/or animal waste).
  • metals e.g., arsenic, cadmium, chromium, cobalt, copper, lead, mercury, nickel, and/or selenium
  • hydrocarbons and/or organic chemicals such as 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene
  • nutrients such as fertilizer, nitrates, phosphates, sewage, and/or animal waste.
  • compost can be weed seed-free, disease-free, and/or insect-free, and/or can be derived from a well-decomposed source of organic matter.
  • Certain embodiments of such compost can be free of refuse, contaminants, and/or other materials toxic and/or deleterious to plant growth.
  • the compost can have a pH that measures anywhere between approximately 5.0 and approximately 8.0 (including all values and sub-ranges therebetween).
  • Certain embodiments of such compost can be produced according to an aerobic composting process meeting 40 CFR 503 regulations.
  • Certain embodiments of such compost can have a moisture content of less than 60%.
  • the particle size of the compost can conform to the following: approximately 99% passing a 1 inch sieve, approximately 90% passing a 0.75 inch sieve, a minimum of 70% greater than an approximately 0.375 inch sieve, and/or less than 2% exceeding approximately 3 inches in length. In certain embodiments, the minimum particle size can be eliminated, thereby effectively ensuring that some fines will remain that can help vegetation become established.
  • Certain embodiments of such compost can contain less than 1% by dry weight of inert, foreign, and/or man-made materials. Certain embodiments of such compost can have predetermined materials added thereto.
  • certain embodiments of the filling can include, support, and/or encompass one or more microorganisms, microflora, rhizospheres, mycospheres, and/or ecosystems that can biologically and/or chemically break-down, decompose, degrade, bind, and/or filter unwanted pollutants in the water that flows therethrough.
  • Certain embodiments of filling can include entities such as colonies, spores, seeds, bulbs, plugs, sprouts, sprigs, and/or seedlings of microorganisms, bacteria, fungi, and/or plants. As these entities become established, these entities can provide numerous beneficial functions.
  • certain living entities can assist with remediating the environmental impact of the expected effluent.
  • plants commonly called cattails, reeds, rushes and/or skunk cabbage can be useful for treating certain types of sewage.
  • a potential wetland area downstream of a septic field could be surrounded and/or filled with a filled tubes seeded with an appropriate variety of plant.
  • certain plants such as mustard, can be useful for absorbing particular heavy metals.
  • the root systems of plants growing from a filled tube can serve to anchor the filled tube into the adjacent soil. This anchoring can serve to prevent run-off from moving or washing away the filled tube.
  • certain embodiments of the filled mesh tube can eventually provide plants can improve the aesthetic image of the filled tube.
  • a sprouted filled tube can present, for example, blooming flowers, groundcovers, vines, shrubs, grasses (such as turn seed, annual rye, crown vetch, birds foot trefoil, and/or fescues), and/or aquatic plants, etc.
  • certain fungi and/or fungal components such as macrofungi (including mushrooms commonly referred to as shiitakes, portabellas, criminis, oysters, whites, and/or morels), white-rot fungi (such as P. chrysosporium), brown-rot fungi, mycelium, mycelial hyphae, and/or conidia, can be useful for decomposing and/or breaking down pollutants and/or contaminants, including petroleum, fertilizers, pesticides, explosives, and/or a wide assortment of agricultural, medical, and/or industrial wastes. Certain of such fungi and/or fungal components are available from Fungi Perfecti of Olympia, WA.
  • a microbial community encompassed within the filling of the mesh tube can participate with the fungi and/or fungal components to break down certain contaminants to carbon dioxide and water.
  • Certain wood-degrading fungi can be effective in breaking down aromatic pollutants and/or chlorinated compounds. They also can be natural predators and competitors of microorganisms such as bacteria, nematodes, and/or rotifers.
  • Certain strains of fungi have been developed that can detect, attack, destroy, and/or inhibit the growth of particular bacterial contaminants, such as Escherichia coli (E. coli).
  • Certain embodiments of the filling can include one or more fertilizers, flocculants, chemical binders, and/or water absorbers, any of which can be selected to address a particular need and/or problem, such as to fertilize the growth of a predetermined plant species and/or to bind a predetermined chemical.
  • a sock can be obtained pre-filled, such as with a plant growing medium, and/or a filling and/or plant growing medium can be added to a sock on-site and/or in situ.
  • a storage enclosure can at least partially surround a filling (such as a plant growing medium), and can be a vessel, tank, hopper, truck, and/or pile, etc.
  • a filling delivery mechanism can be a hose, tube, pipe, duct, and/or chute, and can include a mechanical and/or pneumatic component, such as an auger, vibrator, and/or fan, etc. for biasing the filling toward and/or into a sock.
  • the delivery mechanism can be replaced with a manual approach, whereby a human places filling into a sock.
  • the delivery mechanism can include a nozzle, reducer, and/or hose adaptor that allows a standard hose (such as a hose having an outer diameter of from approximately 4 inches to approximately 5 inches) to fill a larger and/or smaller diameter sock.
  • the sock can be fabricated from a flexible netting material, which can be woven, sewn, knitted, welded, molded, and/or extruded, etc.
  • netting material can be biodegradable, and in certain embodiments, at a predetermined rate of biodegradation. Alternatively, the netting material can resist biodegradation.
  • the netting material can be fabricated from cotton, burlap, hemp, plastic, biodegradable plastic, UV sensitive plastic, UV inhibited plastic, polyester, polypropylene, multi-filament polypropylene, polyethylene, LDPE, HDPE, rayon, and/or nylon.
  • the netting material can be of any diameter and/or thickness, ranging from approximately 0.5 mils to 30 mils, including approximately 0.5, 0.75, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, 15, 18, 20, 22, 25, 28, and/or 30 mils.
  • the netting material can be in any available mesh size (mesh opening), from a mesh as small as that of women's pantyhose, and including a nominal mesh opening of approximately: 0.001, 0.005, 0.010, 0.025, 0.050, 0.0625, 0.125, 0.25, 0.375, 0.5, 0.625, 0.75, 0.875, 1.0, 1.125, 1.25, 1.375, and/or 1.5 inches.
  • the netting material can have any mesh opening pattern, including diamond, hexagonal, oval, round, and/or square, etc.
  • the sock can be fabricated in standard lengths, such as any of approximately 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 15, 20, 25, 50, 75, 100, 125, 150, 200, 250, 300, 400, and/or 500 foot lengths, any of which can be coupled together to form a continuous mesh tube of any size, including tubes as long as 1000, 2000, 3000, 4000, 5000, 7500, and/or 10,000 or more feet.
  • certain lengths of filled mesh tubes can be intended to be portable, and other lengths of filled mesh tubes can be intended to be immobile.
  • the sock can be filled completely or incompletely.
  • the sock can be generally curvilinear, round, oval, or polygonal in longitudinal cross-section. If generally oval, the sock can have a major diameter ranging from approximately 3 inches to approximately 30 inches, including approximately 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 28, and/or 30 inches.
  • the ratio of the length of the sock to its major diameter can be approximately 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 75, 100, 150, 200, 300, 400, and/or 500 or larger.
  • the sock can have opposing longitudinal ends, the end nearest the delivery device called the proximal end and the end furthest the delivery device called the distal end.
  • the distal end can be closed and/or sealed prior to the delivery of filling into the sock.
  • the proximal end can be closed and/or sealed.
  • the method of closing and/or sealing either of the ends of the sock can include knitting, sewing, folding, welding, stapling, clipping, clamping, tying, knotting, and/or fastening, etc.
  • the socks can securely contain the plant growing medium, so that the growing medium does not intermix with the backfill, wash-out and/or erode down the back of the face, and/or wash and/or leach outward onto and/or down the outer face of wall.
  • the socks likewise can provide a barrier to prevent the backfill from washing and/or leaching outward onto and/or down the outer face of wall. Due to the containment of the growing medium, the plants can be provided access to a predetermined, known, and/or continuous quantity and/or quality of growing medium, which can lead to the growth of an inter-connected mass of plant roots that can further stabilize the wall and/or slope.
  • fluidic irrigation components such as pipes, tubing, and/or hose
  • fluidic irrigation components can be installed longitudinally externally between and/or longitudinally internally through the socks, thereby allowing for timed and/or controlled amounts of water to be applied as desired at predetermined courses and/or locations within the wall, thus allowing for the plants to be adequately watered to sustain their growth and/or vitality.
  • One or more predetermined fertilizers, pesticides, and/or other plant-enhancing compositions can be added to the irrigation water as desired to further sustain plant growth and/or vitality.
  • the wire mesh can define open apertures having a cross-dimension of from approximately 0.25 inches to approximately 12 inches (including all values and sub-ranges therebetween)
  • the open apertures can be located in the horizontal portion, rearward of the angled portion, and/or rearward of the socks.
  • Backfill can pass through those rearward apertures and thereby greatly increase resistance to pullout of the facing from the backfill.
  • Those open apertures can enable the facing elements to be more securely connected to and/or integrated with the backfill. This capability can allow for maintenance of the alignment of the face elements during heavy compaction of backfill directly behind the wall face and/or socks.
  • the welded wire mesh face elements can be connected to polymer strap wall reinforcements via a simple lace-through of each strap over one or more wires that extend generally perpendicularly to the direction of the strap.
  • the straps can have a width of from approximately 2 inches to approximately 12 inches (including all values and sub-ranges therebetween). The straps can connect virtually anywhere along the wire mesh in any desired density and/or configuration.
  • Each strap can extend into the slope and be covered by compacted backfill, such that tipping or bowing out of the wall is opposed by friction between the strap and the backfill.
  • the straps and backfill can help establish and/or maintain the wire mesh elements, and thus the wall, in the desired and/or proper position.
  • the wire mesh might be galvanized (i.e., zinc coated) to prevent, resist, and/or delay corrosion of the wire.
  • the galvanizing process can leave lumps, barbs, and/or sharp residual spots on the wires.
  • a unique cushioning jacket that can snap onto a chosen wire of the wire mesh to form a handle that reduces stresses, and particularly point stresses, that would otherwise be applied to a person or object that bears or pulls against that uncovered wire.
  • the jacket can have a substantially cylindrical shape, with an outer diameter that can range from approximately 0.5 inches to approximately 9 inches (including all values and sub-ranges therebetween, such as approximately 0.99, 1.5, 2.09, 3, 4.172, 5.01, 6, etc. inches).
  • the jacket in longitudinal cross-section, can have a substantially annular shape, with the inner diameter sized from approximately 0.03 inches to approximately 8 inches larger than the outer diameter of the wire (including all values and sub-ranges therebetween).
  • the jacket can have a slot that extends through its annular wall and along its length.
  • the width of the slot can be somewhat smaller, identical to, and/or somewhat larger than the width of the wire.
  • the longitudinally extending slot can allow the jacket to slide over the wire via a force fit, running fit, and/or close fit, so that the jacket can substantially encircle the wire, yet can resist detachment from the wire.
  • the outer (or inner) perimeter of the cross-section of the jacket can define any polygonal shape, such as substantially oblong, square, octagonal, semi-rounded, etc.
  • the jacket can, but need not, be configured to rotate or roll around the wire.
  • the jacket can protect the polymer strap from stress concentrations caused by the wire, which can result in tearing, puncture, and/or other damage to the strap.
  • the jacket can increase the effective wrap diameter of the portion of the strap wrapped around the wire, thereby absorbing, disbursing, and/or spreading certain loads on the strap.
  • the jacket can be installed at a more forward (e.g., second, third, etc. from the terminal) wire of the mesh. That is, the strap need not wrap around the rear-most wire (with or without the stress relief provided by a jacket). Instead, the strap can wrap around a jacket than is forward of the rear-most wire.
  • the potential can be lower that the roughness of the galvanizing and/or the thinness of the wire will create a shear plane on the strap that will prematurely break the strap. Taking this approach can ensure that the strap is secure and/or the limiting factor of the strap/wire connection is the weld strength of the wire. If an increase in connection strength is needed, more wires and/or welds can be added, and/or larger diameter and/or stronger wires can be utilized.
  • the jacket can be formed from, e.g., injection-molded plastic and/or extruded high density foam.
  • connection of the strap to the wire mesh rear-ward from the major face of the wall that connection is protected from undesired destructive events, such as accidents and/or vandalism. Such destructive events can cause breakage of the strap, thereby leaving the wall vulnerable to translation, bowing, tipping, and/or collapse.
  • certain exemplary embodiments can facilitate building a living wall system 8000 using multiple courses 8150, 8250, 8350, etc., each course formed from lightweight polymer block-like modules ("blocks") 8100 and one or more socks 8200, the courses defining a plurality of openings or growing zones 8150 through which plants 8900 can grow, potentially assisted by water provided by irrigation conduit 8800.
  • Living wall system 8000 can help stabilize a slope 8920 that is formed from an earthen material 8940 (potentially comprising backfill) thereby preventing, resisting, and/or reducing erosion and/or washout of the earthen material and/or collapse of the slope.
  • blocks 8100 can be horizontally arranged to provide block front faces 8120 neighbored by growing zones 8160 that are provided by a sock 8200 (as described herein), the block faces arranged in a running bond manner, so that each front face 8120 is horizontally neighbored by a growing zone 8160, and each growing zone is horizontally neighbored by a front face.
  • the initial course of blocks can rest upon a leveling pad that can be formed from aggregate, concrete, a polymer, etc.
  • Each course can be offset from the below and/or above course to thereby form a checker board (or skewed checker board) pattern of front faces and growing zones.
  • the socks that form the growing zones can extend beyond a given growing zone and into and/or across a neighboring block.
  • a single sock can extend across multiple blocks to form multiple growing zones.
  • FIG. 9 shows a perspective view of an exemplary embodiment of a block 9100.
  • Each block can be defined by a substantially planar and/or substantially solid exterior front face 9120, a substantially latticed, meshed, and/or aperture bottom 9130, and one or more back posts or stops 9140.
  • front face 9120 can be configured to resemble any desired material, such as stones, timbers, and/or traditional concrete blocks.
  • Front face 9120 can have a height ranging from approximately 4 inches to approximately 12 inches (including all values and sub-ranges therebetween), a width ranging from approximately 12 inches to approximately 24 inches (including all values and sub-ranges therebetween) and/or a weight ranging from approximately 1 pound to approximately 10 pounds (including all values and sub-ranges therebetween) without infill or socks installed.
  • the height of the blocks used for a given course and/or for the wall can be substantially uniform, such as within from approximately 3 inches to approximately 18 inches (including all values and sub-ranges therebetween).
  • the size and/or weight of the blocks can facilitate easy and/or safe manual handling and/or installation.
  • Front face 9120 can have both a front side 9122 that faces away from the slope and a rear side 9124 that faces the interior of the block and thereby into the slope.
  • the volume between the front side and the rear side can be substantially solid.
  • that volume can be substantially hollow, with only limited structural members to provide structural integrity and/or maintain a separation between most of the front side and the rear side, which can join at the top of the front face. By keeping this volume substantially hollow, the overall weight of the block can be reduced.
  • FIG. 10 shows a perspective view of an exemplary embodiment of a system 10000, which can include block 10100.
  • the geometry of block 10100, a course of blocks, and/or a stacked wall of blocks can be configured to constrain and/or resist horizontal and/or vertical movement of one or more substantially horizontally-extending tubular mesh socks 10200 that are filled with plant growing medium.
  • the socks and/or growing medium can have any of the characteristics described herein.
  • FIG. 11 shows a perspective view of an exemplary embodiment of a group of blocks 11100 that are arranged to allow a wall of which they are apart to change direction, such as at a corner. Also shown are X, Y, and Z coordinate axes.
  • each block 12100 can be configured to be stabilized by one or more polymer straps 12500 that can extend into the slope's backfill at one or more locations per course.
  • This configuration can take the form of an extension 12600 to the bottom and/or posts of the block that defines an aperture 12700 through which strap 12500 that extends toward the face of the wall can change direction and/or loop and extend back into the slope and/or backfill.
  • This extension and aperture also can serve as a handle for manually carrying the block.
  • the handle can be rounded and/or can have a width of from approximately 0.5 inches to approximately 12 inches (including all values and sub-ranges therebetween).
  • X, Y, and Z coordinate axes are also shown.
  • the blocks can be shaped in a manner that allows one block to nest within another, thereby allowing the blocks to be closely grouped to substantially minimize shipping and/or handling volume and/or costs.
  • the blocks, socks, and/or straps can be formed from plastic, such as medium to high density polyethylene, polypropylene, polyester, nylon, and/or ABS, etc.
  • the blocks, socks, and/or straps can be formed from recycled plastic.
  • the wall can be formed substantially and/or totally from recycled and/or post-consumer content, particularly if the socks are filled with compost.
  • a removable side rail 12800 can be provided for one or more blocks 12100.
  • Such a side rail which can be formed from the same material as the blocks, can be substantially hollow, can span and/or connected between the back post and the front face of the block, and can span upwards from the bottom of the block to a plane defined by a top surface of the front face of the block.
  • an opposing pair of these side rails can provide a bearing or supporting surface 12820 for blocks of a second course located above the given block, those blocks in the second course offset with respect to the given block in a direction substantially parallel to the substantially horizontal longitudinal axis of the face of the wall, and/or can serve to align the blocks of the second course with those in the first course that support them.
  • the side rails can include apertures and/or grooves 12840 to allow irrigation members (e.g., pipes, tubes, and/or hoses, etc.) to extend substantially horizontally between or through socks that are placed within and/or between blocks of a given course.
  • the side rails can help trap loose growing medium between blocks of a given course.
  • one or more side rails 14800 can allow turns in a wall having a radius as small as zero (i.e., abrupt changes in the direction of the substantially horizontally extending longitudinal axis of the wall).
  • the side rails can allow turns in the wall having a radius and/or are angled (e.g., 30, 45, 60, 90 degrees, etc.) as measured from the substantially horizontally extending longitudinal axis of one section of the wall with respect to a horizontally adjacent section of the wall.
  • plants can grow from the filing of one or more socks 14200, 14202.
  • the bottom and/or some portion of the interior of that block, partial course of blocks, and/or one or more full courses of blocks can be covered and/or lined with one or more pieces of fabric, such as a knitted or woven mesh, non-woven filter cloth, and/or geotextile, any of which can be formed from a polymer and/or a natural fiber.
  • the filter cloth can act as a vertical barrier to migration of the growing media, yet can allow water and/or roots to penetrate vertically.
  • the filter cloth forms something more closely resembling a trough that extends up the inside of the front and/or back of the block, the filter cloth also can deter some horizontal migration of the growing media, while allowing horizontal penetration of water and/or roots. If desired, the side rails can help trap the filter cloth in place.
  • certain exemplary embodiments can facilitate building a living wall using socks 15200, such as a Filtrexx® SoxxTM (e.g., FilterSoxxTM, SoilSoxx®, GroSoxx®, GardenSoxx®, etc.).
  • socks 15200 such as a Filtrexx® SoxxTM (e.g., FilterSoxxTM, SoilSoxx®, GroSoxx®, GardenSoxx®, etc.).
  • Filtrexx® SoxxTM e.g., FilterSoxxTM, SoilSoxx®, GroSoxx®, GardenSoxx®, etc.
  • One or more of those socks, and potentially all of those socks can be filled with a plant growing medium.
  • Multiple stacked horizontal courses of filled socks can create a structural wall 15000, which can serve as a securement and/or retainer of an earthen slope.
  • Each course of the wall can comprise one or more socks.
  • the socks and/or growing medium have any of the characteristics described herein.
  • Each sock can be retained on the wall and/or locked to a predetermined location with respect to the wall by one or more lightweight injection molded polymer and/or plastic modules (“locks") 15100.
  • a modular lock 16100 can be defined by two substantially planar and/or substantially latticed, meshed, and/or apertured exterior front faces 16120, 16140.
  • Each front face can extend within a substantially vertical plane.
  • an upper face 16140 can be located above a lower face 16120 yet substantially horizontally offset from the lower face by a predetermined distance to obtain a predetermined batter, contour, and/or slope angle for the wall, which, for example, can measure from approximately 45 degrees to approximately 85 degrees, including all values therebetween (e.g., 48.2, 55, 62.5, 70, 78.75, etc. degrees) and sub-ranges therebetween.
  • One or more of the faces can be coupled to an integral and substantially planar, latticed, and/or horizontally-extending sock separator 16130.
  • the lock can resemble a portion of a staircase, where the lower face can resemble a lower riser, the sock separator can resemble a tread, and the upper face can resemble an upper riser.
  • Each lock can be configured to constrain and/or resist horizontal and/or vertical of movement of the adjacent socks. That is, the sock separator of the lock can rest upon a sock of a given course (e.g., "course X"), and can be rested upon by a sock of an immediately above course (e.g., "course Y"). Thus, the sock separator of the lock can be positioned between and/or partially separate two courses of socks. As described above, due to the offset faces of the lock, the course Y can be set-back into the slope with respect to course X. The upper face can help restrict or prevent horizontal movement of course Y, while the lower face can help restrict or prevent horizontal movement of course X.
  • the lower face and/or upper face can resemble a lattice, mesh, and/or holed plate, nearly the entire exposed surface of the sock can be planted and/or serve as a plant growing zone. Moreover, due to the batter (set-back) created by the lock, plants can grow vertically from the wall, and/or a substantial portion of rainfall that strikes the wall can be absorbed directly into the socks. Because the sock separator can resemble a lattice, mesh, and/or holed plate, roots of plants can extend through a sock and further down into the backfill and/or lower courses of the wall, thereby creating a structural web of roots that can further secure and/or stabilize the wall.
  • Either front face can have a height ranging from approximately 2 inches to approximately 24 inches (including all values and sub-ranges therebetween) and/or a width ranging from approximately 8 inches to approximately 36 inches (including all values and sub-ranges therebetween).
  • the sock separator can have a depth ranging from approximately 8 inches to approximately 48 inches (including all values and sub-ranges therebetween).
  • Each lock can be configured to connect to and/or be stabilized by one or more polymer straps that can extend into the slope's backfill at one or more locations per course.
  • This configuration can take the form of an extension to the sock separator that extends the sock separator beyond its connection to the upper face. That extension can define an aperture through which a strap that extends toward the face of the wall can change direction and/or loop and extend back into the slope and/or backfill.
  • the extension can provide a handle for manually carrying the lock, the handle having a diameter of from approximately 0.5 inches to 6 inches (including all values and sub-ranges therebetween).
  • the extension can include one or more substantially vertically-extending protrusions (e.g., spikes, pins, prongs, and/or posts) that can serve to lock the upper sock horizontally into position before backfill is placed behind the upper sock.
  • the locks can be formed from metal, welded wire, and/or plastic, such as medium to high density polyethylene, polypropylene, polyester, nylon, and/or ABS, etc., with any portion comprising recycled plastic.
  • Any handle described herein can be substantially surrounded by a jacket that can serve to distribute, spread, and/or disburse stresses otherwise imposed on the handle by one or more reinforcement straps.
  • the jacket can have an outer diameter of from approximately 1 inch to approximately 12 inches (including all values and sub-ranges therebetween).

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mining & Mineral Resources (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • General Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Paleontology (AREA)
  • Civil Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Structural Engineering (AREA)
  • Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
  • Cultivation Receptacles Or Flower-Pots, Or Pots For Seedlings (AREA)
  • Cultivation Of Plants (AREA)

Claims (27)

  1. Rückhaltewandsystem (4000), das dafür ausgelegt ist, eine Böschung zu stabilisieren, die aus erdartigem Material (3800) gebildet ist, wobei das Rückhaltewandsystem Folgendes umfasst:
    eine stabilisierende Wand, die eine Mehrzahl aufeinandergeschichteter Lagen umfasst, die aus einer oder mehreren sich im Wesentlichen in horizontaler Richtung erstreckenden Maschenwerkröhren (4200, 4202) gebildet sind, wobei jede der Röhren im Wesentlichen mit einem Pflanzenwachstumsmedium gefüllt ist;
    eine Mehrzahl an modularen Röhrenrückhaltemitteln (1100, 4100, 4102), die zusammengenommen dafür ausgelegt sind, einem Kippen und Durchbiegen einer näherungsweise ebenen Hauptfläche der stabilisierenden Wand im Wesentlichen zu widerstehen, wobei die Böschung distal zur Hauptfläche gelegen ist;
    und wobei:
    jede gefüllte Maschenwerkröhre einen im Wesentlichen ovalen Querschnitt in Längsrichtung hat;
    jedes Röhrenrückhaltemittel ein im Wesentlichen rückwärtig offenes, vorgebogenes, ineinandergreifendes Maschendrahtelement umfasst, das einen im Wesentlichen ebenen Grundabschnitt (1120) begrenzt, der lückenlos mit einem im Wesentlichen ebenen Stirnabschnitt (1140) verbunden ist, wobei der Grundabschnitt dafür ausgelegt ist, mit einer Unterseite einer Röhre der sich im Wesentlichen in horizontaler Richtung erstreckenden Maschenwerkröhren, von denen eine oder mehrere vorliegen, unmittelbar in Kontakt zu sein und diese im Wesentlichen zu stützen, wobei der Stirnabschnitt dafür ausgelegt ist, mit einer Stirnseite dieser Röhre unmittelbar in Kontakt zu sein, wobei der Grundabschnitt dafür ausgelegt ist, sich ausgehend vom Stirnabschnitt in im Wesentlichen horizontaler Richtung über eine Entfernung, die größer als die Querschnittsabmessung der Röhre in Längsrichtung ist, in das erdartige Material zu erstrecken;
    jedes Röhrenrückhaltemittel eine Mehrzahl an Rückhaltemittelöffnungen begrenzt, die dafür dafür ausgelegt sind, es Pflanzenwurzeln und dem erdartigen Material (3800) im Wesentlichen zu ermöglichen, im Wesentlichen vertikal durch diese hindurch zu gelangen, in einen Bereich innerhalb des Rückhaltewandsystems, der distal zur Hauptfläche gelegen ist;
    jedes Röhrenrückhaltemittel im Wesentlichen durch mindestens einen Verstärkungsgurt (1500) stabilisiert ist, der sich durch einen Abschnitt des erdartigen Materials erstreckt, aber keinerlei Schlinge oder Umwicklung um eine entsprechende Röhre bildet;
    jeder Verstärkungsgurt sich schlingenartig durch eine Öffnung erstreckt, an die ein sich im Wesentlichen in horizontaler Richtung erstreckender Handgriff (1700) eines entsprechenden Röhrenrückmittels anschließt;
    wobei jeder Handgriff einen Durchmesser von mindestens 0,5 Inch hat.
  2. System nach Anspruch 1, wobei:
    die Röhrenrückhaltemittel derart ausgelegt sind, dass sie es Stämmen, Sprossen, Zweigen und/oder Blättern von Pflanzen, die in den Röhren verwurzelt sind, ermöglichen, im Wesentlich derart zu wachsen, dass sie sich von den Röhrenrückhaltemitteln entfernen.
  3. System nach Anspruch 1, wobei:
    die Röhrenrückhaltemittel das dafür ausgelegt sind, es Pflanzen, die in den Röhren verwurzelt sind, ermöglichen, in einem derartigen Ausmaß zu wachsen, dass die Pflanzen innerhalb von 3 Jahren die Hauptfläche der Wand im Wesentlichen bedecken.
  4. System nach Anspruch 1, wobei:
    jeder untenliegende Abschnitt dafür ausgelegt ist, es Pflanzenwurzeln zu ermöglichen, sich im Wesentlichen vertikal durch diesen hindurch zu erstrecken.
  5. System nach Anspruch 1, wobei:
    jede Röhre Maschenöffnungen begrenzt, die dafür ausgelegt sind, es Pflanzenwurzeln zu ermöglichen, sich im Wesentlich durch diese hindurch zu erstrecken.
  6. System nach Anspruch 1, wobei:
    jedes Röhrenrückhaltemittel einen oder mehrere Vorsprünge umfasst, die dafür ausgelegt sind,
    einer Bewegung von Röhren in einer im Wesentlichen horizontalen Richtung im Wesentlichen zu widerstehen.
  7. System nach Anspruch 1, wobei:
    jeder Handgriff dafür ausgelegt ist, eine Konzentration von Belastungen auf den ihm entsprechenden Gurt im Wesentlichen zu verringern.
  8. System nach Anspruch 1, wobei:
    die Röhren dafür ausgelegt sind, im Wesentlichen das Pflanzenwachstumsmedium von dem erdartigen Material zu trennen und eine Erosion und/oder ein Auswaschen des Pflanzenwachstumsmediums im Wesentlichen zu verhindern.
  9. System nach Anspruch 1, wobei:
    jedes Röhrenrückhaltemittel für eine Bewässerungsleitung ausgelegt ist, die mindestens eine der folgenden Erstreckungen aufweisen sollte:
    im Wesentlichen durch das Röhrenrückhaltemittel;
    im Wesentlichen durch eine Röhre, die von diesem Röhrenrückhaltemittel zurückgehalten wird;
    im Wesentlichen zwischen der Röhre und einer angrenzenden Röhre; und
    im Wesentlichen parallel zu einer Längsachse der Röhre.
  10. System nach Anspruch 1, wobei:
    sich eine Bewässerungsleitung im Wesentlichen in Längsrichtung durch mindestens eine der Röhren erstreckt.
  11. System nach Anspruch 1, wobei:
    die Mehrzahl an Röhrenrückhaltemitteln im Wesentlichen ineinander greift.
  12. System nach Anspruch 1, wobei:
    jeder Stirnabschnitt einen Abschnitt der Hauptfläche begrenzt.
  13. System nach Anspruch 1, wobei:
    mindestens einer der Flächenabschnitte über eine Strebe mit seinem entsprechenden Grundabschnitt verbunden ist.
  14. System nach Anspruch 1, wobei:
    mindestens einer der Flächenabschnitte dafür ausgelegt ist, in einem zuvor festgelegten Winkel einer oder mehreren der Lagen bezüglich einer darunter befindlichen Lage ein Profil, eine Schrägung oder eine Rücksetzung zuvor festgelegter Art zu verleihen.
  15. System nach Anspruch 1, wobei:
    mindestens einer der Flächenabschnitte dafür ausgelegt ist, in einem zuvor festgelegten Winkel einer oder mehreren der Lagen bezüglich einer darunter befindlichen Lage ein Profil, eine Schrägung oder eine Rücksetzung zuvor festgelegter Art zu verleihen; und
    der zuvor festgelegte Winkel im Bereich von näherungsweise 45 Grad ausgehend von der Horizontalen bis näherungsweise 85 Grad ausgehend von der Horizontalen liegt.
  16. System nach Anspruch 1, wobei:
    mindestens einer der Flächenabschnitte derart texturiert und/oder eingefärbt ist, dass er im Wesentlichen einem herkömmlichen Baumaterial für Wände ähnlich ist.
  17. System nach Anspruch 1, wobei:
    jede Röhre einen Mindestwert der Maschenweite von näherungsweise 0,050 Inch hat.
  18. System nach Anspruch 1, wobei:
    die Mehrzahl an Verstärkungsgurten dafür ausgelegt ist, im Wesentlichen Lasten zu widerstehen, welche die Wand zum Kippen und/oder Durchbiegen zu bringen würden.
  19. System nach Anspruch 1, wobei:
    jeder der Verstärkungsgurte, von denen einer oder mehrere vorliegen, im Wesentlichen durch eine entsprechende Ummantelung von einem Kontakt mit dem entsprechenden Röhrenrückhaltemittel ferngehalten wird, wobei die Ummantelung dafür ausgelegt ist, den Gurt im Wesentlichen vor nennenswerten Schäden zu schützen, wie sie durch einen direkten Kontakt des Gurts mit dem Röhrenrückhaltemittel verursacht würden.
  20. System nach Anspruch 1, wobei:
    jeder der Verstärkungsgurte, von denen einer oder mehrere vorliegen, im Wesentlichen durch eine entsprechende Ummantelung von einem Kontakt mit einem Draht des entsprechenden Röhrenrückhaltemittels ferngehalten wird, wobei die Ummantelung dafür ausgelegt ist, den Gurt im Wesentlichen vor nennenswerten Schäden zu schützen, wie sie durch einen direkten Kontakt des Gurts mit dem Draht verursacht würden, wobei die Ummantelung proximal zu einem am weitesten distal gelegenen Draht eines horizontalen Abschnitts des Röhrenrückhaltemittels angeordnet ist.
  21. System nach Anspruch 1, wobei:
    keinerlei filterndes Gewebe oder Geotextil das erdartige Material in nennenswerter Weise von einem Außenbereich einer beliebigen Röhre der Mehrzahl von Röhren trennt.
  22. System nach Anspruch 1, wobei:
    keine der Röhren mit einem Geotextil umwickelt ist.
  23. System nach Anspruch 1, wobei:
    jedes der Mehrzahl an Röhrenrückhaltemitteln auf jedes andere Röhrenrückhaltemittel aus der Mehrzahl der Röhrenrückhaltemittel geschichtet werden kann.
  24. System nach Anspruch 1, wobei:
    jedes der Mehrzahl an Röhrenrückhaltemitteln mit jedem anderen Röhrenrückhaltemittel aus der Mehrzahl der Röhrenrückhaltemittel ineinander gestellt werden kann.
  25. System nach Anspruch 1, wobei:
    jedes Röhrenrückhaltemittel dafür ausgelegt ist, im Wesentlichen das Wachstum von Pflanzenwurzeln aus einer ersten Röhre in eine angrenzende zweite Röhre zu fördern.
  26. System nach Anspruch 1, wobei:
    jedes Röhrenrückhaltemittel dafür ausgelegt ist, im Wesentlichen das Wachstum von Pflanzenwurzeln aus einer ersten Röhre in eine vertikal angrenzende zweite Röhre zu fördern.
  27. System nach Anspruch 1, wobei:
    jedes Röhrenrückhaltemittel dafür ausgelegt ist, im Wesentlichen das Wachstum von Pflanzenwurzeln aus einer ersten Röhre in eine horizontal angrenzende zweite Röhre zu fördern.
EP15777098.3A 2014-04-11 2015-04-10 Systeme, vorrichtungen und/oder verfahren zum zurückhalten von abhängen Active EP3129557B1 (de)

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US20170138013A1 (en) 2017-05-18
EP3129557A4 (de) 2017-10-18

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