EP3101096B1 - Method of lubrication of turbines using star polymers - Google Patents

Method of lubrication of turbines using star polymers Download PDF

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Publication number
EP3101096B1
EP3101096B1 EP16166698.7A EP16166698A EP3101096B1 EP 3101096 B1 EP3101096 B1 EP 3101096B1 EP 16166698 A EP16166698 A EP 16166698A EP 3101096 B1 EP3101096 B1 EP 3101096B1
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Prior art keywords
polymer
mixtures
lubricating
meth
alkyl
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German (de)
English (en)
French (fr)
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EP3101096A1 (en
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Barton J Schober
Allan Barber
Marina Baum
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Lubrizol Corp
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Lubrizol Corp
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
    • C10M161/00—Lubricating compositions characterised by the additive being a mixture of a macromolecular compound and a non-macromolecular compound, each of these compounds being essential
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
    • C10M167/00—Lubricating compositions characterised by the additive being a mixture of a macromolecular compound, a non-macromolecular compound and a compound of unknown or incompletely defined constitution, each of these compounds being essential
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
    • C10M2205/00—Organic macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds or fractions, whether or not modified by oxidation as ingredients in lubricant compositions
    • C10M2205/02—Organic macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds or fractions, whether or not modified by oxidation as ingredients in lubricant compositions containing acyclic monomers
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
    • C10M2207/00—Organic non-macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds containing hydrogen, carbon and oxygen as ingredients in lubricant compositions
    • C10M2207/02—Hydroxy compounds
    • C10M2207/023—Hydroxy compounds having hydroxy groups bound to carbon atoms of six-membered aromatic rings
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
    • C10M2209/00—Organic macromolecular compounds containing oxygen as ingredients in lubricant compositions
    • C10M2209/02—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
    • C10M2209/08—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds containing monomers having an unsaturated radical bound to a carboxyl radical, e.g. acrylate type
    • C10M2209/084—Acrylate; Methacrylate
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
    • C10M2209/00—Organic macromolecular compounds containing oxygen as ingredients in lubricant compositions
    • C10M2209/02—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
    • C10M2209/08—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds containing monomers having an unsaturated radical bound to a carboxyl radical, e.g. acrylate type
    • C10M2209/086—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds containing monomers having an unsaturated radical bound to a carboxyl radical, e.g. acrylate type polycarboxylic, e.g. maleic acid
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
    • C10M2215/00—Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing nitrogen as ingredients in lubricant compositions
    • C10M2215/22—Heterocyclic nitrogen compounds
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
    • C10M2215/00—Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing nitrogen as ingredients in lubricant compositions
    • C10M2215/22—Heterocyclic nitrogen compounds
    • C10M2215/221—Six-membered rings containing nitrogen and carbon only
    • C10M2215/222—Triazines
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
    • C10M2219/00—Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing sulfur, selenium or tellurium as ingredients in lubricant compositions
    • C10M2219/04—Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing sulfur, selenium or tellurium as ingredients in lubricant compositions containing sulfur-to-oxygen bonds, i.e. sulfones, sulfoxides
    • C10M2219/044—Sulfonic acids, Derivatives thereof, e.g. neutral salts
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
    • C10M2219/00—Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing sulfur, selenium or tellurium as ingredients in lubricant compositions
    • C10M2219/10—Heterocyclic compounds containing sulfur, selenium or tellurium compounds in the ring
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
    • C10M2223/00—Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing phosphorus as ingredients in lubricant compositions
    • C10M2223/02—Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing phosphorus as ingredients in lubricant compositions having no phosphorus-to-carbon bonds
    • C10M2223/04—Phosphate esters
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
    • C10M2223/00—Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing phosphorus as ingredients in lubricant compositions
    • C10M2223/02—Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing phosphorus as ingredients in lubricant compositions having no phosphorus-to-carbon bonds
    • C10M2223/04—Phosphate esters
    • C10M2223/043—Ammonium or amine salts thereof
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
    • C10M2223/00—Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing phosphorus as ingredients in lubricant compositions
    • C10M2223/02—Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing phosphorus as ingredients in lubricant compositions having no phosphorus-to-carbon bonds
    • C10M2223/04—Phosphate esters
    • C10M2223/045—Metal containing thio derivatives
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
    • C10N2020/00—Specified physical or chemical properties or characteristics, i.e. function, of component of lubricating compositions
    • C10N2020/01—Physico-chemical properties
    • C10N2020/019—Shear stability
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
    • C10N2020/00—Specified physical or chemical properties or characteristics, i.e. function, of component of lubricating compositions
    • C10N2020/01—Physico-chemical properties
    • C10N2020/04—Molecular weight; Molecular weight distribution
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
    • C10N2020/00—Specified physical or chemical properties or characteristics, i.e. function, of component of lubricating compositions
    • C10N2020/01—Physico-chemical properties
    • C10N2020/073—Star shaped polymers
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
    • C10N2040/00—Specified use or application for which the lubricating composition is intended
    • C10N2040/04—Oil-bath; Gear-boxes; Automatic transmissions; Traction drives
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
    • C10N2040/00—Specified use or application for which the lubricating composition is intended
    • C10N2040/08—Hydraulic fluids, e.g. brake-fluids
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
    • C10N2040/00—Specified use or application for which the lubricating composition is intended
    • C10N2040/135—Steam engines or turbines
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
    • C10N2040/00—Specified use or application for which the lubricating composition is intended
    • C10N2040/25—Internal-combustion engines

Definitions

  • the present invention provides a method for lubricating a mechanical device, as defined in Claim 1, comprising providing to the mechanical device a lubricating composition, as defined in Claim 1, containing a polymer which has radial or star architecture, an antiwear agent and a corrosion inhibitor.
  • star polymers in lubricating compositions are known.
  • the star polymers known in lubricating compositions are summarised in the prior art below.
  • US Patent Application US05/038146 discloses star polymers derived from (i) a core portion comprising a polyvalent (meth) acrylic monomer, oligomer or polymer thereof or a polyvalent divinyl non-acrylic monomer, oligomer or polymer thereof; and (ii) at least two arms of polymerized alkyl (meth)acrylate ester.
  • the polymers may be prepared by RAFT, ATRP or nitroxide mediated techniques.
  • star-branched polymers prepared from acrylic or methacrylic monomers.
  • the polymers have a core or nucleus derived from acrylate or methacrylate esters of polyols. Further the polymers have molecular weights and other physical characteristics that make them useful for lubricating oil compositions.
  • the star-branched polymers disclosed are prepared by anionic polymerisation techniques.
  • the star polymers of EP 979 834 require from 5 to 10 weight percent of a C16 to C30 alkyl (meth)acrylate and from 5 to 15 weight percent of butyl methacrylate.
  • a viscosity index improver with a C16 to C30 alkyl (meth)acrylate monomer present at 5 weight percent or more has reduced low temperature viscosity performance because the polymer has a waxy texture.
  • US Patent 5,070,131 discloses gear oil compositions having improved shear stability index essentially consisting of gear oil, a viscosity index improver comprising a hydrogenated star polymer comprising at least four arms, the arms comprising, before hydrogenation, polymerized conjugated diolefin monomer units and the arms having a number average molecular weight within the range of 3,000 to 15,000.
  • EP 0 818 525 A2 provides a branched polyolefin additive for use in fuel and/or lubricating oil in the form of a comb, star, nanogel and structural combinations thereof in which a plurality of polyolefin arms are attached to a backbone having repeating units containing aliphatic groups, aromatic groups, heteroatom-containing groups and combinations thereof, to provide a branched polymeric additive.
  • a lubricating composition containing a polymer that is capable of providing acceptable viscosity index (VI), oil blend thickening capabilities, shear stability, good low temperature viscosity performance, and low viscosity modifier treatment level whilst maintaining the appropriate lubricating performance for a mechanical device.
  • VI viscosity index
  • oil blend thickening capabilities oil blend thickening capabilities
  • shear stability good low temperature viscosity performance
  • low viscosity modifier treatment level whilst maintaining the appropriate lubricating performance for a mechanical device.
  • the present disclosure provides a lubricating composition capable of providing acceptable viscosity index (VI), oil blend thickening capabilities, shear stability, good low temperature viscosity performance, and low viscosity modifier treatment level whilst maintaining the appropriate lubricating performance for a mechanical device.
  • VI viscosity index
  • oil blend thickening capabilities oil blend thickening capabilities
  • shear stability good low temperature viscosity performance
  • low viscosity modifier treatment level whilst maintaining the appropriate lubricating performance for a mechanical device.
  • the prior art references, specifically WO 96/23012 and US 5,070,131 employ anionic polymerisation techniques to prepare the polymer.
  • Anionic polymerisation techniques are believed to involve complex processes that require systems to be substantially water-free, acid-free, oxygen-free, dry, clean, and have non-contaminated vessels. It would be advantageous to have a lubricating composition that does not require a polymer prepared with complex processes that require oxygen-free, dry, clean, non-contaminated vessels.
  • the lubricating composition disclosed herein may contain a polymer that does not require preparation by anionic polymerisation techniques.
  • the invention provides a method for lubricating a mechanical device comprising a supplying to the mechanical device a lubricating composition, wherein the mechanical device is a turbine system, and wherein the lubricating composition comprises:
  • the present invention provides a method for lubricating a mechanical device as disclosed above.
  • the polymer has (or contains) monomers composed of means the polymer comprises units derived from the particular monomer referred to.
  • the polymer may contain greater than 50 wt %, or about 55 wt % or more, or about 70 wt % or more, or about 90 wt % or more, or about 95 wt % or more, or about 100 wt % of a non-diene monomer (that is to say, non-diene monomer units or units derived from polymerisation of one of more non-diene monomers).
  • a non-diene monomer that is to say, non-diene monomer units or units derived from polymerisation of one of more non-diene monomers.
  • diene monomers include 1,3-butadiene or isoprene.
  • a non-diene or mono-vinyl monomer include styrene, methacrylates, or acrylates.
  • the polymer may be derived from about 20 wt % or more of a mono-vinyl monomer, wherein the polymer has a weight average molecular weight of about 50,000 to about 1,000,000, and wherein the polymer has radial or star architecture.
  • the amount of mono-vinyl monomer as described above refers only to the composition of the polymeric arms, i.e., the wt % values as given are exclusive of any di-functional (or higher) monomer found in a polymer core.
  • the molecular weight of the viscosity modifier has been determined using known methods, such as GPC analysis using polystyrene standards.
  • Methods for determining molecular weights of polymers are well known. The methods are described for instance: (i) P.J. Flory, “Principles of Polymer Chemistry", Cornell University Press 91953), Chapter VII, pp 266-315 ; or (ii) " Macromolecules, an Introduction to Polymer Science", F. A. Bovey and F. H. Winslow, Editors, Academic Press (1979), pp 296-312 .
  • the weight average and number weight average molecular weights of the polymers of the invention are obtained by integrating the area under the peak corresponding to the polymer, which is normally the major high molecular weight peak, excluding peaks associated with diluents, impurities, uncoupled polymer chains and other additives.
  • the polymer employed in the method of the invention has radial or star architecture.
  • the weight average molecular weight of the polymer is in the range of 50,000 to 1,000,000, or 100,000 to 800,000, or 120,000 to 700,000.
  • the shear stability index may be determined by a 20 hour KRL test (Volkswagen Tapered Bearing Roller Test). The test procedure is set out in both CEC-L-45-A-99 and DIN 51350-6-KRL/C.
  • the polymer SSI may be in the range of about 20 to about 90, or about 15 to about 75, or about 30 to about 60.
  • the polymer may have a weight average molecular weight of 50,000 to 1,000,000 and a SSI of about 10 to about 100, or about 20 to about 90; or the polymer may have a weight average molecular weight of 100,000 to 800,000 and a SSI of about 15 to about 75; or the polymer may have a weight average molecular weight of 120,000 to 700,000 and a SSI of about 30 to about 60.
  • the polymer may be a homopolymer or a copolymer. In one embodiment the polymer is a copolymer.
  • the polymer has a radial or a star architecture.
  • the polymer may be a polymer having a random, tapered, di-block, tri-block or multi-block architecture. Typically the polymer has random or tapered architecture.
  • the polymer has polymeric arms.
  • the polymeric arms may have block architecture, or hetero architecture, or tapered block architecture.
  • Tapered-arm architecture has a variable composition across the length of a polymer arm.
  • the tapered arm may be composed of, at one end, a relatively pure first monomer and, at the other end, a relatively pure second monomer.
  • the middle of the arm is more of a gradient composition of the two monomers.
  • the polymer derived from a block-arm typically contains one or more polymer arms derived from two or more monomers in block structure within the same arm.
  • a more detailed description of the block-arm is given in Chapter 13 (pp. 333-368) of "Anionic Polymerization, Principles and Practical Applications” by Henry Hsieh and Roderic Quirk (Marcel Dekker, Inc, New York, 1996 ) (hereinafter referred to as Hsieh et al.).
  • the hetero-arm, or "mikto-arm,” polymeric arm architecture typically contains arms which may vary from one another either in molecular weight, composition, or both, as defined in Hsieh et al., cited above.
  • a portion of the arms of a given polymer may be of one polymeric type and a portion of a second polymeric type.
  • More complex hetero-arm polymers may be formed by combining portions of three or more polymeric arms with a coupling agent.
  • the core portion may be a polyvalent (meth) acrylic monomer, oligomer, polymer, or copolymer thereof, or a polyvalent divinyl non-acrylic monomer, oligomer polymer, or copolymer thereof.
  • the polyvalent divinyl non-acrylic monomer is divinyl benzene.
  • the polyvalent (meth)acrylic monomer is an acrylate or methacrylate ester of a polyol or a methacrylamide of a polyamine, such as an amide of a polyamine, for instance a methacrylamide or an acrylamide.
  • the polyvalent (meth)acrylic monomer is (i) a condensation reaction product of an acrylic or methacrylic acid with a polyol or (ii) a condensation reaction product of an acrylic or methacrylic acid with a polyamine.
  • the polyol which may be condensed with the acrylic or methacrylic acid in different embodiments may contain about 2 to about 20, or about 3 to about 15, or about 4 to about 12 carbon atoms; and the number of hydroxyl groups present may be about 2 to about 10, or about 2 to about 4, or about 2.
  • polyols include ethylene glycol, poly (ethylene glycols), alkane diols such as 1,6-hexanene diol or triols such as trimethylolpropane, oligomerised trimethylolpropanes such as Boltorn ® materials sold by Perstorp Polyols.
  • polyamines include polyalkylenepolyamines such as ethylenediamine, diethylenetriamine, triethylenetetramine, tetraethylene pentamine, pentaethylenehexamine and mixtures thereof.
  • polyvalent unsaturated (meth)acrylic monomer examples include ethylene glycol diacrylate, ethylene glycol dimethacrylate, diethylene glycol diacrylate, diethylene glycol dimethacrylate, glycerol diacrylate, glycerol triacrylate, mannitol hexaacrylate, 4-cyclohexanediol diacrylate, 1,4-benzenediol dimethacrylate, pentaerythritol tetraacrylate, 1,3-propanediol diacrylate, 1,5-pentanediol dimethacrylate, bis-acrylates and methacrylates of polyethylene glycols of molecular weight about 200 to about 4000, polycaprolactonediol diacrylate, pentaerythritol triacrylate, 1,1,1-trimethylolpropane triacrylate, pentaerythritol diacrylate, pentaerythritol triacrylate, penta
  • the amount of polyvalent coupling agent may be an amount suitable to provide coupling of polymer previously prepared as arms onto a core comprising the coupling agent in monomeric, oligomeric, or polymeric form, to provide a star polymer.
  • suitable amounts may be determined readily by the person skilled in the art with minimal experimentation, even though several variables may be involved. For example, if an excessive amount of coupling agent is employed, or if excessive unreacted monomer from the formation of the polymeric arms remains in the system, crosslinking rather than star formation may occur.
  • the mole ratio of polymer arms to coupling agent may be about 50:1 to about 1.5:1 (or 1:1), or about 30:1 to about 2:1, or about 10:1 to about 3:1, or about 7:1 to about 4:1, or about 4:1 to about 1:1.
  • the mole ratio of polymer arms to coupling agent may be about 50:1 to about 0.5:1, or about 30:1 to about 1:1, or about 7:1 to about 2:1.
  • the desired ratio may also be adjusted to take into account the length of the arms, longer arms sometimes tolerating or requiring more coupling agent than shorter arms.
  • the material prepared is soluble in an oil of lubricating viscosity.
  • the polymeric arms of the polymer have a polydispersity of about 2 or less, or about 1.7 or less, or about 1.5 or less, for instance, about 1 to about 1.4 as measured before radial or star polymer formation or on uncoupled units.
  • the overall polymer composition which includes the polymer with radial or star architecture, has polydispersity with a bimodal or higher modal distribution. The bimodal or higher distribution in the overall polymer composition is believed to be partially due to the presence of varying amounts of uncoupled polymer chains and/or uncoupled radial or star-polymers or star-to-star coupling formed as the polymer is prepared.
  • the overall polymer composition with the radial or star architecture may thus also have uncoupled polymeric arms present (also referred to as a polymer chain or linear polymer).
  • the percentage conversion of a polymer chain to radial or star polymer may be at least about 10%, or at least about 20%, or at least about 40%, or at least about 55%, for instance at least about 70%, at least about 75% or at least about 80%.
  • the conversion of polymer chain to radial or star polymer may be about 90%, or about 95%, or about 100%.
  • a portion of the polymer chains does not form a star polymer and remains as a linear polymer.
  • the polymer is a mixture of (i) a polymer with radial or star architecture, and (ii) linear polymer chains (also referred to as uncoupled polymeric arms).
  • the amount of radial or star architecture within the polymer composition may be about 10 wt % to about 85 wt %, or about 25 wt % to about 70 wt % of the amount of polymer.
  • the linear polymer chains may be present at about 15 wt % to about 90 wt %, or about 30 wt % to about 75 wt % of the amount of polymer.
  • the polymer with radial or star architecture may have 5 or more arms, or about 7 or more arms, or 10 or more arms, for instance about 12 to about 100, or about 14 to about 50, or about 16 to about 40 arms.
  • the polymer with radial or star architecture may have about 120 arms or less, or about 80 arms or less, or about 60 arms or less.
  • the polymer may be obtained/obtainable from a controlled radical polymerisation technique.
  • a controlled radical polymerisation technique include RAFT, ATRP or nitroxide mediated processes.
  • the polymer may also be obtained/obtainable from anionic polymerisation processes.
  • the polymer may be obtained/obtainable from RAFT, ATRP or anionic polymerisation processes.
  • the polymer may be obtained/obtainable from RAFT or ATRP polymerisation processes.
  • the polymer may be obtained/obtainable from a RAFT polymerisation process.
  • reaction scheme 11.1 The discussion of the polymer mechanism of ATRP polymerisation is shown on page 524 in reaction scheme 11.1, page 566 reaction scheme 11.4, reaction scheme 11,7 on page 571, reaction scheme 11.8 on page 572 and reaction scheme 11.9 on page 575 of Matyjaszewski et al.
  • groups that may be transferred by a radical mechanism include halogens (from a halogen-containing compound) or various ligands.
  • halogens from a halogen-containing compound
  • ligands various ligands.
  • halogen-containing compound examples include benzyl halides such as p-chloromethylstyrene, ⁇ -dichloroxylene, ⁇ , ⁇ -dichloroxylene, ⁇ , ⁇ -dibromoxylene, hexakis( ⁇ -bromomethyl)benzene, benzyl chloride, benzyl bromide, 1-bromo-1-phenylethane and 1-chloro-1-phenylethane; carboxylic acid derivatives which are halogenated at the ⁇ -position, such as propyl 2-bromopropionate, methyl 2-chloropropionate, ethyl 2-chloropropionate, methyl 2-bromopropionate, and ethyl 2-bromoisobutyrate; tosyl halides such as p-toluenesulfonyl chloride; alkyl halides such as tetrachloromethane,
  • a transition metal such as copper is also present.
  • the transition metal may be in the form of a salt.
  • the transition metal is capable of forming a metal-to-ligand bond and the ratio of ligand to metal depends on the dentate number of the ligand and the co-ordination number of the metal.
  • the ligand may be a nitrogen or phosphorus-containing ligand.
  • a suitable ligand examples include triphenylphosphine, 2,2-bipyridine, alkyl-2,2-bipyridine, such as 4,4-di-(5-heptyl)-2,2-bipyridine, tris(2-aminoethyl)amine (TREN), N,N,N',N',N"-pentamethyldiethylenetriamine, 4,4-di-(5-nonyl)-2,2-bipyridine, 1,1,4,7,10,10-hexamethyltriethylenetetramine and/or tetramethylethylenediamine.
  • TREN tris(2-aminoethyl)amine
  • TREN tris(2-aminoethyl)amine
  • N,N,N',N',N"-pentamethyldiethylenetriamine 4,4-di-(5-nonyl)-2,2-bipyridine, 1,1,4,7,10,10-hexamethyltriethylenetetramine and/
  • the ligands may be used individually or as a mixture.
  • the nitrogen containing ligand is employed in the presence of copper.
  • the ligand is phosphorus-containing with triphenyl phosphine (PPh 3 ) a common ligand.
  • Ph 3 triphenyl phosphine
  • a suitable transition metal for a triphenyl phosphine ligand includes Rh, Ru, Fe, Re, Ni or Pd.
  • RAFT chain transfer agents are important.
  • a more detailed review of suitable chain transfer agents is found in paragraphs 66 to 71 of US Patent Application US05/038146 .
  • suitable RAFT chain transfer agent include benzyl 1-(2-pyrrolidinone)carbodithioate, benzyl (1,2-benzenedicarboximido) carbodithioate, 2-cyanoprop-2-yl 1-pyrrolecarbodithioate, 2-cyanobut-2-yl 1-pyrrolecarbodithioate, benzyl 1-imidazolecarbodithioate, N,N-dimethyl-S-(2-cyanoprop-2-yl)dithiocarbamate, N,N-diethyl-S-benzyl dithiocarbamate, cyanomethyl 1-(2-pyrrolidone) carbodithoate, cumyl dithiobenzoate, 2-dodecylsulphanylthiocarbonylsulphanyl-2-
  • a suitable RAFT chain transfer agent includes 2-Dodecylsulfanylthiocarbonylsulfanyl-2-methyl-propionic acid butyl ester, cumyl dithiobenzoate or mixtures thereof.
  • initiators include, for example, hydrocarbyllithium initiators such as alkyllithium compounds (e.g., methyl lithium, n-butyl lithium, sec-butyl lithium), cycloalkyllithium compounds (e.g., cyclohexyl lithium and aryl lithium compounds (e.g., phenyl lithium, 1-methylstyryl lithium, p-tolyl lithium, naphyl lithium and 1,1-diphenyl-3- methylpentyl lithium.
  • useful initiators include naphthalene sodium, 1,4-disodio-1,1,4,4-tetraphenylbutane, diphenylmethyl potassium or diphenylmethylsodium.
  • the polymerisation process may also be carried out in the absence of moisture and oxygen and in the presence of at least one inert solvent.
  • anionic polymerisation is conducted in the absence of any impurity which is detrimental to an anionic catalyst system.
  • the inert solvent includes a hydrocarbon, an aromatic solvent or ether. Suitable solvents include isobutane, pentane, cyclohexane, benzene, toluene, xylene, tetrahydrofuran, diglyme, tetraglyme, orthoterphenyl, biphenyl, decalin or tetralin.
  • the anionic polymerisation process may be carried out at a temperature of 0 °C to -78 °C.
  • the polymer is a polymethacrylate or mixtures thereof.
  • the polymer is a polymethacrylate
  • the polymer is derived from a monomer composition comprising:
  • (meth)acrylate means acrylate or methacrylate units.
  • the alkyl (meth)acrylate includes for example compounds derived from saturated alcohols, such as methyl methacrylate, butyl methacrylate, 2-methylpentyl, 2-propylheptyl, 2-butyloctyl, 2-ethylhexyl (meth)acrylate, octyl (meth)acrylate, nonyl (meth)acrylate, isooctyl (meth)acrylate, isononyl (meth)acrylate, 2-tert-butylheptyl (meth)acrylate, 3-isopropylheptyl (meth)acrylate, decyl (meth)acrylate, undecyl (meth)acrylate, 5-methylundecyl (meth)acrylate, dodecyl (meth)acrylate, 2-methyldodecyl (meth)acrylate, tridecyl (meth)acryl
  • the alkyl (meth)acrylates with long-chain alcohol-derived groups may be obtained, for example, by reaction of a (meth)acrylic acid (by direct esterification) or methyl methacrylate (by transesterification) with long-chain fatty alcohols, in which reaction a mixture of esters such as (meth)acrylate with alcohol groups of various chain lengths is generally obtained.
  • These fatty alcohols include Oxo Alcohol ® 7911, Oxo Alcohol ® 7900 and Oxo Alcohol ® 1100 of Monsanto; Alphanol ® 79 of ICI; Nafol ® 1620, Alfol ® 610 and Alfol ® 810 of Condea (now Sasol); Epal ® 610 and Epal ® 810 of Ethyl Corporation; Linevol ® 79, Linevol ® 911 and Dobanol ® 25 L of Shell AG; Lial ® 125 of Condea Augusta, Milan; Dehydad ® and Lorol ® of Henkel KGaA (now Cognis) as well as Linopol ® 7-11 and Acropol ® 91 of Ugine Kuhlmann.
  • the star polymer is further functionalised in the core or the polymeric arms with a nitrogen-containing monomer.
  • the nitrogen-containing monomer may include a vinyl-substituted nitrogen heterocyclic monomer, a dialkylaminoalkyl (meth)acrylate monomer, a dialkylaminoalkyl (meth)acrylamide monomer, a tertiary-(meth)acrylamide monomer or mixtures thereof.
  • the core or polymeric arms further comprise a (meth)acrylamide or a nitrogen containing (meth)acrylate monomer that may be represented by the formula: wherein
  • Examples of a suitable nitrogen-containing monomer include N,N-dimethylacrylamide, N-vinyl carbonamides such as N-vinyl-formamide, vinyl pyridine, N-vinylacetoamide, N-vinyl-n-propionamides, N-vinyl hydroxyacetoamide, N-vinyl imidazole, N-vinyl pyrrolidinone, N-vinyl caprolactam, dimethylaminoethyl acrylate (DMAEA), dimethylaminoethylmethacrylate (DMAEMA), dimethylaminobutylacrylamide, dimethylamine-propylmethacrylate (DMAPMA), dimethylamine-propyl-acrylamide, dimethylaminopropylmethacrylamide, dimethylaminoethyl-acrylamide or mixtures thereof.
  • DAEA dimethylaminoethylmethacrylate
  • DMAPMA dimethylamine-propylmethacrylate
  • DMAPMA dimethylamine
  • the polymer may be present at about 0.01 to about 12 wt %, or about 0,05 wt % to about 10 wt %, or about 0.075 to about 8 wt % of the lubricating composition.
  • the antiwear agent is known.
  • the antiwear agent comprises a phosphorus-containing acid, salt or ester, or mixtures thereof.
  • the antiwear is in the form of a mixture.
  • the antiwear agent may be ash-containing (i.e. metal containing) or ashless (i.e. metal-free prior to being mixed with other components).
  • the antiwear agent may be derived phosphoric acid, phosphorous acid, thiophosphoric acid, thiophosphorous acid, or mixtures thereof.
  • the antiwear agent includes (i) a non-ionic phosphorus compound; (ii) an amine salt of a phosphorus compound; (iii) an ammonium salt of a phosphorus compound; (iv) a monovalent metal salt of a phosphorus compound, such as a metal dialkyldithiophosphate or a metal dialkylphosphate; or (v) mixtures of (i), (ii), (iii) or (iv).
  • the antiwear agent comprises a metal dialkyldithiophosphate or a metal dialkylphosphate.
  • the alkyl groups of the dialkyldithiophosphate and/or the dialkylphosphate may be linear or branched containing about 2 to about 20 carbon atoms, provided that the total number of carbons is sufficient to make the metal dialkyldithiophosphate oil soluble.
  • the metal of the metal dialkyldithiophosphate and/or dialkylphosphate typically includes monovalent or divalent metals. Examples of suitable metals include sodium, potassium, copper, calcium, magnesium, barium or zinc.
  • the antiwear agent comprises a zinc dialkyldithiophosphate or mixtures thereof.
  • the antiwear agent comprises a zinc dialkylphosphate or mixtures thereof.
  • Examples of a suitable zinc dialkylphosphate often referred to as ZDDP, ZDP or ZDTP include zinc di-(2-methylpropyl) dithiophosphate , zinc di-(amyl) dithiophosphate, zinc di-(1,3-dimethylbutyl) dithiophosphate, zinc di-(heptyl) dithiophosphate, zinc di-(octyl) dithiophosphate di-(2-ethylhexyl) dithiophosphate, zinc di-(nonyl) dithiophosphate, zinc di-(decyl) dithiophosphate, zinc di-(dodecyl) dithiophosphate, zinc di-(dodecylphenyl) dithiophosphate, zinc di-(heptylphenyl) dithiophosphate, or mixtures thereof.
  • the antiwear agent is other than metal dialkyldithiophosphate.
  • the antiwear agent comprises an ammonium or amine salt of a phosphorus-containing acid or ester.
  • the amine salt of a phosphorus acid or ester includes phosphoric acid esters and amine salts thereof; dialkyldithiophosphoric acid esters and amine salts thereof; amine salts of phosphites; and amine salts of phosphorus-containing carboxylic esters, ethers, and amides; and mixtures thereof.
  • the amine salt of a phosphorus acid or ester may be used alone or in combination.
  • the amine salt of a phosphorus compound is derived from an amine salt of a phosphorus compound, or mixtures thereof.
  • the amine salt of a phosphorus acid or ester includes a partial amine salt-partial metal salt compounds or mixtures thereof. In one embodiment the amine salt of a phosphorus acid or ester further comprises a sulphur atom in the molecule.
  • the amines which may be suitable for use as the amine salt include primary amines, secondary amines, tertiary amines, and mixtures thereof.
  • the amines include those with at least one hydrocarbyl group, or, in certain embodiments, two or three hydrocarbyl groups.
  • the hydrocarbyl groups may contain about 2 to about 30 carbon atoms, or in other embodiments about 8 to about 26, or about 10 to about 20, or about 13 to about 19 carbon atoms.
  • Primary amines include ethylamine, propylamine, butylamine, 2-ethylhexylamine, octylamine, and dodecylamine, as well as such fatty amines as n-octylamine, n-decylamine, n-dodecylamine, n-tetradecylamine, n-hexadecylamine, n-octadecylamine and oleyamine.
  • fatty amines include commercially available fatty amines such as "Armeen ® " amines (products available from Akzo Chemicals, Chicago, Illinois), such as Armeen C, Armeen O, Armeen OL, Armeen T, Armeen HT, Armeen S and Armeen SD, wherein the letter designation relates to the fatty group, such as coco, oleyl, tallow, or stearyl groups.
  • Armeen ® amines (products available from Akzo Chemicals, Chicago, Illinois), such as Armeen C, Armeen O, Armeen OL, Armeen T, Armeen HT, Armeen S and Armeen SD, wherein the letter designation relates to the fatty group, such as coco, oleyl, tallow, or stearyl groups.
  • suitable secondary amines include dimethylamine, diethylamine, dipropylamine, dibutylamine, diamylamine, dihexylamine, diheptylamine, methylethylamine, ethylbutylamine and ethylamylamine.
  • the secondary amines may be cyclic amines such as piperidine, piperazine and morpholine.
  • the amine may also be a tertiary-aliphatic primary amine.
  • the aliphatic group in this case may be an alkyl group containing about 2 to about 30, or about 6 to about 26, or about 8 to about 24 carbon atoms.
  • Tertiary alkyl amines include monoamines such as tert-butylamine, tert-hexylamine, 1-methyl-1-amino-cyclohexane, tert-octylamine, tert-decylamine, tertdodecylamine, tert-tetradecylamine, tert-hexadecylamine, tert-octadecylamine, tert-tetracosanylamine, and tert-octacosanylamine.
  • the amine salt of a phosphorus acid or ester includes an amine with C11 to C14 tertiary alkyl primary groups or mixtures thereof. In one embodiment the amine salt of a phosphorus compound includes an amine with C14 to C18 tertiary alkyl primary amines or mixtures thereof. In one embodiment the amine salt of a phosphorus compound includes an amine with C18 to C22 tertiary alkyl primary amines or mixtures thereof.
  • amines may also be used in the invention.
  • a useful mixture of amines is "Primene ® 81R” and "Primene ® JMT.”
  • Primene ® 81R and Primene ® JMT are mixtures of C11 to C14 tertiary alkyl primary amines and C18 to C22 tertiary alkyl primary amines respectively.
  • the amine salt of a phosphorus acid or ester is the reaction product of a C14 to C18 alkylated phosphoric acid with Primene 81R TM (produced and sold by Rohm & Haas) which is a mixture of C11 to C14 tertiary alkyl primary amines.
  • Examples of the amine salt of a phosphorus acid or ester include the reaction product(s) of isopropyl, methyl-amyl (1,3-dimethylbutyl or mixtures thereof), 2-ethylhexyl, heptyl, octyl, nonyl, decyl, dodecyl, butadecyl, hexadecyl, octadecyl or eicosyl phosphoric (or dithiophosphoric) acids with ethylene diamine, morpholine, 2-ethylhexyl amine or Primene 81R TM , and mixtures thereof.
  • the antiwear agent comprises an amine salt of a phosphorus acid or ester or mixtures thereof.
  • the phosphorus acid or ester is a C14-C18-alkyl phosphorus acid or ester with Primene 81R TM or 2-ethylhexyl amine.
  • a dithiophosphoric acid may be reacted with an epoxide or a glycol. This reaction product is further reacted with a phosphorus acid, anhydride, or lower ester.
  • the epoxide includes an aliphatic epoxide or a styrene oxide. Examples of useful epoxides include ethylene oxide, propylene oxide, butene oxide, octene oxide, dodecene oxide, styrene oxide and the like. In one embodiment the epoxide is propylene oxide.
  • the glycols may be aliphatic glycols having about 1 to about 12, or about 2 to about 6, or about 2 to about 3 carbon atoms.
  • dithiophosphoric acids glycols, epoxides, inorganic phosphorus reagents and methods of reacting the same, are described in U.S. Patent numbers 3,197,405 and 3,544,465 .
  • the resulting acids may then be salted with amines.
  • An example of suitable dithiophosphoric acid is prepared by adding phosphorus pentoxide (about 64 grams) at about 58 °C over a period of about 45 minutes to about 514 grams of hydroxypropyl O,O-di(1,3-dimethylbutyl)phosphorodithioate (prepared by reacting di(1,3-dimethylbutyl)-phosphorodithioic acid with about 1.3 moles of propylene oxide at about 25 °C).
  • the mixture is heated at about 75 °C for about 2.5 hours, mixed with a diatomaceous earth and filtered at about 70 °C.
  • the filtrate contains about 11.8% by weight phosphorus, about 15.2% by weight sulphur, and an acid number of about 87 (bromophenol blue).
  • the antiwear agent comprises an amide-containing dithiophosphorus acid ester.
  • a more detailed description for the amide-containing dithiophosphorus acid ester is found in US 4,938,884 .
  • a description of the molecular structure is found in column 2, lines 4 to 28. Suitable examples prepared are disclosed in Examples 1 to 7 (column 8, line 45 to column 10, line 13 of US 4,938,884 ).
  • the amide-containing dithiophosphorus acid ester is prepared by the addition of dithiophosphoric acid to an acrylate, such as, methyl acrylate.
  • the antiwear agent comprises a carboxylic-containing dithiophosphorus acid ester, for example 3-(bis-pentoxy-thiophosphorylsulphanyl)-propionic acid methyl ester, 3-(dibutoxy-thiophosphorylsulphanyl)-propionic acid methyl ester, or mixtures thereof.
  • the antiwear agent comprises a non-ionic phosphorus compound.
  • the non-ionic phosphorus compound may have an oxidation of +3 or +5.
  • the different embodiments comprise phosphite ester, phosphate esters, or mixtures thereof.
  • the antiwear agent comprises a non-ionic phosphorus compound that is a hydrocarbyl phosphite.
  • the hydrocarbyl-substituted phosphite of the invention includes those represented by the formula: wherein each R′′′ may be independently hydrogen or a hydrocarbyl group, with the proviso that at least one of the R′′′ groups is hydrocarbyl.
  • Each hydrocarbyl group of R′′′ may contain at least about 2 or about 4 carbon atoms. Typically, the combined total sum of carbon atoms present on both R′′′ groups may be less than about 45, less than about 35 or less than about 25. Examples of suitable ranges for the number of carbon atoms present on both R′′′ groups includes about 2 to about 40, about 3 to about 24, or about 4 to about 20. Examples of suitable hydrocarbyl groups include propyl, butyl, t-butyl, pentyl, hexyl dodecyl, butadecyl, hexadecyl, or octadecyl groups. Generally the hydrocarbyl phosphite is soluble or at least dispersible in oil.
  • the hydrocarbyl phosphite may be di-butyl hydrogen phosphite or a C 16-18 alkyl hydrogen phosphite.
  • a more detailed description of the non-ionic phosphorus compound include column 9, line 48 to column 11, line 8 of US 6,103,673 .
  • the antiwear agent comprises a phosphate ester.
  • a suitable phosphate ester include triaryl phosphates such as tricresyl phosphate, triphenyl phosphate, tri-dimethylphenyl phosphate, tri-butylphenyl phosphate, or mixtures thereof.
  • the antiwear agent comprises a thiophosphate ester.
  • a suitable thiophosphate ester include triaryl thiophosphates such as tricresyl thiophosphate, triphenyl thiophosphate, tri-dimethylphenyl thiophosphate, tri-butylphenyl thiophosphate, or mixtures thereof.
  • the antiwear agent may be present at about 0.0001 wt % to about 5 wt %, or about 0.001 wt % to about 2 wt %, or about 0.05 wt % to about 1.5 wt %, or about 0.1 wt % to about 1 wt % of the lubricating composition.
  • the corrosion inhibitor of the invention may also be described as metal deactivators or a yellow-metal passivator.
  • Examples of a corrosion inhibitor comprise at least one of benzotriazoles, 1,2,4-triazoles, benzimidazoles, 2-alkyldithiobenzimidazoles, 2-alkyldithiobenzothiazoles, 2-(N,N-dialkyldithiocarbamoyl)benzothiazoles, 2,5-bis(alkyl-dithio)-1,3,4-thiadiazoles, 2,5-bis(N,N-dialkyldithiocarbamoyl)-1,3,4-thiadiazoles, 2-alkyldithio-5-mercapto thiadiazoles or mixtures thereof.
  • the corrosion inhibitor is benzotriazole.
  • the corrosion inhibitor is a 2,5-bis(alkyl-dithio)-1,3,4-thiadiazole.
  • the corrosion inhibitor may be used alone or in combination with other corrosion inhibitors.
  • Benzotriazoles may contain hydrocarbyl substitutions on at least one of the following ring positions 1- or 2- or 4- or 5- or 6- or 7-.
  • the hydrocarbyl groups may contain 1 to about 30, or 1 to about 15, or 1 to about 7 carbon atoms.
  • the corrosion inhibitor is tolyltriazole.
  • hydrocarbyl benzotriazoles substituted at positions 4- or 5- or 6- or 7- can be further reacted with an aldehyde and a secondary amine.
  • Suitable hydrocarbyl benzotriazoles further reacted with an aldehyde and a secondary amine include N,N-bis(heptyl)-ar-methyl-1H-benzotriazole-1-methanamine, N,N-bis(nonyl)-ar-methyl-1H-benzotriazole-1-methanamine, N,N-bis(decyl)-ar-methyl-1H-benzotriazole-1-methanamine, N,N-bis(undecyl)-ar-methyl-1H-benzotriazole-1-methanamine, N,N-bis(dodecyl)-ar-methyl-1H-benzotriazole-1-methanamine N,N-bis(2-ethylhexyl)-ar-methyl-1H-benzotriazole-1-methanamine and mixtures thereof.
  • the corrosion inhibitor is N,N-bis(2-ethylhexyl)-ar-methyl-1H-benzotriazole-1-methanamine
  • the corrosion inhibitor is 2,5-bis(alkyl-dithio)-1,3,4-thiadiazoles.
  • the alkyl groups of 2,5-bis(alkyl-dithio)-1,3,4-thiadiazoles contains 1 to about 30, or about 2 to about 25, or 4 to about 20, or about 6 to about 16 carbon atoms.
  • Examples of suitable 2,5-bis(alkyl-dithio)-1,3,4-thiadiazoles include 2,5-bis(tert-octyldithio)-1,3,4-thiadiazole, 2,5-bis(tert-nonyldithio)-1,3,4-thiadiazole, 2,5-bis(tert-decyldithio)-1,3,4-thiadiazole, 2,5-bis(tert-undecyldithio)-1,3,4-thiadiazole, 2,5-bis(tert-dodecyldithio)-1,3,4-thiadiazole, or mixtures thereof.
  • the corrosion inhibitor may be present at about 0.0001 wt % to about 5 wt %, or about 0.0001 wt % to about 0.5 wt %, or about 0.0001 wt % to about 0.1 wt %, or about 0.0005 wt % to about 0.05 wt % of the lubricating composition.
  • the lubricating composition comprises an oil of lubricating viscosity.
  • oils include natural and synthetic oils, oil derived from hydrocracking, hydrogenation, and hydrofinishing, unrefined, refined and re-refined oils and mixtures thereof.
  • Unrefined oils are those obtained directly from a natural or synthetic source generally without (or with little) further purification treatment.
  • Refined oils are similar to the unrefined oils except they have been further treated in one or more purification steps to improve one or more properties.
  • Purification techniques include solvent extraction, secondary distillation, acid or base extraction, filtration, percolation and the like.
  • Re-refined oils are also known as reclaimed or reprocessed oils, and are obtained by processes similar to those used to obtain refined oils and often are additionally processed by techniques directed to removal of spent additives and oil breakdown products.
  • Natural oils useful in making the inventive lubricants include animal oils, vegetable oils (e.g., castor oil, lard oil), mineral lubricating oils such as liquid petroleum oils and solvent-treated or acid-treated mineral lubricating oils of the paraffinic, naphthenic or mixed paraffinic-naphthenic types and oils derived from coal or shale or mixtures thereof.
  • animal oils e.g., castor oil, lard oil
  • mineral lubricating oils such as liquid petroleum oils and solvent-treated or acid-treated mineral lubricating oils of the paraffinic, naphthenic or mixed paraffinic-naphthenic types and oils derived from coal or shale or mixtures thereof.
  • Synthetic lubricating oils are useful and include hydrocarbon oils such as polymerised and interpolymerised olefins (e.g., polybutylenes, polypropylenes, propyleneisobutylene copolymers); poly(1-hexenes), poly(1-octenes), poly(1-decenes), and mixtures thereof; alkyl-benzenes (e.g.
  • dodecylbenzenes tetradecylbenzenes, dinonylbenzenes, di-(2-ethylhexyl)-benzenes
  • polyphenyls e.g., biphenyls, terphenyls, alkylated polyphenyls
  • Other synthetic lubricating oils include polyol esters (such as Prolube ® 3970), diesters, liquid esters of phosphorus-containing acids (e.g., tricresyl phosphate, trioctyl phosphate, and the diethyl ester of decane phosphonic acid), or polymeric tetrahydrofurans.
  • Synthetic oils may be produced by Fischer-Tropsch reactions and typically may be hydroisomerised Fischer-Tropsch hydrocarbons or waxes. In one embodiment oils may be prepared by a Fischer-Tropsch gas-to-liquid synthetic procedure as well as other gas-to-liquid oils.
  • Oils of lubricating viscosity may also be defined as specified in the American Petroleum Institute (API) Base Oil Interchangeability Guidelines.
  • the five base oil groups are as follows: Group I (sulphur content >0.03 wt %, and/or ⁇ 90 wt % saturates, viscosity index 80-120); Group II (sulphur content ⁇ 0.03 wt %, and ⁇ 90 wt % saturates, viscosity index 80-120); Group III (sulphur content ⁇ 0.03 wt %, and ⁇ 90 wt % saturates, viscosity index ⁇ 120); Group IV (all polyalphaolefins (PAOs)); and Group V (all others not included in Groups I, II, III, or IV).
  • PAOs polyalphaolefins
  • the oil of lubricating viscosity comprises an API Group I, Group II, Group III, Group IV, Group V oil or mixtures thereof. Often the oil of lubricating viscosity is an API Group I, Group II, Group III, Group IV oil or mixtures thereof. Alternatively the oil of lubricating viscosity is often an API Group II, Group III or Group IV oil or mixtures thereof.
  • the amount of the oil of lubricating viscosity present is typically the balance remaining after subtracting from 100 wt % the sum of the amount of the polymer, the antiwear agent, the corrosion inhibitor and other performance additives.
  • the lubricating composition may be in the form of a concentrate and/or a fully formulated lubricant. If the polymer, the antiwear agent and the corrosion inhibitor are in the form of a concentrate (which may be combined with additional oil to form, in whole or in part, a finished lubricant), the ratio of components (a), (b) and (c) (i.e. the polymer, the antiwear agent; and the corrosion inhibitor to the oil of lubricating viscosity and/or to diluent oil include the ranges of 1:99 to 99:1 by weight, or 80:20 to 10:90 by weight.
  • composition of the invention optionally further includes at least one other performance additive.
  • the other performance additives include dispersants, detergents, viscosity index improvers (that is, viscosity modifiers other than the polymer (i.e. component (a) of the invention), antioxidants, foam inhibitors, demulsifiers, pour point depressants, foam inhibitors, a carboxylic acid or anhydride, and mixtures thereof.
  • the total combined amount of the other performance additive compounds present on an oil free basis may include ranges of 0 wt % to about 25 wt %, or about 0 wt % to about 10 wt %, or about 0.005 wt % to about 5 wt %, or about 0.005 wt % to about 1 wt %, or about 0.005 wt % to about 0.5 wt % of the composition. Although one or more of the other performance additives may be present, it is common for the other performance additives to be present in different amounts relative to each other.
  • a suitable dispersant may be a succinimide dispersant (for example N-substituted long chain alkenyl succinimides), a Mannich dispersant, an ester-containing dispersant, a condensation product of a fatty hydrocarbyl monocarboxylic acylating agent with an amine or ammonia, an alkyl amino phenol dispersant, a hydrocarbyl-amine dispersant, a polyether dispersant, a polyetheramine dispersant.
  • the dispersant may be a succinimide, succinic acid ester, or Mannich dispersant.
  • the succinimide dispersant comprises a polyisobutylene succinimide, wherein the polyisobutylene has a number average molecular weight of about 400 to about 5000.
  • Hydrocarbyl-amine dispersants are hydrocarbyl-substituted amines.
  • the hydrocarbyl-substituted amine may be formed by heating a mixture of a chlorinated olefin or polyolefin such as a chlorinated polyisobutylene with an amine such as ethylenediamine in the presence of a base such as sodium carbonate as described in U.S. Patent No. 5,407,453 .
  • the invention further comprises at least one dispersant derived from polyisobutylene, an amine and zinc oxide to form a polyisobutylene succinimide complex with zinc.
  • the polyisobutylene succinimide complex with zinc may be used alone or in combination.
  • the dispersant comprises a polyisobutylene succinimide complex with zinc or mixtures thereof and described in more detail in US 3,163,603 .
  • the dispersants may also be post-treated by conventional methods by a reaction with any of a variety of agents. Among these are boron, urea, thiourea, dimercaptothiadiazoles, carbon disulphide, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, hydrocarbon-substituted succinic anhydrides, maleic anhydride, nitriles, epoxides, phosphorus compounds and/or metal compounds.
  • the dispersant is a borated dispersant.
  • the borated dispersant comprises the succinimide dispersant comprises a polyisobutylene succinimide, wherein the polyisobutylene has a number average molecular weight of 140 to 5000.
  • the dispersant may be present at 0 wt % to about 5 wt %, or about 0.05 to about 2.5 wt %, or about 0.1 to about 1.5 wt % of the lubricating composition.
  • Antioxidants include molybdenum compounds such as molybdenum dithiocarbamates, sulphurised olefins, sulphides such as tert-nonyl mercaptan reacted with propylene oxide (mole ratio 1:1), hindered phenols (2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol, 2,6-di-t-butylphenol, 3-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)-propionic acid butyl ester, 3-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxy-phenyl)-propionic acid isooctyl ester or 3-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxy-phenyl)-propionic acid 2-ethylhexyl ester), aminic compounds such as phenylaphanaphthylamine or alkylated diphenylamines (typically di-nonyl diphen
  • the antioxidant may be present at 0 to about 3 wt %, or about 0.01 to about 1.5 wt %, or about 0.05 to about 0.8 wt % or the lubricating composition.
  • the detergent may be natural or synthetic. In one embodiment the detergent is synthetic.
  • the detergent may be a phenate or a sulphurised-phenate, a sulphonate, an alkyl salicylate, a salixarate, a saligenin, or mixtures thereof.
  • the detergent comprises a phenate or a sulphurised-phenate.
  • the detergent comprises a sulphonate detergent.
  • the sulphonate detergent may also have corrosion inhibitor properties.
  • the sulphonate detergent of the composition includes compounds represented by the formula: (R 1 ) k -A-SO 3 M, wherein each R 1 is a hydrocarbyl group in one embodiment containing about 6 to about 40, or about 8 to about 35, or about 8 to about 30, or about 8 to about 20 carbon atoms; A may be independently a cyclic or acyclic divalent or multivalent hydrocarbon group; M is hydrogen, a valence of a metal ion, an ammonium ion or mixtures thereof; and k is an integer of 0 to about 5, for example 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5. In one embodiment k is 1, 2 or 3, in another embodiment 1 or 2 and in another embodiment 2.
  • k is 1 and R 1 is a branched alkyl group with about 6 to about 40 carbon atoms. In one embodiment k is 1 and R 1 is a linear alkyl group with about 6 to about 40 carbon atoms.
  • R 1 linear alkyl group examples include octyl, nonyl, decyl, undecyl, dodecyl, pentadecyl, hexadecyl, eicosyl, or mixtures thereof.
  • the metal when M is a valence of a metal ion, the metal may be monovalent, divalent, trivalent or mixtures of such metals.
  • the metal M when monovalent, the metal M includes an alkali metal such as lithium, sodium, or potassium, and when divalent, the metal M includes an alkaline earth metal such as magnesium, calcium or barium. In one embodiment the metal is an alkaline earth metal. In one embodiment the metal is calcium.
  • A is cyclic hydrocarbon group
  • suitable groups include phenylene or fused bicyclic groups such as naphthylene, indenylene, indanylene, bicyclopentadienylene or mixtures thereof.
  • A comprises a naphthylene ring.
  • the detergent is neutral or overbased. In one embodiment the detergent is neutral.
  • a suitable detergent examples include at least one of calcium C 8-20 -alkyl substituted benzene sulphonate, calcium dinonyl naphthalene sulphonate, calcium didecyl naphthalene sulphonate, didodecyl naphthalene sulphonate, calcium dipentadecyl naphthalene sulphonate, or mixtures thereof.
  • the detergent comprises neutral or slightly overbased calcium dinonyl naphthalene sulphonate, or mixtures thereof.
  • the detergent may be present in the lubricating composition in ranges from 0 to about 3 wt %, or about 0.001 to about 1.5 wt %, or about 0.01 to about 0.75 wt %.
  • Viscosity modifiers other than the polymer (a) of the invention including hydrogenated copolymers of styrene-butadiene, ethylene-propylene copolymers, polyisobutenes, hydrogenated styrene-isoprene polymers, hydrogenated isoprene polymers, polymethacrylate, polyacrylate, polyalkyl styrenes, alkenyl aryl conjugated diene copolymers, polyolefins, and esters of maleic anhydride-styrene copolymers.
  • Conventional poly(meth)acrylate polymers may be derived from monomers substantially the same as those defined for the polymeric arms.
  • the polymer of the invention is mixed with a conventional viscosity modifier.
  • the viscosity modifier other than polymer (a) of the invention may be present at 0 wt % to about 15 wt %, or about 0.01 to about 12 wt %, or about 0,05 to about 10 wt %, or about 0.075 to about 8 wt % of the lubricating composition.
  • the carboxylic acid or anhydride thereof may contain about 10 to about 400, or about 20 to about 200, or about 30 to about 150 carbon atoms.
  • the carboxylic acid or anhydride thereof may be derived from a polyolefin.
  • the polyolefin may be a homopolymer, copolymer, or interpolymer.
  • the polyolefin may be prepared from polymerisable monomers containing about 2 to about 16, or about 2 to about 8, or about 2 to about 6 carbon atoms. Often the polymerisable monomers comprise one or more of propylene, isobutene, 1-butene, isoprene, 1,3-butadiene, or mixtures thereof.
  • the carboxylic acid or anhydride thereof, or derivatives thereof comprises a succinic acid, anhydride thereof, or carboxylic ester thereof.
  • the carboxylic acid or anhydride thereof comprises a polyisobutylene succinic acid or anhydride thereof.
  • a suitable carboxylic acid or anhydride thereof is described in WO 93/03121 , page 33, line 10 to page 37, line 20.
  • carboxylic acid or anhydride thereof, or derivatives thereof comprises the reaction product of dodecenyl succinic acid with propylene oxide.
  • the carboxylic acid or anhydride thereof may be present in ranges from 0 to about 3 wt %, or from about 0.0001 to about 3 wt %, or from about 0.001 to about 1 wt %, or from about 0.01 to about 0.5 wt % of the lubricating composition.
  • foam inhibitors including copolymers of ethyl acrylate and 2-ethylhexylacrylate and optionally vinyl acetate; demulsifiers including trialkyl phosphates, polyethylene glycols, polyethylene oxides, polypropylene oxides and (ethylene oxide-propylene oxide) polymers; pour point depressants including esters of maleic anhydride-styrene, polymethacrylates, polyacrylates or polyacrylamides; and seal swell agents including Exxon Necton-37 TM (FN 1380) and Exxon Mineral Seal Oil (FN 3200); and dispersant viscosity modifiers (often referred to as DVM) include functionalised polyolefins, for example, ethylene-propylene copolymers that have been functionalized with the reaction product of maleic anhydride and an amine, a polymethacrylate functionalised with an amine, or styrene-maleic anhydride copolymers reacted
  • the method of the invention is useful for lubricating a turbine system.
  • Preparative Example 1 (Prep 1) is prepared in a vessel equipped with a nitrogen inlet flowing at about 28.3 L/hr, medium speed mechanical stirrer, a thermocouple and a water-cooled condenser is charged with about 80 g of C 12 - 15 alkyl methacrylate, about 20g of Methyl methacrylate, about 0.55 g of Trigonox TM -21 (initiator), about 4.07 g of 2-dodecylsulphanylthiocarbonylsulphanyl-2-methyl-propionic acid dodecyl ester (chain transfer agent) and about 48.2 g of oil. The contents of the vessel are stirred under a nitrogen blanket for about 20 minutes to ensure sufficient mixing.
  • the nitrogen flow is reduced to about 14.2 L/hr and the mixture is set to be heated to about 90 °C for about 3 hours.
  • About 6.05 g of ethylene glycol dimethacrylate is added to the vessel and the mixture is stirred at about 90 °C for an additional about 3 hours.
  • the resultant product is a mixture of polymers and is then cooled to ambient temperature.
  • the major product fraction is characterised as having a weight average molecular weight of about 283,300 g/mol and having a number average molecular weight of about 215,900 g/mol.
  • the polymer is believed to have at least 9 polymeric arms (containing about 80 wt % of C 12 - 15 alkylmethacrylate, about 20 wt % of methyl methacrylate) and the conversion to a star polymer is 72 %, with 28 % uncoupled linear polymer chains.
  • Comparative Example 1 is a linear polymethacrylate prepared in a equipped with a nitrogen inlet flowing at about 28.3 L/hr, medium speed mechanical stirrer, a thermocouple and a water-cooled condenser is charged with about 381.4 g of C 12 - 15 alkylmethacrylate, about 62.28 g of methyl methacrylate, about 110.9 g of oil, about 3.12 g of Trigonox TM 21 initiator and 3.12 g of n-dodecyl mercaptan. The contents of the vessel are shaken and mixed to ensure sufficient mixing.
  • the vessel is charged with about 0.2 g of Trigonox TM 21 in about 1.8 g of oil and stirred for about one hour. This step is repeated 3 more times. The contents of the vessel are stirred for about one hour before cooling to ambient temperature.
  • the resultant polymer is characterised as having a weight average molecular weight of 36,600 g/mol and number average molecular weight of 19,900 g/mol.
  • Hydraulic system lubricating compositions are prepared containing the polymers of Prep1 or CE1, other additives and base oil.
  • Lubricating composition 1 contains about 6.18 wt % of Prep1 and further contains a total of about 0.85 wt % of all other additives (i.e. a zinc containing antiwear agent, a benzotriazole corrosion inhibitor, a naphthalene sulphonate, an antioxidant, a phenate detergent, an antifoam agent, a dispersant and about 0.2 wt % of a polyacrylate pour point depressant).
  • a reference lubricating composition (RLC1) is the same as LC1; except the polymer of CE1 is used at about 8.2 wt % and the base oil is reduced accordingly.
  • the lubricating compositions are evaluated by determining the kinematic viscosities at about 100°C and at about 40°C (by employing ASTM method D445).
  • the viscosity index (VI) is also determined by employing ASTM method D2270. The results obtained are as follows: Test LC1 RLC1 Kinematic Viscosity at 100 °C (mm2/s) 8.2 8.0 Kinematic Viscosity at 40 °C (mm 2 /s) 47.3 45.1 Viscosity Index 149 153
  • the lubricating composition is also subjected to shear as determined by KRL tapered bearing shear stability test.
  • the instrument is run for about 20 hours with about 5000 N load, at about 140 °C and at about 1450 rpm.
  • the viscosity data obtained from the test is described in ASTM method D445. The results obtained are: Test LC1 RLC1 New Oil Kinematic Viscosity at 100 °C (mm 2 /s) 8.32 8.062 After Test Kinematic Viscosity at 100 °C (mm 2 /s) 7.26 6.857 Shear Loss (%) 12.74 14.95
  • the lubricating compositions are subjected to evaluation using ASTM Method D4310.
  • the test evaluates the tendency of inhibited mineral oil based steam turbine lubricants and antiwear hydraulic lubricants to corrode copper catalyst metal and to form sludge during operation in the presence of water, oxygen, and copper and iron metals at an elevated temperature.
  • the test duration is about 1000 hours at about 95 °C.
  • the results obtained are as follows: D4310 Test Parameter Measured Test Pass Limits LC1 RLC1 Sludge Accumulation 100 mg (max) 82.6 80.8 Copper in Oil 144.7 140.4 Copper in Water 3 15.1 Copper in Sludge 10.8 27.45 Total Amount Copper 200 mg (max) 158.5 182.95 Copper Rating 1B 4A Steel Rating Bright Tarnished
  • the data obtained indicate that the lubricating compositions of the invention provide improved Kinematic viscosity control at a lower treat rate than a comparative example whilst maintaining the appropriate lubricating performance for a hydraulic system.

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Lubricants (AREA)
EP16166698.7A 2006-04-24 2007-04-19 Method of lubrication of turbines using star polymers Active EP3101096B1 (en)

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CA2650216C (en) 2015-06-30
EP2027236A2 (en) 2009-02-25
WO2007127663A3 (en) 2007-12-13
WO2007127663A2 (en) 2007-11-08
AU2007243017B2 (en) 2011-11-24
EP2027236B1 (en) 2016-06-08
JP2009534521A (ja) 2009-09-24
CN104119988A (zh) 2014-10-29
CN101479366A (zh) 2009-07-08
CA2650216A1 (en) 2007-11-08
JP5230607B2 (ja) 2013-07-10
ES2955555T3 (es) 2023-12-04
ES2589952T3 (es) 2016-11-17

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