EP3077672A1 - Système de compresseur et procédé permettant de faire fonctionner le système de compresseur en fonction de la situation instantanée d'un véhicule ferroviaire - Google Patents

Système de compresseur et procédé permettant de faire fonctionner le système de compresseur en fonction de la situation instantanée d'un véhicule ferroviaire

Info

Publication number
EP3077672A1
EP3077672A1 EP14808923.8A EP14808923A EP3077672A1 EP 3077672 A1 EP3077672 A1 EP 3077672A1 EP 14808923 A EP14808923 A EP 14808923A EP 3077672 A1 EP3077672 A1 EP 3077672A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
compressor
speed
pressure
rail vehicle
control device
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Withdrawn
Application number
EP14808923.8A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
Inventor
Thomas Kipp
Gert Assmann
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Knorr Bremse Systeme fuer Schienenfahrzeuge GmbH
Original Assignee
Knorr Bremse Systeme fuer Schienenfahrzeuge GmbH
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Knorr Bremse Systeme fuer Schienenfahrzeuge GmbH filed Critical Knorr Bremse Systeme fuer Schienenfahrzeuge GmbH
Publication of EP3077672A1 publication Critical patent/EP3077672A1/fr
Withdrawn legal-status Critical Current

Links

Classifications

    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F04—POSITIVE - DISPLACEMENT MACHINES FOR LIQUIDS; PUMPS FOR LIQUIDS OR ELASTIC FLUIDS
    • F04B—POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT MACHINES FOR LIQUIDS; PUMPS
    • F04B49/00—Control, e.g. of pump delivery, or pump pressure of, or safety measures for, machines, pumps, or pumping installations, not otherwise provided for, or of interest apart from, groups F04B1/00 - F04B47/00
    • F04B49/08—Regulating by delivery pressure
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60T—VEHICLE BRAKE CONTROL SYSTEMS OR PARTS THEREOF; BRAKE CONTROL SYSTEMS OR PARTS THEREOF, IN GENERAL; ARRANGEMENT OF BRAKING ELEMENTS ON VEHICLES IN GENERAL; PORTABLE DEVICES FOR PREVENTING UNWANTED MOVEMENT OF VEHICLES; VEHICLE MODIFICATIONS TO FACILITATE COOLING OF BRAKES
    • B60T17/00—Component parts, details, or accessories of power brake systems not covered by groups B60T8/00, B60T13/00 or B60T15/00, or presenting other characteristic features
    • B60T17/18—Safety devices; Monitoring
    • B60T17/22—Devices for monitoring or checking brake systems; Signal devices
    • B60T17/228—Devices for monitoring or checking brake systems; Signal devices for railway vehicles
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B61—RAILWAYS
    • B61D—BODY DETAILS OR KINDS OF RAILWAY VEHICLES
    • B61D27/00—Heating, cooling, ventilating, or air-conditioning
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B61—RAILWAYS
    • B61L—GUIDING RAILWAY TRAFFIC; ENSURING THE SAFETY OF RAILWAY TRAFFIC
    • B61L25/00—Recording or indicating positions or identities of vehicles or trains or setting of track apparatus
    • B61L25/02—Indicating or recording positions or identities of vehicles or trains
    • B61L25/025—Absolute localisation, e.g. providing geodetic coordinates
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F04—POSITIVE - DISPLACEMENT MACHINES FOR LIQUIDS; PUMPS FOR LIQUIDS OR ELASTIC FLUIDS
    • F04B—POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT MACHINES FOR LIQUIDS; PUMPS
    • F04B35/00—Piston pumps specially adapted for elastic fluids and characterised by the driving means to their working members, or by combination with, or adaptation to, specific driving engines or motors, not otherwise provided for
    • F04B35/04—Piston pumps specially adapted for elastic fluids and characterised by the driving means to their working members, or by combination with, or adaptation to, specific driving engines or motors, not otherwise provided for the means being electric
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F04—POSITIVE - DISPLACEMENT MACHINES FOR LIQUIDS; PUMPS FOR LIQUIDS OR ELASTIC FLUIDS
    • F04B—POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT MACHINES FOR LIQUIDS; PUMPS
    • F04B41/00—Pumping installations or systems specially adapted for elastic fluids
    • F04B41/02—Pumping installations or systems specially adapted for elastic fluids having reservoirs
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F04—POSITIVE - DISPLACEMENT MACHINES FOR LIQUIDS; PUMPS FOR LIQUIDS OR ELASTIC FLUIDS
    • F04B—POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT MACHINES FOR LIQUIDS; PUMPS
    • F04B49/00—Control, e.g. of pump delivery, or pump pressure of, or safety measures for, machines, pumps, or pumping installations, not otherwise provided for, or of interest apart from, groups F04B1/00 - F04B47/00
    • F04B49/06—Control using electricity
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F04—POSITIVE - DISPLACEMENT MACHINES FOR LIQUIDS; PUMPS FOR LIQUIDS OR ELASTIC FLUIDS
    • F04B—POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT MACHINES FOR LIQUIDS; PUMPS
    • F04B49/00—Control, e.g. of pump delivery, or pump pressure of, or safety measures for, machines, pumps, or pumping installations, not otherwise provided for, or of interest apart from, groups F04B1/00 - F04B47/00
    • F04B49/20—Control, e.g. of pump delivery, or pump pressure of, or safety measures for, machines, pumps, or pumping installations, not otherwise provided for, or of interest apart from, groups F04B1/00 - F04B47/00 by changing the driving speed
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B61—RAILWAYS
    • B61L—GUIDING RAILWAY TRAFFIC; ENSURING THE SAFETY OF RAILWAY TRAFFIC
    • B61L2205/00—Communication or navigation systems for railway traffic
    • B61L2205/04—Satellite based navigation systems, e.g. global positioning system [GPS]
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F04—POSITIVE - DISPLACEMENT MACHINES FOR LIQUIDS; PUMPS FOR LIQUIDS OR ELASTIC FLUIDS
    • F04B—POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT MACHINES FOR LIQUIDS; PUMPS
    • F04B2203/00—Motor parameters
    • F04B2203/02—Motor parameters of rotating electric motors
    • F04B2203/0209—Rotational speed
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F04—POSITIVE - DISPLACEMENT MACHINES FOR LIQUIDS; PUMPS FOR LIQUIDS OR ELASTIC FLUIDS
    • F04B—POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT MACHINES FOR LIQUIDS; PUMPS
    • F04B2205/00—Fluid parameters
    • F04B2205/05—Pressure after the pump outlet

Definitions

  • Compressor system and method for operating the compressor system depending on the current situation of the rail vehicle
  • the invention relates to a compressor system for a rail vehicle, comprising a driven by an electric machine via a drive shaft compressor for generating compressed air for at least one compressed air tank, the electric machine at least indirectly via a control device for operating the electric machine with at least one between a maximum speed and a speed located at a minimum speed is controllable, wherein at least one pressure sensor for determining the pressure for the control device is further arranged in a compressed air-carrying line arranged downstream of the compressor. Furthermore, the invention also relates to a method for controlling the compressor system according to the invention.
  • Compressors in rail vehicles are subject to many and sometimes contradictory requirements, such as high delivery performance, sufficient switch-on durations, low noise emissions, low energy consumption, small installation space, and low start-up costs and life-cycle costs.
  • requirements such as high delivery performance, sufficient switch-on durations, low noise emissions, low energy consumption, small installation space, and low start-up costs and life-cycle costs.
  • the typical problem in designing a compressor is to find the best compromise between these requirements, which is acceptable in all operating conditions of the rail vehicle or during any situation of the rail vehicle.
  • compressors are used in rail vehicles, which are electrically driven. The compressors are operated in on / off operation between the lower engagement pressure and the upper shutdown pressure at a constant speed, the so-called rated speed.
  • the compressor is dimensioned so that a specified refilling time is reached and a minimum duty cycle during operation is not undershot.
  • the operation of the compressor does not distinguish between the different operating states of the rail vehicle.
  • the fan of the cooling system is subject to the same operating regime as the compressor, since the fan is usually driven directly by the compressor.
  • the compressor is operated at rated speed.
  • the rated speed is selected so that the compressor can be operated in continuous operation.
  • the size of the compressor is chosen so that in the distance operation does not fall below a minimum duty cycle and the maximum refill time is not exceeded.
  • the compressor is operated intermittently. The compressor is started when the pressure in the compressed air tank on the switch-on pressure has dropped. Once the shutdown pressure in the compressed air tank is reached, the compressor is operated at rated speed.
  • the compressor When the switch-off pressure is reached, the compressor is switched off and restarted only after a pressure drop to the switch-on pressure.
  • the drive motor In the case of the electrically driven rail vehicles, the drive motor is used as the electrodynamic brake during a braking phase. This produces electrical energy whose return to the grid is often not economically or partially impossible.
  • the compressor is operated intermittently as well as while driving. Since there is no dominant driving noise, noise emissions from the compressor and the fan should be avoided. Since the air suspension in the station has an increased demand for air due to the passengers getting in / out of passengers, this often leads to switching on the compressor and the fan, and thus to undesirable noise emissions during the station stop.
  • an actuator for continuously influencing the rotational speed of the electric machine between an electrical supply and the electric machine is arranged, wherein the control of the actuator in accordance with a sensor device comprising at least one sensor element for detecting at least one external boundary condition of the rail vehicle, via the control device , he follows.
  • the sensor device thus provides the control device of the compressor system information on the current operating situation of the rail vehicle and information on the current environmental conditions of the rail vehicle available.
  • Measurable parameters or boundary conditions are, for example, the sound level in the vicinity of the rail vehicle and the speed and acceleration of the rail vehicle.
  • the actuator is in the bathfiuss upstream of the electric machine and is thus upstream of the electric machine.
  • the actuator allows operation of the electric machine at different speeds.
  • frequency converters or inverters are suitable for this purpose.
  • the speed of the electric machine and thus the operation of the compressor is adjusted.
  • Situational boundary conditions are determined from measured variables, which are determined by the sensor elements of the sensor device and provided to the control device. Conceivable are measured variables such as time, speed, acceleration, temperature, vibration, humidity, sound and location.
  • the speed control of the compressor system offers in addition to the advantage of reduced energy consumption further advantages such as lower noise emissions in relevant situations and the absence of passive measures to reduce noise and a gentler operation of the compressor by a reduced speed and a reduced back pressure in the at least one compressed air tank.
  • the control device preferably controls, at least indirectly, a radiator fan with radiator fan arranged downstream of the compressor, wherein a speed of the radiator fan is continuously adjustable by the control device.
  • an actuator is preferably integrated in the cooler unit.
  • the actuator of the cooler unit is at least upstream.
  • the sensor device preferably comprises at least one GPS sensor for measuring a speed of the rail vehicle and at least one acceleration sensor for measuring an acceleration of the rail vehicle and at least one microphone for measuring a sound level in the surroundings of the rail vehicle.
  • the speed and the acceleration of the rail vehicle are internal boundary conditions, whereby the sound level represents an external boundary condition.
  • the speed via other sensors, such as a laser sensor aimed at the rails.
  • sensors such as a laser sensor aimed at the rails.
  • those skilled in the art also other not mentioned sensor units for measuring respective external and / or internal measurements or boundary conditions are known.
  • the compressor is operated in accordance with the sensor device with a variable, between the maximum speed and the minimum speed, each intermediate value engaging speed. Because the radiator unit is not directly or indirectly connected to the compressor is a separate control of the radiator unit and thus a separate adjustment of the speed of the radiator fan.
  • the compressor and the radiator fan can also be switched off.
  • the controller operates the compressor at a variable speed slightly above the minimum speed, the air pressure in the at least one compressed air tank being set slightly greater than the cut-in pressure.
  • the control device concludes that the rail vehicle is in line operation.
  • a maximum energy saving of the compressor priority which is achieved by the variable operation of the compressor with the minimum minimum speed.
  • the pressure curve can be monitored, so that the air pressure in the at least one compressed air tank is set almost constant, preferably one to two tenths bar above the switch-on of the compressor.
  • the speed of the electric machine and thus the speed of the compressor varies to keep the air pressure in the at least one compressed air tank almost constant.
  • the radiator fan of the radiator unit is operated in such a way that the lowest possible temperature of the compressed air at the outlet of the compressor is achieved within the desired temperature range.
  • control device operates at a negative acceleration, the compressor at a maximum speed until reaching a cut-off pressure of the compressor and feeds the at least one compressed air tank, the compressor is operated after reaching the cut-off at a variable speed, below the maximum speed ,
  • the speed of the compressor goes back into the range above the minimum speed and maintains the previously defined maximum pressure in the at least one compressed air tank upright until the end of the braking operation.
  • This offers the advantage of internal use of electrical energy in braking mode and allows energy savings, since a return of the electrical energy in the electrical network is not possible in any case. Therefore, in the braking operation of the compressor, the maximum energy recovery of the compressor is paramount. This is achieved in particular by a maximum feed of compressed air into the at least one compressed air tank during braking operation and by maintaining the maximum overpressure in at least one compressed air tank.
  • the compressor is switched off after completion of the negative acceleration and set on reaching the cut-in pressure to the minimum speed. This saves the compressor at the end of the braking phase in the following operation, the energy that was consumed during the braking phase.
  • the shutdown of the compressor or the setting of the minimum speed is maintained until the pressure in the at least one compressed air tank reaches the cut-in pressure of the compressor.
  • the control means intermittently operates the compressor between a shutdown when the pressure falls to the cut-in pressure and a minimum speed when the cut-off pressure is reached.
  • the compressor can be turned off or kept at minimum speed until the cut-in pressure in at least one compressed air tank is reached.
  • the radiator fan remains switched off as far as possible or is only operated so fast that the permissible maximum temperature in the compressor or at the compressed air outlet is not exceeded. This minimizes noise emissions from the compressor and radiator fan while stopping at the station.
  • the entire compressor system can be built space-saving as the There is no possibility of renouncing passive measures for sound insulation. Therefore, in the station mode of the compressor, the minimum sound emission of the compressor and the radiator fan are paramount. This is achieved in particular by the shutdown or operation of the compressor and the radiator fan at minimum speed.
  • the control device operates at standstill of the rail vehicle and a relatively high noise level in the vicinity of the rail vehicle, the compressor at the maximum speed until either the relatively high sound level drops again or the cut-off pressure is reached.
  • the high noise level when the rail vehicle is stationary which is generated for example by a passing freight train, can be used to increase the speed of the compressor and the radiator fan in this situation, thereby filling the at least one compressed air tank within a very short time. Perceptible noise emissions are avoided due to the high ambient noise level.
  • the control device is operated depending on the situation of the rail vehicle such that energy is saved for operating the compressor system and the noise emissions of the compressor system are lowered. Internally provided information regarding different operating conditions of the rail vehicle are useful, but not required.
  • Fig.l is a block diagram of the erfindungsmä type compressor system
  • FIG. 2 shows five contiguous diagrams, wherein a sound level, a speed and an acceleration of the rail vehicle as well as a speed and a pressure in the compressed air reservoir are plotted over time from top to bottom.
  • a compressor system for a rail vehicle has an electric machine 1 which drives a compressor 3 via a drive shaft 2 to generate compressed air.
  • the compressed air generated by the compressor 3 is passed via a compressed air-carrying line 6 to a cooler unit 9 with a radiator fan 14. Downstream of the radiator unit 9, a pressure sensor 7 and a temperature sensor 13b are arranged in the compressed air-carrying line 6.
  • the compressed air-carrying line 6 opens into a pre-separator 11 to which an air treatment plant 12 is connected downstream. The dried and particle-cleaned compressed air is then fed into a compressed air tank 4.
  • a temperature sensor 13 a which is arranged on the compressor 3, and the temperature sensor 13 b and the pressure sensor 7 all send the control device 5 the measured temperatures and the measured pressure. Furthermore, the control device 5 also receives signals from a sensor device 10.
  • the sensor device 10 comprises a GPS sensor 16 for measuring a speed v of the rail vehicle and an acceleration sensor 17 for measuring an acceleration b of the rail vehicle and a sound sensor 18 for measuring a sound level s in the vicinity of the rail vehicle.
  • the control device 5 is adapted to both control the speed of the radiator unit 9 and to direct signals to an actuator 8.
  • the actuator 8 has two outputs and thus also sets the speed of the radiator fan 14 by the control device 5.
  • the actuator 8 for continuously influencing the rotational speed of the electric machine 1 between an electrical supply 15 and the electric machine 1 is arranged.
  • the control of the actuator 8 takes place in accordance with the sensor device 10 via the control device. 5
  • the air pressure in the compressed-air reservoir 4 can be adjusted via the rotational speed of the compressor 3.
  • the fourth diagram, seen from above, illustrates the course of the rotational speed over time
  • the fifth diagram, seen from above, illustrates the course of the air pressure in the compressed air reservoir 4 over time.
  • the first three diagrams seen from above depict the course of a sound level in the vicinity of the rail vehicle, a speed and an acceleration of the rail vehicle.
  • the timeline of the five diagrams is synchronized with each other and essentially divided into three operating modes.
  • the control device 5 operates the compressor 3 at a variable speed slightly above the minimum speed i lies.
  • the air pressure in the compressed air tank 4 is set slightly larger than the cut-in pressure e.
  • the control device 5 operates at a negative acceleration b during the braking operation B, the compressor 3 with a maximum speed m until reaching a cut-off pressure a of the compressor 3 and feeds the at least one compressed air tank 4.
  • the compressor 3 is after reaching the cut-off a operated at a variable speed, below the maximum speed m.
  • the control device 5 operates the compressor 3 intermittently between a shutdown of the compressor 3 when the pressure falls to the cut-in pressure e and a minimum speed i when reaching the compressor Shutdown pressure a. With an increase in the sound level s in the vicinity of the rail vehicle to a relatively high value of the compressor 3 is operated at the maximum speed m until the relatively high sound level s decreases again.

Landscapes

  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Transportation (AREA)
  • Control Of Positive-Displacement Pumps (AREA)
  • Air-Conditioning For Vehicles (AREA)
  • Valves And Accessory Devices For Braking Systems (AREA)
  • Compressor (AREA)
  • Compressors, Vaccum Pumps And Other Relevant Systems (AREA)

Abstract

L'invention concerne un système de compresseur destiné à un véhicule ferroviaire et comprenant un compresseur (3) entraîné par un moteur électrique (1) par l'intermédiaire d'un arbre d'entraînement (2) pour la production d'air comprimé pour au moins un réservoir d'air comprimé (4). Le moteur électrique (1) peut être commandé au moins indirectement par un dispositif de régulation (5) permettant de faire fonctionner le moteur électrique (1) à au moins une vitesse de rotation située entre une vitesse de rotation maximale (m) et une vitesse de rotation minimale (i), et au moins un capteur de pression (7) permettant de déterminer la pression pour le dispositif de régulation (5) est par ailleurs disposé dans une conduite (6) acheminant l'air comprimé et agencée en aval du compresseur. Selon l'invention, un organe de réglage (8) permettant d'agir en continu sur la vitesse de rotation du moteur électrique (1) est agencé entre une alimentation électrique (15) et le moteur électrique (1), la commande de l'organe de réglage (8) étant assurée par le dispositif de régulation (5) en fonction d'un dispositif de détection (10) comprenant au moins un élément de détection (16) détectant au moins une condition aux limites du véhicule ferroviaire. L'invention concerne également un procédé de commande du système de compresseur selon l'invention, le compresseur (3) fonctionnant en fonction du dispositif de détection (10) à une vitesse de rotation variable adoptant toute valeur intermédiaire entre la vitesse de rotation maximale (m) et la vitesse de rotation minimale (i).
EP14808923.8A 2013-12-05 2014-12-02 Système de compresseur et procédé permettant de faire fonctionner le système de compresseur en fonction de la situation instantanée d'un véhicule ferroviaire Withdrawn EP3077672A1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE102013113556.0A DE102013113556A1 (de) 2013-12-05 2013-12-05 Kompressorsystem und Verfahren zum Betrieb des Kompressorsystems in Abhängigkeit der aktuellen Situation des Schienenfahrzeugs
PCT/EP2014/076165 WO2015082431A1 (fr) 2013-12-05 2014-12-02 Système de compresseur et procédé permettant de faire fonctionner le système de compresseur en fonction de la situation instantanée d'un véhicule ferroviaire

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP3077672A1 true EP3077672A1 (fr) 2016-10-12

Family

ID=52014054

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP14808923.8A Withdrawn EP3077672A1 (fr) 2013-12-05 2014-12-02 Système de compresseur et procédé permettant de faire fonctionner le système de compresseur en fonction de la situation instantanée d'un véhicule ferroviaire

Country Status (11)

Country Link
US (1) US10393104B2 (fr)
EP (1) EP3077672A1 (fr)
JP (1) JP6279740B2 (fr)
KR (1) KR20160093053A (fr)
CN (1) CN105934584B (fr)
AU (1) AU2014359380B2 (fr)
CA (1) CA2932640A1 (fr)
DE (1) DE102013113556A1 (fr)
HK (1) HK1223141A1 (fr)
RU (1) RU2640681C1 (fr)
WO (1) WO2015082431A1 (fr)

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CN109236659B (zh) * 2018-10-15 2020-02-07 南京中车浦镇海泰制动设备有限公司 一种轨道交通风源系统用无油涡旋压缩机控制方法
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IT201900009897A1 (it) * 2019-06-24 2020-12-24 Faiveley Transport Italia Spa Procedimento di monitoraggio di un compressore di un sistema frenante ferroviario
IT201900016490A1 (it) * 2019-09-17 2021-03-17 Faiveley Transport Italia Spa Sistema per la generazione di aria compressa e per il condizionamento di aria, per un veicolo ferroviario
EP4037943B1 (fr) * 2019-09-30 2023-08-30 Volvo Truck Corporation Procédé de réglage de la vitesse de rotation d'un compositeur entraîné par un moteur électrique et unité de commande adaptée à la mise en oeuvre du procédé
DE102020100296A1 (de) * 2020-01-09 2021-07-15 Knorr-Bremse Systeme für Schienenfahrzeuge GmbH Kompressorsystem und Verfahren zum Betreiben eines Kompressorsystems in Abhängigkeit des Druckluftbedarfs eines Betriebszustands des Fahrzeugs
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AU2014359380A1 (en) 2016-06-23
CN105934584B (zh) 2019-02-22
DE102013113556A1 (de) 2015-06-11
JP6279740B2 (ja) 2018-02-14
US10393104B2 (en) 2019-08-27
KR20160093053A (ko) 2016-08-05
CA2932640A1 (fr) 2015-06-11
HK1223141A1 (zh) 2017-07-21
WO2015082431A1 (fr) 2015-06-11
US20160377075A1 (en) 2016-12-29
CN105934584A (zh) 2016-09-07
AU2014359380B2 (en) 2018-01-25
RU2640681C1 (ru) 2018-01-11

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