EP3016884B1 - Inner container made of plastic and transport and storage container for liquids having such an inner container - Google Patents

Description

The invention relates to an inner container made of plastic for the transport and storage of liquids according to the preamble of claim 1. Furthermore, the invention relates to a transport and storage container with such an inner container.

Inner container of the type mentioned are used as interchangeable component of transport and storage containers, which serve for the transport and storage of liquids and are regularly used as so-called "circulation container", which are repeatedly filled. In order to achieve the largest possible volume of sales of liquids filled in inner container, it is essential to ensure the most complete emptying of the container so that the entire container volume is available for refilling the next filling process. Furthermore, it is also important in the interests of economical, substantially complete utilization of the contents of the container or in order to avoid costly rinsing and cleaning operations to achieve the most complete possible emptying of the container.

Particularly in the case of highly viscous filling goods, which have good wetting properties with respect to the inner walls of the inner container, a substantially complete emptying of the known inner containers can prove to be very complicated and lengthy, since the container shape is essentially designed to provide a container with a maximized container volume to set, which is also adapted in its outer dimensions or its configuration substantially to the receiving space defined on the transport pallet within the outer shell.

Concerning the most complete possible emptying of the inner container, special problems arise in the storage of thixotropic liquids, such as paints whose viscosity must be reduced regularly by stirring to subsequent removal of the coatings from the container and subsequent processing of the paints, for example by a Spray job on surfaces to be painted, to allow. After an incomplete emptying of the container, the viscosity of the quiescent liquid increases again, so that for carrying out a further painting operation, the remainder of the paint remaining in the inner container has to be stirred up again.

Stirring a remaining, for example, as a result of successive removal of subsets in the inner container remaining or partial amount is required in practice not only for paints but basically for all liquids in which can occur due to storage segregation, so that for example segregated dispersions the stirring can be homogenized. A non-stirrable residual amount, so for example a segregated paint, is unusable and may need to be disposed of consuming.

For stirring, stirrer devices are usually inserted into the inner container by means of the filling opening formed in the upper bottom wall of the inner container, with which openings in the inner container Remaining residual amount can be stirred. It is necessary for the complete consumption of the remaining paint in the inner container, the residual amount to stir as completely as possible, so minimize the aufstaufbare residual amount to use the entire contents of the container according to the economic interest of the paint processor allows.

From the EP 2 090 520 A1 a transport and storage container is known which has an inner container made of plastic for the transport and storage of liquids. The known inner container has a funnel base formed as a flat gutter in its bottom, which is provided with a central elevation.

The DE 41 08 399 C1 discloses a transport and storage container with an inner container made of plastic for the transport and storage of liquids which is provided in its bottom with a flat gutter.

From the US 2011/0249526 A1 an inner container made of plastic for a storage container is known, which is provided on a funnel wall offset to a funnel base with a stirrer.

The present invention has for its object to provide an inner container made of plastic for the transport and storage of liquids as well as a transport and storage container with such an inner container, which allows a largely residual emptying of the container, even with thixotropic liquids in that an agitator in a in Funnel bottom accumulated residual amount can be immersed.

To solve this problem, the inner container according to the invention has the features of claim 1.

According to the invention, the outlet connection of the inner container is arranged on a funnel bottom of a discharge funnel formed in the lower bottom wall arranged, wherein the discharge funnel has a front hopper wall with the outlet nozzle and two V-shaped to each other, arranged at a funnel angle α relative to the horizontal lateral funnel walls, each extending from a keel-shaped funnel bottom to a lower edge of a side wall, wherein a keel line of Kielförmigen funnel bottom at a funnel angle β relative to the horizontal from the arranged below the front wall outlet nozzle to the rear wall increases.

Due to the inventive design, the lower bottom wall is used to form a discharge funnel, due to the V-shaped to each other employed lateral funnel walls in conjunction with the keel-shaped, running from the outlet to the rear wall with rising keel line funnel running even high-viscosity liquids in the lower Bottom wall towards the funnel bottom out so that it is ensured that the remaining amount in the inner container collects at the funnel bottom. In addition, the keel-shaped funnel base forms a channel-shaped outflow channel widening from the outlet connection piece to the rear wall.

The formation of such a collection, which forms a Restmengenbad, is a prerequisite for the remaining amount can be acted upon at all with the agitator, so the agitator can be immersed in the Restmengenbad, and that the formation of liquid nests outside of an access area for the agitator is largely prevented ,

According to the kielförmige funnel base is cup-shaped, with a concave cross-section and formed starting from the funnel bottom to the rear wall in a wedge-shaped rising. This makes it possible to form the lower bottom wall so that the slope of the V-shaped mutually employed side walls in the area of the funnel base continues and the funnel base due to its concave and wedge-shaped formation forms an essential part of a formed in the lower bottom wall sump, which allows immersion of the agitator.

In addition, according to the invention, the keel-shaped funnel base forms a widening channel-shaped outflow channel running from the outlet connection piece to the rear wall, so that it is ensured that the residual quantity remaining in the inner container collects at the funnel base.

If the funnel angle α in a cross section of the inner container passing through the filling opening is between 25 and 50 °, it is ensured that, on the one hand, a sufficient gradient of the funnel walls to the keel-shaped funnel base is formed, and on the other hand also an agitator as deep as possible and as small as possible Distance from the side walls in the funnel base can be used.

Moreover, if the funnel angle β is between 5 ° and 15 °, a particularly advantageous optimized embodiment of the lower bottom wall of the inner container is possible, which enables the formation of a particularly effectively designed collection container with the largest possible container volume in the lower bottom wall.

The keel-shaped funnel base preferably has an end region towards the rear wall, with a transition wall section that horizontally widens toward the rear wall, which has a horizontal contour in a cross section of the inner container and merges into the rear wall in a longitudinal section of the inner container with an arcuate contour, so that in FIG critical transition region from the keel-shaped funnel bottom to the regularly planar and vertically oriented rear wall of the inner container, the formation of liquid nests, ie surface areas where an undesirable accumulation of liquids is possible, is prevented.

A particularly uniform transition with a surface free of elevations or depressions is possible if the arcuate contour has a constant radius and preferably merges into the rear wall without an incline.

Preferably, the front hopper wall is inclined from a lower edge of the front wall to the hopper floor, so that a relation to the front wall of the inner container recessed arrangement of the outlet nozzle and thus a correspondingly set back and thus protected arrangement of attached to the outlet nozzle outlet fitting is possible. Furthermore, the inclined front funnel wall allows the slope angle of the front funnel wall to be adjusted to the incline angles of the side funnel walls.

However, it is sufficient for the proper functioning of the outlet funnel if, according to a possible embodiment, the front funnel wall is formed by a triangular extension of the front wall, which preferably extends in the plane of the front wall.

A particularly low, the emptying of the inner container supportive flow resistance in the inlet region of the outlet nozzle is achieved when the funnel bottom is cup-shaped and has a formed on a lower edge of the front funnel wall and arranged parallel to the front wall of the inner container connection surface for the outlet nozzle.

If the inner container is provided according to a particularly preferred embodiment with an agitator, the agitator head penetrates into a formed in the bottom wall stirring space, even the smallest residual amounts can be collected in the stirring chamber and by the combined with the inner container agitator whose agitator head by suitable design, an intrusion into allows this stirred space to be stirred.

The transport and storage container for liquids according to the invention has an inner container made of plastic with the features of one of claims 1 to 9, wherein the inner container is arranged with its lower bottom wall for support on a pallet base of a provided with an outer jacket for receiving the inner container transport pallet and between the lower bottom wall of the inner container and the pallet base a support means is arranged, which has a support surface adapted to the bottom wall.

The transport and storage container according to the invention thus makes it possible by means of a simple combination of a conventional transport pallet having an outer casing with a support device to use an inner container which has the advantages already described in detail with reference to claims 1 to 9.

The transport and storage container according to the invention allows the use of an inner container, which allows improved emptying without the need to deviate from the usual used in a transport and storage container transport pallet or trained in the usual way outer sheath to use the beneficial effects of the inner container to be able to.

The combination of the designed in a special way as a discharge hopper lower bottom wall with the supporting means adapted thereto allows between the inner container and the support means the formation of a mechanical engagement compound, which allows a relief of the outer shell of dynamic, so occurring for example during transport shear forces, so that the Transport and storage container has increased transport safety.

Particularly advantageous in terms of the overall height of the transport and storage container and thus, inter alia, for the tipping stability or stacking security, it is effective if the support means for forming the support surface for the bottom wall a support frame with a Recess for the discharge funnel and having a recess for carrying a discharge nozzle arranged on the outlet fitting, so that the discharge nozzle can be received sunk in the support means.

The support frame preferably has a support yoke bridging the recess for carrying out the outlet fitting arranged at the outlet connection for supporting the inner container.

If according to an advantageous embodiment, the support means for forming the support surface for the lower bottom wall has a support trough, a particularly secure support of the inner container is realized with optimum application of force acting from the inner container to the transport pallet area load.

To reduce the number of components of a transport and storage container, the support means may be integrally formed integrally with the pallet base, so be made about as a molded part.

It is particularly advantageous if the support device is designed as a blow molded part, so that the same technology can be used for producing the support device as for producing the inner container.

Alternatively, it is possible to form the support means as an injection molded part, so that the support means by optimized design with the least possible use of materials and yet dynamic high loadable executable.

In particular, for producing a support device which is composed of simple flat parts and yet allows both an adaptation to the surface of the pallet base as well as the lower bottom wall and the outlet funnel of the inner container, it is advantageous if the support means as a supporting structure with a plurality of transversely to the longitudinal direction of the inner container arranged support ribs is formed, which are connected to each other via horizontal connecting elements.

If the support device is designed as a truss with a plurality of interconnected rods, it is for example possible to perform the support means as a welded construction, in particular, the use of pipes proves advantageous due to their high compared to the use of material bending strength. If the framework is at least partially formed by rods of the outer shell, the material used for the production of the framework by using existing existing rods of the outer shell can be minimized.

To avoid undesirable surface pressure at the contact points between the rods of the framework and the inner container, it is advantageous if the framework is provided for forming support surfaces with wings, which are preferably formed from sheet metal blanks, so that welding with the rods of the framework is easily possible.

Hereinafter, a preferred embodiment of the inner container according to the invention and the transport and storage container according to the invention will be explained in more detail with reference to the drawings.

Fig. 1

Einen Transport- und Lagerbehälter mit einem auf einer Stützeinrichtung angeordneten Innenbehälter;

Fig. 2

die auf einer Transportpalette des in Fig. 1 dargestellten Transport- und Lagerbehälters angeordnete Stützeinrichtung;

Fig. 3

den in Fig. 1 dargestellten Innenbehälter in isometrischer Darstellung, seitlich von vorn;

Fig. 4

eine Frontansicht des in Fig. 3 dargestellten Innenbehälters;

Fig. 5

eine Seitenansicht des in Fig. 3 dargestellten Innenbehälters;

Fig. 6

eine isometrische Darstellung des Innenbehälters, seitlich von hinten;

Fig. 7

eine isometrische Darstellung des in Fig. 3 dargestellten Innenbehälters, seitlich von unten;

Fig. 8

eine Längsschnittdarstellung des unteren Teil des in Fig. 3 dargestellten Innenbehälters gemäß Schnittlinienverlauf VIII-VIII in Fig. 3 mit einem im Behälterinnenraum angeordneten Rührwerkskopf;

Fig. 9

eine Querschnittsdarstellung des unteren Teils des in Fig. 3 dargestellten Innenbehälters mit dem im Behälterinnenraum angeordneten Rührwerkskopf;

Fig. 10

eine Stützeinrichtung in isometrischer Darstellung;

Fig. 11

eine weitere Ausführungsform einer Stützeinrichtung in Schnittdarstellung;

Fig. 12

die in Fig. 11 dargestellte Stützeinrichtung in isometrischer Darstellung;

Fig. 13

eine weitere Ausführungsform einer Stützeinrichtung in isometrischer Darstellung.

Show it:

Fig. 1

A transport and storage container with an inner container arranged on a support device;

Fig. 2

which on a transport pallet of in Fig. 1 represented transport and storage container arranged support means;

Fig. 3

the in Fig. 1 illustrated inner container in isometric view, laterally from the front;

Fig. 4

a front view of the in Fig. 3 illustrated inner container;

Fig. 5

a side view of the in Fig. 3 illustrated inner container;

Fig. 6

an isometric view of the inner container, laterally from behind;

Fig. 7

an isometric representation of the in Fig. 3 illustrated inner container, laterally from below;

Fig. 8

a longitudinal sectional view of the lower part of in Fig. 3 illustrated inner container according to section line VIII-VIII in Fig. 3 with an arranged in the container interior agitator head;

Fig. 9

a cross-sectional view of the lower part of in Fig. 3 illustrated inner container with the arranged in the container interior Rührwerkskopf;

Fig. 10

a support device in an isometric view;

Fig. 11

a further embodiment of a support device in sectional view;

Fig. 12

in the Fig. 11 illustrated support means in isometric view;

Fig. 13

a further embodiment of a support device in isometric view.

Fig. 1 shows a transport and storage container 20, which on a transport pallet 21 in an here as a grid jacket with vertical bars 22 and horizontal bars 23 outer jacket 24 formed an inner container 25 plastic absorbs. Between the inner container 25 and a pallet base 26 of the transport pallet 21, a support means 27 is arranged, on which the inner container 25 with a lower bottom wall 28 of the in Fig. 3 illustrated inner container 25 is supported.

As the Fig. 3 to 5 show, the inner container 25 subsequent to the lower bottom wall 28 a front wall 29, two opposing side walls 30, 31, a rear wall 32 and an upper bottom wall 28 of the lower bottom wall 33 opposite.

In the lower bottom wall 28, a discharge funnel 34 is formed with a front hopper wall 35 and two side funnel walls 36, 37 which are set in a V-shape relative to each other and which are connected to one another in a keel-shaped funnel base 38. The inner container 25 has at a connected to a lower edge of the front wall 29 front hopper wall 35 adjacent a funnel bottom 39, which forms the lowest area of the outlet funnel 34, an outlet connection 40 for connection of an outlet fitting not shown here, which is a removal of a filling material from the Inner container 25 allows, which has previously been filled through a filling opening 41 in the upper bottom wall 33 in the inner container 25.

The transport pallet 21 of in Fig. 1 illustrated transport and storage container 20 is designed as a runner pallet with a center runner 42 and two outer runners 43, 44, on which support legs 45 are arranged, which support the pallet base 26 on which the support means 27 and the outer jacket 24 is arranged.

Notwithstanding the in Fig. 1 illustrated, designed as a runner pallet transport pallet 21, the transport pallet can also be designed as a frame pallet with a circumferentially closed formed base frame instead of the center skid 42 and the two outer skids 43, 44. Deviating from the in Fig. 1 illustrated embodiment in which the pallet base 26 is formed, for example, as a sheet metal part and the support means 27 consists of a blow molded plastic part, the pallet base may also be designed as a plastic part, in particular, a one-piece contiguous formation of the support means and the pallet base made of plastic or sheet metal or other suitable material, the one-piece design of the pallet base with allows an integrally formed support means is possible.

How in particular a synopsis of 4 and 5 can be seen, the side funnel walls 36, 37 are arranged at a funnel angle α relative to the horizontal and extending from a respective lower edge 46, 47 of the side walls 30, 31 to the keel-shaped funnel base 38. The funnel base 38 has a, in Fig. 7 indicated concave section 48, and is wedge-shaped starting from the funnel bottom 39 to the rear wall 32 of the inner container 25, so that the lateral, adjacent to the funnel base 38 funnel walls 36, 37 to the rear wall 32 towards narrower, so the preferably horizontally extending lower edges 46, 47 of the side walls 30, 31 and lower edges 49, 50 of the lateral funnel walls 36, 37 approach each other toward the rear wall 32 of the inner container 25.

In the in the Fig. 3 to 7 illustrated inner container 25 of the discharge hopper 34 is formed so that the lateral funnel walls 36, 37 ( FIG. Fig. 4 ) a funnel angle α = 30 ° and one between a keel line 63 ( Fig. 5 ) of the keel-shaped funnel base 38 and the horizontal funnel formed angle β = 10 °.

Regardless of the exemplary embodiments illustrated, it is quite fundamentally the case that the funnel walls and the keel line are preferably essentially planar or rectilinear, but that they may also have a slight curvature of the surface or the line at least in regions. In this case, the angles α and β refer to the tangents applied to the surfaces or the keel line.

Further, in particular from the 6 and 7 As can be seen, the keel-shaped funnel base 38 has an end region 52 towards the rear wall, with a transition wall section 53 which widens horizontally and transversely to a longitudinal axis 64 toward the rear wall 32 and which is designed essentially as a triangular cylindrical shell segment and here in a cross section of the inner container 25 has a horizontal contour 65 and merges in a longitudinal section of the inner container 25 with an arcuate contour 66 in the rear wall 32.

In the 8 and 9 is to explain the advantageous embodiment of the lower bottom wall 28 of the inner container 25, a stirrer head 54 through the filling opening 41 ( Fig. 3 ) is shown in a container interior 55 introduced agitator. In the in the 8 and 9 illustrated configuration of the agitator head 54 are agitator blades 56, which are geseschwenkt for insertion through the filling opening 41 against a stirrer shaft 57, shown in its swung-out operating configuration. During a rotation of the agitator head 54, the agitator vanes 56 act upon them by hatching 8 and 9 indicated stirring space 67.

To enable the smallest possible stirrable residual amount of a liquid accumulated in the region of the outlet funnel 34, it is essential that the largest possible portion of the lumen of the outlet funnel adjacent to the outlet nozzle 40 and with the smallest possible distance to the wall of the outlet funnel 34 is covered by the stirring chamber 57. On the other hand, the design of the outlet funnel 34 in the lower bottom wall 28, the capacity of the inner container 25 should be limited as little as possible, so that with an optimal design of a trained in the lower bottom wall 28 discharge funnel 34 two above requirements are taken into account.

The in the 8 and 9 shown partial sectional views of the inner container 25 illustrate that this is achieved in the embodiment shown here in that a funnel angle α between the side funnel walls 36, 37 and the horizontal of 30 ° is formed and a funnel angle β between the keel line 63 of the concave funnel base 38 and the horizontal is 10 °.

Fig. 10 shows the support means 27, which is formed in the present case as a one-piece blow molding and a support frame 58 with a recess 59 for receiving a at the outlet nozzle 40 of the example in Fig. 3 having illustrated inner container 25 arranged outlet fitting. The support device 27 has a support trough 60 whose surfaces form a support surface 61. How out Fig. 10 can be seen, the support surface 61 is configured so that partial surfaces are formed, which correspond in their relative arrangement and contour of the side funnel walls 36, 37 and the funnel base 38 and the transition piece 53 in the end region of the funnel base 38 of the inner container 25.

Notwithstanding the in Fig. 10 shown support means 27, which may be made as blow molding or injection molding, show the Fig. 11 to 13 exemplary further possible embodiments.

For example, the show FIGS. 11 and 12 a support means 77 which is formed as a framework with a closed frame 78 and connected to the frame 78, U-shaped bent rods 79, 80, which consist of differently shaped pieces of pipe.

How the particular Fig. 11 shows, support rods 81, 82 are provided on the rods 80, the rod bridges for supporting the lower bottom wall 28 of the inner container 25 form and are designed according to the surface contour of the lower bottom wall 28 at different heights.

Fig. 13 shows as a further possible embodiment, a support means 83 which is formed as a supporting structure with a plurality of transversely to the longitudinal axis 64 of the inner container 25 arranged support ribs 84 to 89, which are interconnected via horizontal connecting elements 90, 91 and secured in their relative arrangement. The respective height or shape of the support ribs 84 to 89 is selected so that an adaptation to the lower bottom wall 28 of the inner container 25 ( FIG. Fig. 11 ) becomes possible.

Claims (22)

1. An inner container (25) made of plastic for transporting and storing liquids, said container comprising a filling neck (41) for filling the inner container in an upper bottom wall (33) and an outlet neck (40) for connecting an outlet armature at a front side and a lower bottom wall (28) interconnecting two side walls (30, 31), a rear wall (32) and a front wall (29) of the inner container for supporting the inner container on a pallet base (26) of a transport pallet (21) which is provided with an outer mantle (24) for receiving the inner container, the outlet neck being arranged at a hopper bottom (39) of an outlet hopper (34) formed in the lower bottom wall, the outlet hopper having a front hopper wall (35) comprising the outlet neck and two lateral hopper walls (36, 37), which are inclined relative to each other in a V-shape, are arranged at a hopper angle α in relation to the horizontal and each expand starting from a keel-shaped hopper base (38) to a lower edge (46, 47) of a side wall, a keel line (63) of the keel-shaped hopper base rising at a hopper angle β in relation to the horizontal from an outlet neck arranged below the front wall toward the rear wall
   characterized in that
   the keel-shaped hopper base (38) is formed in the shape of a bowl having a concave cross-section (48) and rising in the shape of a wedge starting from the hopper bottom (39) toward the rear wall, the hopper base (38) forms a groove-shaped, widening drain channel, which expands from the outlet neck (40) toward the rear wall (32).
2. The inner container according to claim 1,
   characterized in that
   the hopper angle α ranges from 25° to 50°.
3. The inner container according to claim 1 or 2,
   characterized in that
   the hopper angle β ranges from 5° to 15°.
4. The inner container according to any one of the preceding claims,
   characterized in that
   the keel-shaped hopper base (38) has an end portion (52) in the direction of the rear wall (32), comprising a transitional wall portion (53) that expands horizontally toward the rear wall and has a horizontal contour (65) in a cross-section of the inner container and ends with a curved contour (66) in the rear wall in a longitudinal section of the inner container (25).
5. The inner container according to claim 4,
   characterized in that
   the curved contour (66) has a constant radius.
6. The inner container according to any one of the preceding claims,
   characterized in that
   the front hopper wall (35) is inclined from a lower edge of the front wall (29) toward the hopper bottom (39).
7. The inner container according to any one of the claims 1 to 5,
   characterized in that
   the front hopper wall is formed by a triangular extension of the front wall which expands in the plane of the front wall.
8. The inner container according to any one of the preceding claims,
   characterized in that
   the hopper bottom (39) is cup-shaped and has a connecting surface for the outlet neck (40), said connecting surface being formed on the front hopper wall (35) and being parallel to the front wall (29) of the inner container (25).
9. The inner container according to any one of the preceding claims,
   characterized in that
   the inner container (25) is provided with a stirring mechanism whose stirrer head (54) reaches into a stirring space (67) formed in the bottom wall (28).
10. A transport and storage container (20) for liquids comprising an inner container (25) made of plastic according to any one of claims 1 to 9, wherein, for support, the inner container is arranged with its lower bottom wall (28) on a pallet base (26) of a transport pallet (21) provided with an outer mantle (24) for receiving the inner container and a support means (27, 77, 83) is arranged between the lower bottom wall of the inner container and the pallet base, said support means having a support surface (61) that is adapted to the bottom wall.
11. The transporting and storage container according to claim 10,
    characterized in that
    for forming the support surface (61) for the lower bottom wall (28), the support means (27) has a support frame (58) comprising a recess for receiving the outlet hopper (34) and with a recess (59) for passage of an outlet armature arranged on the outlet neck (40).
12. The transporting and storage container according to claim 11,
    characterized in that
    for supporting the inner container, the support frame has a support brace which bridges the recess for passage of the outlet armature arranged on the outlet neck.
13. The transporting and storage container according to claim 11 or 12,
    characterized in that
    the support means (27) has a support depression (60) for forming the support surface (61) for the lower bottom wall (28).
14. The transporting and storage container according to any one of the claims 10 to 13,
    characterized in that
    the support means is formed contiguously in one piece with the pallet base.
15. The transporting and storage container according to any one of the claims 10 to 14,
    characterized in that
    the support means (27) is formed as a blow-molded part.
16. The transporting and storage container according to any one of the claims 10 to 14,
    characterized in that
    the support means (27) is formed as an injection-molded part.
17. The transporting and storage container according to any one of the claims 10 to 16,
    characterized in that
    the support means (83) is formed as a bearing structure with a plurality of bearing ribs (84 to 89) which are arranged transversely to the longitudinal axis (64) of the inner container (25) and are interconnected via horizontal connecting elements (90, 91).
18. The transporting and storage container according to any one of the claims 10 to 14,
    characterized in that
    the support means (77) is formed as a bar structure comprising a plurality of interconnected bars (79, 80).
19. The transporting and storage container according to claim 18,
    characterized in that
    the bars (79, 80) are formed as pipes.
20. The transporting and storage container according to claim 18 or 19,
    characterized in that
    the bar structure is formed at least in part by the bars of the outer mantle.
21. The transporting and storage container according to any one of the claims 18 to 20,
    characterized in that
    the bar structure is provided with bearing surfaces for forming support surfaces.
22. The transporting and storage container according to claim 21,
    characterized in that
    the bearing surfaces are formed from at least one sheet metal cutting.

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