Classifications

• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01F—MIXING, e.g. DISSOLVING, EMULSIFYING OR DISPERSING
  • B01F25/00—Flow mixers; Mixers for falling materials, e.g. solid particles
  • B01F25/40—Static mixers
  • B01F25/42—Static mixers in which the mixing is affected by moving the components jointly in changing directions, e.g. in tubes provided with baffles or obstructions
  • B01F25/43—Mixing tubes, e.g. wherein the material is moved in a radial or partly reversed direction
  • B01F25/431—Straight mixing tubes with baffles or obstructions that do not cause substantial pressure drop; Baffles therefor
  • B01F25/4317—Profiled elements, e.g. profiled blades, bars, pillars, columns or chevrons
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
  • F23K—FEEDING FUEL TO COMBUSTION APPARATUS
  • F23K5/00—Feeding or distributing other fuel to combustion apparatus
  • F23K5/02—Liquid fuel
  • F23K5/08—Preparation of fuel
  • F23K5/10—Mixing with other fluids
  • F23K5/12—Preparing emulsions
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01F—MIXING, e.g. DISSOLVING, EMULSIFYING OR DISPERSING
  • B01F23/00—Mixing according to the phases to be mixed, e.g. dispersing or emulsifying
  • B01F23/40—Mixing liquids with liquids; Emulsifying
  • B01F23/41—Emulsifying
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01F—MIXING, e.g. DISSOLVING, EMULSIFYING OR DISPERSING
  • B01F25/00—Flow mixers; Mixers for falling materials, e.g. solid particles
  • B01F25/40—Static mixers
  • B01F25/42—Static mixers in which the mixing is affected by moving the components jointly in changing directions, e.g. in tubes provided with baffles or obstructions
  • B01F25/43—Mixing tubes, e.g. wherein the material is moved in a radial or partly reversed direction
  • B01F25/431—Straight mixing tubes with baffles or obstructions that do not cause substantial pressure drop; Baffles therefor
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01F—MIXING, e.g. DISSOLVING, EMULSIFYING OR DISPERSING
  • B01F25/00—Flow mixers; Mixers for falling materials, e.g. solid particles
  • B01F25/40—Static mixers
  • B01F25/42—Static mixers in which the mixing is affected by moving the components jointly in changing directions, e.g. in tubes provided with baffles or obstructions
  • B01F25/43—Mixing tubes, e.g. wherein the material is moved in a radial or partly reversed direction
  • B01F25/431—Straight mixing tubes with baffles or obstructions that do not cause substantial pressure drop; Baffles therefor
  • B01F25/4314—Straight mixing tubes with baffles or obstructions that do not cause substantial pressure drop; Baffles therefor with helical baffles
  • B01F25/43141—Straight mixing tubes with baffles or obstructions that do not cause substantial pressure drop; Baffles therefor with helical baffles composed of consecutive sections of helical formed elements
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01F—MIXING, e.g. DISSOLVING, EMULSIFYING OR DISPERSING
  • B01F25/00—Flow mixers; Mixers for falling materials, e.g. solid particles
  • B01F25/40—Static mixers
  • B01F25/42—Static mixers in which the mixing is affected by moving the components jointly in changing directions, e.g. in tubes provided with baffles or obstructions
  • B01F25/43—Mixing tubes, e.g. wherein the material is moved in a radial or partly reversed direction
  • B01F25/431—Straight mixing tubes with baffles or obstructions that do not cause substantial pressure drop; Baffles therefor
  • B01F25/4316—Straight mixing tubes with baffles or obstructions that do not cause substantial pressure drop; Baffles therefor the baffles being flat pieces of material, e.g. intermeshing, fixed to the wall or fixed on a central rod
  • B01F25/43161—Straight mixing tubes with baffles or obstructions that do not cause substantial pressure drop; Baffles therefor the baffles being flat pieces of material, e.g. intermeshing, fixed to the wall or fixed on a central rod composed of consecutive sections of flat pieces of material
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01F—MIXING, e.g. DISSOLVING, EMULSIFYING OR DISPERSING
  • B01F25/00—Flow mixers; Mixers for falling materials, e.g. solid particles
  • B01F25/40—Static mixers
  • B01F25/42—Static mixers in which the mixing is affected by moving the components jointly in changing directions, e.g. in tubes provided with baffles or obstructions
  • B01F25/43—Mixing tubes, e.g. wherein the material is moved in a radial or partly reversed direction
  • B01F25/431—Straight mixing tubes with baffles or obstructions that do not cause substantial pressure drop; Baffles therefor
  • B01F25/43197—Straight mixing tubes with baffles or obstructions that do not cause substantial pressure drop; Baffles therefor characterised by the mounting of the baffles or obstructions
  • B01F25/431971—Mounted on the wall
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01F—MIXING, e.g. DISSOLVING, EMULSIFYING OR DISPERSING
  • B01F25/00—Flow mixers; Mixers for falling materials, e.g. solid particles
  • B01F25/40—Static mixers
  • B01F25/42—Static mixers in which the mixing is affected by moving the components jointly in changing directions, e.g. in tubes provided with baffles or obstructions
  • B01F25/43—Mixing tubes, e.g. wherein the material is moved in a radial or partly reversed direction
  • B01F25/431—Straight mixing tubes with baffles or obstructions that do not cause substantial pressure drop; Baffles therefor
  • B01F25/43197—Straight mixing tubes with baffles or obstructions that do not cause substantial pressure drop; Baffles therefor characterised by the mounting of the baffles or obstructions
  • B01F25/431972—Mounted on an axial support member, e.g. a rod or bar
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01F—MIXING, e.g. DISSOLVING, EMULSIFYING OR DISPERSING
  • B01F25/00—Flow mixers; Mixers for falling materials, e.g. solid particles
  • B01F25/40—Static mixers
  • B01F25/45—Mixers in which the materials to be mixed are pressed together through orifices or interstitial spaces, e.g. between beads
  • B01F25/452—Mixers in which the materials to be mixed are pressed together through orifices or interstitial spaces, e.g. between beads characterised by elements provided with orifices or interstitial spaces
  • B01F25/4523—Mixers in which the materials to be mixed are pressed together through orifices or interstitial spaces, e.g. between beads characterised by elements provided with orifices or interstitial spaces the components being pressed through sieves, screens or meshes which obstruct the whole diameter of the tube
  • B01F25/45231—Mixers in which the materials to be mixed are pressed together through orifices or interstitial spaces, e.g. between beads characterised by elements provided with orifices or interstitial spaces the components being pressed through sieves, screens or meshes which obstruct the whole diameter of the tube the sieves, screens or meshes being cylinders or cones which obstruct the whole diameter of the tube, the flow changing from axial in radial and again in axial
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01F—MIXING, e.g. DISSOLVING, EMULSIFYING OR DISPERSING
  • B01F33/00—Other mixers; Mixing plants; Combinations of mixers
  • B01F33/80—Mixing plants; Combinations of mixers
  • B01F33/82—Combinations of dissimilar mixers
  • B01F33/821—Combinations of dissimilar mixers with consecutive receptacles
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01F—MIXING, e.g. DISSOLVING, EMULSIFYING OR DISPERSING
  • B01F2215/00—Auxiliary or complementary information in relation with mixing
  • B01F2215/04—Technical information in relation with mixing
  • B01F2215/0413—Numerical information
  • B01F2215/0418—Geometrical information
  • B01F2215/0431—Numerical size values, e.g. diameter of a hole or conduit, area, volume, length, width, or ratios thereof
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
  • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
  • C10L1/32—Liquid carbonaceous fuels consisting of coal-oil suspensions or aqueous emulsions or oil emulsions
  • C10L1/328—Oil emulsions containing water or any other hydrophilic phase

Definitions

• This invention relates to a device and a method for making emulsions of water in fuel oil or in a mixture containing mainly fuel oil.
• Fuel oil is a mixture of hydrocarbons obtainable as a waste product of petroleum distillation processes. Although broadly speaking the term fuel oil may also refer to any product of petroleum processing (even diesel), in the context of this invention it identifies only those residual products of petroleum processing which are intermediate between more valuable products and residual products with lower value (therefore excluding finer products such as diesel and less fine products such as sludge or HFO).
• the fuel oils referred to by this invention are those having viscosity of between 3° Engler and 24° Engler if measured at 50°C.
• the residue available depends on the technical structure of the plants of the refineries in which it is produced.
• the residue used is that from atmospheric distillation, whilst in more complex refineries the residue may be of various types, for example, from vacuum distillation.
• the flux oils used may be products of first distillation such as kerosene or diesel fuels obtained from cracking plants.
• the fuel oil may be defined as: - light if it has viscosity of between 3° and 5° Engler at 50 °C;
• light fuel oil Based on the sulphur content, light fuel oil can be defined as:
• fuel oil Since it is a petroleum processing waste product, enormous quantities of fuel oil are produced around the world each year. Although it is theoretically a waste product, since fuel oil as such still has excellent calorific value, it is widely used. At present, in particular, fuel oil is mainly used in stationary combustion for the production of steam for industrial uses or for generating electricity. Another very important use is that in large engines for propelling ships or for producing electricity in small power stations.
• the main mechanism through which the water of the burning emulsion carries out its beneficial action is practically instantaneous evaporation, manifesting as proper micro-explosions of the droplets of water in emulsion. Since the water droplets are encompassed in larger drops of hydrocarbon previously atomised in a combustion chamber, their evaporation causes further atomisation of the individual drops of hydrocarbon (secondary atomisation). Therefore, following this secondary atomisation a large number of extremely small fuel particles is obtained, with a considerable increase in the surface area in contact with the air supporting combustion.
• the molten ashes, before striking the wall of the pipes have more time to cool to a state in which their surface is firm or in any case is no longer able to adhere to the surfaces with which it comes into contact.
• the shorter flame reduces or eliminates the risk that the flame may make contact with the surfaces of the pipes, and consequently there is a reduction both in the formation of hard corrosive salts in the high temperature zones, and in localised heating of the pipes.
• the reduced presence of oxygen and the consequent reduction in SO 3 causes less formation of H 2 SO 4 , and therefore a reduced corrosive effect on the cold zones of the boilers.
• an emulsion is a mixture of two immiscible fluids, in which one of the two is present in the form of more or less large drops within the other.
• the fluid in dispersed drops is defined the dispersed phase, whilst the other is the continuous phase.
• the emulsion substantially adopts the chemical - physical properties of the continuous phase, in the context of hydrocarbons in general and of fuel oils in particular, we refer only to those emulsions in which the continuous phase is the hydrocarbon (also called the oily phase) since they have the properties of the hydrocarbon and not of the water.
• prior art apparatuses and methods are not able to create emulsions which are at the same time stable over time and uniform enough, and in which the droplets of water are small enough.
• the emulsion in order to guarantee constant performance in the combustion chamber, the emulsion must uniformly involve all of the individual drops of fuel which are atomised in the combustion chamber.
• the drops of water which are successfully incorporated in the fuel oil may be relatively too big to guarantee sufficient uniformity of combustion.
• both drops of fuel without water which therefore have all of the problems of fuel oil which is not in an emulsion
• drops of water without fuel oil can enter the combustion chamber.
• the insufficient uniformity of emulsion tends to also cause reduced stability of the emulsion itself as time passes.
• the technical purpose which forms the basis of this invention is to provide a device and a method for making emulsions of water in fuel oil or in a mixture containing mainly fuel oil which overcomes the above- mentioned disadvantages.
• the technical purpose of this invention is to provide a device and a method for making emulsions of water in fuel oil or in a mixture containing mainly fuel oil, which allow the obtainment of emulsions which are more homogeneous, with drops of water that are on average smaller, and consequently more stable than those obtainable with the current technologies.
• FIG. 1 is a schematic view partly in cross-section of a device for making emulsions of water in fuel oil or in a mixture containing mainly fuel oil;
• FIG. 2 is a schematic view of an enlarged detail of the device of Figure 1 ;
• FIG. 3 is a schematic view of an apparatus comprising a device according to this invention.
• the numeral 1 denotes in its entirety a device for making emulsions of water in fuel oil or in a mixture containing mainly fuel oil according to this invention.
• the device 1 comprises first a main containment body 2 forming a main duct 3 inside it.
• the main duct 3 extends between a first end 4 and a second end 5.
• first end 4 is connectable to first feeding means 6 for feeding pressurised fuel oil or a pressurised mixture containing mainly fuel oil, whilst the second end 5 allows the emulsion to be dispensed.
• the second end 5 of the main duct 3 is formed by a nebuliser nozzle 7.
• the main body 2 consists of a plurality of rigid metal parts which are connected to one another. In other embodiments it is possible both that the main body 2 consists of a single body such as a tube, and that the main body 2 is flexible or semi-rigid.
• the device 1 also comprises a secondary containment body 8 forming a secondary duct 9 inside it which extends from an infeed section 10 to an outfeed section 11 .
• the outfeed section 11 is connected to the main duct 3 at an intermediate portion 12 of the main duct, in such a way that the secondary duct 9 leads into the main duct 3.
• the infeed section 10 is connectable to second feeding means 1 3 for feeding at least pressurised water (with the addition of an additive if necessary).
• the secondary duct 9 converges with the main duct 3 according to a direction of incidence which is substantially perpendicular, in such a way that the two flows collide with each other perpendicularly.
• the secondary body 8 also consists of a plurality of rigid metal parts which are connected to one another. However, in other embodiments it is possible both that it too consists of a single body such as a tube, and that the secondary body 8 is flexible or semi-rigid.
• the device 1 comprises first nebulising means 14 and second nebulising means 15.
• the first nebulising means 14 are mounted in the main duct 3 upstream of the intermediate portion 12, and are designed to nebulise, during operation, the flow of fuel oil or of a mixture containing mainly fuel oil (hereinafter also referred to as the first flow).
• the second nebulising means 15 are mounted in the secondary duct 9 close to where it opens into the main duct 3, and are designed to nebulise, during operation, a flow of water or of water mixed with an emulsifying additive (hereinafter also referred to as the second flow).
• the first nebulising means 14 comprise a first tube 16 positioned in the main duct 3 immediately upstream of the intermediate portion 12 and substantially aligned with a direction of extension of the main duct 3 itself.
• the first tube 16 comprises a first upstream end 17 and a first downstream end 18.
• the first upstream end 17 is connected to the inner part of the main duct 3 for receiving its entire flow.
• a funnel-shaped wall 19 which connects the inner surface of the main duct 3 to the first upstream end 17.
• the first downstream end 18 is closed, and the first tube 16 also comprises a first lateral wall 20 with micro-holes made in it which is distanced from the inner surface of the main duct 3. Therefore, between the first tube 16 and the inner surface of the main duct 3 there is an annular space in which the first flow can be nebulised.
• the second nebulising means 15 comprise a second tube 21 positioned in the secondary duct 9 close to the outfeed section 11 and substantially aligned with a direction of extension of the secondary duct 9 itself.
• the second tube 21 comprises a second upstream end 22 and a second downstream end 23.
• the second upstream end 22 is connected to the inner part of the secondary duct 9 for receiving its entire flow.
• the second downstream end 23 is closed, and the second tube 21 comprises a second lateral wall 25 with micro-holes made in it which is distanced from the inner surface of the secondary duct 9.
• first nebulising means 14 also comprise first turbulence creating means 26 mounted between the first end 4 and the intermediate portion 12, and the second nebulising means 15 comprise second turbulence creating means 27 mounted in the secondary duct 9 (advantageously along practically the entire secondary duct 9 from the infeed section 10 to the second upstream end 22).
• the first turbulence creating means 26 comprise a plurality of bars 28 positioned transversally to the extension of the main duct 3 at different angles to one another, and which are positioned one after another along the extension of the main duct 3, so as to form a sort of labyrinth for the first flow.
• the embodiment illustrated also shows how the first nebulising means 14 advantageously also comprise, immediately downstream of the first end 4, at least one pierced plate 29 positioned transversally to the main duct 3 for intercepting the first flow during operation.
• Said pierced plate 29 has a concave shape on the side facing towards the first end 4 in such a way that the jets coming out of each hole have a different direction and there is at least one component of motion perpendicular to the main direction of extension of the main duct 3 (a direction coinciding with the direction of feed of the flow as a whole inside the main duct 3).
• the second turbulence creating means 27 comprise a rotary shaft 30 (only schematically illustrated in Figure 1 ), mounted in the secondary duct, extending substantially parallel with the secondary duct itself.
• the shaft 30 is advantageously pneumatically operated.
• the shaft 30 comprises a plurality of identical modules 32 which are coupled one after another, one of which is shown in Figure 2.
• the device 1 comprises heating means 33 operatively associated at least with the main body 2, but advantageously also with the secondary body 8, for heating them.
• the heating means 33 comprise a plurality of electric heating elements 34 which in the embodiment illustrated are inserted in suitable housings made in the main body 2.
• the cross- section of the main duct 3 is gradually reduced until it reaches the nebuliser nozzle 7.
• this stretch with decreasing cross-section allows the flow to be recompacted, giving the actual emulsion.
• the device 1 also comprises stop means 35 against which the mixture of the two nebulised flows can collide for improved recompacting.
• the stop means 35 comprise a plurality of projecting elements 36 mounted inside the main duct 3, advantageously angled towards the first end 4.
• FIG. 3 schematically illustrates an apparatus which can use the device 1 according to this invention.
• the apparatus comprises first feeding means 6 for feeding the pressurised fuel oil or mixture which are connected to the first end 4 of the main duct 3, second feeding means 13 for feeding at least pressurised water which are connected to the infeed section 10 of the secondary duct 9, and an emulsion collecting tank 43 connected downstream of the second end 5 of the main duct 3.
• both the first feeding means 6 and the second feeding means 13 comprise a source of the respective liquid which may be either a storage unit 37, 38 as shown in Figure 3, or a continuous feeding circuit (in particular for the water), and a respective pump 39, 40.
• the apparatus may also comprise third feeding means 41 for feeding at least one emulsifying additive operatively connected to the second feeding means 13 for adding the emulsifying additive to the water fed towards the infeed section 10.
• the third feeding means 41 also comprise a source of the respective liquid (such as a storage unit 42), and if necessary a pump (not illustrated in the accompanying drawings).
• this invention also relates to a method for making an emulsion of water in fuel oil or in a mixture containing mainly fuel oil, which can be implemented in the apparatus just described.
• Said method comprises first the operating steps of generating a first pressurised liquid flow of fuel oil or of a mixture containing mainly fuel oil, and of generating a second pressurised liquid flow of at least water (if necessary with the emulsifying additive added to it).
• the second flow comprises only water if the quantity by weight of second flow injected into the first flow per unit of time is less than or equal to 12% of the total weight of the emulsion obtained, whilst the second flow comprises water and at least one emulsifying additive if the quantity by weight of second flow injected into the first flow per unit of time is greater than 15% of the total weight of the emulsion obtained.
• the decision whether or not to use only water or water with the additive added to it must be made on each occasion based on requirements.
• the first flow is generated at a pressure of between 20 and 30 bar, whilst the second flow is generated at a pressure of between 22 and 32 bar.
• the method then comprises in parallel the operating steps of creating turbulences in the first flow and creating turbulences in the second flow. It then comprises nebulising the two turbulent flows and injecting the nebulised second flow into the nebulised first flow so as to mix them.
• both the first flow and the second flow are advantageously nebulised in a direction transversal to the respective direction of overall feed (where that refers to the macroscopic direction of feed of the flow as a whole, not that of the individual molecules), for also imparting a component of vortical motion to them.
• the first flow is nebulised using a first pierced wall (such as the first lateral wall 20) in which the holes have a diameter of between 0.05 mm and 0.4 mm
• the second flow is nebulised using a second pierced wall (such as the second lateral wall 25) in which the holes have a diameter of between 0.05 mm and 0.2 mm.
• step of mixing the two flows advantageously, as in the device 1 in Figure 1 , it occurs according to a direction of incidence of the second flow on the first, which is transversal to the overall direction of feed of the first flow.
• the method comprises recompacting the mixture of the two flows to actually create the emulsion.
• the method according to this invention comprises a step of nebulising the recompacted emulsion (by means of the nebuliser nozzle 7 in Figure 1 ).
• the mixture of the two nebulised flows is made to at least partly strike the stop means 35, and on the other hand the feed speed of the mixture of the two flows is increased (for example, thanks to the decreasing cross-section in the device 1 described above).
• the entire process occurs while keeping at least the first flow, but advantageously also the second flow, at a temperature of between 50°C and 70°C.
• the first flow first passes through the pierced plate 29 which divides it into a plurality of jets with different orientation in space, already creating first turbulence phenomena which are then accentuated by the transversal bars 28.
• the first flow with vortical motion, then reaches the pierced first tube 16, from which it comes out nebulised in radial directions to reach the mixing zone in a nebulised form and with vortical motion.
• the second flow travels along the secondary duct 9 where it is agitated by the rotary shaft 30 (which may be activated at speeds of around 300 - 500 rpm) which makes its motion turbulent. Then it reaches the pierced second tube 21 from which it comes out nebulised in radial directions for reaching the mixing zone in a nebulised form and with vortical motion. In the mixing zone it makes impact with the first flow according to a direction of incidence which is substantially transversal to the motion of the first flow.
• the mixture of the two nebulised flows enters the stretch with decreasing cross-section where it collides with the stop means 35 and is compacted to create a single liquid flow which, once it has reached the nebuliser nozzle 7, is further nebulised at atmospheric pressure. After that the emulsion is ready, homogeneous and stable.
• Table 1 shows the reference standard method adopted for the measurements, the typical measurement uncertainty and the measuring range.
• Table 1 shows the data of the various pollutants measured at the different burner operating speeds while feeding only fuel oil. Each measurement is expressed both in ppm, and in mg/Nim 3 . Moreover, for each measurement a value is also shown relating to an oxygen content in the fumes equal to 3%. The values in italics are those which do not meet current legal requirements concerning emission levels.
• the levels are not acceptable for NO x or for CO.
• Table 2 - Measurement carried out on unemulsified fuel oil for a period of one week
• Table 3 shows the corresponding quantities of oxygen, carbon dioxide and moisture detected.
• Table 4 shows the data of the various pollutants measured at the different burner operating speeds while feeding emulsified fuel oil with only water at 1 5%. Each measurement is expressed both in ppm, and in mg/Nim 3 . Moreover, for each measurement a value is also shown relating to an oxygen content in the fumes equal to 3%. It should be noticed that each measurement was repeated both with the burner up to speed (stable) and with the burner being adjusted.
• table 5 shows the corresponding quantities by volume detected for oxygen, carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide and moisture.
• This invention therefore brings important advantages.

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• Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
• Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
• Dispersion Chemistry (AREA)
• Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
• Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
• Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
• General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
• Liquid Carbonaceous Fuels (AREA)
• Feeding And Controlling Fuel (AREA)

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• 2013
  • 2013-04-05 IT IT000082A patent/ITVR20130082A1/it unknown
• 2014
  • 2014-04-02 EP EP14722753.2A patent/EP2981763A2/de not_active Withdrawn
  • 2014-04-02 WO PCT/IB2014/060384 patent/WO2014162281A2/en active Application Filing

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