EP2976290A1

EP2976290A1 - Filling machine

Info

Publication number: EP2976290A1
Application number: EP14710810.4A
Authority: EP
Inventors: Andreas Fahldieck
Original assignee: KHS GmbH
Current assignee: KHS GmbH
Priority date: 2013-03-19
Filing date: 2014-03-13
Publication date: 2016-01-27
Also published as: US10029902B2; US20160052766A1; WO2014146770A1; DE102013102772A1

Abstract

The invention relates to a filling machine for filling bottles or similar containers (2) with a liquid filler, having a rotor (3, 3a - 3d), which is drivable circumferentially around a vertical machine axis (MA) and which is mounted by a rotor bearing to a machine frame (4), having a plurality of filling elements (6, 6b - 6d) on the rotor (3, 3a - 3d) which, together with one container holder (7) each holding the containers during filling, form filling points to which the containers (2) to be filled are fed on a container infeed and the filled containers are removed on a container outlet and at which filling of the containers (2), the container axis thereof oriented in the vertical direction, occurs in the angle region of the rotational movement of the rotor (3, 3a - 3d) between the container infeed and the container outflow, characterized in that a rotary feed, via which the liquid filler is fed to the rotor (3, 3a - 3d) or to a vessel (5, 5b - 5d, 18) on the rotor (3, 3a - 3d) from an outside product connection (11, 17) which does not move along with the rotor (3, 3a - 3d), forms the rotor mount.

Description

filling Machine

The invention relates to a filling machine according to the preamble

Claim 1.

Filling machines for filling bottles or other containers with a liquid product or filling material are known in different designs, especially as filling machines of rotating design, in which a plurality of filling points are formed on the circumference of a rotating around a vertical machine axis rotatably driven rotor, each having a filling element and a Have container carrier for holding the container during filling.

Filling machines of circumferential design (WO 2009/103424 A1) are also known, in which the rotor, which can be driven circumferentially around the machine axis and has a ring bowl for the filling material, is freely rotatably mounted on the machine frame about the machine axis by means of a rotor bearing.

Also known are filling machines of rotating design (DE 10 2007 058 046), in which a provided on a machine base rotor bearing on which the filling points and a ring boiler for the filling material having rotor, at the same time as a rotary distributor for feeding and discharging

Operating media is formed, which do not form the contents, for example, for supplying and discharging compressed air of lubricants and lubricants, etc. For supplying the filling material to the rotor provided on the ring boiler is provided on the upper side of the rotor coaxially with the machine axis an independent rotary feeder.

The object of the invention is to show a filling machine revolving design, which at high reliability by a simplified design

distinguished. To solve this problem, a filling machine according to claim 1 is formed.

The filling machine according to the invention, which is particularly suitable for filling containers with oil or as prefiller or Dosierfüller, differs from known filling machines of rotating type in that the rotary feeder is used for supplying the filling material to the rotor-side boiler solely for storage of the rotor on the machine frame. An additional rotor bearing can be avoided.

In one embodiment of the filling machine according to the invention is the

Rotary feed formed by a rotary feedthrough, which consists of a first, connected to the machine frame and preferably inner

Rotary feedthrough element and an outer rotary leadthrough element, the latter on or on the first rotary leadthrough element around the

Machine axis rotatably supports and is part of the rotor. The rotary feedthrough otherwise has the structural design known to those skilled in the art.

In a further embodiment of the invention, the rotary feed for the contents of the rotor-side boiler, which is rotatably mounted and suspended on the machine frame, and formed by a non-rotating with the rotor, the boiler on its upper side closing lid. The boiler is preferably designed rotationally symmetrical to the machine axis, with a

Kesselboden and a Kesselumfangswand, at least there

are rotationally symmetrical with respect to the machine axis are executed, where the vessel is closed with the lid or a cover formed on the machine axis concentrically enclosing, circular or

circular cylindrical cover section forms the connection to the boiler and

For example, extends into the boiler.

The term "substantially" or "approximately" means within the meaning of the invention

Deviations from the respective exact value by +/- 10%, preferably by +/- 5% and / or deviations in the form of changes insignificant for the function. Further developments, advantages and applications of the invention will become apparent from the following description of exemplary embodiments and from the figures. In this case, all described and / or illustrated features alone or in any combination in principle subject of the invention, regardless of their summary in the claims or their Dependency. Also, the content of the claims is made an integral part of the description.

The invention will be explained in more detail below with reference to the figures of exemplary embodiments. Show it:

Fig. 1 in a simplified representation of a filling machine according to the invention for

Filling bottles or similar containers with a liquid product;

Fig. 2 is an enlarged partial view, also partially in section of the filling machine of Figure 1;

Fig. 3 in a simplified partial view and partly in section another

Embodiment of the filling machine according to the invention;

Fig. 4 in an enlarged detail the storage of a Füllgutkessels the

Filling machine of Fig. 3;

5 and 6 each in a simplified representation and partly in section further

Embodiments of the filling machine according to the invention;

Fig. 7 in a simplified partial view and partly in section as a metering filler trained filling machine according to the invention. The filling machine, generally designated 1 in FIGS. 1 and 2, is used to fill bottles 2 with a liquid product or product, in particular beverage, and is a circulating but simplified type of filling machine

educated. The filling machine 1 has, inter alia, a rotor rotatable about a vertical machine axis MA, which is generally designated 3 in FIGS. 1 and 2, and on a machine frame or frame 4 not revolving with the rotor 3 or on a horizontal cross member 4.1 of this frame is kept hanging. The rotor 3 comprises inter alia a ring bowl 5 surrounding the machine axis MA concentrically with a multiplicity of filling elements 6 distributed around the machine axis MA at uniform angular intervals. These each form a filling point with a container carrier, on which the respective bottle 2 to be filled is attached to a mouth flange (FIG. Neckring) is kept suspended, with its bottle axis parallel to the machine axis MA and for a free jet filling with the bottle opening below the filling element 6 and spaced therefrom or from a Füllgutabgabeöffnung there. However, it is not mandatory that the bottle is kept hanging on her neck ring. Of course it is According to the invention also provided to form such filling machines, in which the bottles are not held at their neck ring, but instead stand up on their container bottom. The filling elements 6 have, for example, the structure known to a person skilled in the art, in particular with a discharge opening for the filling material forming

Liquid channel with liquid valve for example, volume-controlled discharge of the contents in the respective bottle 2 during filling. The container carrier 7 are fixed in the illustrated embodiment to a ring-shaped or disc-like support member 8 which is connected in a suitable manner with the ring vessel 5.

For hanging support of the rotor 3 on the traverse 4.1 of the machine frame 4 is used in the illustrated embodiment, a rotary feedthrough 9 for feeding the contents of an outer upper vessel 10 to the annular vessel 5, which has a lower volume compared to the boiler 10. For this purpose, the ring bowl is spoked wheel-like over several radial arms 5.1, which are radial with respect to the machine axis MA, with an outer part or rotary leadthrough element 9.1

Rotary union 9 connected. The rotary leadthrough element 9.1 encloses an inner rotary leadthrough element 9.2, which is not circumferentially held by the rotor 3 on the crossmember 4.1, while the rotary leadthrough element 9.2 enclosing rotary leadthrough element 9.1 is mounted rotatably about the machine axis MA on the rotary leadthrough element 9.2, in particular also such that an externally tight connection between an im

Drehverbindungselement 9.2 formed and in the illustrated

Embodiment coaxially with the machine axis MA oriented product channel 1 with at least one product channel 12 is formed in at least one arm 5.1 and opens into the ring vessel 5, so that this during filling via the product channels 1 1 and 12 and via the rotary joint 9 with the liquid Contents from the boiler 10 is supplied.

With 13 an electric drive motor, for example, gear motor is referred to, with which the rotor 3 is driven in rotation around the machine axis MA during the filling operation. The driving connection between the Drive motor 13 and the rotor 3 takes place in the filling machine 1, for example via a belt or toothed belt 14, which is guided as a closed loop on a corresponding pulley on the output shaft of the drive 13 and directly to the outer surface of the outer rotary feedthrough element 9.1. It goes without saying that other solutions for the drive of the filling machine 1 according to the invention are conceivable. Thus, the drive motor 13, for example, act on the worm of a worm gear, wherein the rotor 3 is connected to the worm wheel of the worm gear.

Below the rotor 3 is coaxially with the machine axis MA, a further rotary feedthrough 15 is provided, whose rotatable part is connected to the rotor 3 and for the passage of process and control media from the outside to the rotor or to the local filling elements 6 and vice versa the rotor 3 to an outer, not rotating with the rotor 3 device is used. In particular, the rotary feedthrough 15 serves, for example, for passing control air and electricity to the rotor 3 and also for passing measuring signals, for example measuring signals generated in weighing devices of the container carriers, to an external control device (for example process computer).

To control the introduced into the respective bottle capacity are the

Container carrier 7, for example, each equipped with a weighing device or load cell 7.1, which provides a dependent of the weight of the bottle 2 electrical measurement signal.

On the traverse 4.1 is over several vertical columns 16 of the product 10 with respect to the machine axis MA axially from this traverse and thus also provided by the serving for supporting the rotor 3 rotary feedthrough 9 spaced. Via a product pipe 17, the interior of the boiler 10, with the product channel 1 1 is connected. To fill the bottles 2, the product vessel 10 and, via this, also the ring vessel 5, are filled with the liquid product, for example the product

Ring bowl 5 completely and the product container 10 partially filled. The empty bottles 2 are the filling machine 1 and the filling points formed by a respective filling element 6 and a container carrier 7 at a container inlet, not shown fed. The filled bottles 2 are taken from the filling points on a container inlet, not shown. In the angular range of the rotational movement of the rotor 3 between the container inlet and the container outlet, the filling of the respective bottle 2 via one of the filling elements 6, namely

For example, volume controlled by the of the load cell 7.1 of

associated container carrier 7, i. as soon as the required amount of filling material is introduced into the bottle 2, for example via an electrical control signal routed through the rotary distributor 15 and via an electrically controlled valve block provided on the rotor 3, which in turn is inserted in the

Filling elements 6 arranged, for example, controls pneumatic actuators, the liquid valve of the respective filling element closed.

The filling machine 1 is characterized by a simplified construction, and in particular by the fact that the rotary feedthrough 9 also serves as a storage for the rotor 3 and the drive motor 13 directly to the outside

Rotary feedthrough element 9.1 acts, via the immediately adjacent to the outer surface of the rotary feedthrough element 9.1 belt 14th

FIG. 3 shows a partial representation of a filling machine 1 a, which differs from the one shown in FIG

Filling machine 1 initially differs in that the functions of

Rotary feedthrough 9, namely a means for forwarding the contents from the outside, i. from an outer, with the rotor 3a not rotating

Product supply to the rotor or to a rotor-side Füllgutreservoir are combined in a single element, namely in the boiler 18 which is mounted by means of a ball slewing 19 on the machine frame and rotatable about the vertical machine axis MA and at its top by a with the Rotor 3a not encircling, but rather on the machine frame 4 rotatably provided cover 20 is closed. As FIG. 4 shows in particular, the boiler 18, which is substantially cup-shaped and rotationally symmetrical with respect to the machine axis MA, has a radially over the outer surface of the boiler in the region of its upper, open end

projecting, the machine axis MA enclosing annular flange 18.1, via an upper and a lower ball pivot connection 19 with the Machine frame is connected. The ball slewing rings 19 are made in the usual way in each case from a provided on the flange 18.1 boiler side race 19.1 and from a machine frame side race 19.2 and a plurality of arranged between these races balls 19.3.

As the figure 4 shows in particular, are between one in the upper

Kesselöffnung reaching in portion 20.1 of the lid 20 outboard two, the machine axis MA concentrically enclosing ring seals 21 and 22 provided. These are axial with respect to the machine axis MA

offset from each other and each lie against the inner surface of the vessel 18, in such a way that these ring seals 21 and 22 not only seal the gap between the vessel 18 and the lid portion 20.1, but also a machine axis MA enclosing annular space 23 is formed, which is closed by the two ring seals 21 and 22 and by the boiler inner surface and the lid portion 20.1. This annular space 23 is used in the operation of the filling machine 1 a as a shelter, which prevents ingress of foreign substances, especially of germs from the environment into the interior of the boiler 18 and this via a cover 20 formed in the terminal 24 with a low pressure inert gas or inert gas, eg CO2 gas is applied.

During the filling operation, the boiler 18 is partially filled with the liquid contents, so that in the boiler interior, a lower liquid space 25 and lying above a gas space 26 are formed, for example, with the protective or inert gas, for. C02 gas is applied.

On the lid 20 different connections are provided, so u.a. one

Product connection 27, which in the illustrated embodiment of a

at both ends, arranged coaxially with the machine axis MA and sealed by the cover 20 passed through pipe section 27.1 is formed, the lower end extends into the liquid space 25, another port 28 for supplying and discharging other media, designed as a riser port 29 and a tangential Port 30, which is particularly important for a CIP Cleaning the boiler 18 and the filling machine 1 a is used for supplying a liquid CIP cleaning medium.

At the bottom of the boiler 18, for example, via a ring-like support member 31, the filling elements 6 of the filling machine 1 a held and respectively via product lines 32 to the interior of the boiler 8 and with one on the bottom of the vessel

connected boiler connection connected. On the support member 31 and the filling elements 6 associated container carrier 7, for example, again provided with load cells 7.1.

The drive for the rotor 3a formed essentially by the boiler 18 is again preferably effected by a drive motor 13 corresponding

Drive motor and the belt 14, which acts directly on the circular cylindrical outer surface of the boiler 18.

FIG. 5 shows, as a further embodiment, a filling machine 1b with the FIG

Machine frame 4 and with a rotor 3b, which is held by means of the rotary feedthrough 9 on the cross member 4.1 of the machine frame 4 to the vertical machine axis MA rotatably suspended. The rotary feedthrough 9 in turn serves to supply the contents of an external with the rotor 3b not moving product line to the designed as a ring vessel 5b product vessel, in the illustrated embodiment, a plurality of support pins 33 hanging on a

Rotor element 3b.1 of the rotor 3b is held. Via one or more rotor-side product lines 34, the ring bowl 5b is connected to the rotary feedthrough 9 or to the rotary feedthrough element 9.1 connected to the rotor 3b. The rotary feedthrough element 9.2 is connected to the horizontal traverse 4.1. Axisgleich with the machine axis MA is below the rotary feedthrough 9 and below the rotor element 3b.1 and attached to the rotary leadthrough element 9.2 the additional rotary feedthrough 15 for the operating media (for example, compressed air, electrical data transmission, electrical supply, etc.) is provided.

For the suspended support of the bottles 2, each filling station formed by a filling element 6b on the ring bowl 5b again has the container carrier 7, for example combined with a weighing cell 7.1. As already stated, the bottle can also get up on their tank bottom, for example, stand up with their container bottom on a load cell. The drive of the rotor 3b is formed by an electric motor 35 which is arranged with the axis of its motor or output shaft 35.1 coaxially with the machine axis MA and with his

Motor housing is held in a provided on the machine frame 4 torque receptacle or motor mount 36, well below the

Rotor element 3b.1 and for the most part below the level of the ring bowl 5b. The shaft 35.1 is connected via a pulley or traverse 37 drivingly connected to the ring bowl 5b or with a ring 38 which is coaxially with the

Machine axis MA arranged and enclosed by the ring bowl 5b is connected thereto.

On the rotor element 3b.1 are various controls 39, also in the form of valves, valve blocks, etc. for controlling the filling elements 6b and their liquid valves. With 40 in FIG. 5, a plurality of lines distributed at uniform angular intervals around the machine axis MA are designated, which with their upper end open into the upper side of the annular bowl 5b and annularly with their lower end in a machine axis MA

enclosing and open at the top, on the machine frame 4

provided ring trough 41st The pipe sections 40 serve as venting and / or overflow pipes for the ring boiler 5b. The leaking from the lines 40 contents is collected in the ring trough 41.

FIG. 6 shows, as a further embodiment, a filling machine 1c which differs structurally from the filling machine b in that the rotor 3c with the rotary feedthrough 9 is not suspended from the filling material but supported on the machine frame. This is essentially reduced to a plurality of support feet 42 distributed around the machine axis MA, which are each connected to the rotating leadthrough element 9.2, which does not rotate around the rotor 3c. The rotary feedthrough 9 forms in the filling machine 1 c thus a support bearing for the rotor 3c, which consists of the ring bowl 5c with the filling elements 6c with their container carriers 7 and load cells 7.1. The ring bowl 5c is held like a spoke wheel by means of a plurality of arms 43, which are each connected to the rotary feedthrough element 9.1 and project radially away from this element, and in which also the interior the ring boiler 5c with the rotary feedthrough 9 connecting product channels 44 are formed.

Above the level of the arms 43 is the electric motor 35 with his

Motor housing attached to the rotary leadthrough element 9.2, in such a way that the output shaft 35.1 of this motor coaxially arranged with the machine axis MA and protrudes from the arms 43 facing away from the top of the electric motor 35. The motor shaft 35.1 is with an example disc-like

Rotor member 3c.1 connected, which in turn is connected via a plurality of bolts 33 with the ring bowl 5c in conjunction, so when switched on

Electric motor 35 of the substantially of this ring boiler 5c and the

Rotor element 3c.1 rotor 3c is driven to rotate around the machine axis MA. On the upper side of the rotor element 3c.1 turn the controls 39 and the additional rotary feedthrough 15 are provided, and indeed the same axis with the machine axis, wherein the rotating with the rotor 3c rotating feedthrough element of the rotary feedthrough 15 via a torque receiving arm 45 with a is connected to the rotor 3c non-rotating part of a machine frame or other base. The rotary feedthrough 15 can be used for the supply and / or discharge of operating media, electrical or hydraulic energy, electrical control signals, etc. The filling machine 1 c in turn has the with its upper end in the

Ring bowl 3c and with its lower end into the tub 41 opening pipe sections 40. The filling machines 1 and 1 a - 1 c are suitable for example as a prefiller or

Oil filler. The filling machine according to the invention can also be designed as Dosierfüller. To illustrate this, Figure 7 shows a simplified representation of a rotor 3d, which is rotatably supported by means of the rotary feedthrough 9 about the machine axis MA. In this embodiment, the rotary feedthrough 9 forms, in addition to a product path connected to the ring vessel 5d via product lines 46, a further product path which is likewise guided via the rotary feedthrough 9 and which is connected to the ring bowl 5d via additional product lines 47

for example, for supplying an additional component of the filling material, which doses a supplied via the product lines 46 main component of the filling is added. The ring bowl 5d in turn has the filling elements 6d with associated container carriers 7 for a suspended or upright arrangement of the containers and / or, for example, the weighing cells 7.1. At this

As a dosing filler, it is also possible to provide an independent product container for each component, for example in the form of a ring boiler on the rotor 3d.

The invention has been described above by means of exemplary embodiments. It is understood that numerous changes and modifications are possible without thereby departing from the inventive concept underlying the invention.

LIST OF REFERENCE NUMBERS

1, 1a-1d filling machine

2 bottle

3, 3a - 3d rotor

4 machine frame

4.1 horizontal traverse

5, 5b - 5d ring bowl

5.1 arm

6, 6b - 6d filling element

7 container carriers

7.1 Load cell

8 support ring

9 rotary feedthrough

9.1, 9.2 Rotary feedthrough elements

10 product boiler

1 1, 12 product channel

13 drive motor

14 straps

15 rotary feedthrough

16 pillar

17 connecting pipe

18 kettles

18.1 Flange

19 ball turning device

19.1, 19.2 Ring

19.3 ball

20 lids

20.1 cover section

21, 22 ring seal

23 annulus

24 connection

25 liquid space

26 gas room - 30 connections

supporting member

product line

bolt

product line

Electric motor.1 Motor shaft

engine mount

disc

ring

control

pipe section

tub

stand

poor

product channel

poor

, 47 Product Management

machine axis

Claims

claims

Filling machine for filling bottles or the like. Containers (2) with a liquid product, with one around a vertical machine axis (MA) circulating

drivable rotor (3, 3a - 3d), which is mounted with a rotor bearing on a machine frame (4), with a plurality on the rotor (3, 3a - 3d) provided filling elements (6, 6b - 6d), which together with each one the container holding during filling holding container carrier (7) form filling stations, which are supplied to the container to be filled (2) to a container inlet and the filled

Are taken to a container outlet and at which the filling of the container with its axis oriented in the vertical direction container (2) on the angular range of rotation of the rotor (3, 3a - 3d) between the

Container inlet and the container outlet takes place,

characterized,

in that a rotary feeder via which the liquid product flows from an outer, with the rotor (3, 3a - 3d) not with moving product connection (11, 17) to the rotor (3, 3a - 3d) or one on the rotor (3, 3a - 3d) 3d) provided boiler (5, 5b - 5d, 18) is supplied, which forms the rotor bearing.

Filling machine according to claim 1, characterized in that the rotary feeder a rotary feedthrough (9) with at least one on the machine frame

fixed frame-side first rotary leadthrough element (9.2) and with a second on this around the machine axis (MA) rotatably mounted

Rotary feedthrough element (9.2) is, and that the second

Rotary feedthrough element (9.1) part of the rotating rotor (3, 3b - 3d) is.

Filling machine according to claim 2, characterized in that the rotary feeder for a suspended or vertical mounting of the rotor (3, 3a - 3d) is formed.

Filling machine according to claim 2 or 3, characterized in that the second rotary leadthrough element (9.1) surrounds the first rotary leadthrough element (9.2) at least in a partial region.

5. Filling machine according to one of claims 2-4, characterized in that on the second rotary feedthrough element (9.1) of the boiler (5, 5b - 5d), preferably designed as a ring boiler boiler (5, 5b - 5d) of the rotor (3, 3b - 3d) is provided.

6. Filling machine according to one of the preceding claims, characterized

characterized in that the filling elements (6, 6b - 6d) and the associated

Container carrier (7) on the second rotary feedthrough element (9.1) or on the boiler (5, 5b - 5d, 18) directly or at least one support element (8, 31) to the boiler (5, 5b - 5d, 18) are provided.

7. Filling machine according to one of the preceding claims, characterized

in that the rotary feeder is formed by the boiler (18) held suspended by the machine axis (MA) on the machine axis (4) and by a lid (20) which does not encircle the boiler interior at a boiler upper side and does not rotate with the rotor (3a) has at least one connection (27) for feeding the filling material into the boiler interior, wherein this connection is preferably arranged coaxially or substantially coaxially with the machine axis (MA).

8. Filling machine according to claim 7, characterized in that the cover (20) with a machine axis (MA) concentrically enclosing

circular cylindrical cover portion (20.1) extends into an upper vessel opening (18), and that the transition between this cover portion and the boiler (18) by at least one annular seal (21, 22) is sealed.

9. Filling machine according to claim 8, characterized in that between the cover portion (20.1) and the boiler (18) and between two with respect to the machine axis (MA) axially staggered annular seals (21, 22) an annular space (23) is formed that with a protective or inert gas,

For example, can be acted upon with C02 gas.

10. Filling machine according to one of the preceding claims, characterized by means for monitoring the filling level and / or the capacity of the in the container (2) introduced filling material at the filling stations, these means being preferred weighing cells on the container carriers (7) of the filling positions.

1 1. Filling machine according to one of the preceding claims, characterized

characterized in that the drive of the rotor (3, 3a - 3d) of a

Drive motor (13) via a belt drive, the belt (14) directly against the outer surface of the second

Rotary feedthrough element (9.1) or the outer surface of the boiler (18) rests.

12. Filling machine according to one of the preceding claims, characterized

in that a drive motor (35) for the rotor (3b, 3c) with its output shaft (35.1) drivingly connected to the rotor (3b, 3c) is arranged coaxially with the machine axis (MA) and with its motor housing rotationally fixed to the machine frame (35). 4) is connected and for this purpose, for example, on the with the rotor (3d) not rotating first rotary leadthrough element (9.2) is fixed.

13. Filling machine according to one of the preceding claims, characterized

in that, in the case of a suspended mounting of the rotor (3b) on the second rotary leadthrough element (9.1), a rotor element (3b.1) is fastened, on which the product chamber (5b) is suspended, preferably via a plurality of connecting elements or bolts (33). 14. Filling machine according to one of the preceding claims, characterized

in that the drive motor (35) is accommodated at least partially in a space enclosed by the product vessel (5b, 5c).

15. Filling machine according to one of the preceding claims, characterized

characterized in that the product vessel (5, 5c) is connected to the second rotary feedthrough element (9.1) via a plurality of arms (5.1, 43),

is preferably connected spoked wheel-like.

16. Filling machine according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that when forming a Dosierfüller the rotor bearing forming rotary feedthrough (9) forms at least two separate product paths, preferably a product path for a main component of the contents and at least one further product path for one of the main component

additive component to be admixed.

17. Filling machine according to claim 16, characterized in that for both

Components are a common Füllgutkessel (5d) or for at least two components each a separate Füllgutkessel on the rotor (3d) are provided.