Classifications

• • G—PHYSICS
  • G02—OPTICS
  • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
  • G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
  • G02B6/44—Mechanical structures for providing tensile strength and external protection for fibres, e.g. optical transmission cables
  • G02B6/4479—Manufacturing methods of optical cables
  • G02B6/4486—Protective covering
• • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
  • D02—YARNS; MECHANICAL FINISHING OF YARNS OR ROPES; WARPING OR BEAMING
  • D02G—CRIMPING OR CURLING FIBRES, FILAMENTS, THREADS, OR YARNS; YARNS OR THREADS
  • D02G3/00—Yarns or threads, e.g. fancy yarns; Processes or apparatus for the production thereof, not otherwise provided for
  • D02G3/02—Yarns or threads characterised by the material or by the materials from which they are made
  • D02G3/04—Blended or other yarns or threads containing components made from different materials
  • D02G3/047—Blended or other yarns or threads containing components made from different materials including aramid fibres
• • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
  • D02—YARNS; MECHANICAL FINISHING OF YARNS OR ROPES; WARPING OR BEAMING
  • D02G—CRIMPING OR CURLING FIBRES, FILAMENTS, THREADS, OR YARNS; YARNS OR THREADS
  • D02G3/00—Yarns or threads, e.g. fancy yarns; Processes or apparatus for the production thereof, not otherwise provided for
  • D02G3/22—Yarns or threads characterised by constructional features, e.g. blending, filament/fibre
  • D02G3/36—Cored or coated yarns or threads
• • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
  • D06—TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • D06M—TREATMENT, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE IN CLASS D06, OF FIBRES, THREADS, YARNS, FABRICS, FEATHERS OR FIBROUS GOODS MADE FROM SUCH MATERIALS
  • D06M13/00—Treating fibres, threads, yarns, fabrics or fibrous goods made from such materials, with non-macromolecular organic compounds; Such treatment combined with mechanical treatment
  • D06M13/244—Treating fibres, threads, yarns, fabrics or fibrous goods made from such materials, with non-macromolecular organic compounds; Such treatment combined with mechanical treatment with compounds containing sulfur or phosphorus
  • D06M13/282—Treating fibres, threads, yarns, fabrics or fibrous goods made from such materials, with non-macromolecular organic compounds; Such treatment combined with mechanical treatment with compounds containing sulfur or phosphorus with compounds containing phosphorus
• • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
  • D07—ROPES; CABLES OTHER THAN ELECTRIC
  • D07B—ROPES OR CABLES IN GENERAL
  • D07B1/00—Constructional features of ropes or cables
  • D07B1/14—Ropes or cables with incorporated auxiliary elements, e.g. for marking, extending throughout the length of the rope or cable
  • D07B1/147—Ropes or cables with incorporated auxiliary elements, e.g. for marking, extending throughout the length of the rope or cable comprising electric conductors or elements for information transfer
• • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
  • D07—ROPES; CABLES OTHER THAN ELECTRIC
  • D07B—ROPES OR CABLES IN GENERAL
  • D07B3/00—General-purpose machines or apparatus for producing twisted ropes or cables from component strands of the same or different material
  • D07B3/02—General-purpose machines or apparatus for producing twisted ropes or cables from component strands of the same or different material in which the supply reels rotate about the axis of the rope or cable or in which a guide member rotates about the axis of the rope or cable to guide the component strands away from the supply reels in fixed position
  • D07B3/06—General-purpose machines or apparatus for producing twisted ropes or cables from component strands of the same or different material in which the supply reels rotate about the axis of the rope or cable or in which a guide member rotates about the axis of the rope or cable to guide the component strands away from the supply reels in fixed position and are spaced radially from the axis of the machine, i.e. basket or planetary-type stranding machine
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G02—OPTICS
  • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
  • G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
  • G02B6/44—Mechanical structures for providing tensile strength and external protection for fibres, e.g. optical transmission cables
  • G02B6/4401—Optical cables
  • G02B6/4429—Means specially adapted for strengthening or protecting the cables
  • G02B6/443—Protective covering
  • G02B6/4432—Protective covering with fibre reinforcements
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
  • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
  • B29C48/00—Extrusion moulding, i.e. expressing the moulding material through a die or nozzle which imparts the desired form; Apparatus therefor
  • B29C48/15—Extrusion moulding, i.e. expressing the moulding material through a die or nozzle which imparts the desired form; Apparatus therefor incorporating preformed parts or layers, e.g. extrusion moulding around inserts
• • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
  • D07—ROPES; CABLES OTHER THAN ELECTRIC
  • D07B—ROPES OR CABLES IN GENERAL
  • D07B1/00—Constructional features of ropes or cables
  • D07B1/02—Ropes built-up from fibrous or filamentary material, e.g. of vegetable origin, of animal origin, regenerated cellulose, plastics
  • D07B1/025—Ropes built-up from fibrous or filamentary material, e.g. of vegetable origin, of animal origin, regenerated cellulose, plastics comprising high modulus, or high tenacity, polymer filaments or fibres, e.g. liquid-crystal polymers
• • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
  • D07—ROPES; CABLES OTHER THAN ELECTRIC
  • D07B—ROPES OR CABLES IN GENERAL
  • D07B2201/00—Ropes or cables
  • D07B2201/20—Rope or cable components
  • D07B2201/2001—Wires or filaments
  • D07B2201/201—Wires or filaments characterised by a coating
  • D07B2201/2012—Wires or filaments characterised by a coating comprising polymers
• • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
  • D07—ROPES; CABLES OTHER THAN ELECTRIC
  • D07B—ROPES OR CABLES IN GENERAL
  • D07B2201/00—Ropes or cables
  • D07B2201/20—Rope or cable components
  • D07B2201/2083—Jackets or coverings
  • D07B2201/2089—Jackets or coverings comprising wrapped structures
• • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
  • D07—ROPES; CABLES OTHER THAN ELECTRIC
  • D07B—ROPES OR CABLES IN GENERAL
  • D07B2201/00—Ropes or cables
  • D07B2201/20—Rope or cable components
  • D07B2201/2095—Auxiliary components, e.g. electric conductors or light guides
  • D07B2201/2096—Light guides
• • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
  • D07—ROPES; CABLES OTHER THAN ELECTRIC
  • D07B—ROPES OR CABLES IN GENERAL
  • D07B2205/00—Rope or cable materials
  • D07B2205/30—Inorganic materials
  • D07B2205/3021—Metals
  • D07B2205/3025—Steel
  • D07B2205/3046—Steel characterised by the carbon content
  • D07B2205/3057—Steel characterised by the carbon content having a high carbon content, e.g. greater than 0,8 percent respectively SHT or UHT wires
• • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
  • D07—ROPES; CABLES OTHER THAN ELECTRIC
  • D07B—ROPES OR CABLES IN GENERAL
  • D07B2401/00—Aspects related to the problem to be solved or advantage
  • D07B2401/20—Aspects related to the problem to be solved or advantage related to ropes or cables
  • D07B2401/2065—Reducing wear
  • D07B2401/207—Reducing wear internally
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G02—OPTICS
  • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
  • G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
  • G02B6/44—Mechanical structures for providing tensile strength and external protection for fibres, e.g. optical transmission cables

Definitions

• continuous multi-filament aramid yarns are applied via stranding around an optical cable center or core, generally at very accurate tension control.
• This stranding process may be carried out by providing an endless core to a stranding apparatus comprising at least one yarn bobbin provided onto a disk, wherein during operation the bobbin rotates around its own axis, with the disk rotating around its own axis, resulting in the bobbin rotating around the core, and unwinding the yarn from the bobbin around the core to provide a core surrounded by the yarn.
• Apparatus of this type is often indicated as a server.
• Servers are commercially available from, e.g., Roblon, e.g., under the indications Roblon SE18 or SE24.
• the yarn-take-off is rolling, which as opposed to systems wherein the bobbin does not rotate around its own axis but is stationary. Where the bobbin is stationary, the yarn-take-off from the bobbin is "over the top" of the bobbin.
• Servers may be integrated into the Optical Fiber Cable (OFC) production lines and if so desired tandemized with the subsequent process where a polymer outer layer, also indicated as sheath, is provided onto the core provided with aramid yarn.
• aramid yarn stranding can be done as stand-alone process as well.
• the speed determining step of the OFC production line is generally the rotation speed of the server.
• the rotation speed of the server is typically determined by the package stability: that is, the ability of the yarn package to withstand the forces caused by the rotation speed of the server.
• a bobbin is a tube, spool or reel on which aramid yarn is wound.
• the yarn wound on the bobbin is indicated as the yarn package.
• deformation of the aramid yarn packages occurs, resulting in shifting-off of the yarn layers on the tube. When this happens, take-off of the yarn is no longer possible. This phenomenon is often limiting the production speed of the OFC production line.
• appliance of a minor amount, i.e., 0.05 to 0.95 wt%, based on the weight of the aramid, of a finish comprising a specific organophophorus compound on aramid yarn influences the frictional behavior between yarn-layers in a completely different way as compared to standard oil-based aramid finishes based on fatty acid esters, such as coconut oil and polyglycol.
• fatty acid esters such as coconut oil and polyglycol.
• WO2008/000371 describes an antitracking aramid yarn which may be used in ADDS cables.
• the aramid filament yarn described therein is provided with a finish composition comprising an organic substance, the amount of organic substance in the finish being selected so that the finish has a conductivity from 0.2 mS/cm to 200 mS/cm, measured as a 50 wt% finish composition in water at 20 DEG C, and the amount of the finish on the yarn being selected so that the yarn has a specific electric resistance from 4x10 4 to 1.2x10 7 Ohm.cm.
• the finish is used in an amount of 1-30 wt.%, in particular 8-22 wt.%.
• a large group of possible finish compounds with widely varying chemical compositions are described.
• a continuous aramid yarn is used which is provided with a finish comprising an organophosphorus compound.
• Single compounds or mixtures may be used.
• the organophosphorus compound it is preferred for the organophosphorus compound to be an alkyl, aryl or alkenyl organo-phosphorous compound. It is more preferred for the organophosphorus compound to comprise an oxygen atom bonded through a double bond with the phosphorus atom.
• the finish comprises an organophosphorus compound which is a phosphine oxide according to formula 1 below, wherein R1, R2 and R3 are branched and/or or straight-chain C 1 -C 20 alkyl, aryl or alkenyl.
• organophosphorus compound which is a phosphine oxide according to formula 1 below, wherein R1, R2 and R3 are branched and/or or straight-chain C 1 -C 20 alkyl, aryl or alkenyl.
• the finish comprises an organophosphorus compound which is a phosphinate according to formula 2 below, wherein R1 is branched or straight-chain C 1 -C 20 alkyl, aryl or alkenyl, Li, Na, K or NH 4 and R2 and R3 are branched and/or straight-chain C 1 -C 20 alkyl, aryl or alkenyl.
• organophosphorus compound which is a phosphinate according to formula 2 below, wherein R1 is branched or straight-chain C 1 -C 20 alkyl, aryl or alkenyl, Li, Na, K or NH 4 and R2 and R3 are branched and/or straight-chain C 1 -C 20 alkyl, aryl or alkenyl.
• the finish comprises an organophosphorus compound which is a phosphonate according to formula 3 below, wherein R1 and R2 are branched and/or straight-chain C 1 -C 20 alkyl, aryl or alkenyl, Li, Na, K or NH 4 , and R3 is a branched and/or straight-chain C 1 -C 20 alkyl, aryl or alkenyl.
• organophosphorus compound which is a phosphonate according to formula 3 below, wherein R1 and R2 are branched and/or straight-chain C 1 -C 20 alkyl, aryl or alkenyl, Li, Na, K or NH 4 , and R3 is a branched and/or straight-chain C 1 -C 20 alkyl, aryl or alkenyl.
• the finish comprises an organophosphorus compound which is a phosphate ester according to formula 4 below, wherein R1 is branched or straight-chain C 1 -C 20 alkyl, aryl, alkenyl, R2 and R3 are H, Li, Na, K or NH 4 , or branched or straight-chain C 1 -C 20 alkyl, aryl, or alkenyl.
• organophosphorus compound which is a phosphate ester according to formula 4 below, wherein R1 is branched or straight-chain C 1 -C 20 alkyl, aryl, alkenyl, R2 and R3 are H, Li, Na, K or NH 4 , or branched or straight-chain C 1 -C 20 alkyl, aryl, or alkenyl.
• the continuous yarn comprises a finish comprising mono- or dialkyl phosphate ester or a mixture thereof, and wherein the mono- or dialkyl phosphate ester finish has the formula: wherein R1 is branched or straight-chain C 1 -C 15 alkyl, R2 is H, Li, Na, K or NH 4 , or branched or straight-chain C 1 -C 15 alkyl, and M is Li, Na, K or NH 4 .
• R1 is branched or straight-chain C 1 -C 15 alkyl and R2 is H, Li, Na, K, or NH 4 , or branched or straight-chain C 1 -C 15 alkyl.
• R1 and/or R2 are independently selected from branched or straight-chain C 3 -C 15 alkyl groups, more preferably branched or straight-chain C 4 -C 14 , C 6 -C 14 , C 8 -C 14 , C 6 -C 12 , C 8 -C 12 or C 8 -C 10 alkyl groups.
• Alkyl phosphate esters wherein R1 and/or R2 are selected C 4 , C 6 , C 8 , C 10 or C 12 alkyl are very useful. These alkyl groups may be branched or straight-chain, but straight-chain alkyl groups are usually preferred. Both groups R1 and R2 may be alkyl. It is also possible that R1 is an alkyl group and R2 is H, an alkali metal or ammonium. It is very useful to apply mixtures of mono- and dialkyl phosphate esters. A particularly useful alkyl phosphate ester has straight-chain C 6 or C 12 alkyl groups.
• M is then preferably an alkali metal, most preferably K (potassium) to give a mixture of dipotassium mono-dodecyl phosphate ester and potassium didodecyl phosphate ester, i.e. for C 12 alkyl:
• M is Li, Na, K or NH 4 , wherein Li, Na and K are alkali metals. K is most preferred as group M.
• alkyl alcohols with 6 to 15 carbon atoms are sometimes commercially available as mixtures having minor amounts of lower and higher alkyl alcohols.
• Such starting materials can be used for making the alkyl phosphate esters, which then also consist of a mixture of alkyl phosphate esters with higher and shorter alkyl group.
• the preferred mono-alkyl phosphate ester can be (partially, up to about 30 wt%) present as its dimer, the dialkyl pyrophosphate ester with the formula: wherein R1 and M have the previously given meanings.
• the finish comprising alkyl phosphate ester may further contain 0-20 wt% (more preferably 0-10 wt%) of the trialkyl phosphate ester of the formula: wherein R 1 , R 2 and R 3 are independently branched or straight-chain C 1 -C 15 alkyl groups.
• R 3 is the same as R 1 and/or R 2 , and most preferred all groups R 1 , R 2 and R 3 are the same.
• Preferred groups R 1 , R 2 and R 3 are those as given above for the preferred embodiments of R1.
• a very useful composition is a mixture of 30-70 wt% mono-alkyl ester of phosphoric acid, 25-65 wt% dialkyl ester of phosphoric acid, 0-30 wt% dialkyl ester of pyrophosphoric acid, and 0-10 wt% trialkyl ester of phosphoric acid (to a total of 100 wt%), with the alkylesters being as described above.
• Examples of such compositions are for instance commercially available products such as Lurol A-45 (Goulston), Synthesin ARA® (Boehme), Leomin PN® (Clariant), Stantex ARA ® (Pulcra Chemicals) and Lakeland PA800K® (Lakeland).
• composition in percentage by weight obtained from 31 P-NMR data
• Product name Supplier Alkyl groups Composition wt% mono # di # tri # pyro # Lurol A45 Goulston hexyl (C6) 45 54 1 0 LDP161 Lakeland 2-ethylhexyl (C8) 66 30 4 0 LDP80 Lakeland decyl (C10) 60 36 4 0 Leomin PN Clariant lauryl (C12) 37 56 0 7 Synthesin ARA Boehme lauryl (C12) 37 47 0 16 Stantex ARA Pulcra lauryl (C12) 38 47 0 15 *all alkyl groups of the phosphate esters are the same and are as indicated in this column.
• # mono, di, tri, and pyro stand for mono-alkyl ester of phosphoric acid, dialkyl ester of phosphoric acid, trialkyl ester of phosphoric acid, and dialkyl ester of pyrophosphoric acid, respectively.
• the finish is present on the yarn in an amount in the range of 0.05 to 0.95 wt%, based on the weight of the aramid. In another embodiment 0.10 to 0.50 wt% of the finish is used.
• the spin finish can be applied onto the yarn according to methods known to the skilled person. It can, e.g., be applied to dried yarn, to wet yarn, during yarn manufacture directly after the spinning of the filaments or during an after-treatment. Application of the finish can be done by means of known methods and equipment, such as dipping, slit applicator, lick roller or spraying.
• the yarn is commonly brought in contact with the finish in a bath or by kiss rolls or slit applicators. Typical yarn speeds are 10 to 700 m/min, more preferably 25-500 m/min.
• the textile preferably only contains the finished continuous aramid yarn, but may in addition also contain other non-aramid yarns.
• Aramid yarn preferably is para-aramid yarn such as poly(p-phenylene terephthalamide), which is known as PPTA and commercially available as Twaron® or Kevlar®, or poly(p-phenyleneterephthalamide) containing 3,4'-diaminodiphenylether units (to give a yarn commercially available as Technora®), or aramids containing 5(6)-amino-2-(p-aminophenyl)benzimidazole (DAPBI) units, to give e.g. a yarn known under the name Rusar®.
• para-aramid yarn such as poly(p-phenylene terephthalamide), which is known as PPTA and commercially available as Twaron® or Kevlar®, or poly(p-phenyleneterephthalamide) containing 3,4'-diaminodiphenylether units (to give a yarn commercially available as Technora®), or aramids containing 5(6)-amino
• the 3,4'-diaminodiphenylether and DAPBI monomers replace part of the para-phenylenediamine (PPD) monomers during the polymerization of the PPD and TDC (terephthaloyldichloride) monomers.
• PPD para-phenylenediamine
• TDC terephthaloyldichloride
• the aramid yarns used in the present invention are notable for excellent di-electric and mechanical properties, such as high breaking strength and initial modulus, low breaking extensions, low creep, and a negative thermal expansion coefficient, and also for the abovementioned favorable applications and further processing properties.
• the cross section of the individual filaments of the yarns of the present invention can be optional, for example triangular or flat, or in particular elliptical or circular.
• the aramid yarn is a high-modulus aramid yarn, e.g., with a modulus in the range of 100-150 GPa.
• These yarns can e.g., be obtained by applying a high yarn tension and high drying temperature in yarn manufacture.
• aramid yarn is stranded around an endless core by a process wherein the core is provided to a stranding apparatus comprising at least one yarn bobbin, wherein during operation the bobbin revolves around its own axis and the bobbin revolves around the core, and the yarn is unwound from the bobbin around the core to provide a core surrounded by the yarn.
• the bobbin is pivotable connected to a pivotable server disk and revolves around the cable core during a pivoting movement of the server disk.
• the server disk is pivotable arranged around the cable core.
• the cable core runs through the rotation axis of the server disk. Due to this the bobbin revolves around its own axis and the bobbin revolves around the cable core.
• bobbin and server disk are counter-rotating elements, this means that the rotation direction of the bobbin is reverse to the rotation direction of the server disk. In another embodiment co-rotation of the elements is applied, as this is possible as well.
• a typical field of application of the invention is the use of high-modulus aramid yarn for spiraled reinforcement of optical fiber cables.
• Optical fiber cables are typically reinforced by stranding the aramid reinforcement from a server around the optical core.
• the high strength and modulus of aramid fibers protect the optical glass fibers in the cable against too high deformation arising from being subjected to external forces e.g. during installation of the cable and/or arising from wind and ice loads in use. Too high deformation of optical glass fibers results in decreased data transmission or, even worse, damage to and in extreme situations breakage of the optical glass fiber.
• the optical glass fibers are located in thin thermoplastic hollow tubes in the cable (so-called central and loose tube cable designs).
• the optical fibers are often stranded around a central strength member, which is, e.g., a (glass) fiber reinforced rod ((G)FRP).
• a binder yarn or tape is wrapped around the optical fibers in the tubes.
• an inner sheath is applied surrounding the optical core.
• the inner cable is completely covered by the reinforcing aramid fibers.
• Another important characteristic of aramid fibers is their excellent heat resistance.
• a thermoplastic jacket or sheathing is extruded around the inner cable to protect against weathering.
• the aramid fibers are located in between the jacket and the tubes thus forming an insulating reinforcement layer.
• the core to be provided with the aramid yarn comprises optical glass fibers and optional further elements such as one or more of a central strength member, fillers, sheaths, tubes etc.
• the core used in the process according to the invention thus generally comprises one or more optical glass fibers, whether or not surrounded by a sheating, e.g., of a thermoplastic material, and whether or not comprising other elements such as a central strength member or further materials.
• a sheating e.g., of a thermoplastic material
• an extruder may be provided after the stranding apparatus, wherein the core provided with strands of aramid yarn is provided to an extrusion apparatus, where a sheating of a polymer material is extruded around the core provided with strands of aramid yarn.
• a suitable extrusion material is polyethylene. Extrusion of sheaths around optical fiber cables provided with an aramid fiber layer is known in the art and does not require further elucidation.
• At least one yarn bobbin revolves around the core.
• an even number of bobbins is used in the stranding step, to prevent balancing issues in the apparatus.
• the number of bobbins is not critical to the process according to the invention. It may, e.g., range from 4 to 24 bobbins.
• the bobbins revolve around they own axis, and around the core. Revolving the bobbins around the core may, e.g., be effected by the bobbins being provided onto a rotating disc.
• the process according to the invention may be carried out to ensure a certain lay length, defined as the longitudinal distance along the cable required for one complete helical wrap, or in other words the total cable length divided by the total number of wraps.
• the lay length is determined by the speed with which the core is processed through the apparatus, and the rotating speed of the server. Suitable lay lengths may, e.g., be in the range of 100 mm to 500 mm, in particular 150 mm to 400 mm, more specifically 300 to 400 mm.
• the stranding step may, e.g., be operated at a speed of at least 150 RPM, in particular at least 180 RPM, more in particular at least 200 RPM, or even at least 250 RPM. Speeds below 150 RPM are of course also possible, but less preferred.
• the maximum speed is determined by the mechanical limitations of the server rather than by the package stability. The speed mentioned in this paragraph is the rotation speed of the disk.
• the line speed of the process according to the invention is dependent on the lay length.
• a suitable line speed may, e.g., be at least 60 m/min.
• the present invention allows the use of even higher line speeds, for this lay length, e.g., at least 65 m/min, preferably at least 70 m/min, or even at least 75 m/min. Speeds of at least 80 m/min, or even at least 85 m/min may be possible.
• Suitable stranding apparatus is known in the art, and commercially available from various manufacturers, including Roblon, Tensor, Swisscap, and others.
• the invention also pertains to an optical fiber cable comprising a core provided with stranded continuous aramid yarn, wherein the yarn is provided with a finish comprising an organophosphorus compound.
• aramid is provided to the core in an amount of 4-80 kg/km.
• this amount may, e.g., be in the range of 4-15 kg/km, in particular 7-12 kg/km, more specifically 8-10 kg/km.
• the amount may, e.g., be in the range of 15-80 kg/km, in particular in the range of 15-50 kg/km, more in particular in the range of 0-30 kg/km.
• the invention is illustrated in the following, without being limited thereto or thereby. Furthermore, a method is illustrated for determining package stability, and will be discussed further in the example.
• a server is used, wherein the server has a server disk, an optical cable core and a bobbin.
• Yarn is present on the bobbin as yarn package.
• the optical cable core has an axis which runs perpendicular to the paper area and through the center of the optical cable core.
• the bobbin has a rotation axis which runs perpendicular to the paper area.
• the yarn from the yarn package is transported to the optical cable core by rolling yarn take-off.
• the server disk has a rotation direction.
• the bobbin and also the yarn package have a rotation direction, whereby server disk and bobbin are counter-rotating elements.
• a distance between the center of the bobbin and the center of the optical cable core is called center of yarn package to center of rotation distance.
• Server disk and bobbin are counter-rotating elements. It is also possible to operate the apparatus in such a manner that the disk and the core are co-rotating elements.
• Package stability is determined by paying-off the aramid yarn from the tube or bobbin it was wound on, on a rotating Roblon SE910-4 server with 116 cm disk-diameter.
• the center of yarn package to center of rotation distance is 51 cm. Reference is made to the illustration made before.
• the rotation speed is increased with 15 RPM every two minutes.
• the aramid yarn is unwound from the tube, by rolling yarn take-off.
• Deformation of the yarn package on the tube is measured as follows.
• a bobbin with a yarn package, wherein the bobbin has not been subjected to yarn roll-off, is called a fresh bobbin.
• the yarn package of the fresh bobbin exhibits a width.
• a line between a mark on the tube and a mark on the top of the yarn package is drawn.
• the two marks are in alignment with the axis of the tube.
• After the bobbin has been subjected to yarn roll-of the yarn package exhibits a width which is larger than the width of the fresh.
• the mark on the yarn package is shifted from the original position, which was in alignment with the axis of the tube.
• the procedure is repeated until either the maximum rotation speed of the Roblon server is achieved (250-300 rpm) or the increase of package width exceeds 20 mm and a safety stop is activated.
• the corresponding rotation speed is an indication of the quality of the package stability.
• a fixed rotation speed is applied and the total yarn package is being unwound.
• This procedure is highly similar to the actual processing of the aramid yarn packages in practice during the production of an Optical Fiber Cable.
• a finish stock solution based on Stantex ARA® (10 wt%) was made by diluting Stantex ARA® (56 wt%; ex Pulcra) into a 10% solution in warm (40°C) demi-water. To obtain the final spin finish solution (2.8 wt%) the Stantex ARA® stock solution was further diluted in warm demi-water (40°C) and stirred for 15 minutes, after which it was ready to apply onto the yarn. Unfinished Twaron® multifilament yarn with a linear density of 2790dtex and filament count 2000 produced in a single spinning trial at a spinning speed of 320m/min and treated in-line with Stantex ARA® finish at a dosing level of 0.30 wt% using a slit applicator.
• the reference yarn sample was finished subsequently under the exact same spinning conditions with Breox 50A50® finish (consisting of random exthoxylated and propylated butanol, ex Ilco-Chemie, BASF) at 0.80 wt%. All samples are wound on a 290 mm length x 106 mm outer diameter tube using a precision winder.
• the weight of the yarn packages and tube was 11 kg for the reference sample with Breox 50A50® and for the sample with Stantex ARA®.
• the density of the yarn packages was the same for the sample with Breox 50A50® and the sample with Stantex ARA®.
• Package stability was measured according the above described Roblon server test set-up 1. The results are given in the following tables. Table: package width determination Server speed setting Breox 50A50® 0.8 wt% (prior art) Stantex ARA® 0.3 wt% (invention) relative ⁇ width decrease (%) RPM width (mm) ⁇ width (mm) width (mm) ⁇ width (mm) 0 (start) 265.90 0 266.0 0 145 267.70 1.80 266.25 0.25 86 160 269.65 3.75 266.40 0.40 89 175 273.15 7.25 266.85 0.85 88 190 279.55 16.65 267.10 1.10 92 205 MAX* MAX* 267.60 1.60 NAN* 220 MAX* MAX* 275.15 9.15 NAN* MAX*: maximum package deformation of 20 mm was reached, safety stop activated, NAN*: relative ⁇ width decrease can not be calculated Table: Package angular rotation Server speed setting Breox 50
• a finish stock solution based on Stantex ARA® (10 wt%) was made by diluting Stantex ARA® (56 wt%; ex Pulcra) into a 10% solution in warm (40°C) demi-water. To obtain the final spin finish solution (2.8 wt%) the Stantex ARA® stock solution was further diluted in warm demi-water (40°C) and stirred for 15 minutes, after which it was ready to apply onto the yarn. Unfinished Twaron® multifilament yarn with a linear density of 1610dtex and filament count 1000 produced in a single spinning trial at a spinning speed of 400 m/min and treated in-line with Stantex ARA® finish at a dosing level of 0.20 wt% using a kiss roll.
• the reference yarn sample was finished subsequently under the exact same spinning conditions with Breox 50A50® finish (consisting of random exthoxylated and propylated butanol, ex Ilco-Chemie, BASF) at 0.80 wt%. All samples are wound on a 216mm length tube with an outer diameter of 106 mm using a precision winder.
• the weight of the yarn packages and tube was 8.8 kg for both the reference sample with Breox 50A50® and the sample with Stantex ARA®.
• the density of the yarn packages was the same for the sample with Breox 50A50® and the sample with Stantex ARA®.
• Package stability was measured according the above described Roblon server test set-up 1. The results are given in the following tables. Table: package width determination Server speed setting Breox 50A50® 0.8 wt% (prior art) Stantex ARA® 0.2 wt% (invention) relative ⁇ width decrease (%) RPM width (mm) ⁇ width (mm) width (mm) ⁇ width (mm) 0 (start) 198.50 0 196.00 0 146 198.80 0.30 196.20 0.20 33 160 200.10 1.60 196.20 0.20 88 176 203.2 4.70 196.20 0.20 96 190 208.00 9.50 196.20 0.20 98 204 MAX* MAX* 196.20 0.20 NAN* 218 MAX* MAX* 196.80 0.80 NAN* 232 MAX* MAX* 197.40 1.40 NAN* 250 MAX* MAX* 200.10 4.10 NAN* 264 MAX* MAX* 204.40 8.40 N
• a finish stock solution based on Stantex ARA® (10 wt%) was made by diluting Stantex ARA® (56 wt%; ex Pulcra) into a 10% solution in warm (40°C) demi-water. To obtain the final spin finish solution (2.8 wt%) the Stantex ARA® stock solution was further diluted in warm demi-water (40°C) and stirred for 15 minutes, after which it was ready to apply onto the yarn. Unfinished Twaron® multifilament yarn with a linear density of 2680dtex and filament count 2000 produced in a single spinning trial at a spinning speed of 320 m/min and treated in-line with Stantex ARA® finish at a dosing level of 0.4 wt% using a kiss roll.
• the reference yarn sample was finished subsequently under the exact same spinning conditions with Breox 50A50® finish (consisting of random exthoxylated and propylated butanol, ex Ilco-Chemie, BASF) at 0.80 wt%. All samples are wound on a 216mm length tube with an outer diameter of 106 mm using a precision winder.
• the weight of the yarn packages and tube was 7 kg for both the reference sample with Breox 50A50® and the sample with Stantex ARA®.
• the density of the yarn packages was the same for the sample with Breox 50A50® and the sample with Stantex ARA®.
• Package stability was measured according the above described Roblon server test set-up 1. The results are given in the following tables. Table: package width determination Server speed setting Breox 50A50® 0.8 wt% (prior art) Stantex ARA® 0.4 wt% (invention) relative ⁇ width decrease (%) RPM width (mm) ⁇ width (mm) width (mm) ⁇ width (mm) 0 (start) 196.00 0 194.00 0 146 197.20 1.20 194.00 0 100 160 198.10 2.10 194.00 0 100 176 201.10 5.10 194.00 0 100 190 205.30 9.30 194.00 0 100 204 210.50 14.50 194.00 0 100 218 MAX* MAX* 194.00 0 NAN*: 232 MAX* MAX* 194.00 0 NAN*: 250 MAX* MAX* 194.00 0 NAN*: 264 MAX* MAX* 194.00 0 NAN*: 278 MAX
• This yarn is subsequently wound on a 290mm length tube with an outer diameter of 106 mm using a precision winder.
• the weight of the yarn package and tube was 10.8 kg for both samples.
• Package stability was measured according the above described Roblon server test set-up 1. The results are given in the following tables. Table: package width determination Server speed setting Breox 50A50® 0.8 wt% (prior art) Stantex ARA® 0.4 wt% (invention) relative ⁇ width decrease (%) RPM width (mm) ⁇ width (mm) width (mm) ⁇ width (mm) 0 (start) 266.30 0 268.90 0 146 267.10 0.80 269.00 0.10 86 160 268.00 1.70 269.00 0.10 94 176 269.00 2.70 269.00 0.10 96 190 271.20 4.90 269.00 0.10 98 204 276.20 9.90 269.00 0.10 99 218 MAX* MAX* 269.40 0.50 NAN* 232 MAX* MAX* 269.50 0.60 NAN* 250 MAX* MAX* 270.50 1.60 NAN* 264 MAX* MAX* 275.60 6.70 NAN* MAX*: maximum package deformation of 20

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