EP2861563B1 - Bicyclic heterocycles capable of modulating t-cell responses, and methods of using same - Google Patents

Bicyclic heterocycles capable of modulating t-cell responses, and methods of using same Download PDF

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EP2861563B1
EP2861563B1 EP13726005.5A EP13726005A EP2861563B1 EP 2861563 B1 EP2861563 B1 EP 2861563B1 EP 13726005 A EP13726005 A EP 13726005A EP 2861563 B1 EP2861563 B1 EP 2861563B1
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alkyl
group
cycloalkyl
substituents
compound
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French (fr)
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EP2861563A1 (en
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Daan HOMMES
Auke VERHAAR
Gijs VAN DEN BRINK
Francesca Viti
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Nogra Pharma Ltd
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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
    • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
    • A61K31/41—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having five-membered rings with two or more ring hetero atoms, at least one of which being nitrogen, e.g. tetrazole
    • A61K31/415—1,2-Diazoles
    • A61K31/4162—1,2-Diazoles condensed with heterocyclic ring systems
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
    • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
    • A61K31/41—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having five-membered rings with two or more ring hetero atoms, at least one of which being nitrogen, e.g. tetrazole
    • A61K31/4164—1,3-Diazoles
    • A61K31/4184—1,3-Diazoles condensed with carbocyclic rings, e.g. benzimidazoles
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P1/00—Drugs for disorders of the alimentary tract or the digestive system
    • A61P1/04—Drugs for disorders of the alimentary tract or the digestive system for ulcers, gastritis or reflux esophagitis, e.g. antacids, inhibitors of acid secretion, mucosal protectants
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P17/00—Drugs for dermatological disorders
    • A61P17/06—Antipsoriatics
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P19/00—Drugs for skeletal disorders
    • A61P19/02—Drugs for skeletal disorders for joint disorders, e.g. arthritis, arthrosis
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P29/00—Non-central analgesic, antipyretic or antiinflammatory agents, e.g. antirheumatic agents; Non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs [NSAID]
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P37/00—Drugs for immunological or allergic disorders
    • A61P37/02—Immunomodulators
    • A61P37/06—Immunosuppressants, e.g. drugs for graft rejection
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P37/00—Drugs for immunological or allergic disorders
    • A61P37/08—Antiallergic agents
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D231/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,2-diazole or hydrogenated 1,2-diazole rings
    • C07D231/54—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,2-diazole or hydrogenated 1,2-diazole rings condensed with carbocyclic rings or ring systems
    • C07D231/56—Benzopyrazoles; Hydrogenated benzopyrazoles
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D235/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-diazole or hydrogenated 1,3-diazole rings, condensed with other rings
    • C07D235/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-diazole or hydrogenated 1,3-diazole rings, condensed with other rings condensed with carbocyclic rings or ring systems
    • C07D235/04—Benzimidazoles; Hydrogenated benzimidazoles
    • C07D235/24—Benzimidazoles; Hydrogenated benzimidazoles with hetero atoms or with carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals, directly attached in position 2
    • C07D235/26—Oxygen atoms
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D235/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-diazole or hydrogenated 1,3-diazole rings, condensed with other rings
    • C07D235/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-diazole or hydrogenated 1,3-diazole rings, condensed with other rings condensed with carbocyclic rings or ring systems
    • C07D235/04—Benzimidazoles; Hydrogenated benzimidazoles
    • C07D235/24—Benzimidazoles; Hydrogenated benzimidazoles with hetero atoms or with carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals, directly attached in position 2
    • C07D235/30—Nitrogen atoms not forming part of a nitro radical
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D401/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom
    • C07D401/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom containing two hetero rings
    • C07D401/06—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom containing two hetero rings linked by a carbon chain containing only aliphatic carbon atoms

Definitions

  • T lymphocytes are a group of white blood cells that play a major role in cell-mediated immunity. T lymphocytes are activated through the T-Cell Receptor (TCR), a cell type specific receptor. When the TCR is stimulated, another T cell specific protein called lymphocyte-specific protein tyrosine kinase (LCK) is recruited. After recruitment of LCK, a specific signaling cascade is activated, ultimately resulting in the proliferation and production of cytokines (e.g., immunomodulating agents, such as interleukins and interferons).
  • TCR T-Cell Receptor
  • LCK lymphocyte-specific protein tyrosine kinase
  • T lymphocytes There are two main subsets of T lymphocytes that are distinguished by the presence of cell surface molecules CD4 and CD8.
  • the T lymphocytes expressing CD4 are regarded as being major cytokine producers.
  • the CD4 subset can be further divided into Th1 and Th2, and the cytokines they produce are known as Th1-type cytokines and Th2-type cytokines.
  • Th1 cytokines such as interferon gamma tend to produce the pro-inflammatory responses responsible for killing intracellular parasites and for perpetuating autoimmune responses.
  • the response involves recruitment of activated T lymphocytes which infiltrate local tissue causing damage to it. Excessive pro-inflammatory responses can lead to uncontrolled tissue damage, so there needs to be a counteracting mechanism.
  • glucocorticoids are steroid hormones that act as powerful immunosuppressive drugs, suppressing inflammation on many levels. GCs can passively cross the cellular membrane and bind their cognate receptor, which then moves into the nucleus where it binds DNA and regulates specific genes. Although this is considered to be the main mechanism of action, GC treatment also causes rapid effects on signaling molecules and pathways, for example, by the inhibition of TCR-related signaling. GC treatment causes disruption of a complex of proteins, including the TCR, LCK and the glucocorticoid receptor (GR), and as a consequence downstream signaling is inhibited and proliferation stops. The treatment often results in severe side effects. However, alternative ways of T cell stimulation, which cause activation of alternative signaling pathways, may also lead to proliferation that can not be inhibited by GCs.
  • TCR glucocorticoids
  • WO2007084728 describes 2-imino-benzimidazole compounds. The potential utility of said compounds for a wide variety of diseases is described. No assessment of biological activity is conducted in WO2007084728 .
  • Hayes et al. (Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 2008, 18, 2414 ) describes a 2-iminobenzimidazole antagonist of the chemokine receptor CXCR3.
  • WO03105779 describes guanidine compounds which are described as having potential anesthetic and/or analgesic properties.
  • WO2007024680 describes pyrazolopyridine and pyrazolopyrimidine compounds with potential use as kinase enzyme modulators.
  • WO2008036244 describes the use of cyclosporine A to sensitize resistant cancer cells to death receptor ligands.
  • Varma et al. J. Indian Chem. Soc. 1985, 62, 73-75 ) describes the synthesis of several 5-methoxy-1,3-disubstituted benzimidazolin-2-thiones.
  • T-Cell receptor modulators compounds contemplated to be T-Cell receptor modulators, and their use as, for example, medicinal agents. Accordingly, one aspect of the disclosure provides a compound of Formula IIA: or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein the variables are as defined in the detailed description.
  • a pharmaceutically effective amount of a heterocyclic compound described herein, e.g., a compound of Formula IIA is administered.
  • the disclosure is based, in part, upon the discovery that certain compounds disclosed herein have the ability to modulate the activity of T-cell receptors.
  • Treating includes any effect, e.g., lessening, reducing, modulating, or eliminating, that results in the improvement of the condition, disease, disorder and the like.
  • alkenyl refers to an unsaturated straight or branched hydrocarbon having at least one carbon-carbon double bond.
  • alkenyl groups include, but are not limited to, a straight or branched group of 2-6 or 3-4 carbon atoms, referred to herein as C 2-6 alkenyl, and C 3-4 alkenyl, respectively.
  • alkenyl groups include, but are not limited to, vinyl, allyl, butenyl, pentenyl, etc.
  • alkoxy refers to a straight or branched alkyl group attached to oxygen (alkyl-O-).
  • exemplary alkoxy groups include, but are not limited to, alkoxy groups of 1-6 or 2-6 carbon atoms, referred to herein as C 1-6 alkoxy, and C 2-6 alkoxy, respectively.
  • Exemplary alkoxy groups include, but are not limited to methoxy, ethoxy, isopropoxy, etc.
  • alkoxyalkyl refers to a straight or branched alkyl group attached to oxygen, attached to a second straight or branched alkyl group (alkyl-O-alkyl-).
  • exemplary alkoxyalkyl groups include, but are not limited to, alkoxyalkyl groups in which each of the alkyl groups independently contains 1-6 carbon atoms, referred to herein as C 1-6 alkoxy-C 1-6 alkyl.
  • Exemplary alkoxyalkyl groups include, but are not limited to methoxymethyl, 2-methoxyethyl, 1-methoxyethyl, 2-methoxypropyl, ethoxymethyl, 2-isopropoxyethyl etc.
  • alkoxycarbonyl refers to a straight or branched alkyl group attached to oxygen, attached to a carbonyl group (alkyl-O-C(O)-).
  • alkoxycarbonyl groups include, but are not limited to, alkoxycarbonyl groups of 1-6 carbon atoms, referred to herein as C 1-6 alkoxycarbonyl.
  • alkoxycarbonyl groups include, but are not limited to, methoxycarbonyl, ethoxycarbonyl, t-butoxycarbonyl, etc.
  • alkenyloxy refers to a straight or branched alkenyl group attached to oxygen (alkenyl-O-).
  • alkenyloxy groups include, but are not limited to, groups with an alkenyl group of 3-6 carbon atoms, referred to herein as C 3-6 alkenyloxy.
  • alkenyloxy groups include, but are not limited to allyloxy, butenyloxy, etc.
  • alkynyloxy refers to a straight or branched alkynyl group attached to oxygen (alkynyl-O).
  • exemplary alkynyloxy groups include, but are not limited to, groups with an alkynyl group of 3-6 carbon atoms, referred to herein as C 3-6 alkynyloxy.
  • exemplary alkynyloxy groups include, but are not limited to, propynyloxy, butynyloxy, etc.
  • alkyl refers to a saturated straight or branched hydrocarbon.
  • exemplary alkyl groups include, but are not limited to, straight or branched hydrocarbons of 1-6, 1-4, or 1-3 carbon atoms, referred to herein as C 1-6 alkyl, C 1-4 alkyl, and C 1-3 alkyl, respectively.
  • Exemplary alkyl groups include, but are not limited to, methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, 2-methyl-1-butyl, 3-methyl-2-butyl, 2-methyl-1-pentyl, 3-methyl-1-pentyl, 4-methyl-1-pentyl, 2-methyl-2-pentyl, 3-methyl-2-pentyl, 4-methyl-2-pentyl, 2,2-dimethyl-1-butyl, 3,3-dimethyl-1-butyl, 2-ethyl-1-butyl, butyl, isobutyl, t-butyl, pentyl, isopentyl, neopentyl, hexyl, etc.
  • alkylcarbonyl refers to a straight or branched alkyl group attached to a carbonyl group (alkyl-C(O)-).
  • exemplary alkylcarbonyl groups include, but are not limited to, alkylcarbonyl groups of 1-6 atoms, referred to herein as C 1-6 alkylcarbonyl groups.
  • Exemplary alkylcarbonyl groups include, but are not limited to, acetyl, propanoyl, isopropanoyl, butanoyl, etc.
  • alkynyl refers to an unsaturated straight or branched hydrocarbon having at least one carbon-carbon triple bond.
  • exemplary alkynyl groups include, but are not limited to, straight or branched groups of 2-6, or 3-6 carbon atoms, referred to herein as C 2-6 alkynyl, and C 3-6 alkynyl, respectively.
  • exemplary alkynyl groups include, but are not limited to, ethynyl, propynyl, butynyl, pentynyl, hexynyl, methylpropynyl, etc.
  • carbonyl refers to the group-C(O)-.
  • cyano refers to the group -CN.
  • cycloalkoxy refers to a cycloalkyl group attached to oxygen (cycloalkyl-O-).
  • exemplary cycloalkoxy groups include, but are not limited to, cycloalkoxy groups of 3-6 carbon atoms, referred to herein as C 3-6 cycloalkoxy groups.
  • Exemplary cycloalkoxy groups include, but are not limited to, cyclopropoxy, cyclobutoxy, cyclohexyloxy, etc
  • cycloalkyl or a “carbocyclic group” as used herein refers to a saturated or partially unsaturated hydrocarbon group of, for example, 3-6, or 4-6 carbons, referred to herein as C 3-6 cycloalkyl or C 4-6 cycloalkyl, respectively.
  • exemplary cycloalkyl groups include, but are not limited to, cyclohexyl, cyclopentyl, cyclopentenyl, cyclobutyl or cyclopropyl.
  • halo or halogen as used herein refer to F, Cl, Br, or I.
  • heteroaryl or “heteroaromatic group” as used herein refers to a monocyclic aromatic 5-6 membered ring system containing one or more heteroatoms, for example one to three heteroatoms, such as nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur. Where possible, said heteroaryl ring may be linked to the adjacent radical though carbon or nitrogen. Examples of heteroaryl rings include but are not limited to furan, thiophene, pyrrole, thiazole, oxazole, isothiazole, isoxazole, imidazole, pyrazole, triazole, pyridine or pyrimidine etc.
  • heterocyclyl or “heterocyclic group” are art-recognized and refer to saturated or partially unsaturated 4-7 membered ring structures, whose ring structures include one to three heteroatoms, such as nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur. Where possible, heterocyclyl rings may be linked to the adjacent radical through carbon or nitrogen.
  • heterocyclyl groups include, but are not limited to, pyrrolidine, piperidine, morpholine, thiomorpholine, piperazine, oxetane, azetidine, tetrahydrofuran or dihydrofuran etc.
  • heterocyclyloxy refers to a heterocyclyl group attached to oxygen (heterocyclyl-O-).
  • heteroaryloxy refers to a heteroaryl group attached to oxygen (heteroaryl-O-).
  • hydroxy and "hydroxyl” as used herein refers to the group -OH.
  • “Pharmaceutically or pharmacologically acceptable” include molecular entities and compositions that do not produce an adverse, allergic or other untoward reaction when administered to an animal, or a human, as appropriate.
  • preparations should meet sterility, pyrogenicity, and general safety and purity standards as required by FDA Office of Biologics standards.
  • compositions may also contain other active compounds providing supplemental, additional, or enhanced therapeutic functions.
  • composition refers to a composition comprising at least one compound as disclosed herein formulated together with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers.
  • “Individual,” “patient,” or “subject” are used interchangeably and include any animal, including mammals, e.g., mice, rats, other rodents, rabbits, dogs, cats, swine, cattle, sheep, horses, or primates, and humans.
  • the patient is a human.
  • the compounds contemplated herein can be administered to a mammal, such as a human, but can also be administered to other mammals such as an animal in need of veterinary treatment, e.g., domestic animals (e.g., dogs, cats, and the like), farm animals (e.g., cows, sheep, pigs, horses, and the like) and laboratory animals (e.g., rats, mice, guinea pigs, and the like).
  • the mammal treated in the methods contemplated herein is desirably a mammal in which treatment of obesity or weight loss is desired.
  • “Modulation” includes antagonism (e.g., inhibition), agonism, partial antagonism and/or partial agonism.
  • the term "therapeutically effective amount” means the amount of the subject compound that will elicit the biological or medical response of a tissue, system or animal (e.g., mammal or human) that is being sought by the researcher, veterinarian, medical doctor or other clinician.
  • the compounds contemplated herein are administered in therapeutically effective amounts to treat a disease or disorder.
  • a therapeutically effective amount of a compound is the quantity required to achieve a desired therapeutic and/or prophylactic effect, such as an amount, which results in weight loss.
  • pharmaceutically acceptable salt(s) refers to salts of acidic or basic groups that may be present in compounds used in the compositions.
  • Compounds included in the present compositions that are basic in nature are capable of forming a wide variety of salts with various inorganic and organic acids.
  • the acids that may be used to prepare pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salts of such basic compounds are those that form non-toxic acid addition salts, i.e., salts containing pharmacologically acceptable anions, including, but not limited to, malate, oxalate, chloride, bromide, iodide, nitrate, sulfate, bisulfate, phosphate, acid phosphate, isonicotinate, acetate, lactate, salicylate, citrate, tartrate, oleate, tannate, pantothenate, bitartrate, ascorbate, succinate, maleate, gentisinate, fumarate, gluconate, glucaronate, saccharate, formate, benzoate, glutamate, methanesulfonate, ethanesulfonate, benzenesulfonate, p-toluenesulfonate and pamoate (i.e., 1,1'-methylene-
  • Compounds included in the present compositions that are acidic in nature are capable of forming base salts with various pharmacologically acceptable cations.
  • Examples of such salts include alkali metal or alkaline earth metal salts and, particularly, calcium, magnesium, sodium, lithium, zinc, potassium, and iron salts.
  • Compounds included in the present compositions that include a basic or acidic moiety may also form pharmaceutically acceptable salts with various amino acids.
  • the compounds of the disclosure may contain both acidic and basic groups; for example, one amino and one carboxylic acid group. In such a case, the compound can exist as an acid addition salt, a zwitterion, or a base salt.
  • the compounds of the disclosure may contain one or more chiral centers and, therefore, exist as stereoisomers.
  • stereoisomers when used herein consist of all enantiomers or diastereomers. These compounds may be designated by the symbols “(+),” “(-),” “R” or “S,” depending on the configuration of substituents around the stereogenic carbon atom, but the skilled artisan will recognize that a structure may denote a chiral center implicitly.
  • the present disclosure encompasses various stereoisomers of these compounds and mixtures thereof. Mixtures of enantiomers or diastereomers may be designated "( ⁇ )" in nomenclature, but the skilled artisan will recognize that a structure may denote a chiral center implicitly.
  • Individual enantiomers and diastereomers of compounds of the present disclosure can be prepared synthetically from commercially available starting materials that contain asymmetric or stereogenic centers, or by preparation of racemic mixtures followed by resolution methods well known to those of ordinary skill in the art. These methods of resolution are exemplified by (1) attachment of a mixture of enantiomers to a chiral auxiliary, separation of the resulting mixture of diastereomers by recrystallization or chromatography and liberation of the optically pure product from the auxiliary, (2) salt formation employing an optically active resolving agent, (3) direct separation of the mixture of optical enantiomers on chiral liquid chromatographic columns or (4) kinetic resolution using stereoselective chemical or enzymatic reagents.
  • Racemic mixtures can also be resolved into their component enantiomers by well known methods, such as chiral-phase liquid chromatography or crystallizing the compound in a chiral solvent.
  • Stereoselective syntheses a chemical or enzymatic reaction in which a single reactant forms an unequal mixture of stereoisomers during the creation of a new stereocenter or during the transformation of a pre-existing one, are well known in the art.
  • Stereoselective syntheses encompass both enantio- and diastereoselective transformations, and may involve the use of chiral auxiliaries. For examples, see Carreira and Kvaerno, Classics in Stereoselective Synthesis, Wiley-VCH: Weinheim, 2009 .
  • the compounds disclosed herein can exist in solvated as well as unsolvated forms with pharmaceutically acceptable solvents such as water, ethanol, and the like, and it is intended that the disclosure embrace both solvated and unsolvated forms.
  • the compound is amorphous.
  • the compound is a single polymorph.
  • the compound is a mixture of polymorphs.
  • the compound is in a crystalline form.
  • the disclosure also embraces isotopically labeled compounds of the disclosure which are identical to those recited herein, except that one or more atoms are replaced by an atom having an atomic mass or mass number different from the atomic mass or mass number usually found in nature.
  • isotopes that can be incorporated into compounds of the disclosure include isotopes of hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, sulfur, fluorine and chlorine, such as 2 H, 3 H, 13 C, 14 C, 15 N, 18 O, 17 O, 31 P, 32 P, 35 S, 18 F, and 36 Cl, respectively.
  • a compound of the disclosure may have one or more H atom replaced with deuterium.
  • isotopically-labeled disclosed compounds are useful in compound and/or substrate tissue distribution assays. Tritiated (i.e., 3 H) and carbon-14 (i.e., 14 C) isotopes may be useful for their ease of preparation and detectability. Further, substitution with heavier isotopes such as deuterium (i.e., 2 H) may afford certain therapeutic advantages resulting from greater metabolic stability (e.g., increased in vivo half-life or reduced dosage requirements) and hence may be preferred in some circumstances.
  • Isotopically labeled compounds contemplated herein can generally be prepared by following procedures analogous to those disclosed in the examples herein by substituting an isotopically labeled reagent for a non-isotopically labeled reagent.
  • prodrug refers to compounds that are transformed in vivo to yield a disclosed compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate or solvate of the compound.
  • the transformation may occur by various mechanisms (such as by esterase, amidase, phosphatase, oxidative and or reductive metabolism) in various locations (such as in the intestinal lumen or upon transit of the intestine, blood or liver).
  • the transformation may be by, for example, chemical hydrolysis or enzymatic attack.
  • Prodrugs are well known in the art (for example, see Rautio, Kumpulainen, et al., Nature Reviews Drug Discovery 2008, 7, 255 ).
  • a prodrug can comprise an ester formed by the replacement of the hydrogen atom of the acid group with a group such as (C 1-8 )alkyl, (C 2-12 )alkanoyloxymethyl, 1-(alkanoyloxy)ethyl having from 4 to 9 carbon atoms, 1-methyl-1-(alkanoyloxy)-ethyl having from 5 to 10 carbon atoms, alkoxycarbonyloxymethyl having from 3 to 6 carbon atoms, 1-(alkoxycarbonyloxy)ethyl having from 4 to 7 carbon atoms, 1-methyl-1-(alkoxycarbonyloxy)ethyl having from 5 to 8 carbon atoms, N-(alkoxycarbonyl)aminomethyl having from 3 to 9 carbon atoms, 1-(N-(alkoxycarbonyl)amino)ethy
  • a group such as (C 1-8 )alkyl, (C 2-12 )alkanoyloxymethyl, 1-(alkanoyloxy
  • a prodrug can be formed by the replacement of the hydrogen atom of the alcohol group with a group such as (C 1-6 )alkanoyloxymethyl, 1-((C 1-6 )alkanoyloxy)ethyl, 1-methyl-1-((C 1-6 )alkanoyloxy)ethyl (C 1-6 )alkoxycarbonyloxymethyl, N-(C1-6)alkoxycarbonylaminomethyl, succinoyl, (C 1-6 )alkanoyl, ⁇ -amino(C 1-4 )alkanoyl, arylacyl and ⁇ -aminoacyl, or ⁇ -aminoacyl- ⁇ -aminoacyl, where each ⁇ -aminoacyl group is independently selected from the naturally occurring L-amino acids, -P(O)(OH) 2 , -P(O)(O(C 1-6 )alkyl)
  • a prodrug can be formed, for example, by creation of an amide or carbamate, an N-acyloxyakyl derivative, an (oxodioxolenyl)methyl derivative, an N-Mannich base, imine or enamine.
  • a secondary amine can be metabolically cleaved to generate a bioactive primary amine, or a tertiary amine can metabolically cleaved to generate a bioactive primary or secondary amine.
  • a derivative or pro-drug can have enhanced permeability for a target organ.
  • the prodrug has an enhanced permeability according to the present disclosure if, after administration of the pro-drug or derivative thereof to a living organism, a higher amount of the compound reaches the target organ, resulting in a higher level of effective agent, as compared to administration of the base compound without derivatization.
  • variable is not accompanied by a definition, then the previous definition of the variable controls.
  • heterocyclic compounds as set out in the claims.
  • a 1 may be selected from the group consisting of C 3-6 cycloalkyl and heterocyclyl.
  • a 1 may be C 3-6 cycloalkyl.
  • a 2 may be selected from the group consisting of C 3-6 cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, phenyl, naphthyl, heteroaryl, and -NR'R'.
  • a 2 may be selected from the group consisting of heterocyclyl and heteroaryl.
  • X may be NH.
  • V may be selected from the group consisting of C(O) and CH 2 .
  • W may be CH 2 .
  • R C1 and R C2 may be hydrogen.
  • n may be selected from the group consisting of 1 and 2.
  • p may be selected from the group consisting of 1 and 2.
  • a heterocyclic compound of Formula IA or IB is also described herein: wherein
  • a 1 may be C 3-6 cycloalkyl.
  • a 1 may be selected from the group consisting of cyclohexyl, cyclohexenyl, cyclopentyl, cyclopentenyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopropyl, and any bridged, spiro or fused variant thereof.
  • R C1 and R C2 may be hydrogen.
  • a 1 may be C 3-6 cycloalkyl.
  • a 1 may be selected from the group consisting of cyclohexyl, cyclohexenyl, cyclopentyl, cyclopentenyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopropyl, and any bridged, spiro or fused variant thereof
  • R C1 and R C2 may be hydrogen.
  • R C3 and R C4 may be hydrogen; or two R C3 substituents or two R C4 substituents are taken together to form oxo.
  • heterocyclic compound is provided, wherein the heterocyclic compound is selected from the group consisting of: and any pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.
  • heterocyclic compound in another aspect, wherein the heterocyclic compound is selected from the group consisting of: and or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.
  • the synthetic route in Scheme 1 illustrates a general method for preparing benzimidazolone derivatives.
  • the method involves attaching the desired substituents to the nitrogens of the benzimidazolone core.
  • the desired alkyl group attached at the 1-position of the benzimidazolone can be installed by reacting benzimidazolone A with the ⁇ -bromocarbonyl substrate to provide monosubstituted B .
  • the desired functional group at the 3-position of the benzimidazolone can be installed by reacting B with the appropriate electrophile (e.g., R-C1) to provide final product C.
  • Scheme 2 provides a more detailed exemplary synthetic procedure for making benzimidazolone derivatives having various functional groups (e.g., alkylamino) at the 3-position of the benzimidazolone ring.
  • Aryl A can be converted to aniline B using boc-protected ethylene diamine followed by reduction of the nitro group.
  • the benzimidazolone core can be installed by reaction with carbonyldiimidazole (CDI). Substitution at the 1-position can be installed by reaction with the appropriate ⁇ -bromocarbonyl to afford compound C . Deprotection of the boc-protected amino group followed by reaction with the appropriate electrophile affords the final disubstituted compound D .
  • the synthetic route in Scheme 3 illustrates a general method for preparing heterobicyclic derivatives.
  • the method involves attaching the desired substituents to the heterocyclic core.
  • the desired alkyl group attached at the nitrogen of heterocycle A can be installed by reacting A with the appropriate electrophile to provide monosubstituted B .
  • the alkyne group at the 3-position of the heterocycle core can be installed by reacting B under Sonogashira reaction conditions to provide alkyne C . Reduction of the alkyne provides the dialkyl substituted final product D .
  • One aspect of the disclosure provides methods of modulating the activity of T cell receptors, comprising administering a pharmaceutically effective amount of a disclosed heterocyclic compound to a patient in need thereof.
  • the compound utilized by one or more of the foregoing methods is one of the generic, subgeneric, or specific compounds described herein, as a compound of Formula IIA.
  • the ability of compounds described herein to modulate or inhibit T cell receptors can be evaluated by procedures known in the art and/or described herein.
  • Another aspect of the disclosure provides compounds for use in treating a disease associated with expression or activity of T cell receptor.
  • a pharmaceutically effective amount of a disclosed heterocyclic compound, of Formula IIA is administered to a patient in need thereof.
  • the invention provides compounds for use in treating a disease or disorder selected from the group of acute and chronic immune inflammatory disorders, e.g., Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, rheumatic disorders, psoriasis, and allergies, as set out in the claims.
  • a pharmaceutically effective amount of a disclosed heterocyclic compound, of Formula IIA is administered to a patient in need thereof.
  • a pharmaceutically effective amount of a disclosed heterocyclic compound e.g. a compound of Formula IIA, is administered to a patient in need thereof.
  • Contemplated methods include, for example, methods of treating inflammatory bowel diseases, e.g., ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease, indeterminate colitis; and diverticulitis.
  • a pharmaceutically effective amount of a disclosed heterocyclic compound e.g. a compound of Formula I, IA, IB, II, or IIA, is administered to a patient in need thereof.
  • a pharmaceutically effective amount of a disclosed heterocyclic compound e.g. a compound of Formula I, IA, IB, II, or IIA
  • methods of treating congenital adrenal hyperplasia; hypercalciemia associated with cancer; and nonsuppurative thyroiditis are provided.
  • a pharmaceutically effective amount of a disclosed heterocyclic compound e.g. a compound of Formula I, IA, IB, II, or IIA, is administered to a patient in need thereof.
  • a disclosed heterocyclic compound e.g. a compound of Formula I, IA, IB, II, or IIA
  • compounds for use in treating psoriatic arthritis; rheumatoid arthritis, including juvenile rheumatoid arthritis; ankylosing spondylitis; acute and subacute bursitis; acute nonspecific tenosynovitis; acute gouty arthritis; post-traumatic osteoarthritis; synovitis of osteoarthritis; and epicondylitis e.g., chronic osteoarthritis, and others.
  • the treatment may comprise an adjunctive therapy for short-term administration, wherein the patient in need thereof is having an acute episode or an exacerbation.
  • selected methods for example methods of treating rheumatoid arthritis, may require low-dose maintenance therapy.
  • a pharmaceutically effective amount of a disclosed heterocyclic compound e.g. a compound of Formula I, IA, IB, II, or IIA
  • a pharmaceutically effective amount of a disclosed heterocyclic compound is administered to a patient in need thereof.
  • Contemplated compounds for use include, for example, treating systemic lupus erythematosus; systemic-dermatomyositis (e.g., polymyositis); and acute rheumatic carditis.
  • the treatment may be administered as maintenance therapy and/or when the patient in need thereof is having an acute episode or an exacerbation.
  • a pharmaceutically effective amount of a disclosed heterocyclic compound e.g. a compound of Formula I, IA, IB, II, or IIA, is administered to a patient in need thereof.
  • Contemplated treatments include, for example, treating pemphigus; bullous dermatitis herpetiformis; erythema multiforme, e.g., Stevens-Johnson syndrome; exfoliative dermatitis; mycosis fungoides; psoriasis; and seborrheic dermatitis.
  • a pharmaceutically effective amount of a disclosed heterocyclic compound e.g. a compound of Formula I, IA, IB, II, or IIA
  • Contemplated treatments include, for example, treating seasonal or perennial allergic rhinitis; bronchial asthma; contact dermatitis; atopic dermatitis; serum sickness; and drug hypersensitivity reactions.
  • these include control of severe or incapacitating allergic conditions that are hard to control with conventional treatment.
  • a pharmaceutically effective amount of a disclosed heterocyclic compound e.g. a compound of Formula I, IA, IB, II, or IIA
  • Contemplated treatments include, for example, treating acute and chronic allergic and inflammatory processes involving the eye and/or its adnexa such as: allergic cornea marginal ulcers; herpes zoster ophthalmicus; anterior segment inflammation; uveitis, choroiditis, scleritis, episcleritis; sympathetic ophthalmia; allergic conjunctivitis; keratitis; chorioretinitis; optic neuritis; crizis and iridocyclitis.
  • a pharmaceutically effective amount of a disclosed heterocyclic compound e.g. a compound of Formula I, IA, IB, II, or IIA
  • a pharmaceutically effective amount of a disclosed heterocyclic compound is administered to a patient in need thereof.
  • Contemplated treatments include, for example, treating symptomatic sarcoidosis; Loeffler's syndrome; berylliosis; fulminating or disseminated pulmonary tuberculosis, for example, wherein the treatment can comprise of concurrent administration of a disclosed compound and an appropriate antituberculous chemotherapy; and aspiration pneumonitis.
  • a pharmaceutically effective amount of a disclosed heterocyclic compound e.g. a compound of Formula I, IA, IB, II, or IIA, is administered to a patient in need thereof.
  • contemplated treatments include treating idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura; secondary thrombocytopenia; acquired (autoimmune) hemolytic anemia; erythroblastopenia (RBC anemia); and congenital (erythroid) hypoplastic anemia.
  • a pharmaceutically effective amount of a disclosed heterocyclic compound e.g. a compound of Formula I, IA, IB, II, or IIA, is administered to a patient in need thereof.
  • Contemplated treatments include, for example, methods of treating leukemia and lymphoma, including a method of treating acute leukemia in children.
  • a pharmaceutically effective amount of a disclosed heterocyclic compound e.g. a compound of Formula I, IA, IB, II, or IIA, is administered to a patient in need thereof.
  • Contemplated treatments include, for example, inducing diuresis or remission of proteinuria in the nephrotic syndrome, without uremia, of the idiopathic type or that due to lupus erythematosus.
  • a pharmaceutically effective amount of a disclosed heterocyclic compound e.g. a compound of Formula I, IA, IB, II, or IIA, is administered to a patient in need thereof.
  • Contemplated methods include, for example, methods of treating multiple sclerosis.
  • a pharmaceutically effective amount of a disclosed heterocyclic compound e.g. a compound of Formula I, IA, IB, II, or IIA, used concurrently with appropriate antituberculous chemotherapy, is administered to a patient in need thereof.
  • compounds for use in treating trichinosis with neurologic or myocardial involvement are administered to a patient in need thereof.
  • a pharmaceutically effective amount of a disclosed heterocyclic compound, e.g. a compound of Formula I, IA, IB, II, or IIA is administered to a patient in need thereof.
  • compositions which comprise a therapeutically-effective amount of one or more of the compounds described above, formulated together with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers (additives) and/or diluents.
  • the pharmaceutical compositions may be specially formulated for administration in solid or liquid form, including those adapted for the following: (1) oral administration, for example, drenches (aqueous or non-aqueous solutions or suspensions), tablets, e.g., those targeted for buccal, sublingual, and systemic absorption, boluses, powders, granules, pastes for application to the tongue; (2) parenteral administration, for example, by subcutaneous, intramuscular, intravenous or epidural injection as, for example, a sterile solution or suspension, or sustained-release formulation; (3) topical application, for example, as a cream, ointment, or a controlled-release patch or spray applied to the skin; (4) intravaginally or intrarectally, for example, as a pessary, cream or foam; (5) sub
  • compositions which comprise a therapeutically effective amount of one or more of the disclosed compounds, formulated together with one or more other therapeutic agents, for example as part of a combination treatment.
  • the pharmaceutical compositions of the present disclosure may be administered orally.
  • the pharmaceutical compositions may be administered parenterally, by inhalation spray, topically, rectally, nasally, buccally, vaginally or via an implanted reservoir.
  • Contemplated non-parenteral administration includes oral, buccal, transdermal (e.g., by a dermal patch), topical, inhalation, or sublingual administration, or, e.g., ocular, pulmonary, nasal, rectal or vaginal administration.
  • a contemplated pharmaceutical compositions may be administered orally, intraperitoneally or intravenously.
  • Sterile injectable forms of the pharmaceutical compositions may be aqueous or oleaginous suspensions. These suspensions may be formulated according to techniques known in the art, using suitable dispersing or wetting agents and suspending agents.
  • the sterile injectable preparation may also be a sterile injectable solution or suspension in a non-toxic parenterally acceptable diluent or solvent, for example as a solution in 1,3-butanediol.
  • the acceptable vehicles and solvents that may be employed are water, Ringer's solution and isotonic sodium chloride solution.
  • sterile, fixed oils are conventionally employed as a solvent or suspending medium.
  • any bland fixed oil may be employed including synthetic mono- or diglycerides.
  • Fatty acids such as oleic acid and its glyceride derivatives are useful in the preparation of injectables, as are natural pharmaceutically-acceptable oils such as olive oil or castor oil, especially in their polyoxyethylated versions.
  • These oil solutions or suspensions may also contain a long-chain alcohol diluent or dispersant, such as carboxymethyl cellulose or similar dispersing agents that are commonly used in the formulation of pharmaceutically acceptable dosage forms including emulsions and suspensions.
  • Other commonly used surfactants such as Tweens, Spans and other emulsifying agents or bioavailability enhancers, which are commonly used in the manufacture of pharmaceutically acceptable solid, liquid, or other dosage forms may also be used for the purposes of formulation.
  • compositions of this disclosure may be orally administered in any orally acceptable dosage form including, but not limited to, solid forms such as capsules, tablets, pills, powders, and granules, which may be prepared using any suitable process known to the art.
  • a disclosed compound may be mixed with enteric materials and compressed into tablets.
  • carriers commonly used include microcrystalline cellulose, lactose and corn starch.
  • Lubricating agents, such as magnesium stearate, are also typically added.
  • formulations of the disclosure may be incorporated into chewable tablets, crushable tablets, tablets that dissolve rapidly within the mouth, or mouth wash.
  • Liquid dosage forms for oral or other administration include, but are not limited to, pharmaceutically acceptable emulsions, microemulsions, solutions, suspensions, syrups and elixirs.
  • the liquid dosage forms may contain inert diluents commonly used in the art such as, for example, water or other solvents, solubilizing agents and emulsifiers such as ethyl alcohol, isopropyl alcohol, ethyl carbonate, ethyl acetate, benzyl alcohol, benzyl benzoate, propylene glycol, 1,3-butylene glycol, dimethylformamide, oils (in particular, cottonseed, groundnut, corn, germ, olive, castor, and sesame oils), glycerol, tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol, polyethylene glycols and fatty acid esters of sorbitan, and mixtures thereof.
  • inert diluents commonly used in the art such as, for example, water or other solvent
  • the ocular, oral, or other systemically-delivered compositions can also include adjuvants such as wetting agents, and emulsifying and suspending agents. If desired, certain sweetening, flavoring or coloring agents may also be added.
  • compositions of this disclosure may also be administered by nasal aerosol or inhalation.
  • Such pharmaceutical compositions are prepared according to techniques well known in the art of pharmaceutical formulation and may be prepared as solutions in saline, employing benzyl alcohol or other suitable preservatives, absorption promoters to enhance bioavailability, fluorocarbons, and/or other conventional solubilizing or dispersing agents.
  • disclosed compounds can be formulated with conventional excipients to prepare an inhalable composition in the form of a fine powder or atomizable liquid.
  • disclosed compounds can be formulated with conventional excipients, for example, in the form of eye drops or an ocular implant.
  • excipients useful in eye drops are viscosifying or gelling agents, to minimize loss by lacrimation through improved retention in the eye.
  • Dosage forms for topical or transdermal administration of an inventive pharmaceutical composition includes but is not limited to ointments, pastes, creams, lotions, gels, powders, solutions, sprays, inhalants, or patches.
  • the active agent is admixed under sterile conditions with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and any needed preservatives or buffers as may be required.
  • cutaneous routes of administration are achieved with aqueous drops, a mist, an emulsion, or a cream.
  • Transdermal patches may have the added advantage of providing controlled delivery of the active ingredients to the body.
  • dosage forms can be made by dissolving or dispensing the compound in the proper medium.
  • Absorption enhancers can also be used to increase the flux of the compound across the skin. The rate can be controlled by either providing a rate controlling membrane or by dispersing the compound in a polymer matrix or gel.
  • compositions for rectal or vaginal administration may be suppositories, which can be prepared by mixing a disclosed compound with suitable non-irritating excipients or carriers such as cocoa butter, polyethylene glycol or a suppository wax which are solid at ambient temperature but liquid at body temperature and therefore melt in the rectum or vaginal cavity and release the active agent(s).
  • suitable non-irritating excipients or carriers such as cocoa butter, polyethylene glycol or a suppository wax which are solid at ambient temperature but liquid at body temperature and therefore melt in the rectum or vaginal cavity and release the active agent(s).
  • contemplated formulations can be administered by release from a lumen of an endoscope after the endoscope has been inserted into a rectum of a subject.
  • the amount of the disclosed compound that may be combined with the carrier materials to produce a pharmaceutical composition in a single dosage form will vary depending upon the host treated and the particular mode of administration. It should be understood that a specific dosage and treatment regimen for any particular patient will depend upon a variety of factors, including the activity of the specific compound employed, the age, body weight, general health, sex, diet, time of administration, rate of excretion, drug combination, and the judgment of the treating physician as well as the severity of the particular disease being treated. Despite their variety, accounting for these factors in order to select an appropriate dosage or treatment regimen would require no more than routine experimentation.
  • Additional agents i.e., agents other than the disclosed compounds, contemplated herein may be administered separately from the therapeutic agents of the disclosure, as part of a multiple dosage regimen. Alternatively, those agents may be part of a single dosage form, mixed together with the therapeutic agents of the disclosure in a single pharmaceutical composition. If administered as part of a multiple dosage regime, the two active agents may be administered simultaneously, sequentially or within a period of time from one another.
  • the amount of both the therapeutic agent, i.e., a disclosed compound, of the disclosure and the additional therapeutic agent that may be combined with the carrier materials to produce a single dosage form will vary depending upon the host treated and the particular mode of administration as well as on the nature of the therapeutic agent of the disclosure and the additional therapeutic agent.
  • Contemplated methods may include administration of a composition comprising a disclosed compound, for example, hourly, twice hourly, every three to four hours, daily, twice daily, 1, 2, 3 or 4 times a week, every three to four days, every week, or once every two weeks depending on half-life and clearance rate of the particular composition or inhibitor.
  • Treatment can be continued for as long or as short a period as desired.
  • the compositions may be administered on a regimen of, for example, one to four or more times per day.
  • a suitable treatment period can be, for example, at least about one week, at least about two weeks, at least about one month, at least about six months, at least about 1 year, or indefinitely.
  • the treatment period can be at least about one month, or at least about six months, or at least about one year, or indefinitely when treating a metabolic disorder.
  • the NMR spectra is shown in Figure 6 .
  • the compound is prepared using the following scheme:
  • the synthesis has started with the electrophilic iodination of the indazole.
  • the product was obtained in 87% yield after purification.
  • the adamantane ethyl bromide was prepared from the alcohol derivative in good yield.
  • Deprotonation/alkylation of the indazole allowed the recovery of the desired product 1 in 68% yield.
  • the propargyl piperidine was also prepared in a 62% yield.
  • the Sonogashira was realized under standard conditions to give compound 2 in 82% yield.
  • the reduction under hydrogenation conditions yielded the final product 3 in 55% yield after purification.
  • PBLs Human peripheral blood lymphocytes
  • glucocorticoids such as prednisolone, dexamethasone, and hydrocortisone.
  • glucocorticoids such as prednisolone, dexamethasone, and hydrocortisone.
  • Fig 1A glucocorticoids
  • Dexamethasone is the most powerful corticosteroid used in this experiment and also one of the most potent anti-inflammatory drugs known.
  • Prednisolone is a more commonly used corticosteroid and hydrocortisone is the equivalent of the steroids produced in the adrenal cortex.
  • Figure 1B compares inhibition of lymphocyte proliferation of the compounds (S4.1 and S4.4) with compounds (S3.1 and S3.4) at different concentrations.
  • PHA phytohematoglutinin
  • SEB superantigen Enterotoxin B
  • Lymphocytes were seeded in a 6 well plate (1,0 ⁇ 10 7 /well), pretreated for 10 minutes with S3.1, S3.4 or dexamethasone and stimulated for 10 minutes with PHA. The experiment was stopped by adding a large volume of ice cold PBS to the cells. The suspension was transferred to a tube, briefly spinned down in a centrifuge and the supernatant removed. The pellet was lysed by adding cold lysisbuffer (0,1% NP40, 50mM TrisHCl, 1mM EDTA, 1mM EGTA, 150mM NaCl, 200 ⁇ M Na 3 VO 4 , 10mM NaF and protease inhibitors) and incubating 20 minutes on ice.
  • cold lysisbuffer (0,1% NP40, 50mM TrisHCl, 1mM EDTA, 1mM EGTA, 150mM NaCl, 200 ⁇ M Na 3 VO 4 , 10mM NaF and protease inhibitors
  • sample buffer 188 mM Tris-Cl (pH 6.8), 3% SDS, 30% glycerol, 0.01% bromophenol blue, 15% ⁇ -mercaptoethanol
  • sample buffer 188 mM Tris-Cl (pH 6.8), 3% SDS, 30% glycerol, 0.01% bromophenol blue, 15% ⁇ -mercaptoethanol
  • Samples were then run on 10% SDS-PAGE gel, blotted to PVDF membrane and incubated with antibodies for phospho-Zap70 (Cell Signaling Technology (Beverly, MA)) and phospho-LAT (Cell Signaling Technology (Beverly, MA)).
  • phospho-Zap70 Cell Signaling Technology
  • phospho-LAT Cell Signaling Technology
  • the kinase Lck acts as a gate keeper to T cell receptor (TCR) related signaling as it is one of the first and most up stream kinases to be activated upon stimulation of the TCR.
  • TCR T cell receptor
  • S3.1 and S3.4 treatment interactions with Lck were investigated by immunoprecipitating Lck and blotting for Hsp90.
  • 1,0 ⁇ 10 7 cells were used per condition. Cells were pelleted and lysed as described previously. The supernatant was precleared by adding 10 ⁇ l Protein A/G UltraLink resin (Pierce Biotechnology, Rockford, USA) for 30 minutes at 4°C. Beads were spinned down and discarded. Samples were incubated with 2 ⁇ g primary antibody and 25 ⁇ l beads for 2 hours at 4°C. Beads were washed with PBS, sample buffer was added and heated to 95°C for 5 minutes.
  • TCR T-Cell receptor
  • Example 8 Toxicity Evaluation (MTS Viability Assay on HELA cervical cancer cells)
  • Compound S3.1 and S3.4 were tested against multiple cancer cell lines (HCT116, Hela, 293T) to assess toxicity using a MTS viability assay.
  • Cell lines were treated for three days at 10 ⁇ M.
  • Cells were seeded at multiple concentrations in a 96 wells plate in 100 ⁇ l medium.
  • S3.1 or S3.4 was added to each well at a concentration of 10 ⁇ M.
  • 20 ⁇ l of MTS solution Promega, Madison, USA
  • Formation of the blue formazan was determined by measuring absorbance at 490nm using a 96-well plate reader. Formazan is produced as MTS is reduced by the cells. Turnover of MTS correlates with the viability of the cells.
  • GRE refers to glucocorticoid responsive element, a specific DNA sequence to which the ligand bound glucocorticoid receptor binds and luciferase is a gene coding for a protein which can catalyze the oxidation of luciferin, a reaction which is accompanied by bioluminescence.
  • 293 GRE cancer cells were purchased from Panomics (Vignate-Milano, Italy). Cells were seeded in a 24 well plate at 1 ⁇ 10 5 cells/well. After 48 hours cells were treated overnight with compounds or dexamethasone. Wells were aspirated and the cells lysed by adding 100 ⁇ l lysisbuffer (Promega, Madison, USA) to each well. 10 ⁇ l of the lysate was added to 100 ⁇ l of luciferase substrate. Produced light was measured by luminometer. To show that there is no transactivation of GR regulated genes (as would be the case with generic GR ligands) two well known side effects of corticosteroid treatment were investigated.
  • Figures 4A/4B shows results after 3T3-L1 mouse fibroblasts were cultured in DMEM +10%FCS. After reaching full confluency the media was supplemented with insulin (1,6 ⁇ M), IBMX (0,5mM) and dexamethasone or S3.1 or S3.4 (0,25 ⁇ M). After two days the media was replaced by growth medium containing insulin. After 6 days this medium was replaced by growth medium. A week later formation of lipid droplets was visualized by Oil Red O staining and quantified.
  • Fig5a/5b shows results after Muscle atrophy C2C12 mouse myoblasts were cultured in DMEM +5%FCS. When cells reached 90% confluency replace medium with DMEM supplemented with 5%HS and 1 ⁇ M insulin. After two days treat the cells with 4 ⁇ g/ml AraC. After one week cells were treated for 24 hours with 10 ⁇ M dexamethasone or S3.1 or S3.4. The experiment was stopped by fixing the cells overnight in cold 2% glutaraldehyde solution. This fixation method causes auto fluorescence allowing easy visualization of the cells. Thickness of the formed muscle fibers was measured and quantified using Adobe photoshop CS4.

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