EP2858772A1 - Kühlvorrichtung und verfahren zur kühlung eines während eines lost foam giessverfahrens hergestellten bauteils - Google Patents
Kühlvorrichtung und verfahren zur kühlung eines während eines lost foam giessverfahrens hergestellten bauteilsInfo
- Publication number
- EP2858772A1 EP2858772A1 EP13727604.4A EP13727604A EP2858772A1 EP 2858772 A1 EP2858772 A1 EP 2858772A1 EP 13727604 A EP13727604 A EP 13727604A EP 2858772 A1 EP2858772 A1 EP 2858772A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- cooling
- eps model
- cooling device
- eps
- elements
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
Classifications
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22D—CASTING OF METALS; CASTING OF OTHER SUBSTANCES BY THE SAME PROCESSES OR DEVICES
- B22D15/00—Casting using a mould or core of which a part significant to the process is of high thermal conductivity, e.g. chill casting; Moulds or accessories specially adapted therefor
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22C—FOUNDRY MOULDING
- B22C7/00—Patterns; Manufacture thereof so far as not provided for in other classes
- B22C7/02—Lost patterns
- B22C7/023—Patterns made from expanded plastic materials
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22C—FOUNDRY MOULDING
- B22C9/00—Moulds or cores; Moulding processes
- B22C9/02—Sand moulds or like moulds for shaped castings
- B22C9/04—Use of lost patterns
- B22C9/046—Use of patterns which are eliminated by the liquid metal in the mould
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22C—FOUNDRY MOULDING
- B22C9/00—Moulds or cores; Moulding processes
- B22C9/22—Moulds for peculiarly-shaped castings
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22D—CASTING OF METALS; CASTING OF OTHER SUBSTANCES BY THE SAME PROCESSES OR DEVICES
- B22D15/00—Casting using a mould or core of which a part significant to the process is of high thermal conductivity, e.g. chill casting; Moulds or accessories specially adapted therefor
- B22D15/04—Machines or apparatus for chill casting
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22D—CASTING OF METALS; CASTING OF OTHER SUBSTANCES BY THE SAME PROCESSES OR DEVICES
- B22D30/00—Cooling castings, not restricted to casting processes covered by a single main group
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a cooling device for cooling a component produced during a lost foam casting process by means of an EPS model, in particular a highly stressed component of a motor vehicle, such as a cylinder head, wherein the cooling device has at least one cooling element, which at least a portion of the EPS Model can be arranged flat. Furthermore, the invention relates to a method for cooling a manufactured during a Lost Foam casting process by means of an EPS model component, in particular a highly stressed component of a motor vehicle, such as a cylinder head.
- a classic casting method for producing complex components, in particular for a motor vehicle, is the sand casting method.
- the preparation and preparation of the sand cores is associated with high costs.
- the post-processing of the finished castings is associated with high costs and costs.
- EPS expanded polystyrene
- Vollformg machineclar a positive model of EPS (expanded polystyrene) serves as a casting model. It is a so-called Vollformg machineclar. After application of a mineral refractory coating, the so-called sizing, the EPS model is embedded in unbound sand. Subsequently, casting metal, the melt, is poured onto the EPS model, causing it to burn and thus the metal takes on the shape of the model. This means that from EPS, for example polystyrene, existing model evaporates through the melt.
- the coating of the refractory material serves as a separation layer between metal and sand and on the other hand it ensures the gas discharge of the combustion gases into the sand.
- the cooling and concomitant solidification of the metal takes place by a heat transfer from the metal into the sand.
- the thermal conductivity of sand is however, compared to other materials, very low. This leads to a very slow cooling and thus also very slow solidification.
- a slow solidification of metallic casting materials, such as aluminum, gray cast iron, etc. leads to the formation of a "coarse texture" and to the deterioration of the mechanical properties of the resulting component. Due to these disadvantages, the Lost Foam casting method for highly stressed components, such as cylinder heads for turbo engines of motor vehicles, only limited suitability. In other words, the true benefits of the Lost Foam casting process, such as weight savings through optimized design, a high level of automation and associated efficiency for such components, can not be exploited.
- a lost foam casting at least partially correct.
- the above object of the invention is achieved by a cooling device for cooling a produced during a Lost Foam casting process by means of an EPS model component, wherein the cooling device has at least onedeele- element which can be arranged on at least a portion of the EPS model surface , solved.
- the cooling device is characterized in that the at least one cooling element can be fixed cohesively and / or non-positively to the at least one region of the EPS model.
- Cooling ensure a lasting cooling effect during the solidification process of the component.
- the solidification rate of the cast melt can be greatly increased locally.
- the at least one cooling element advantageously has a high thermal conductivity and an adequate heat capacity.
- the at least one cooling element is designed such that it contacts at least one region of the EPS model flat, so form-fitting, can be attached.
- the at least one cooling element has the shape of the region of the EPS model to which it is to be arranged.
- the at least one cooling element can be fastened to the at least one region of the EPS model in a material and / or non-positive manner, it is ensured that the at least one cooling element remains permanently high during the solidification of the melt Ensures cooling effect.
- compensation for dimensional deviations of the EPS model, in particular in the case of model halves that are not parallel, can be ensured by such a cooling device.
- the cohesive and / or non-positive fixing of the at least one cooling element to the EPS model ensures a secure adhesion of the cooling element to the EPS model.
- the non-positive fixing of the at least one cooling element to the at least one region of the EPS model ensures a high cooling effect on the component formed by the cast metal.
- Cooling elements for example cooling plates, in the region of the combustion chambers and the combustion chamber sealing surface can be attached using the example of a cylinder head.
- the local increase in the solidification rate of the molten metal cast on the EPS model leads to a significant improvement in the structure and thus the mechanical properties of the casting in these areas.
- the directional solidification, starting from the cooled area can lead to a better feed, that is, to an improved balancing of the solidification. existing volume deficits are used.
- the Lost Foam casting method can also be applied to components that were previously not representable due to their requirement by the method by the cooling device according to the invention.
- a possible application for example, cylinder heads for supercharged gasoline engines made of light metal.
- the effect of the at least one cooling element can be controlled by selecting the materials and the volumes used.
- the at least one cooling element has an adhesive element for the material-locking fixing to the at least one region of the EPS model.
- an adhesive element an adhesive tape, in particular double-sided adhesive tape may be provided. This is applied to the cooling element.
- the adhesive element may be a hot or cold adhesive, which is applied to the cooling element. The adhesive element ensures a particularly firm and in particular positive fit of the cooling element on the EPS model.
- the cooling device has two or more cooling elements and that at least one clamping element and / or at least one clamping element is / are provided for frictionally fixing the two or more cooling elements.
- a cooling device ensures that, despite a shrinkage in volume of the component during the solidification of the melt, a permanent contact pressure of the two or more cooling elements is exerted on the component and thus a lasting cooling effect of the cooling elements can be exerted on the solidifying component.
- the at least one clamping element and / or at least one clamping element the cooling elements can be pressed against the resulting component during the solidification of the melt.
- the at least one clamping element or the at least one clamping element ensures that the cooling elements during the solidification process permanently positive fit against the component.
- the solidification rate of the melt can be greatly increased locally.
- a local increase in the solidification rate can on the one hand a directional solidification
- the melt introduced and on the other hand, the structure of the resulting component are significantly refined.
- a cooling device in which the at least one clamping element and / or the at least one clamping element are designed for mutual clamping or mutual clamping of the two or more cooling elements against the EPS model.
- two or more clamping elements or clamping elements can be provided. In this way it can be ensured that the cooling elements are pressed uniformly and durably onto specific areas of the solidifying component in a form-fitting manner during the solidification of the component.
- the associated local increase in the solidification rate of the solidifying component leads to a significant improvement in the structure of the resulting component and thus the mechanical properties of the resulting component in these areas.
- the directed solidification and the pressing of the cooling elements by means of at least one
- Clamping element or clamping element leads to a better compensation of the volume deficit of the cast part arising during solidification.
- the cooling device is preferably designed such that the at least one clamping element or the at least one clamping element compresses or contracts the cooling elements.
- motor vehicle parts such as cylinder heads made of light metal, produced by a lost foam casting method.
- the at least one tensioning element can be designed in various ways.
- a cooling device is preferred in which the at least one tensioning element comprises a band, a wire, a spring, a spring tensioner and / or a screw tensioner.
- the at least one tensioning element comprises a band, a wire, a spring, a spring tensioner and / or a screw tensioner.
- a high contact pressure of the cooling elements can be ensured on the casting during the entire solidification process of the casting.
- This allows straps to grip the cooling elements and thus the EPS model under tension.
- twisted wires can be arranged around the cooling elements and the EPS model under a certain bias.
- springs may be provided which are attached to the cooling elements and the Press the cooling elements against the EPS model.
- two or more cooling elements with two or more springs are mutually prestressed. That is, the springs are formed and arranged on the cooling elements to press the cooling elements against the surface of at least portions of the EPS model.
- the springs can
- the at least one clamping element for hydraulic, pneumatic or mechanical jamming of the two or more cooling elements is formed against the EPS model.
- screw terminals can be provided.
- a cooling device in which two or more cooling elements are connected to each other for clamping against the EPS model by spring elements, in particular spiral springs.
- spring elements in particular spiral springs.
- this type of jamming and areas of the resulting component can be cooled, which are not aligned parallel to each other.
- a cooling device that is formed at least one cooling element for active cooling.
- Active cooling means that the cooling element is used for meabschreib is cooled. This can be done for example by attaching a further cooling element to the cooling element.
- the at least one cooling element may be formed as a heat exchanger.
- the at least one cooling element has at least one line, at least one bore and / or at least one cavity for passing a cooling medium from and to a cooling unit of the cooling device.
- the cooling medium may be gaseous or liquid.
- an active cooling of the cooling element by means of a cooling medium for example by water
- a cooling medium for example by water
- a closed cooling system for example comprising a cavity, holes and / or lines, integrated and connected during the casting and solidification with a cooling unit.
- cooling elements which have a high thermal conductivity and an adequate heat capacity.
- Such cooling elements are formed for example of steel, gray cast iron, tungsten, aluminum, graphite or copper.
- cooling devices described above for cooling a component produced during a lost foam casting process by means of an EPS model By means of the cooling devices described above for cooling a component produced during a lost foam casting process by means of an EPS model, a local increase in the speed of solidification of the component can be achieved, which leads to a significant improvement of the microstructure and thus of the mechanical properties of the casting in these regions. Since many components are not highly stressed over their entire geometry can be applied by a cooling device described above, the Lost Foam casting process even for components that were previously not representable due to their requirement by a lost foam casting process. The effect of a cooling element can be controlled by selecting the materials and the volumes used.
- the object is achieved by a method for cooling a component produced by means of an EPS model during a lost foam casting process, the method being characterized by the following method steps: a) a cooling device according to the first aspect of the invention, in particular according to at least one of claims 1 to 10, is materially fixed to at least a portion of the EPS model material and / or non-positively, wherein the EPS model has a run for a molten metal .
- the at least one cooling element of the cooling device is fixed in a form-fitting manner to at least one region of the EPS model.
- the fixing or fixing of the cooling element is material and / or non-positively.
- the cooling element can be fixed by means of an adhesive element, such as an adhesive tape, a cold or hot adhesive, on the EPS model, in particular at locations of the EPS model, which later require rapid cooling. It is particularly advantageous if the at least one cooling element is fixed non-positively, for example by means of one or more clamping and / or clamping elements, on the EPS model under a certain contact pressure.
- the EPS model has a casting run for molten metal. In the simplest case, the casting run is formed by the EPS model itself.
- the fixing of the at least one cooling element of the cooling device to the EPS model can take place within a casting container. This means that it is possible that the EPS model is first introduced into a casting container and then the at least one cooling element of the cooling device is fixed in a form-fitting manner to at least one region of the EPS model. Alternatively, the at least one cooling element of the cooling device can be positively fixed to at least one region of the EPS model and then the EPS model with the cooling device is introduced into a casting container.
- the fixing or fixing of the at least one cooling element to the For example, the EPS model can be hydraulic or pneumatic.
- the EPS model with the cooling device in sand, especially unbound sand, embedded is completely surrounded by sand.
- molten metal is poured into the runner of the EPS model so that the EPS model evaporates. That is, the EPS model burns through the poured molten metal so that the molten metal takes the shape of the EPS model.
- the area of the molten metal introduced is cooled by the at least one cooling element of the cooling device on which the cooling element is arranged.
- the cooling and concomitant solidification of the molten metal takes place by a heat transfer from the molten metal into the sand and where a cooling element is in the cooling element.
- the thermal conductivity of the cooling element is high in comparison to the thermal conductivity of the sand, so that where the cooling element meets the molten metal, an increased cooling of the molten metal takes place. Due to the faster cooling of the molten metal in the region of the cooling element, a faster solidification of the molten metal is achieved at this area.
- metallic casting materials such as aluminum, gray cast iron, etc., to form a "fine texture" and to improve the mechanical properties of the resulting component.
- the Lost Foam casting process is also suitable for highly stressed components, such as cylinder heads for turbo engines of motor vehicles.
- advantages of the Lost Foam casting process such as weight savings through optimized design, a high degree of automation and the associated efficiency for such components can be utilized.
- a mineral refractory coating is applied to the EPS model before the cooling device is fixed to the EPS model. That is, in the process, a mineral refractory coating, the so-called sizing, is applied to the EPS model. Only then are one or more cooling elements of the cooling device fixed to the EPS model. Thus, between a cooling element and the EPS model, the mineral firing hard cover. After pouring the molten metal evaporates the polystyrene existing EPS model. The coating of the refractory material serves as a separation layer between the molten metal and the sand and on the other hand it ensures the gas discharge of the combustion gases in the sand.
- the applied to the EPS model refractory coating which is also located between the EPS model and a cooling element, there fulfills its function as an absorber for decomposition products.
- the refractory coating prevents the direct contact of cast metal and the cooling element and prevents the associated casting defects, such as cold blow, gas bubbles, etc .. Since the thickness of the refractory coating advantageously moves only in tenths of a millimeter range, the insulating effect of the refractory coating is negligible or compensate by the volume and / or the thermal conductivity of the cooling element,
- a method is preferred in which the at least one cooling element of the cooling device is actively cooled.
- a further increase in cooling at certain areas of the resulting component can be achieved.
- a method in which a cooling medium from a cooling unit by at least one line, at least one bore and / or at least one cavity of the at least one cooling element for local cooling of the filled metal tallschmelze, especially in a closed cooling circuit from and to the cooling unit , is directed.
- the cooling capacity of the at least one cooling element can be further increased and the microstructure and the mechanical properties of the resulting component can be influenced in a targeted manner.
- the example of a cylinder head for a motor vehicle cooling elements can be mounted in the region of the combustion chambers and the combustion chamber sealing surface.
- the effectiveness of the cooling elements is significantly increased by the active cooling, that is, by means of the cooling medium, which is passed through the cooling elements.
- the cooling medium For example, water is conceivable as the cooling medium.
- the EPS model may comprise foamed plastics, in particular expanded polystyrene, which are entirely based on the metals to be cast. are correct.
- a co-polymer in particular polymethyl methacrylate and EPS
- EPS polymethyl methacrylate and EPS
- EPS polymethyl methacrylate
- EPS non-ferrous metals
- a mineral refractory coating is used, this has to ensure a good gas permeability. That is, it is advantageously used a mineral refractory coating, which is composed so that it can absorb the respective decomposition products and forward in the surrounding sand and to the cooling elements.
- a refractory coating which can absorb well forming hydrogens.
- a ceramic coating is used with a high gas permeability.
- FIG. 1 shows a cross section through a casting container, in which an EPS model is arranged with a cooling device according to the invention
- Figure 2 shows a cross section through an EPS model with an inventive
- Cooling device glued to the EPS model
- Cooling device which is braced on the EPS model
- Figure 4 shows a cross section through an EPS model with an inventive
- Figure 5 shows a cross section through another EPS model with a cooling device according to the invention, which is clamped to the EPS model
- Figure 6 shows a cross section through another EPS model with a cooling device according to the invention, thedekanäie has.
- a casting container 11 is shown schematically in a cross section, in which an EPS model 4 is arranged with a cooling device 1 according to the invention.
- the cooling device 1 has two cooling elements 2, 3, which are each fixed to a region of the EPS model 4.
- the two cooling elements 2, 3 are arranged in a form-fitting manner at the respective area.
- the two cooling elements 2, 3 can also be fixed to the EPS model 4 with a material and / or force fit.
- the EPS model 4 is embedded in the casting container 11 in unbound sand 12.
- the EPS model 4 has a casting run 9, 10 for molten metal.
- the runner 9, 10 has a filling area 10 and lines 9 to the EPS model 4 for the molten metal.
- a good local cooling of the resulting component during a Lost Foam casting process by means of an EPS model can be made possible in a cost effective and simple manner.
- the material and / or non-positive attachment of the cooling elements 2, 3 to the EPS model 4 ensures that the solidification rate of the cast molten metal can be greatly increased locally. Due to the local increase in the solidification rate of the molten metal, directed solidification of the molten metal can be initiated in the areas of the cooling elements 2, 3 and thus the microstructure of the solidifying molten metal can be refined.
- the cooling elements have the shape of the area of the EPS model on which they are placed.
- compensation for dimensional deviations of the EPS model 4, in particular for non-parallel model halves, can be ensured by such a cooling device 1.
- the material-keyed and / or frictional fixing of the cooling elements 2, 3 on the EPS model ensures a secure adhesion of the cooling elements 2, 3 to the EPS model 4.
- the cooling elements 2, 3 of the cooling device 1 are adhered to the respective areas to be strongly cooled by an adhesive member 5.
- adhesive element 5 can serve a double-sided adhesive tape, a cold or a hot melt adhesive.
- FIG. 3 shows schematically in cross-section an EPS model 4 with a cooling device 1 according to the invention, which is frictionally arranged on the EPS model 4.
- the cooling elements 2, 3 are fixed via two clamping elements 6 on the EPS model 4 while exerting a specific contact pressure.
- the clamping elements 6 may be formed as resilient bands.
- the clamping elements 6 may be formed by wires, in particular twisted wires.
- spring tensioners can be provided, through which the wires can be tensioned.
- the clamping elements 6 By the clamping elements 6, the cooling elements 2, 3 during the entire solidification process of the casting with a certain contact pressure on the Casting be pressed.
- the clamping elements 6 designed as bands surround the cooling elements 2, 3 and thus the EPS model 4.
- FIGS. 4 and 5 each schematically show, in a cross-sectional view, an EPS model 4 with a cooling device 1 according to the invention, which is clamped to the EPS model 4.
- Fig. 4 is shown by the arrows F, as the clamping force of the clamping elements, not shown, acts.
- the two cooling elements 2, 3 are each pressed against the EPS model 4.
- clamping elements 7, for example, springs 8, in particular coil springs serve, as shown in Fig. 5.
- the two cooling elements 2, 3 are connected to each other for clamping against the EPS model 4 by coil springs 8.
- the cooling elements 2, 3 can be mounted, for example, in the region of the combustion chambers and the combustion chamber sealing surface.
- FIG. 6 schematically shows a further EPS model with a cooling device according to the invention in a cross section.
- the cooling elements 2, 3 have lines, bores and / or cavities 14.
- the cooling elements 2, 3 are designed for active cooling.
- the cooling elements 2, 3 are cooled for improved heat dissipation by a cooling medium, which is passed through the lines, holes and / or cavities 14.
- the cooling elements 2, 3 are formed as a heat exchanger.
- the cooling medium can be gaseous or liquid, in particular water.
- the cooling elements 2, 3 have a high thermal conductivity and an adequate heat capacity.
- the cooling elements 2, 3 are formed in particular from steel, gray cast iron, tungsten, aluminum, graphite or copper and their alloys.
- the EPS model 4 shown in FIGS. 1 to 6 also has lines, bores and / or cavities 13.
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Molds, Cores, And Manufacturing Methods Thereof (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| DE102012209805A DE102012209805A1 (de) | 2012-06-12 | 2012-06-12 | Kühlvorrichtung und Verfahren zur Kühlung eines während eines Lost Foam Gießverfahrens hergestellten Bauteils |
| PCT/EP2013/061753 WO2013186124A1 (de) | 2012-06-12 | 2013-06-07 | Kühlvorrichtung und verfahren zur kühlung eines während eines lost foam giessverfahrens hergestellten bauteils |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| EP2858772A1 true EP2858772A1 (de) | 2015-04-15 |
| EP2858772B1 EP2858772B1 (de) | 2017-04-19 |
Family
ID=48577754
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP13727604.4A Active EP2858772B1 (de) | 2012-06-12 | 2013-06-07 | Kühlvorrichtung und verfahren zur kühlung eines während eines lost foam giessverfahrens hergestellten bauteils |
Country Status (4)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US20150165520A1 (de) |
| EP (1) | EP2858772B1 (de) |
| DE (1) | DE102012209805A1 (de) |
| WO (1) | WO2013186124A1 (de) |
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN111633200A (zh) * | 2020-06-03 | 2020-09-08 | 湘乡市振宇冶金材料有限公司 | 一种合金冷却装置 |
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN106180547B (zh) * | 2016-06-29 | 2018-10-26 | 共享装备股份有限公司 | 一种stmma与eps混料制作消失模板材的方法 |
| DE102017111846A1 (de) | 2017-05-30 | 2018-12-06 | Otto-Von-Guericke-Universität Magdeburg | Verfahren zur Herstellung von lokal modifizierten Gussformteilen |
| CN107377878A (zh) * | 2017-08-04 | 2017-11-24 | 国网山东省电力公司临沂供电公司 | 一种消失模电表壳体 |
| CN107650250B (zh) * | 2017-09-28 | 2018-06-15 | 中国科学院长春光学精密机械与物理研究所 | 一种消失模组装装置及其组装方法 |
| FR3098422B1 (fr) * | 2019-07-09 | 2021-06-18 | Psa Automobiles Sa | Ensemble comprenant un modele perdu et une plaque metallique de refroidissement |
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| FR2955274B1 (fr) | 2010-01-19 | 2012-01-06 | Peugeot Citroen Automobiles Sa | Procede de moulage en moule perdu et installation pour la mise en ?uvre de ce procede |
| DE202011051410U1 (de) * | 2011-09-22 | 2011-12-19 | Preiss Metallwaren Gmbh & Co. Kg | Eingießbares Bauteil zur Anordnung in einer verlorenen Gießform für ein Formelement |
-
2012
- 2012-06-12 DE DE102012209805A patent/DE102012209805A1/de not_active Withdrawn
-
2013
- 2013-06-07 WO PCT/EP2013/061753 patent/WO2013186124A1/de not_active Ceased
- 2013-06-07 EP EP13727604.4A patent/EP2858772B1/de active Active
-
2014
- 2014-12-09 US US14/564,178 patent/US20150165520A1/en not_active Abandoned
Non-Patent Citations (1)
| Title |
|---|
| See references of WO2013186124A1 * |
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN111633200A (zh) * | 2020-06-03 | 2020-09-08 | 湘乡市振宇冶金材料有限公司 | 一种合金冷却装置 |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| EP2858772B1 (de) | 2017-04-19 |
| US20150165520A1 (en) | 2015-06-18 |
| DE102012209805A1 (de) | 2013-12-12 |
| WO2013186124A1 (de) | 2013-12-19 |
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