EP2089173A1 - Zylinderkurbelgehäuse für ein kraftfahrzeug - Google Patents
Zylinderkurbelgehäuse für ein kraftfahrzeugInfo
- Publication number
- EP2089173A1 EP2089173A1 EP07819294A EP07819294A EP2089173A1 EP 2089173 A1 EP2089173 A1 EP 2089173A1 EP 07819294 A EP07819294 A EP 07819294A EP 07819294 A EP07819294 A EP 07819294A EP 2089173 A1 EP2089173 A1 EP 2089173A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- infiltration body
- infiltration
- cylinder crankcase
- metal particles
- producing
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Ceased
Links
Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22D—CASTING OF METALS; CASTING OF OTHER SUBSTANCES BY THE SAME PROCESSES OR DEVICES
- B22D19/00—Casting in, on, or around objects which form part of the product
- B22D19/0009—Cylinders, pistons
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22D—CASTING OF METALS; CASTING OF OTHER SUBSTANCES BY THE SAME PROCESSES OR DEVICES
- B22D17/00—Pressure die casting or injection die casting, i.e. casting in which the metal is forced into a mould under high pressure
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22D—CASTING OF METALS; CASTING OF OTHER SUBSTANCES BY THE SAME PROCESSES OR DEVICES
- B22D18/00—Pressure casting; Vacuum casting
- B22D18/02—Pressure casting making use of mechanical pressure devices, e.g. cast-forging
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22D—CASTING OF METALS; CASTING OF OTHER SUBSTANCES BY THE SAME PROCESSES OR DEVICES
- B22D19/00—Casting in, on, or around objects which form part of the product
- B22D19/02—Casting in, on, or around objects which form part of the product for making reinforced articles
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22D—CASTING OF METALS; CASTING OF OTHER SUBSTANCES BY THE SAME PROCESSES OR DEVICES
- B22D19/00—Casting in, on, or around objects which form part of the product
- B22D19/08—Casting in, on, or around objects which form part of the product for building-up linings or coverings, e.g. of anti-frictional metal
- B22D19/085—Casting in, on, or around objects which form part of the product for building-up linings or coverings, e.g. of anti-frictional metal of anti-frictional metal
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22D—CASTING OF METALS; CASTING OF OTHER SUBSTANCES BY THE SAME PROCESSES OR DEVICES
- B22D19/00—Casting in, on, or around objects which form part of the product
- B22D19/14—Casting in, on, or around objects which form part of the product the objects being filamentary or particulate in form
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F3/00—Manufacture of workpieces or articles from metallic powder characterised by the manner of compacting or sintering; Apparatus specially adapted therefor ; Presses and furnaces
- B22F3/10—Sintering only
- B22F3/11—Making porous workpieces or articles
- B22F3/1121—Making porous workpieces or articles by using decomposable, meltable or sublimatable fillers
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F3/00—Manufacture of workpieces or articles from metallic powder characterised by the manner of compacting or sintering; Apparatus specially adapted therefor ; Presses and furnaces
- B22F3/10—Sintering only
- B22F3/11—Making porous workpieces or articles
- B22F3/1121—Making porous workpieces or articles by using decomposable, meltable or sublimatable fillers
- B22F3/1134—Inorganic fillers
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F3/00—Manufacture of workpieces or articles from metallic powder characterised by the manner of compacting or sintering; Apparatus specially adapted therefor ; Presses and furnaces
- B22F3/24—After-treatment of workpieces or articles
- B22F3/26—Impregnating
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F5/00—Manufacture of workpieces or articles from metallic powder characterised by the special shape of the product
- B22F5/008—Manufacture of workpieces or articles from metallic powder characterised by the special shape of the product of engine cylinder parts or of piston parts other than piston rings
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02F—CYLINDERS, PISTONS OR CASINGS, FOR COMBUSTION ENGINES; ARRANGEMENTS OF SEALINGS IN COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F02F7/00—Casings, e.g. crankcases or frames
- F02F7/0085—Materials for constructing engines or their parts
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02F—CYLINDERS, PISTONS OR CASINGS, FOR COMBUSTION ENGINES; ARRANGEMENTS OF SEALINGS IN COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F02F7/00—Casings, e.g. crankcases or frames
- F02F7/0095—Constructing engine casings
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F2999/00—Aspects linked to processes or compositions used in powder metallurgy
Definitions
- the invention relates to a quasi-monolithic cylinder crankcase, cast in a metallic permanent mold, for an internal combustion engine with an infiltration body penetrated into the cylinder crankcase.
- the invention relates to an infiltration body and a method for producing such infiltration body for use in and for producing a cylinder crankcase for an internal combustion engine.
- the internal combustion engines used in today's motor vehicles are for the most part made of light metal alloys.
- the cylinder crankcases of these internal combustion engines made of aluminum or their alloys, with magnesium alloys are used, which bring just like aluminum alloys the advantage of low specific gravity and thus a low weight with it.
- over-eutectic aluminum-silicon alloys are used in the field of aluminum alloys which, depending on the alloy, almost correspond to those of ferrous materials in their moduli of elasticity and strength.
- a disadvantage of these high-strength aluminum alloys is that on the one hand set high strengths, which have a positive effect on the demands placed on the cylinder crankcase, but on the other hand are consuming due to their high strength in the processing.
- EP 0 449 356 B1 describes a cylinder crankcase which is made only locally alloyed, so that on the one hand the necessary tribological properties are obtained highly stressed area of the cylinder surface is provided and on the other hand, the cylinder crankcase is easy to work. Described is a molded in a metallic permanent, bushing single cylinder or multi-cylinder block of an aluminum alloy embedded in the aluminum matrix silicon grains, wherein in the region of the cylinder bore a cylinder bore forming, penetrated with hypoeutectic aluminum alloy hollow cylindrical shaped fiber body of ceramic fibers is embedded with silicon grains inserted therein.
- the separately prepared fiber molded body is placed on a quill of the mold and filled the aluminum alloy melt into the mold and solidified under pressure.
- the aluminum alloy melt is solidified under a pressure of at least 30 bar, but in particular 200 to 1000 bar.
- the method described here is also known as squeeze casting method.
- the aluminum alloy melt is infiltrated into the fibrous body, so that depending on the preheating of the fiber molding and alloy composition, a composite material or a locally alloyed, quasi monolithic cylinder block can be produced.
- porous, infiltrierbarer moldings for the production of engine blocks is also described in DE 196 17 457 A1.
- the prefabricated cores are inserted into the molds representing the external dimensions, and the resulting cavities are filled with the liquid metal. Due to the temperature of the melt while the outer regions of the porous cores are melted, so that between the cores and the massive block structure creates an intimate and mechanically strong connection.
- the degree of melting is hereby influenced by the fact that the temperature of the melt is set higher or lower or that the melting points of the materials used are placed on a different level. An indication of a pressurized pouring can not be found in the publication.
- Various methods are known for the preparation of the porous shaped articles used herein.
- the thermal sintering of metallic particles is described, wherein the particles are filled into a mold and heated to the melting point, whereby they fuse firmly together at their points of contact.
- This will be a mechanically stable Composite created with a large number of smaller interconnected cavities.
- Described is also a production of the sintered metal moldings, wherein the metallic particles are filled into a divisible ceramic mold and the mold is immersed in an electric coil, and the particles are heated inductively at high frequency.
- so-called open-pore metal foams to use the production of flow paths in engines is described.
- porous laminar material composites is also disclosed in DE 197 22 088 A1.
- a powder layer or a powder molded body is briefly exposed to an alternating magnetic field in the frequency range from about 10 kHz to 120 MHz in order to generate an induction current of such energy density in the powder layer or the powder molded body that the points of contact of the powder particles are melted together at their points of contact.
- the condition is only that the powder is electrically conductive, so that an electric current can be induced.
- the process runs at melting temperature, so that the powder particles fuse at their points of contact.
- the type of welding creates a solid, porous composite material, which has a good dimensional stability.
- the object of the invention is to provide a cylinder crankcase and a method for producing a cylinder crankcase, which is constructed quasi monolithic and locally different strength values.
- the object of the invention is to provide a method for producing a cylinder crankcase, which is independent of the casting process.
- the solution of the object according to the invention in relation to the production of a cylinder housing is provided by the fact that the infiltration body is formed in a cylinder crankcase from an inductively welded, open-pore shaped body.
- the solution according to the invention provides a cylinder crankcase which has a quasi-monolithic structure but locally has different strengths in the highly stressed regions.
- an inductively welded infiltration body is also advantageous because the inductively welded molded body has a relatively high strength in itself, so that the cylinder crankcase according to the invention can be represented as a pressure or squeeze cast cylinder crankcase.
- This advantage has a positive effect on the structural design of the cylinder crankcase on the one hand as well as the costs in the production of the cylinder crankcase.
- the infiltration bodies are easy to handle, since they are dimensionally stable and themselves have a high strength as infiltration body. There are thus provided by the invention cylinder crankcase whose static and dynamic strength properties and / or wear resistance are targeted and locally adjustable.
- the metal particles for forming the infiltration body which can also be designated as a shaped body or green compact, are formed on the basis of metal particles based on iron and / or non-iron.
- the infiltration body is formed from the metals iron and / or nickel and / or chromium and / or manganese and / or their alloys.
- the condition here is that the metal powder used, which represents the metal particles to form the green compact, is electrically conductive, since the green compact is produced by means of an induction current having an energy density such that the points of contact of the metal particles are meltably connectable to one another.
- the metal particles in this case have an average size of 0.1 mm to 1, 5 mm, so that depending on the size or diameter of the metal particles used, a degree of porosity of the infiltration body is adjustable.
- the infiltration body is produced as a reinforcing element of metal particles by inductive welding of the metal particles, wherein the metal particles are brought into a pressurized bed or under vibration in shape.
- the degree of porosity of the infiltration body is between 20% and 70%.
- the degree of porosity to be set depends on the infiltration conditions, the is called the geometry of the infiltration body and the pressure buildup specifications of the casting process. It is possible according to the invention to use organic or inorganic spacers for porosity fractions of more than 50% in the preparation of the infiltration bodies.
- the placeholders used here are resins and / or plastics and / or cellulose and / or gelatine and / or salts. It has been shown that at high levels of porosity no preheating of the infiltration body is required.
- an infiltration body preheated to, for example, 500 ° C. produces more intermetallic compounds than a slightly preheated, low-pore volume infiltration body, since the energy stored in the infiltration body is ready for alloy formation. Due to the high heat capacity of the infiltration body, which is formed from an open-pore metal foam, the heat loss during insertion into the mold is low, so that the infiltration conditions over the known from the prior art ceramic foams are significantly improved.
- the material properties of the cylinder crankcase formed according to the invention are determined by means of the particle size, the choice of materials for the infiltration body. per, the setting of the porosity in the infiltration body and a possible preheating of the infiltration body defined and reproducibly adjustable. Another possibility, the formation of the intermetallic phases and thus an influence on the material properties, such as the strength, is to coat the surface of the infiltration body, thus reducing or largely blocking the conversion of metal particles with the Umgussmaterial.
- the surface of the infiltration body is in this case oxidizable or nitridable or provided with an inorganic coating.
- intermetallic compounds and a core region of pure metal are formed in the region of the local strength increase of the cylinder crankcase.
- the infiltration body is formed of iron particles, depending on the particle size, porosity, preheating and coating
- a core region of pure iron is formed, which is formed by a first layer of FeAI
- the encapsulation material is an aluminum alloy, for example.
- a further iron aluminide intermetallic compound of the form Fe 2 Al 5 forms above this first iron aluminide layer and the third surrounding layer would form an intermetallic compound of the form FeAl 3 .
- This example is of course non-limiting and constitutes only one embodiment of the formation of iron aluminides when the metal particles of iron and the encapsulant material for forming the cylinder crankcase are made of an aluminum-based alloy.
- the core region consists of pure iron aluminides, the first surrounding region of iron aluminides of the form Fe 2 Al 5 and the second surrounding region of iron aluminides of the form FeAl 3 .
- the settings of the intermetallic compounds can be influenced in a defined manner with the aforementioned adjustable parameters with regard to the desired static or dynamic increase in strength.
- the inductive welding of the metal particles for the preparation of the infiltration body is a cost-effective production process.
- the metal particles placeholders which are dissolved or vaporized during the pouring of the liquid melt into the mold.
- Wildcards are, for example, organic resins and / or plastics, and / or Cellulose and / or gelatin, but also organic ingredients, such as salts.
- An advantage of the inductive welding is the high dimensional stability.
- the infiltration body is formed, for example, from metal particles produced under pressure, so that a green body is formed, which is then subjected to an inductive middle frequency field with such a high energy density that a welding takes place at the contact points of the metal particles.
- the induced mid-frequency field in this case has a frequency of 1 kHz to 400 kHz and is variable according to the material used for the metal particles and the selected particle size, wherein the welding is substantially at the contact points of the metal particles.
- a protective gas or Formiergasatmosphotre is conceivable, but not essential to the invention, since any existing oxide layers on the metal particles due to the high induced voltage, and the resulting skin effect, are broken at the contact points over the entire cross section of the infiltration body.
- Placeholders or fixation components on an organic basis are gasified during the inductive welding process.
- the welding process regulates itself corresponding to the particle size according to the law of induction.
- An essential advantage of the inductively welded infiltration bodies is that the infiltration bodies can be used for pressurized casting processes, since the infiltration bodies withstand the pressures during die casting due to their mechanical stability of the welds.
- the infiltration bodies are inserted into the casting mold and encapsulated under a pressure of 10 bar to 15 bar and then brought to solidification under a pressure of up to 1000 bar.
- the production of local composite materials in the cylinder crankcase by means of the infiltration body on the one hand an increase in strength as well as an increase in wear resistance is possible.
- the tribological properties can be specifically influenced as well as the gluten properties can be set.
- the infiltration bodies of inductively welded metal particles have a weight advantage over monolithic iron-based castings.
- a gap-free pouring is also possible. The invention will be explained in more detail with reference to an infiltration experiment of open-pored metal foam.
- FIG. 1 shows a micrograph in a resolution of 40 ⁇ m in a region between encapsulation material and infiltration body
- Figure 2 shows an enlarged section according to an area Il from the
- FIG. 3 shows a region III likewise shown in enlarged form as the edge region of the infiltration body from FIG. 1.
- FIG 1 is a micrograph of an infiltration body 1, which is cast in a Umgussmaterial 2, shown.
- the infiltration body 1 in this case has two clearly distinguishable regions II and III.
- the edge region IM of the infiltration body 1 is enclosed directly by the encapsulation material 2, which is a light metal alloy such as aluminum or magnesium.
- the encapsulation material 2 is completely penetrated into the infiltration body and has formed the two clearly distinguishable regions II and III in part by forming intermetallic phases.
- the infiltration body 1 is made of a shaped body formed under the brand name "Astaloy CrM" with a density of 3.5 g / cm 3.
- the casting material selected was the aluminum-silicon alloy AISi 12 CuNiMg. Alloy has completely penetrated into the infiltration body 1.
- Figure 1 clearly shows how precisely the composite material formation is adjustable according to the invention
- the infiltration body 1 was preheated under atmospheric conditions to about 500 °, which led to oxide formation on the surface of the metal particles This oxidation of the edge region III of the infiltration body 1 was inhibited here by the formation of intermetallic phases 3.
- FIG. 3 thus clearly shows how, by means of preheating, the oxidic coating of the infiltration body 1 and thus of the inductively bonded metal particles 7 can be controlled in a targeted manner by the duration of the preheating. For longer preheating times under atmospheric conditions, the edge region IM is displaceable into the core of the infiltration body 1.
- the method of coating the infiltration body is of course also applicable to the other claimed coating methods.
- FIG. 2 shows an enlarged view of the region 2 close to the center of the infiltrated infiltration body 1, which was present as an open-pored metal foam 1 prior to encapsulation.
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Cylinder Crankcases Of Internal Combustion Engines (AREA)
- Powder Metallurgy (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
DE102006053018A DE102006053018B4 (de) | 2006-11-10 | 2006-11-10 | Zylinderkurbelgehäuse für ein Kraftfahrzeug |
PCT/EP2007/009242 WO2008055594A1 (de) | 2006-11-10 | 2007-10-25 | Zylinderkurbelgehäuse für ein kraftfahrzeug |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
EP2089173A1 true EP2089173A1 (de) | 2009-08-19 |
Family
ID=38931548
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP07819294A Ceased EP2089173A1 (de) | 2006-11-10 | 2007-10-25 | Zylinderkurbelgehäuse für ein kraftfahrzeug |
Country Status (5)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US20090277415A1 (de) |
EP (1) | EP2089173A1 (de) |
JP (1) | JP5216016B2 (de) |
DE (1) | DE102006053018B4 (de) |
WO (1) | WO2008055594A1 (de) |
Families Citing this family (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE102010061960A1 (de) * | 2010-11-25 | 2012-05-31 | Rolls-Royce Deutschland Ltd & Co Kg | Verfahren zur endkonturnahen Fertigung von hochtemperaturbeständigen Triebwerksbauteilen |
DE102012011992A1 (de) * | 2012-06-16 | 2013-12-19 | Volkswagen Aktiengesellschaft | Metallisches Gussbauteil und Verfahren zur Herstellung eines metallischen Gussbauteils |
DE102015117808A1 (de) * | 2015-10-20 | 2017-04-20 | Werner Schütze | Infiltration von Leichtmetallen in poröse Granulate oder Festkörper zur Erzeugung von Werkstücken |
US20190054556A1 (en) * | 2017-08-15 | 2019-02-21 | GM Global Technology Operations LLC | Method for bonding a cylinder liner within a cylinder bore of a vehicle engine block |
Family Cites Families (23)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US3395049A (en) * | 1963-07-15 | 1968-07-30 | Exxon Research Engineering Co | Method of making a porous electrode |
US3894892A (en) * | 1972-09-05 | 1975-07-15 | Gleason Works | Process for heating and sintering ferrous powder metal compacts with radio frequency magnetic field |
US4290807A (en) * | 1977-09-20 | 1981-09-22 | Sumitomo Electric Industries, Ltd. | Hard alloy and a process for the production of the same |
JPS5538963A (en) * | 1978-09-12 | 1980-03-18 | Ricoh Co Ltd | Production of sintered parts |
JPS58204137A (ja) * | 1982-05-21 | 1983-11-28 | Mitsubishi Electric Corp | 金属多孔体の製造方法 |
JPH0696187B2 (ja) * | 1986-06-03 | 1994-11-30 | マツダ株式会社 | 耐摩耗性複合部材及びその製造法 |
DE4009714A1 (de) * | 1990-03-27 | 1991-10-02 | Kolbenschmidt Ag | Einzelzylinder bzw. mehrzylinderblock |
DE4406191A1 (de) | 1994-02-25 | 1995-09-07 | Ks Aluminium Technologie Ag | Gleitlagerung |
DE4442884B4 (de) | 1994-02-25 | 2004-04-15 | Ks Aluminium-Technologie Ag | Verfahren zur Herstellung eines Formkörpers |
US6544357B1 (en) * | 1994-08-01 | 2003-04-08 | Franz Hehmann | Selected processing for non-equilibrium light alloys and products |
JP3191665B2 (ja) * | 1995-03-17 | 2001-07-23 | トヨタ自動車株式会社 | 金属焼結体複合材料及びその製造方法 |
US5775892A (en) * | 1995-03-24 | 1998-07-07 | Honda Giken Kogyo Kabushiki Kaisha | Process for anodizing aluminum materials and application members thereof |
DE19617457A1 (de) * | 1995-05-26 | 1997-03-06 | Gerd Hoermansdoerfer | Mit einem Fluid bzw. Gas durchströmbarer Block, insbesondere Motorblock oder Zylinderkopf, und Verfahren zu dessen Herstellung |
WO1997046345A1 (de) * | 1996-06-01 | 1997-12-11 | Wuellenweber Heinz | Verfahren zur herstellung von flächenhaften werkstoffverbunden |
JPH10330805A (ja) * | 1997-05-28 | 1998-12-15 | Komatsu Ltd | 円筒状複合材料の製造方法およびそれにより得られる円筒状複合部材 |
DE10044770B4 (de) * | 2000-09-10 | 2012-01-19 | Gerd Hörmansdörfer | Kurbelgehäuse |
JP4572286B2 (ja) * | 2001-03-23 | 2010-11-04 | 独立行政法人産業技術総合研究所 | 高強度多孔質体の製造方法及び高強度多孔質体 |
JP3800510B2 (ja) * | 2001-11-22 | 2006-07-26 | 株式会社豊田自動織機 | 粉末成形体およびその製造方法並びに多孔質焼結体の製造方法 |
JP4035602B2 (ja) * | 2002-07-16 | 2008-01-23 | 独立行政法人産業技術総合研究所 | ポーラス金属及びその製造方法 |
JP2005163145A (ja) * | 2003-12-04 | 2005-06-23 | Toyota Industries Corp | 複合化鋳物、鋳包み用鉄基多孔質体およびそれらの製造方法 |
FR2863186B1 (fr) * | 2003-12-04 | 2006-12-15 | Toyota Jidoshokki Kk | Element coule composite, substance poreuse a base de fer pour elements coules composites et carter sous pression procedes de fabrication de ce carter sous pression element constitutif de compresseurs |
DE102005043193A1 (de) * | 2005-09-09 | 2007-03-15 | Ks Aluminium-Technologie Ag | Zylinderkurbelgehäuse für Kraftfahrzeuge |
US8506944B2 (en) * | 2008-05-07 | 2013-08-13 | The Regents Of The University Of California | Replenishment and enrichment of ocular surface lubrication |
-
2006
- 2006-11-10 DE DE102006053018A patent/DE102006053018B4/de active Active
-
2007
- 2007-10-25 WO PCT/EP2007/009242 patent/WO2008055594A1/de active Application Filing
- 2007-10-25 EP EP07819294A patent/EP2089173A1/de not_active Ceased
- 2007-10-25 JP JP2009535594A patent/JP5216016B2/ja not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
2009
- 2009-05-11 US US12/463,929 patent/US20090277415A1/en not_active Abandoned
Non-Patent Citations (1)
Title |
---|
See references of WO2008055594A1 * |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
WO2008055594A1 (de) | 2008-05-15 |
US20090277415A1 (en) | 2009-11-12 |
DE102006053018A1 (de) | 2008-05-15 |
JP2010509068A (ja) | 2010-03-25 |
JP5216016B2 (ja) | 2013-06-19 |
DE102006053018B4 (de) | 2010-04-08 |
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