EP2796806B1 - Dispositif d'alimentation en eau chaude - Google Patents

Dispositif d'alimentation en eau chaude Download PDF

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Publication number
EP2796806B1
EP2796806B1 EP12860174.7A EP12860174A EP2796806B1 EP 2796806 B1 EP2796806 B1 EP 2796806B1 EP 12860174 A EP12860174 A EP 12860174A EP 2796806 B1 EP2796806 B1 EP 2796806B1
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EP
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Prior art keywords
scale
hot
water supply
equal
water
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EP12860174.7A
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German (de)
English (en)
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EP2796806A1 (fr
EP2796806A4 (fr
Inventor
Seiji Noda
Seiji Furukawa
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Mitsubishi Electric Corp
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Mitsubishi Electric Corp
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
    • C02F1/28—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by sorption
    • C02F1/281—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by sorption using inorganic sorbents
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24D—DOMESTIC- OR SPACE-HEATING SYSTEMS, e.g. CENTRAL HEATING SYSTEMS; DOMESTIC HOT-WATER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; ELEMENTS OR COMPONENTS THEREFOR
    • F24D19/00—Details
    • F24D19/0092—Devices for preventing or removing corrosion, slime or scale
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
    • C02F1/52—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by flocculation or precipitation of suspended impurities
    • C02F1/5236—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by flocculation or precipitation of suspended impurities using inorganic agents
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F2303/00—Specific treatment goals
    • C02F2303/22—Eliminating or preventing deposits, scale removal, scale prevention
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
    • F28F—DETAILS OF HEAT-EXCHANGE AND HEAT-TRANSFER APPARATUS, OF GENERAL APPLICATION
    • F28F19/00—Preventing the formation of deposits or corrosion, e.g. by using filters or scrapers
    • F28F19/01—Preventing the formation of deposits or corrosion, e.g. by using filters or scrapers by using means for separating solid materials from heat-exchange fluids, e.g. filters

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a hot-water supply device that includes a mechanism of suppressing an adhesion of scaled particles within a heat exchanger.
  • Hot-water supply devices that supply hot water to a bathroom or a kitchen are roughly classified into electric hot-water supply devices, gas hot-water supply devices, petroleum hot-water supply devices and the like, all including a portion called a heat exchanger that transfers heat to water. Recently, among such hot-water supply devices, heat-pump type heat exchanging electric hot-water supply devices (heat pump hot-water supply devices) are getting attention in view of energy saving and reduction of carbon dioxide as global warming countermeasure.
  • Heat pump hot-water supply devices have a principle to transfer heat of atmosphere to a heat medium, thereby bringing water to the boil by such heat. More specifically, high heat generated when atmosphere is compressed is transferred to water through the heat exchanger, the temperature of the heat medium is returned to the temperature of the atmosphere by cool air when the atmosphere is expanded, and such cycles are repeated (cold heat cycles).
  • the heat pump hot-water supply devices employ a mechanism of utilizing heat of atmosphere, and thus such devices can utilize larger thermal energy than energy necessary for operation.
  • mineral compound salt with a low solubility which is so-called scales (scaled particles) are precipitated by heating, and adhere inside the heat exchanger.
  • nuclei of calcium carbonate are produced on a high-temperature surface like the heat transfer surface of the heat exchanger, and the crystalline growth of the scales advances.
  • nuclei of calcium carbonate or particles produced in hot water heated by the heat exchanger are introduced again, and may adhere to the heat transfer surface.
  • Patent Literature 1 discloses a method of separating the above-explained scaled particles from water. Such a method is an aqueous scale adhesion preventing method that allows process-target water to flow through a column filled with solid particles containing calcium silicate.
  • this patent literature discloses that when tobermorite (particle diameter: 20 ⁇ m), xonotlite (particle diameter: 5 ⁇ m), amorphous calcium silicate (particle diameter: 45 ⁇ m), polyacrylic acid (molecular weight: 3000), heavy calcium carbonate (particle diameter: 0.1 to 1.0 ⁇ m) or silica gel (average particle diameter: 85 ⁇ m, specific surface area: 800 m 2 /g) is added to process-target water by 20 to 100 mg/L, dissolved silica and calcium ion can be eliminated at a concentration of 55 % maximally, or 36 %.
  • Patent Literature 2 discloses a hot-water supply device that has a mechanism of separating the scaled particles from water. More specifically, the hot-water supply circuit of this hot-water supply device includes a hot-water reservoir tank, an external heater that brings water to the boil, and a piping that interconnects the external heater and the upper part of the hot-water reservoir tank and disposed vertically.
  • the mechanism of separating the scaled particles from the water is mentioned as a scale catcher. That is, the scale catcher is formed so as to catch the scales precipitated at the lower end part of the bent portion of the piping when the water is boiled, and the scales are deposited in the scale catcher through a sedimentation of the scaled particles by weight thereof.
  • the document JP 2001129593 A relates to a hot-water supply device comprising a heat exchanger, a hot-water supply tank, a delivery piping to deliver hot-water from the hot-water supply tank to the heat exchanger, a return piping to feed the hot-water from the heat exchanger to the hot-water supply tank, and a scale catcher disposed in a channel of the hot-water supply tank or the piping.
  • the document EP 1484289 A1 relates to an apparatus for removing scale from domestic or commercial hot-water supplies, wherein the hot-water as passed trough a removal medium, which is contained in a tank, and which is having a larger surface area compared to the inner surface of the tank and is thus forming a large surface area for the scale to deposit on and to a method employing set apparatus.
  • the document JPH 05245497 A as well as the document JP 2005279406 A also relate to removal of a scale in hot-water supply devices.
  • the process-target water is caused to flow through the column filled with solid particles by utilizing the precipitation and absorption phenomena of calcium or silica in the process-target water.
  • an infill with a large amount of solid particles is necessary.
  • Patent Literature 2 in order to eliminate the scaled particles from water, mainly, the sedimentation characteristic of the scale itself is utilized. In general, the larger the particle is, the faster the sedimentation speed thereof is, and thus the large scaled particles having a particle diameter of equal to or greater than 100 ⁇ m can be eliminated through this method. As to the scaled particles having a particle diameter of equal to or smaller than 100 ⁇ m, however, the sedimentation speed is slow. Accordingly, a sufficient elimination effect is unobtainable, and it is difficult to suppress an adhesion of the scaled particles in the heat exchanger.
  • the present invention has been made in view of the foregoing circumstances, and it is an objective of the present invention to provide a hot-water supply device that can suppress a reduction of an absorption performance due to clogging of an adhering material through an absorption of scaled particles, and can eliminate effectively for a long time not only scaled particles with a large sedimentation characteristic but also fine scaled particles with a small sedimentation characteristic.
  • the present invention relates to a hot-water supply device as defined by independent claim 1 and independent claim 2, wherein further developments of the inventive hot-water supply device are provided in the sub-claims, respectively.
  • a hot-water supply device which can suppress a reduction of an absorption performance due to clogging of an adhering material through an absorption of scaled particles, and can eliminate effectively for a long time not only scaled particles with a large sedimentation characteristic but also fine scaled particles with a small sedimentation characteristic.
  • FIG 1 is a schematic structural diagram illustrating a hot-water supply device according to a first embodiment.
  • the hot-water supply device 1 mainly includes a heat source 2, a hot-water supply tank 3, a heat exchanger 4, and a scale catcher 5.
  • the hot-water supply device 1 two circuits are circulated inside the hot-water supply device 1.
  • the one is a circuit (heat-medium circulating circuit) having heat circulating the heat source 2 and the interior of the heat exchanger 4.
  • the other is a circuit (hot-water circulating circuit) having hot water (including water in some cases) circulating the hot-water supply tank 3, the interior of the heat exchanger 4, and the scale catcher 5.
  • the piping of the hot-water circulating circuit is provided with a circulating pump 6 and flow channel open/close valves 7 and 8 for an operation of the hot-water supply device 1.
  • FIG 2 is a diagram illustrating a structure of the scale catcher of the hot-water supply device according to the first embodiment.
  • the scale catcher 5 includes a scale-adhering-material holder/retainer 9, and a scale adhering material 10 filled in the scale-adhering-material holder/retainer 9.
  • the scale catcher 5 is connected with a scale catcher inlet piping 11, the flow channel open/close valves 7 and 8, and a scale catcher outlet piping 12.
  • the heat-medium circulating circuit is a circulating circuit of a heat pump type or the like, and such a circuit can utilize any arbitrary medium as long as a medium that heats circulating hot water is applicable.
  • those skilled in the art can apply to other electric hot-water supply devices, gas hot-water supply devices, or petroleum hot-water supply devices, and the like.
  • the most suitable location of connecting the scale catcher 5 is a space between the heat exchanger 4 and the hot-water supply tank 3 as illustrated in FIG 1 , but as a modified example in the hot-water circulating circuit, the scale catcher may be connected at any locations other than the aforementioned location as long as the scale catcher is connected in the piping of the hot-water circulating circuit.
  • FIGs. 3A to 3D are diagrams illustrating a structure of a scale adhering material according to the first embodiment.
  • the whole structure of the scale adhering material 10 filled in the scale-adhering-material holder/retainer 9 is, for example, as illustrated in FIGs. 3A to 3D , formed of equal to or greater than 10 partial structures with a large number of apertures 13 laminated in a direction (e.g., a direction from the left to the right or from the bottom to the top in the case of the scale catcher 5 in FIG 2 ) orthogonal to the flow of the scale catcher 5.
  • a twisted partial structure or a bent partial structure are applicable.
  • equal to or greater than 10 partial structures should be laminated in such a way that the respective apertures 13 of the scale adhering material 10 are not aligned relative to the flow direction of hot water so as to increase a collision probability between the scaled particles in the hot water and the scale adhering material 10.
  • equal to or greater than 10 partial structures should be laminated so as to have the apertures 13 oriented alternatively or irregularly.
  • a gap between the adjoining laminated layers should be equal to or greater than 1 mm in such a way that the apertures 13 of an arbitrary layer do not overlap the non-aperture portions of the upper and lower laminated layers.
  • Example schemes to form a gap is to place a spacer therebetween having a thickness of equal to or greater than 0.1 mm, or to place therebetween the partial structure of the adhering material employing the structure as illustrated in FIG 3A or 3B .
  • the partial structure of the scale adhering material 10 is formed of a mesh shape or a planar shape formed with a large number of circular holes (apertures 13), and can employ a high aperture ratio.
  • the pressure loss increase in the circulation channel due to the use of the scale catcher 5 should be equal to or smaller than 50 kPa at a flow rate of 20 L/Min in general.
  • a scale adhering material 10 employing a curled fiber shape as illustrated in FIG 4A is also applicable.
  • the scale adhering material 10 formed of a curled fiber is defined by characteristic parameters, such as a curling diameter D 1 corresponding to the representative length of the aperture, a fiber diameter D 2 of the curled fiber, an outer diameter (and an outer diameter of the aggregation of the curled fibers) of the curled fiber, and a height.
  • the curled fiber has a cross section not in a circular shape
  • a representative length M 4T/Q is equal to the fiber diameter D 2 .
  • the curling diameter D 1 is defined by the internal dimension of the fiber. Hence, regardless of the fiber diameter D 2 , the smaller the curling diameter D 1 is, the smaller the one corresponding to the representative length of the aperture becomes, and thus the porosity of the aggregation decreases.
  • the tensile strength of the curled fiber should be 2 kg to 4 kg. Such a condition corresponds to the corrosion durability of equal to or longer than 10 years in the case of a hot-water supply device heated to a temperature of equal to or higher than 60 °C.
  • D 2 is equal to or greater than 10 ⁇ m.
  • the curled fiber can be formed by uniformly compressing a predetermined stainless steel line (for example, SUS304) using an exclusive roller.
  • FIG 4B is a top view illustrating the external appearance of another scale adhering material according to the first embodiment. As illustrated in FIG 4B , an aggregation (scale adhering material 10) formed of the curled fibers as viewed from the top has an outer diameter of W 1 .
  • FIGs. 4C and 4D are each a top view and a side view illustrating a structure of the curled fiber of another scale adhering material according to the first embodiment.
  • the curled fiber as viewed from the top has an outer diameter of W 2 .
  • the curled fiber When, for example, the curled fiber is uniformly rolled in a constant direction orthogonal to an X-axis direction as illustrated in FIGs. 4C and 4D , it becomes a cylindrical three-dimensional shape illustrated in the top view of FIG 4B .
  • the scale-adhering-material holder/retainer 9 should be formed in a cylindrical shape, and thus it is also desirable that the aggregation formed of the curled fibers should be formed in a cylindrical shape matching the retainer.
  • the outer diameter W 1 of the aggregation formed of the curled fibers illustrated in FIG 4B can be set in accordance with the elasticity of the aggregation formed of the curled fibers and the density thereof. More specifically, it is desirable that such an outer diameter should be equal to or greater than 1.01 times as much as R and equal to or smaller than 3 times as much as R.
  • the aggregation may be formed of the curled fibers tangled irregularly (unillustrated), but when the density distribution of the curled fibers in the aggregation is nonuniform, it is difficult for the aggregation to deform in accordance with the shape of the scale-adhering-material holder/retainer 9, and when the aggregation is filled in the scale-adhering-material holder/retainer 9, an empty space may be created between the scale-adhering-material holder/retainer 9 and the aggregation.
  • the empty space between the scale-adhering-material holder/retainer 9 and the scale adhering material 10 should be equal to or smaller than twice as much as the curling diameter D 1 (see FIG 4A ).
  • an example base material of the scale adhering material 10 applicable is copper, brass, stainless steel, a silicon rubber, glass, iron, oxidized iron (III, II), polytetrafluoroethylene (a Teflon (registered trademark) resin (PTFE, PFA)), polyvinyl chloride, polyethylene, polystyrene, polypropylene, polysulfonate, an isoprenoid rubber, a butadiene rubber, a styrene-butadiene rubber, or aromatic-series polyamide (for example, nylon-6 or nylon-6-6 and like).
  • copper, brass, stainless steel, a silicon rubber, glass, iron, oxidized iron (III, II), polyvinyl chloride, polyethylene, polystyrene, polypropylene, polysulfonate, an isoprenoid rubber, a butadiene rubber, or a styrene-butadiene rubber is preferable.
  • FIG 5 is a diagram illustrating a characteristic of the scale adhering material according to the first embodiment. More specifically, this figure illustrates an energy barrier (0 to 90 °C) when nuclei of calcium carbonate are produced on the surface of the base material of the scale adhering material 10. It is not illustrated in the figure but, for example, the nuclei producing energy ⁇ G of calcium carbonate on a stainless steel surface is within a range of 0.8 to 1.0 ⁇ 10 -20 (J).
  • the base material of the scale adhering material 10 is not limited to the above-explained examples, and one that has similar energy to produce nuclei of calcium carbonate is applicable as the base material of the scale adhering material 10.
  • a preferable example base material is a material having energy necessary for producing nuclei of calcium carbonate on the surface of equal to or smaller than 2.0 ⁇ 10 -20 (J).
  • tap water is introduced to the hot-water supply tank 3 through a tap water piping 14, and when such a tank is filled with the water, the heat source 2 is activated, thereby circulating the high-temperature heat medium in a circulation piping 15.
  • the circulation pump 6 is activated to supply water in the hot-water supply tank 3 to the heat exchanger 4 through a heat-exchanger inlet piping 16 and to heat the water through a heat exchange with the heat medium.
  • the hot water heated in the heat exchanger 4 is supplied to the scale catcher 5 through the scale catcher inlet piping 11, contacts the scale adhering material 10 in the scale catcher 5, and is returned to the hot-water supply tank 3 through the scale catcher outlet piping 12.
  • the circulation of the heat medium and the hot water in the hot-water supply tank 3 is continued until the water temperature in the hot-water supply tank 3 becomes a predetermined temperature, and after the heating, the hot water in the hot-water supply tank 3 is supplied through a hot-water supply piping 17 as needed, and utilized as hot water.
  • the scale catcher 5 When the scaled-particle absorption performance of the scale catcher 5 (scale adhering material 10) decreases, after the operation has been terminated, the scale catcher 5 can be taken out ahead of the flow channel open/close valves 7 and 8, and can be replaced with the scale catcher 5 filled with the scale adhering material 10 absorbing no scaled particle.
  • the scale adhering material 10 has apertures 13 with a certain and sufficient size, and is formed of a base material that has energy of producing, at a surface of, nuclei of calcium carbonate which is equal to or smaller than a specific quantity.
  • the reduction of the absorption performance of the scale adhering material 10 due to clogging inherent to the absorption of the scaled particles can be suppressed, and it becomes possible for the hot-water supply device to eliminate not only scaled particles with a large sedimentation characteristic but also fine scaled particles with a small sedimentation characteristic from the water efficiently. Accordingly, an adhesion of the scaled particles to the heat exchanger 4 of the heat-pump hot-water supply device, and the like can be suppressed for a long time.
  • FIG 6 is a schematic structural diagram illustrating a scale catcher of a hot-water supply device according to a second embodiment.
  • the same structure as that of the first embodiment is employed except that the scaled particles absorbed by the scale catcher 5 are cleaned to renew the scale adhering material 10.
  • the scale catcher 5 includes the scale-adhering-material holder/retainer 9 filled with the scale adhering material 10, and a scale reservoir 18, and is connected with the scale catcher inlet piping 11, the scale catcher outlet piping 12, a tap water supply piping 19, and a scale drain piping 20.
  • the cleaning fluid may be supplied using a pump. It is preferable that the cleaning fluid should be a water solution with an acidic property of pH ⁇ 5.
  • An example acid applicable is hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, nitric acid, or acetic acid and like.
  • the flow channel open/close valves 21, 22 are opened, water left inside the scale catcher 5 is drained, and the tap water or the cleaning fluid may be introduced. Since the air-liquid interface has a high absorption performance of scaled particles, by repeating the supply and draining of the water or cleaning fluid to the interior of the scale catcher 5, the water level may be ascended and descended to clean the scale adhering material 10.
  • the ascending or descending speed of the air-liquid interface should be controlled within a range of equal to or faster than 0.1 cm/s and equal to or slower than 10 cm/s.
  • the fine bubbles utilizing air are introduced to the scale adhering material 10 and the scale adhering material 10 is cleaned by an air-liquid interface with a high density, the time necessary for renewing the scale adhering material 10 can be reduced. It is desirable that the fine bubbles should have a size within a range of equal to or larger than 1 ⁇ m and equal to or smaller than 1 mm.
  • the scaled particles adsorbed by the scale adhering material 10 can be eliminated and the scale adhering material 10 can be cleaned and renewed through a further simple work.
  • the adhering of the scaled particles to the heat exchanger 4 in the hot-water supply device 1 can be suppressed for a further long time.
  • a first example relates to a test for a scale adhesion suppressing effect formed on a heat transfer surface in the heat exchanger 4 in pipings of the hot-water circulating circuit when the hot-water supply device 1 of the first embodiment illustrated in FIG 1 is applied, and for the performance of the scale catcher 5.
  • Heated hot water was caused to circulate at the heat-medium circulating circuit side in the heat exchanger 4, and the water in the hot-water supply tank 3 was caused to circulate at the hot-water circulating circuit side in the heat exchanger 4 at a flow rate of 20 L/Min, and the water was heated to a temperature of 60 °C insubstantially one hour.
  • the scale adhering material 10 of the scale catcher 5 (volume: 1.7 L)
  • 30 stainless steel mesh pieces laminated together and filled in the catcher were applied.
  • the mesh piece is a mesh formed of stainless steel lines with a diameter of 200 ⁇ m, and a pitch R between the lines (a width of an aperture) was a uniform interval which was 300 ⁇ m (see FIG 3A ).
  • the dimension of the whole mesh piece was 6 mm by 6 mm which was a square. That is, the representative length L of the aperture 13 was 300 ⁇ m.
  • a Comparative Example 1-1 one having 30 Teflon (registered trademark) mesh pieces laminated together and filled therein was utilized as the scale adhering material 10 of the scale catcher 5 (volume: 1.7 L).
  • the mesh piece was a meth formed of Teflon (registered trademark) lines with a diameter of 200 ⁇ m, and the pitch R (the width of an aperture) between the Teflon (registered trademark) lines was an equal interval which was 300 ⁇ m (see FIG 3A ).
  • the size of the mesh piece was 6 mm by 6 mm which was a square. That is, the representative length L of the aperture 13 was 300 ⁇ m.
  • a Comparative Example 1-2 one having 30 stainless steel mesh pieces laminated together and filled therein was utilized as the scale adhering material 10 of the scale catcher 5 (volume: 1.7 L).
  • the mesh piece was a mesh formed of stainless steel lines with a diameter of 200 ⁇ m, and the pitch R (the width of an aperture) between the lines was an equal interval which was 50 ⁇ m (see FIG 3A ).
  • the size of the mesh piece was 6 mm by 6 mm which was a square. That is, the representative length L of the aperture 13 was 50 ⁇ m,
  • the amount of adherent scales was evaluated for a case (Comparative Example 1-3) in which a scheme of causing the scaled particles deposited through the sedimentation by gravity as explained above, and for a case (Comparative Example 1-4) in which the scale catcher 5 was removed.
  • FIG 7 is a diagram illustrating the amounts of adherent scales to the heat exchanger according to the first example and the first comparative example. More specifically, in the first example and Comparative Examples 1-1 to 4, the amounts of adherent scales to the heat exchanger 4 at the hot-water circulating circuit side are shown when the hot-water supply device 1 was continuously operated for a month under the above-explained condition. These amounts are indicated as relative values when the adhering amount when the scale catcher 5 was removed (Comparative Example 1-4) is taken as 100 %.
  • a reduction rate of 90 % was obtained which was an excellent performance, but the reduction rate was only 55 % in the case of the Comparative Example 1-1 and was only 65 % in the case of the Comparative Example 1-2.
  • the reduction rate was 9 % which was low.
  • FIGs. 8A to 8C are diagrams illustrating the absorbing conditions of the scaled particles according to the first example, the Comparative Example 1-1 and the Comparative Example 1-2, and exemplarily illustrating a nucleation catching effect utilized according to the present invention.
  • the reason why the reduction rate of the amount of adherent scales to the heat exchanger 4 will be explained with reference to FIGs. 8A to 8C .
  • the energy necessary for nucleation of calcium carbonate on the surface of the scale adhering material 10 was 0.8 to 1.0 ⁇ 10 -20 (J) which was sufficiently small, the nucleation on the surface of the scale adhering material 10 was advanced, and thus a larger amount of scaled particles were caught due to a nucleation catching effect.
  • the sedimentation speed to the scaled particle with a particle diameter of equal to or smaller than 100 ⁇ m was slow, and thus a sufficient scaled particle catching performance was not obtained.
  • the scale adhering material 10 when the scale adhering material 10 has a sufficient aperture 13 (4S/P > 100 ⁇ m where S is the area of the aperture 13 and P is the outer circumference), and is formed of a base material that has the nucleation energy of calcium carbonate on the surface of the scale adhering material 10 which is equal to or smaller than 2.0 ⁇ 10 -20 (J), there are advantageous effects that the scale adhering material 10 can utilize the nucleation catching effect and has an excellent scale catching performance, and a reduction of the absorption performance of the adhering material due to clogging caused by the absorption of the scaled particles can be suppressed.
  • a second example relates to cases in which various materials were applied as the scale adhering material 10 when the hot-water supply device 1 according to the first embodiment and illustrated in FIG 1 (the representative length L of the aperture 13 was 300 ⁇ m) was utilized.
  • the amount of scales caught in the scale catcher 5 when the following scale catchers were utilized in water were compared.
  • Filled in the scale catcher 5 was, as the scale adhering material 10, mesh pieces formed of copper, brass, stainless steel, a silicon rubber, glass, iron, oxidized iron (III, II), a Teflon (registered trademark) resin (PTFE, PFA), polyvinyl chloride, polyethylene, polystyrene, polypropylene, polysulfonate, an isoprenoid rubber, a butadiene rubber, a styrene-butadiene rubber, or aromatic-series polyamide (for example, nylon-6 or nylon-6-6 and like).
  • PTFE Teflon resin
  • the mesh piece was a mesh formed of lines with a diameter of 200 ⁇ m, and the pitch R (width of aperture) between the lines was an equal interval which was 300 ⁇ m (see FIG 3A ).
  • the operating condition other than the base material of the scale adhering material 10 was set as the same as that of the first example.
  • FIG 9 is a diagram illustrating a relationship between the amount of adherent scales and energy necessary for a nucleation of calcium carbonate according to the second example. More specifically, this is a figure illustrating a relationship between the amount of scales (g/g) caught in each scale catcher 5 after the hot-water supply device 1 was continuously operated for six months and energy 2.0 ⁇ 10 -20 (J) necessary for the nucleation of calcium carbonate.
  • An arrow in FIG 9 indicates a break of the horizontal axis where the nucleation energy became equal to or smaller than 2.0 ⁇ 10 -20 (J).
  • An example base material of such a scale adhering material 10 is copper, brass, stainless steel, a silicon rubber, glass, iron, oxidized iron (III, II), polyvinyl chloride, polyethylene, polystyrene, polypropylene, polysulfonate, an isoprenoid rubber, a butadiene rubber, or a styrene-butadiene rubber.
  • the nucleation was advanced on the surface of the scale adhering material 10, which enabled a utilization of the nucleation catching effect, and it was possible to catch a larger amount of scaled particles.
  • the particle diameter of the scaled particle grown together with heating was measured, it had a distribution within a range of 0.5 to 50 ⁇ m, and a distribution having a peak within 1 to 40 ⁇ m was obtained.
  • a nucleation energy ⁇ G of calcium carbonate on the surface of the scale adhering material 10 can be expressed by the following (Formula 1) when a critical nucleus radius is r c (m) and a surface tension between calcium carbonate and the base material of the scale adhering material 10 is ⁇ (J/m 2 ).
  • ⁇ G 4 ⁇ r c 2 / 3
  • A is a frequency factor (constant)
  • k is the Boltzmann constant
  • T is a temperature.
  • the nucleation speed J decreases like an exponential function, and thus it is difficult to utilize the nucleation catching effect, which is not a desirable case.
  • the nucleation energy of the scale adhering material 10 utilizing the nucleation catching effect relative to the hot-water supply device 1 using the heat exchanger 4 which has a normal heat transfer performance should be equal to or smaller than 2.0 ⁇ 10 -20 (J).
  • the hot-water supply device 1 which utilizes, as the heat exchanger 4, one employing a narrow water channel of equal to or smaller than 1.5 mm, it is desirable to further enhance the scaled particle catching performance of the scale adhering material 10, and thus it is preferable that the nucleation energy of such a scale adhering material 10 should be equal to or smaller than 1.5 ⁇ 10 -20 (J).
  • An example base material of such a scale adhering material 10 is copper, brass, stainless steel, a silicon rubber, glass, iron or oxidized iron (III, II) and like.
  • the hot-water supply device 1 that utilizes the heat exchanger 4 which has a high heat transfer performance (total heat transfer coefficient: equal to or greater than 5 kW/m 2 /K)
  • it is desirable to further enhance the scaled particle catching performance of the scale adhering material 10 and thus it is preferable that the nucleation energy of such a scale adhering material 10 should be equal to or smaller than 1.0 ⁇ 10 -20 (J).
  • An example base material of such a scale adhering material 10 is copper, brass, stainless steel or a silicon rubber and like.
  • the base material of the scale adhering material 10 is not limited to the above-explained materials in the second example. As long as the energy necessary for the nucleation of calcium carbonate is substantially at the same level, the nucleation catching effect becomes available, and such a material is applicable for the scale adhering material 10.
  • a material which has unknown nucleation energy ⁇ G when a surface tension ⁇ (J/m 2 ) between calcium carbonate and the base material of the adhering material is evaluated through, for example, a contact angle technique, ⁇ G can be estimated through the (Formula 1).
  • the scale adhering material 10 is formed of a base material having the nucleation energy of calcium carbonate on the surface of the scale adhering material that is equal to or smaller than 2.0 ⁇ 10 -20 (J), the nucleation catching effect becomes available, and the scale catching performance of the scale adhering material 10 is enhanced.
  • a third example relates to a test when the hot-water supply device 1 including the scale catcher 5 according to the second embodiment illustrated in FIG 6 was utilized. More specifically, the scale catcher 5 was periodically cleaned to carry out a renewal work, and various scale catcher in water were applied to carry out the test.
  • the same filler as that of the first example was used, the representative length L of the aperture 13 was 300 ⁇ m, and a continuous operation was performed under the same operating condition as that of the first example.
  • Comparative Example 3-2 the same filler as that of the above-explained Comparative Example 1-2 was used, the representative length L of the aperture 13 was 50 ⁇ m, and a continuous operation was performed under the same operating condition as that of the third example.
  • FIG 10 is a diagram illustrating the amounts of adherent scales to the heat exchanger in the third example and the third comparative example. More specifically, this figure illustrates a relative value of the amount of adherent scales in each case when the hot-water supply device 1 was continuously operated for 12 months with the amount of adherent scales when the scale catcher 5 was removed being as 100 %.
  • the particle diameter of the scaled particle grown together with heating had a distribution within a range of 0.5 to 50 ⁇ m, and a distribution having a peak within a range of 1 to 40 ⁇ m was obtained.
  • the energy necessary for nucleation of calcium carbonate on the surface of the scale adhering material 10 was 0.8 to 1.0 ⁇ 10 -20 (J) which was sufficiently small, the nucleation on the surface of the scale adhering material 10 was advanced, and thus a larger amount of scaled particles were caught.
  • the hot-water supply device 1 including the scale catcher 5 As explained above, in the hot-water supply device 1 including the scale catcher 5, it is confirmed that when the scale catcher 5 is cleaned and renewed, the adsorbed scaled particles can be eliminated, and the catching performance of the scale adhering material 10 can be maintained for a long time.
  • a fourth example relates to, like the third example, a test when the hot-water supply device 1 including the scale catcher 5 of the second embodiment and illustrated in FIG 6 was utilized. More specifically, it was tested how a renewal time changed which was necessary when the scale catcher 5 was periodically cleaned and renewed varied depending on the representative length L of the aperture 13 of the scale adhering material 10.
  • the test was carried out under the same operating condition as that of the above-explained third example, and the following scaled catchers in water were applied. Subsequently, respective renewal times were compared.
  • the term renewal time is defined as a time necessary to decrease the amount of adherent scales before renewal to be 1/20 in ratio by weight.
  • stainless mesh pieces of 315 g were filled in the scale catcher 5 (volume: 1.7 L).
  • the mesh piece was a mesh formed of stainless steel lines with diameters of 200 ⁇ m and 50 ⁇ m, and the pitch R between the stainless steel lines was an equal interval which was 10 ⁇ m to 50 mm (see FIG 3A ).
  • FIG 11 is a diagram illustrating a relationship between the representative length of the aperture and a renewal time according to the fourth example.
  • the particle diameter of the scaled particle grown together with heating was measured, it had a distribution within a range of 0.5 to 50 ⁇ m, and a distribution with a peak between 1 to 40 ⁇ m was obtained.
  • the renewal time should be equal to or less than 45 minutes based on a practicality, and thus it becomes clear that the representative length L of the aperture 13 should be preferably equal to or greater than 100 ⁇ m (see a break indicated by an arrow in FIG 11 ).
  • the representative length L of the aperture 13 increases, the surface area of the scale adhering material 10 per a unit volume decreases. Accordingly, the absolute amount of the scale adhering material 10 decreases. In this case it is desirable for a practical purpose that the representative length L of the aperture 13 should be set to be equal to or smaller than 20 mm.
  • the temperature of water supplied from the hot-water supply piping 17 is equal to or greater than 40 °C under a water quality condition such that the hardness of tap water is equal to or greater than 90 mg CaCO 3 /L and equal to or smaller than 200 mg CaCO 3 /L, and an M-alkaline level is equal to or greater than 50 mg CaCO 3 /L and equal to or smaller than 100 mg CaCO 3 /L, the amount of scales to be produced is relatively large. Accordingly, it is desirable that the representative length L of the aperture 13 should be set to be equal to or smaller than 15 mm.
  • the representative length L of the aperture 13 should be set to be equal to or smaller than 20 mm.
  • the representative length L of the aperture 13 is most preferably set to be equal to or greater than 1 mm and equal to or smaller than 20 mm from the standpoint of the renewal time when in use. Still further, it becomes also apparent that the range of the representative length L of the aperture 13 is irrelevant to the shape of the aperture 13.
  • a fifth example relates to a test for a suppressing effect of adhered scales formed on the heat transfer surface in the heat exchanger 4 in the pipings of a hot-water circulating circuit when the hot-water supply device 1 according to the first embodiment illustrated in FIG 1 was utilized, and for a performance of the scale catcher 5, and more specifically, to a case in which the scale adhering material 10 was the aggregation of curled fibers.
  • Heated hot water was caused to circulate at the heat-medium circulating circuit side in the heat exchanger 4, and the water in the hot-water supply tank 3 was caused to circulate at the hot-water circulating circuit side in the heat exchanger 4 at a flow rate of 20 L/Min, and the water was heated to a temperature of 60 °C insubstantially one hour.
  • FIG 12 is a diagram illustrating the amounts of adherent scales to the heat exchanger in the fifth example and the fifth comparative example. More specifically, this figure illustrates the amount of adherent scales to the heat exchanger 4 at the hot-water circulating circuit side according to the Examples 5-1 to 5 and the Comparative Examples 5-1 and 2 under the above-explained condition when the hot-water supply device 1 was continuously operated for a month. Such amounts are indicated by relative values with the adhering amount when the scale catcher 5 was removed (the case of the above-explained Comparative Example 1-4) being as 100 %.
  • a high performance that was a reduction rate of equal to or greater than 80 % was accomplished according to the Examples 5-1 to 3, but the reduction rate was 5 % which was low according to the Comparative Example 5-2.
  • the reduction rate was 20 to 40 % according to the Examples 5-4 and 5, but the amount of adherent scales to the heat exchanger was reduced by a nucleation catching effect.
  • the reduction rate was 95 % which was high, but the pressure loss increase originating from the use of the scale catcher was 120 kPa which was remarkably large.
  • the pressure loss increase in a water circulating channel with the use of the scale catcher 5 is equal to or smaller than 50 kPa at a flow rate of 20 L/Min, and thus it is desirable that the curling diameter D 1 should be equal to or greater than 1.0 mm.
  • the curling diameter D 1 should be equal to or greater than 1.0 mm and equal to or smaller than 20 mm. This corresponds to 91.0 % to 99.5 % when converted into the porosity of the scale adhering material 10.
  • the outlet water temperature of the hot-water supply device is high that is equal to or higher than 80 °C, there is a possibility that the amount of scales to be produced relatively increases in comparison with a case in which the temperature is 60 °C, and thus it is desirable that the curling diameter D 1 should be equal to or greater than 1.0 mm and equal to or smaller than 8.5 mm. This corresponds to 91.0 % to 99.0 % when converted into the porosity of the scale adhering material.
  • the pressure loss increase in a water circulating channel with the use of the scale catcher 5 should be equal to or smaller than 50 kPa in normal at a flow rate of 20 L/Min, and thus it is desirable that the curling diameter D 1 should be equal to or greater than 1 mm and equal to or smaller than 20 mm.
  • the curling diameter D 1 should be equal to or greater than 2.0 mm and equal to or smaller than 20 mm.
  • the scale adhering material 10 when the scale adhering material 10 has a sufficient aperture (the curling diameter D 1 of the curled fibers forming the scale adhering material 10 >1 mm), and is formed of a base material that has the nucleation energy of calcium carbonate on the surface of the scale adhering material 10 which is equal to or smaller than 2.0 ⁇ 10 -20 (J), the scale adhering material becomes able to utilize the nucleation catching effect.
  • the scale adhering material 10 can have an excellent scale catching performance, and a reduction of the absorption performance of the adhering material due to clogging caused by the absorption of the scaled particles can be suppressed.

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Hydrology & Water Resources (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Thermal Sciences (AREA)
  • Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
  • Water Supply & Treatment (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Details Of Fluid Heaters (AREA)
  • Heat-Pump Type And Storage Water Heaters (AREA)
  • Heat-Exchange Devices With Radiators And Conduit Assemblies (AREA)

Claims (4)

  1. Dispositif d'approvisionnement en eau chaude (1) comprenant :
    - un échangeur de chaleur (4) qui est adapté pour effectuer un échange de chaleur ;
    - un réservoir d'approvisionnement en eau chaude (3) ;
    - une tubulure de distribution qui est adaptée pour distribuer de l'eau chaude depuis le réservoir d'approvisionnement en eau chaude (3) jusqu'à l'échangeur de chaleur (4) ;
    - une tubulure de retour qui est adaptée pour alimenter l'eau chaude depuis l'échangeur de chaleur (4) jusqu'au réservoir d'approvisionnement en eau chaude (3) ; et
    - un capteur de tartre (5) qui est disposé pour capter du tartre dont le diamètre particulaire est dans une plage allant de 0,5 µm à 50 µm dans la tubulure de retour,
    dans lequel le capteur de tartre (5) comprend un matériau d'adhérence de tartre (10) rempli dans un support/conteneur (9) de matériau d'adhérence de tartre,
    dans lequel le matériau d'adhérence de tartre (10) est constitué d'une agrégation de fibres bouclées enchevêtrées irrégulièrement,
    dans lequel un diamètre de bouclage D1 des fibres bouclées est égal ou supérieur à 1,0 mm et égal ou inférieur à 20 mm quand la température de sortie du dispositif d'approvisionnement en eau chaude est inférieure à 80 °C, et un diamètre de bouclage D1 des fibres bouclées est égal ou supérieur à 1,0 mm et égal ou inférieur à 8,5 mm quand la température de sortie du dispositif d'approvisionnement en eau chaude est supérieure ou égale à 80 °C, et
    dans lequel le matériau d'adhérence de tartre est constitué d'un matériau qui est un matériau quelconque parmi cuivre, laiton, acier inoxydable, caoutchouc siliconé, verre, fer, fer oxydé (III, II), chlorure de polyvinyle, polyéthylène, polystyrène, polypropylène, caoutchouc isoprène, caoutchouc butadiène ou caoutchouc styrène-butadiène, et
    dans lequel le matériau d'adhérence de tartre est constitué d'un matériau qui a une énergie de nucléation de tartre de carbonate de calcium sur une surface du matériau, l'énergie de nucléation étant égale ou inférieure à 2,0 x 10-20J.
  2. Dispositif d'approvisionnement en eau chaude (1) comprenant :
    - un échangeur de chaleur (4) qui est adapté pour effectuer un échange de chaleur ;
    - un réservoir d'approvisionnement en eau chaude (3) ;
    - une tubulure de distribution qui est adaptée pour distribuer de l'eau chaude depuis le réservoir d'approvisionnement en eau chaude (3) jusqu'à l'échangeur de chaleur (4) ;
    - une tubulure de retour qui est adaptée pour alimenter l'eau chaude depuis l'échangeur de chaleur (4) jusqu'au réservoir d'approvisionnement en eau chaude (3) ; et
    - un capteur de tarte (5) qui est disposé pour capter du tarte dont le diamètre particulaire est dans une plage allant de 0,5 □m à 50 □m dans un canal de l'eau chaude incluant le réservoir d'approvisionnement en eau chaude (3), la tubulure de distribution, l'échangeur de chaleur (4), et/ou la tubulure de retour,
    dans lequel le capteur de tarte (5) comprend un matériau d'adhérence de tarte (10) rempli dans un support/conteneur (9) de matériau d'adhérence de tarte,
    dans lequel le matériau d'adhérence de tarte (10) est constitué d'une agrégation de fibres bouclées enchevêtrées irrégulièrement,
    dans lequel un diamètre de bouclage D1 des fibres bouclées est égal ou supérieur à 1,0 mm et égal ou inférieur à 20 mm quand la température de sortie du dispositif d'approvisionnement en eau chaude est inférieure à 80 °C, et un diamètre de bouclage D1 des fibres bouclées est égal ou supérieur à 1,0 mm et égal ou inférieur à 8,5 mm quand la température de sortie du dispositif d'approvisionnement en eau chaude est supérieure ou égale à 80 °C,
    dans lequel, dans le support/conteneur (9) de matériau d'adhérence de tarte, une tubulure d'entrée (11) de capteur de tarte est connectée à une portion inférieure du support/conteneur (9) de matériau d'adhérence de tarte, et une tubulure de sortie (12) de capteur de tarte est connectée à une portion supérieure du support/conteneur (9) de matériau d'adhérence de tarte, et
    dans lequel le matériau d'adhérence de tarte est constitué d'un matériau qui est un matériau quelconque parmi cuivre, laiton, acier inoxydable, caoutchouc siliconé, verre, fer, fer oxydé (III, II), chlorure de polyvinyle, polyéthylène, polystyrène, polypropylène, caoutchouc isoprène, caoutchouc butadiène ou caoutchouc styrène-butadiène, et dans lequel le matériau d'adhérence de tarte est constitué d'un matériau qui a une énergie de nucléation de tarte de carbonate de calcium sur une surface du matériau, l'énergie de nucléation étant égale ou inférieure à 2,0 x 10-20J.
  3. Dispositif d'approvisionnement en eau chaude (1) selon la revendication 1 ou 2, dans lequel le matériau d'adhérence de tartre (10) est constitué d'un matériau qui est un matériau quelconque parmi cuivre, laiton, acier inoxydable, caoutchouc siliconé, verre, fer, fer oxydé (III, II), chlorure de polyvinyle, polyéthylène, polystyrène, polypropylène, caoutchouc isoprène, caoutchouc butadiène ou caoutchouc styrène-butadiène.
  4. Dispositif d'approvisionnement en eau chaude (1) selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 à 3, dans lequel une porosité apparente du matériau d'adhérence de tarte (10) est égale ou supérieure à 91,0 % et est égale ou inférieure à 99,0 %.
EP12860174.7A 2011-12-20 2012-12-05 Dispositif d'alimentation en eau chaude Active EP2796806B1 (fr)

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JP6128332B2 (ja) * 2014-02-27 2017-05-17 株式会社富士通ゼネラル 温水暖房装置
EP3115343B1 (fr) * 2014-03-03 2021-04-28 Mitsubishi Electric Corporation Piège à tartre et chauffe-eau
GB2539007B (en) * 2015-06-03 2019-06-26 Paddison William Cleaning system
AU2020379962B2 (en) * 2019-11-05 2023-12-21 Daikin Industries, Ltd. Hot water supply device
WO2022176059A1 (fr) * 2021-02-17 2022-08-25 三菱電機株式会社 Appareil de piégeage de tartre et système d'alimentation en eau chaude
JPWO2023135777A1 (fr) * 2022-01-17 2023-07-20
US20240027101A1 (en) * 2022-07-22 2024-01-25 Bradford White Corporation System and method for scale management in water heating system

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JP5788023B2 (ja) 2015-09-30

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