EP2785933A1 - Verfahren zur herstellung von zweifach räumlich gekrümmten schalen - Google Patents
Verfahren zur herstellung von zweifach räumlich gekrümmten schalenInfo
- Publication number
- EP2785933A1 EP2785933A1 EP12791189.9A EP12791189A EP2785933A1 EP 2785933 A1 EP2785933 A1 EP 2785933A1 EP 12791189 A EP12791189 A EP 12791189A EP 2785933 A1 EP2785933 A1 EP 2785933A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- shell
- wedge
- film
- shell segments
- shaped
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
Classifications
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E04—BUILDING
- E04G—SCAFFOLDING; FORMS; SHUTTERING; BUILDING IMPLEMENTS OR AIDS, OR THEIR USE; HANDLING BUILDING MATERIALS ON THE SITE; REPAIRING, BREAKING-UP OR OTHER WORK ON EXISTING BUILDINGS
- E04G11/00—Forms, shutterings, or falsework for making walls, floors, ceilings, or roofs
- E04G11/04—Forms, shutterings, or falsework for making walls, floors, ceilings, or roofs for structures of spherical, spheroid or similar shape, or for cupola structures of circular or polygonal horizontal or vertical section; Inflatable forms
- E04G11/045—Inflatable forms
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E04—BUILDING
- E04B—GENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
- E04B1/00—Constructions in general; Structures which are not restricted either to walls, e.g. partitions, or floors or ceilings or roofs
- E04B1/16—Structures made from masses, e.g. of concrete, cast or similarly formed in situ with or without making use of additional elements, such as permanent forms, substructures to be coated with load-bearing material
- E04B1/167—Structures made from masses, e.g. of concrete, cast or similarly formed in situ with or without making use of additional elements, such as permanent forms, substructures to be coated with load-bearing material with permanent forms made of particular materials, e.g. layered products
- E04B1/168—Structures made from masses, e.g. of concrete, cast or similarly formed in situ with or without making use of additional elements, such as permanent forms, substructures to be coated with load-bearing material with permanent forms made of particular materials, e.g. layered products flexible
- E04B1/169—Structures made from masses, e.g. of concrete, cast or similarly formed in situ with or without making use of additional elements, such as permanent forms, substructures to be coated with load-bearing material with permanent forms made of particular materials, e.g. layered products flexible inflatable
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E04—BUILDING
- E04B—GENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
- E04B1/00—Constructions in general; Structures which are not restricted either to walls, e.g. partitions, or floors or ceilings or roofs
- E04B1/32—Arched structures; Vaulted structures; Folded structures
- E04B2001/327—Arched structures; Vaulted structures; Folded structures comprised of a number of panels or blocs connected together forming a self-supporting structure
Definitions
- the invention relates to a method for producing doubly spatially curved shells.
- Shells are surface structures that can be used, for example, as a roof for exhibition halls or event halls.
- Particularly suitable for the production of doubly spatially curved trays are materials which can be cast, such as e.g. Reinforced concrete, plastics, water or ice.
- Shell structures are characterized by the fact that, with suitable form and storage, they carry off loads predominantly by membrane forces. This leads to an extremely low material utilization and low material consumption. However, the savings in material consumption are offset by increased labor costs for the production of spatially curved formwork.
- Executed shell structures as described for example in "Spatial Roof Structures - Construction and Execution” by Hermann Rühle, Volume 1, VEB Verlag für Bausch, Berlin, 1969, p. 177, 248, 256 and "Heinz Isler - Schalen” by Ekkehard Ramm and Eberhard Schunk (ed.), Karl Krämer Verlag, Stuttgart, 1986, p. 51, 68, 70, 77 are described, generally have complicated, spatially curved formwork made of wood and / or steel.
- pneu generally refers to an inflatable structure.
- EP 1 706 553 has proposed mounting a plate of pourable material, such as e.g. Concrete or make water or ice on a flat work surface and then transform the plate into a shell by inflating a tire and tensing tendons.
- a plate of pourable material such as e.g. Concrete or make water or ice on a flat work surface
- a second soft material must be inserted in the plate, which plastically deforms during the forming process from the plate to the shell, but remains in the final shell.
- a further disadvantage is that the curvature of the shell to be produced by this method is limited, because the compressive stresses arising in the soft material during the forming process could lead to a stability failure of the areas with soft material. The areas of soft material are therefore limited to small dimensions.
- the invention has for its object to provide a method for producing a doubly curved shell without the construction of a spatially curved formwork and the associated scaffold and without the complex manufacturing process of the injection of building material on a pneumatic formwork, which does not limit to small spans and bends and where no plastically deformed material remains in the final shell.
- the method according to the invention comprises the following steps:
- first film and a second film on a, preferably flat, base surface, wherein the films are sealed at their edges together; radial laying of wedge-shaped tires on the second film on a surface portion of the base surface, which corresponds approximately to the difference between the base surface and the surface of the shell;
- Warping and raising the shell segments by blowing air between the first and second foils under tensile load of the at least one tension member in the circumferential direction;
- the base area is measured on a work surface, preferably a flat work surface, and dimensioned so that the base area is larger than the floor plan of Shell and at least the dimensions of the transmitted to the work surface surface of the shell.
- the individual shell segments are separated by joints. These are filled with a hardening potting material, whereby a high stability of the shell thus formed is ensured.
- the shell segments are expediently formed of concrete, reinforced concrete, fiber concrete, textile-reinforced concrete, plastic or ice, since these materials ensure a high stability of the shell. Furthermore, tension members of tension wire strands, monolayers, stainless steel cables, stainless steel strands or fiber-reinforced plastic are expediently formed because they have the necessary tensile strength and flexibility.
- cement mortar, synthetic resin, plastic or water has proven itself as potting material.
- the two superimposed films are formed with a gas-permeable layer, in particular a non-woven fabric and / or textile fabric inserted between the films, wherein the superimposed films are sealed together at their edges and a Gaseinleitvorraum is provided on a film.
- the films are expediently made of polyvinyl chloride or polyethylene in all conceivable variants.
- a good fit to a curved shell through the shell segments is obtained if at least one shell segment is cut before the forming process, the cut is guided from the surface to near at least one reinforcement and is arranged approximately orthogonal to the reinforcement.
- a preferred method is characterized in that the arrangement of shell-forming shell segments on the film is accomplished by pouring a castable material forming the shell segments, such as concrete, plastic or water, the base being provided with a peripheral edge shuttering for encasing the pourable material ,
- a load is applied along the outer edge of the base surface, in that the thickness of the shell segments along the outer edge of the base surface is made larger than the thickness of the inner regions of the shell segments.
- the air pressure in the space between the first film and the second film is set differently from the air pressures in the wedge-shaped tire, adjusted independently of one another. If e.g. the air pressure between the films is set to be greater than the air pressure in the tires, this leads to a partial penetration of the film in the joints, which in turn may be advantageous for later removal of the tires from the joints, as will be explained below with reference to an embodiment.
- the air pressure in the wedge-shaped tires is set differently in order to achieve a uniform closing of the joints during the shaping process.
- the air pressures are adjusted so that the joints after completion of the molding process in plan view have an approximately rectangular shape.
- a recess located in the center of the base is formed, and the shell segments are separated by the wedge-shaped tires laid therebetween, and the shell segments are joined together at the edge of the recess by a pull ring.
- the height of the wedge-shaped tires in the inflated state is at least equal to the thickness of the shell in a manufacturing process.
- Figure 1 is a plan view of the work surface after laying the wedge-shaped tires and the production of the shell segments.
- Fig. 2 is a section along the line II-II of Fig. 1;
- FIG. 3 is a plan view corresponding to FIG. 1 on the shell after completion of the
- Fig. 4 is a section along the line IV-IV of Fig. 3;
- Fig. 5 is a section along the line V-V of Fig. 1;
- FIG. 6 shows a section corresponding to FIG. 5 during the shaping process
- FIG. Fig. 7 is a section along the line VII-VII of FIG. 3 after completion of
- Fig. 8 is a section along the line VIII-VIII of Fig. 3;
- FIG. 9 shows a plan view analogous to FIG. 1 of a further embodiment
- FIG. 10 is a plan view corresponding to FIG. 9 of the shell after completion of the
- FIG. 11 a of FIG. 10 corresponding plan view of the finished shell after
- Figure 12 is a section along the line XII-XII of Figure 11 through the shell.
- Fig. 13 is a plan view corresponding to FIG. 10 with a representation of the
- FIG. 14 shows a section through the shell corresponding to FIG. 12, showing the forces exerted on the shell
- FIG. 15 shows a section along the line XV-XV of FIG. 9.
- FIGS. 1 and 2 are identical in the following, reference is made to FIGS. 1 and 2:
- the first example illustrates the production of a bowl 1 of ice with the shape of a sphere section.
- the shell 1 could be used for example as Eisbar.
- the outer edge 4 of a base 2 is measured and marked on a work surface 3.
- a first film 5 and a second film 6 are spread on the base 2.
- the material for the films 5, 6 for example, polyvinyl chloride or polyethylene can be used in all variants.
- the films 5, 6 are at this time, or later, peripherally sealed together.
- the remaining part of the base 2 is filled in layers with water, which is allowed to freeze using a suitable, along the outer edge 4 attached Randabschalung and arranged in the middle of the base 2 pull ring 16 layers. Only after complete freezing of a layer of water, a further layer of water is sprayed. Upon reaching a certain thickness of ice, which corresponds to, for example, half the shell thickness, a reinforcement is laid.
- An advantageous type of reinforcement is e.g. by radially arranged tension wire strands 10, which are shown in Fig. 1, however, only in a shell segment 8, realized.
- a relative to the building material 9, here ice, displaceable tension member 11 is arranged.
- a tension member could for example consist of a greased and arranged in a polyethylene cladding tension wire strand.
- the ice thickness along the outer edge 4 is increased as shown in FIG. 2, so as to provide an additional load.
- the shell segments 8 are formed by blowing in air between the first film 5 and the second film 6 and by tensile loading of the tension member 11.
- the diameter of the shell 1 after the completion of the molding process is smaller than the diameter of the planar initial shape.
- the air pressure in the wedge-shaped tire 7 can be changed during the production of the ice sheets, so that a section through the tire 7 according to FIG. 5 has a rectangular shape as possible.
- a tire is characterized by a compared to the Tensile rigidity negligible bending stiffness. Therefore, a cross section through the tire 7 as shown in Fig. 7 will have bulges.
- the tire is attached either to the second film 6 or to the shell segments 8 to prevent the tires 7 from sliding out during the molding process.
- loop-shaped anchors 17 are shown made of plastic, with which the tire 7 is attached to the shell segments 8.
- FIG. 6 shows that the gap 12 has been reduced in comparison to FIG. 5.
- the tire 7 is bulged upwards at the top.
- the air pressures in the space between the films 5, 6 and in the wedge-shaped tires 7 can be adjusted independently. 6 shows a situation in which the air pressure between the films 5, 6 is greater than the air pressure in the tire 7, which leads to a partial penetration of the film 6 into the joint 12.
- the air pressure in the tires 7 can either be the same or be changed for individual tires 7 in order to achieve a uniform closing of the joints 12 during the shaping process.
- FIG. 7 shows how the tire 7 can be pulled out of the joints 12 by suction, so that it comes to lie under the shell segments 8. Subsequently, the gap 12 can be filled with a potting material 13. The lower gap of the joint 12 is sealed by the tire 7 and by maintaining an air pressure in the space between the films 5, 6, so that the potting material 13 does not escape from the joint.
- the curvature k of the shell 1 or of the shell segment 8 corresponds to the reciprocal of the radius R.
- the curvature k is also equal to the sum of the elongation of the reinforcement e s and the compression e c of the building material 9 at the lower edge of the shell segment 8 divided by the length d, which corresponds to the distance between the reinforcement of tension wire strands 10 and the lower edge of the shell segment 8.
- the reinforcement must not be stressed during the forming process above the yield point, which marks the end of the linear relationship between stresses and distortions, because otherwise there will be no uniform curvatures in the shell segments 8, but locally large cracks.
- a reinforcement with high strength such as Tension wire strands 10 with a flow limit of about 1600 N / mm to use to achieve high strains and thus large curvatures.
- a further increase in the curvature is achieved by a reduction of the distance d, which means that the reinforcement is not arranged on the drawn edge of the shell segment 8, but, for example, in the middle in the shell segment 8. It is advantageous to provide the shell segments 8 with cuts 18 extending from the top to near the reinforcement to provide controlled cracking.
- FIGS. 9 to 14 A further exemplary embodiment is explained with reference to FIGS. 9 to 14 for the production of a doubly spatially curved shell 1, in which concrete is used as building material 9.
- the shell 1 could be used as wild overpass over railway tracks.
- the base area 2 is first measured in accordance with FIG. 9. Then, a first film 5, a second film 6 and wedge-shaped tires 7 are laid, and a suitable Randabschalung is prepared.
- the base 2 consists of two semicircles and a rectangle arranged therebetween. Wedge-shaped tires 7 are arranged only in the semi-circular portions of the base 2.
- the tires 7 in this example are intended to be connected to the second film 6, e.g. be connected by a bond.
- the shaping process which is carried out after the hardening of the concrete, results according to FIG. 10 in a reduction of the circumference of the shell 1 in comparison to the length of the outer edge 4 of the base 2.
- a reinforcement can then be laid on a part of the surface of the shell 1 according to FIGS. 11 and 12 and an in-situ concrete layer 19 applied. After hardening the in-situ concrete layer 19, the edge regions of the shell 1, which are not covered with an in-situ concrete layer 19, can be broken off in order to create openings for the tracks under the shell 1.
- Fig. 13 shows the forces exerted on the shell 1 by the tension members 11 and 11 'during the molding process.
- the laid along the outer edge 4 tension member 11 exercises in the areas where it along the outer edge. 4 was displaced circular, deflection forces u on the shell edge.
- the currently laid tension members 11 'exert anchoring forces F on the shell edge.
- FIG. 15 shows a section corresponding in principle to FIG. 5, however, with a modified embodiment of the wedge-shaped tires 7.
- the wedge-shaped tires 7 each here comprise two planar films which are welded together along their edges.
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Architecture (AREA)
- Civil Engineering (AREA)
- Structural Engineering (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Electromagnetism (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Tires In General (AREA)
- Heating, Cooling, Or Curing Plastics Or The Like In General (AREA)
- Moulds, Cores, Or Mandrels (AREA)
- Moulds For Moulding Plastics Or The Like (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
AT17702011A AT511948B1 (de) | 2011-11-30 | 2011-11-30 | Verfahren zur herstellung von zweifach räumlich gekrümmten schalen |
PCT/EP2012/073678 WO2013079465A1 (de) | 2011-11-30 | 2012-11-27 | Verfahren zur herstellung von zweifach räumlich gekrümmten schalen |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
EP2785933A1 true EP2785933A1 (de) | 2014-10-08 |
EP2785933B1 EP2785933B1 (de) | 2016-09-07 |
Family
ID=47226180
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP12791189.9A Not-in-force EP2785933B1 (de) | 2011-11-30 | 2012-11-27 | Verfahren zur herstellung von zweifach räumlich gekrümmten schalen |
Country Status (5)
Country | Link |
---|---|
EP (1) | EP2785933B1 (de) |
AT (1) | AT511948B1 (de) |
ES (1) | ES2603190T3 (de) |
PT (1) | PT2785933T (de) |
WO (1) | WO2013079465A1 (de) |
Cited By (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
WO2018058165A1 (de) * | 2016-09-30 | 2018-04-05 | Technische Universität Wien | Verfahren zur herstellung von einfach gekrümmten und zweifach gekrümmten schalen |
Families Citing this family (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
CN107254916A (zh) * | 2017-08-01 | 2017-10-17 | 深圳市博德维环境技术股份有限公司 | 充气膜 |
CN107476437A (zh) * | 2017-09-06 | 2017-12-15 | 郑州三迪建筑科技有限公司 | 一种球形房屋的建造方法 |
Family Cites Families (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US2812769A (en) * | 1955-05-06 | 1957-11-12 | Engineering Dev Corp | Tents |
DE3500153A1 (de) | 1985-01-04 | 1986-07-10 | Rudolf Dipl.-Ing. 7000 Stuttgart Bergermann | Pneumatische schalung |
EP1706553B1 (de) | 2004-01-14 | 2008-04-23 | Austria Wirtschaftsservice Gesellschaft m.b.H. | Verfahren zur herstellung von zweifach gekrümmten schalen |
US7506483B2 (en) * | 2005-10-14 | 2009-03-24 | Thoeny Theodore T | Inflatable structures |
AT506902B1 (de) * | 2008-05-19 | 2011-03-15 | Univ Wien Tech | Verfahren zur herstellung einer schale |
-
2011
- 2011-11-30 AT AT17702011A patent/AT511948B1/de not_active IP Right Cessation
-
2012
- 2012-11-27 EP EP12791189.9A patent/EP2785933B1/de not_active Not-in-force
- 2012-11-27 WO PCT/EP2012/073678 patent/WO2013079465A1/de active Application Filing
- 2012-11-27 ES ES12791189.9T patent/ES2603190T3/es active Active
- 2012-11-27 PT PT127911899T patent/PT2785933T/pt unknown
Non-Patent Citations (1)
Title |
---|
See references of WO2013079465A1 * |
Cited By (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
WO2018058165A1 (de) * | 2016-09-30 | 2018-04-05 | Technische Universität Wien | Verfahren zur herstellung von einfach gekrümmten und zweifach gekrümmten schalen |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
ES2603190T3 (es) | 2017-02-24 |
AT511948A4 (de) | 2013-04-15 |
AT511948B1 (de) | 2013-04-15 |
PT2785933T (pt) | 2016-11-24 |
WO2013079465A1 (de) | 2013-06-06 |
EP2785933B1 (de) | 2016-09-07 |
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