EP2766192B1 - Security element - Google Patents
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- EP2766192B1 EP2766192B1 EP12773222.0A EP12773222A EP2766192B1 EP 2766192 B1 EP2766192 B1 EP 2766192B1 EP 12773222 A EP12773222 A EP 12773222A EP 2766192 B1 EP2766192 B1 EP 2766192B1
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- grid
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- security element
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- grid bars
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- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 claims description 19
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 15
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- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 claims description 10
- 239000004065 semiconductor Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 9
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- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
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- 229910052732 germanium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
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- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
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- BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N platinum Chemical compound [Pt] BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
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- VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chromium Chemical compound [Cr] VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N gold Chemical compound [Au] PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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Images
Classifications
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B42—BOOKBINDING; ALBUMS; FILES; SPECIAL PRINTED MATTER
- B42D—BOOKS; BOOK COVERS; LOOSE LEAVES; PRINTED MATTER CHARACTERISED BY IDENTIFICATION OR SECURITY FEATURES; PRINTED MATTER OF SPECIAL FORMAT OR STYLE NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; DEVICES FOR USE THEREWITH AND NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; MOVABLE-STRIP WRITING OR READING APPARATUS
- B42D25/00—Information-bearing cards or sheet-like structures characterised by identification or security features; Manufacture thereof
- B42D25/20—Information-bearing cards or sheet-like structures characterised by identification or security features; Manufacture thereof characterised by a particular use or purpose
- B42D25/29—Securities; Bank notes
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B42—BOOKBINDING; ALBUMS; FILES; SPECIAL PRINTED MATTER
- B42D—BOOKS; BOOK COVERS; LOOSE LEAVES; PRINTED MATTER CHARACTERISED BY IDENTIFICATION OR SECURITY FEATURES; PRINTED MATTER OF SPECIAL FORMAT OR STYLE NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; DEVICES FOR USE THEREWITH AND NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; MOVABLE-STRIP WRITING OR READING APPARATUS
- B42D25/00—Information-bearing cards or sheet-like structures characterised by identification or security features; Manufacture thereof
- B42D25/30—Identification or security features, e.g. for preventing forgery
- B42D25/36—Identification or security features, e.g. for preventing forgery comprising special materials
- B42D25/373—Metallic materials
-
- B42D2035/16—
-
- B42D2035/24—
-
- B42D2035/36—
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B42—BOOKBINDING; ALBUMS; FILES; SPECIAL PRINTED MATTER
- B42D—BOOKS; BOOK COVERS; LOOSE LEAVES; PRINTED MATTER CHARACTERISED BY IDENTIFICATION OR SECURITY FEATURES; PRINTED MATTER OF SPECIAL FORMAT OR STYLE NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; DEVICES FOR USE THEREWITH AND NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; MOVABLE-STRIP WRITING OR READING APPARATUS
- B42D25/00—Information-bearing cards or sheet-like structures characterised by identification or security features; Manufacture thereof
- B42D25/30—Identification or security features, e.g. for preventing forgery
- B42D25/36—Identification or security features, e.g. for preventing forgery comprising special materials
- B42D25/378—Special inks
- B42D25/391—Special inks absorbing or reflecting polarised light
Definitions
- the invention relates to a security element for the production of value documents, such as banknotes, checks or the like, which has a line grid structure.
- Security elements of value documents with periodic line grids are known, for example from the DE 102009012299 A1 . DE 102009012300 A1 . US 2010/0307705 A1 or the DE 102009056933 A1 , which discloses a security element according to the preamble of claim 1.
- Such color filter properties are known for both reflective and transmissive subwavelength structures. These structures have a strong polarizing influence on the reflection or the transmission of an incident light beam. The color is relatively strongly dependent on the angle in reflection or transmission of such subwavelength gratings. However, the color saturation for these gratings weakens significantly when the incident light is unpolarized.
- a line grating with subwavelength structures which has angle-dependent, color-filtering properties.
- the line grid has a rectangular profile made of a dielectric material. The horizontal surfaces are covered with a high refractive dielectric. Above this structure is also a dielectric material, wherein preferably the refractive indices of the grating substrate and the cover material are identical.
- an optically active structure is formed, which consists of two gratings of the high refractive index material, which are spaced apart by the height of the original rectangular profile.
- the the line grid forming lattice webs are for example made of ZnS.
- the DE 102006052413 A1 discloses a security element with a grid polarizer.
- the WO 2005/071444 A2 describes a grid pattern with several grid fields.
- the invention is therefore based on the object to provide a security element that shows a good color also when viewed, which changes preferably when tilting.
- the security element for producing value documents such as banknotes, checks or the like comprises a dielectric substrate, a first grid structure embedded in the substrate of a plurality of longitudinally extending and arranged in a plane first grid bars of metal or semiconductor and a in the substrate embedded second line grid structure of longitudinally extending second metal or semiconductor grid bars located above the first line grid structure with respect to the plane.
- the first grid bars have each have a width and are adjacent to each other at a distance, so that extending between the first grid bars along the longitudinal direction extending first grid column with the distance corresponding width.
- the second line lattice structure is inverted to the first line lattice structure, wherein in plan view of the plane the second lattice webs over the first lattice columns and second lattice gaps, which exist between the second lattice webs, lie over the first lattice webs, and the width of the first lattice webs and the second lattice gaps the width of the second grid bars and the first grid column is below 300 nm.
- These grids are at a distance from each other, so that there is no closed half or half metal film.
- the thickness of the grid webs may be below 300 nm.
- phase shift corresponds to half a period.
- a double-line grating which consists of two superimposed complementary to one another, ie mutually shifted line grating structures.
- a phase shift of 90 ° is the ideal value, which of course can be seen in the context of manufacturing accuracy.
- 90 ° phase shift arise, since usually a rectangular profile is not perfect, but can be approximated only by a trapezoidal profile whose upper parallel edge is shorter than the lower parallel edge.
- the line grid structures are made of metal or semiconductor or of a multilayer structure.
- the layer thickness of the lattice webs is less than the modulation depth, that is, the spacing of the lattice planes of the line lattice structures.
- the security element according to the invention can be produced by a layer construction by first providing a base layer on which the first line grid structure is formed. Then, a dielectric intermediate layer is applied, which covers the first line grid structure and is thicker than the grid bars of the first line grid structure. The displaced second line grid structure can then be formed thereon, and a dielectric cover layer forms the termination of the substrate embedding the line grid structure.
- a particularly good color effect is obtained when the distance between the first and the second lattice webs, ie the modulation depth of the structure, is between 50 nm and 500 nm, preferably between 100 nm and 300 nm.
- the distance is to be dimensioned by respective equivalent surfaces of the first and second line grid structure, i. for example, from the bottom of the first grid webs to the bottom of the second grid bars or from the top of the first grid bars to the top of the second grid bars.
- the distance is of course to measure perpendicular to the plane, so called the height difference between the rectified surfaces of the grid bars.
- Suitable materials for the grid bars metals come into question, for example, aluminum, silver, copper, gold, chromium, platinum and alloys of these materials.
- the desired color effect is also evident when using semiconductors, such as silicon or germanium.
- the first lattice webs of the first line lattice structure and / or the second lattice webs of the second line lattice structure may be provided with a multilayer coating, e.g. as a trilayer of two superimposed metal or semiconductor coatings with an intervening dielectric layer can be constructed.
- the security element can be configured approximately color-neutral in the reflection even at approximately vertical angle of incidence. This has the advantage that the transmitted hue is not changed by the reflection.
- Preferred for the grid structures of the security element is a fill factor of 0.5, i. same width for the grid bars as for the grid column. Such a fill factor is not mandatory. With a deviation from this, one can make the hue of the reflection for reflection from the front different for a reflection hue, which occurs in the reflection at the back of the security element.
- the security element with the double-line grid shows angle-dependent color filtering for reflection and transmission. This angle dependence is particularly striking when the grid lines are perpendicular to the light incidence plane.
- Color filtering can be used to make motifs multicolored so that they change color when tilted or twisted. It is therefore preferred that, in plan view of the plane, at least two regions are provided whose longitudinal directions of the line grid structures are oblique to one another, in particular at right angles. When viewed vertically, such a motif can be designed so that it has a uniform color in transmission and no other structure. If you rotate this motif around the vertical axis, the color of one area, for example of the background, changes differently than the color of the other area, for example a motif. Turning perpendicular to the viewing direction changes the colors of the subject as well as the subject Background to a complete color change. Because the grid area, whose grid lines are parallel to the plane of incidence, hardly changes its color when tilted.
- the lattice structure has polarizing properties in transmission.
- polarizing properties in transmission.
- the security element shows different polarization properties depending on the orientation of the grating structures. It is therefore preferable to provide a security element which has at least two regions whose line grid structures extend along differently extending longitudinal directions. When viewed with polarized light, these areas show large differences in contrast, which facilitates machine reading.
- a machine readout for example with a bright field camera and a polarizing filter, provides a contrast between these two areas, which serves to authenticate the security element.
- the line grids in the individual areas may also have different geometry parameters in terms of width and spacing. In this case, however, the subject does not disappear when viewed vertically.
- Fig. 1 shows in sectional view a security element S, which has a embedded in a substrate 1 double-line grid.
- a first line grid structure 2 is incorporated, which is arranged in a plane L.
- the first line grid structure consists of first grid bars 9 with the width a, which extend along a longitudinal direction perpendicular to the plane of the drawing. Between the first grid bars 3 there are first grid gaps 4, which have a width b.
- the thickness of the first grid bars 3 is indicated by t.
- the second line grid structure 6 is phase-shifted with respect to the first line grid structure 2 in such a way that the second grid bars 7 come to lie as exactly as possible (within the manufacturing accuracy) over the first grid columns 4.
- second grid gaps 8, which exist between the second grid bars 7, lie over the first grid bars 3.
- the thickness t is smaller than the height h, so that no continuous film of the grid bars 3 and 7 is formed.
- the thickness t of the first lattice webs 2 is equal to the thickness t of the second lattice webs 7. This is for a simpler production benefit, but is not absolutely necessary. It is essential, however, that the modulation depth h, ie the height difference between the first line grid structure 2 and the second line grid structure 6, is greater than the sum of the thicknesses of the first grid bars 3 and the second grid bars 7, since otherwise there is no separation between the two line grid structures 2 and 6 would be given.
- the security element S of Fig. 1 Reflects incident radiation E as reflected radiation R. Further, a radiation component is transmitted as transmitted radiation T.
- the reflection and transmission properties depend on the angle of incidence ⁇ , as will be explained below.
- the production of the security element S can take place, for example, by first applying the first line grid structure 2 and then an intermediate layer 5 to a base layer 9.
- the second line grid structure with the second grid webs 7 can then be introduced into the grid column 4 depicted at the top.
- a cover layer 10 covers the security element.
- the refractive indices of the layers 9, 5 and 10 are substantially the same and may be, for example, about 1.5, in particular 1.56.
- the measures b, a and t are in the sub-wavelength range, i. less than 300 nm.
- the modulation depth is preferably between 50 nm and 500 nm.
- Fig. 2b Analog shows the reflection and the Fig. 2c the absorption of the security element.
- the angle of incidence ⁇ is in Fig. 1 Are defined.
- the structure of the underlying security element essentially corresponds to that of Fig. 1 however, the first and second line grating structures are not made of metal but of ZnS with a layer thickness of 70 nm. As can be seen, no spectrally selective absorptions occur. The color properties in transmission are significantly worse. The chroma is only about a quarter and the brightness is also modulated with respect to the angle of incidence. Therefore, the color contrast in transmission is drastically deteriorated with a variation of the incident angle. Such a grating can at best be used in reflective operation, ie on a black background layer.
- Fig. 3 and 4 show how the modulation depth ( Fig. 3 ) or the layer thickness ( Fig. 4 ) on the color properties of the security element of Fig. 1 or 2.
- the representation takes place in the LCh color space.
- the top line shows the brightness L *, the middle line the chroma C *, and the bottom line the hue h °.
- the material for the line grid structure is aluminum, the substrate, and regions 4 and 5 of FIG Fig. 1 have a refractive index of 1.56. This value corresponds approximately to the refractive index of PET films and UV varnishes.
- the brightness and the chroma in transmission increase with increasing modulation depth h.
- a well-perceived color contrast is given in transmission when the transmitted brightness and chroma are higher than the reflected brightness and chroma. This is the case at modulation depths between 150 nm and 280 nm. It shows a much improved color property in transmission over the security element with ZnS grid bars.
- Fig. 4 shows the influence of the layer thickness.
- the material is again aluminum, and the geometric parameters d, b, h correspond to those of Fig. 2 , It turns out that a layer thickness in the range of 20 nm and 30 nm produces favorable color properties in transmission.
- the brightness of the transmission is in the same order of magnitude of the brightness in reflection.
- the chroma in transmission is significantly higher.
- the angle-dependent color effect in transmission is not limited to only a line grid structure having a single metal layer or semiconductor layer in the grid bars.
- the effects described are also obtained for double-line gratings whose lattice webs consist of several layers.
- the total thickness of the layers is always smaller than the modulation depth h.
- At least one of the layers consists of a metal or a semiconductor. Trilayers are particularly preferred for the layer structure. A larger number of layers hardly improves the angle-dependent color effect, but increases the manufacturing cost.
- Fig. 6 shows by way of example a security element, in which the first and second lattice webs 3 and 7 are each realized by a trilayer coating. They have a metallic layer 11, a dielectric intermediate layer 12 and a further metallic layer 13. Preferably, but not necessarily, the thickness of the two metal layers is identical.
- Fig. 7 shows the color values in the LCh color space for the security element S with the layer structure according to FIG Fig. 6 wherein the metal layers 11 and 13 are each 10 nm thick aluminum layers and the dielectric layer 12 is a silicon dioxide layer.
- Fig. 7 shows the color effect as a function of the thickness of the silicon dioxide layer.
- the substrate 1 and the regions 4 and 5 have, as in other embodiments, a refractive index of 1.56.
- the security element shows a slightly lower brightness in transmission, but a higher chroma than in reflection. Silicon dioxide layer thicknesses above 60 nm cause a strong hue in transmission when tilted. In reflection, the security element appears green. At 70 nm layer thickness of silicon dioxide, the security element is approximately neutral in reflection at approximately vertical angles of incidence. This has the advantage that the transmitted hue is not changed by the reflection.
- angle-dependent color filtering of the security elements described can now be used to make multi-colored motifs that change their color when tilted or twisted.
- the simple embodiment of a multicolor motif with a double-line grid is an arrangement in which different areas are formed whose longitudinal direction of the line grid structures is rotated relative to one another, preferably by 90 °.
- the spectral transmission or reflection characteristics hardly changes.
- Fig. 8a and 8b show a security element in which areas of a background 14 of a motif 15 with vertically extending longitudinal direction and the motif 15 are formed with a horizontally extending longitudinal direction. In the presentation of the Fig. 8b you can see these line directions indicated schematically.
- the motif 15 shows a butterfly and two numerical values.
- Fig. 8a shows the motif 15 schematically in white on a black background.
- the motif 15 as the background 14 are exemplary with the parameters of the embodiment according to Fig. 1 designed.
- the Fig. 9a and 9b show different lighting conditions when the security element S the Fig. 8 in front of a backlight 16 is viewed in transmitted light.
- the security element When viewed vertically (upper part of the figure Fig. 9a ), the security element appears uniform yellow in transmission. Now when the security element is rotated about the vertical axis, the color of the background 14 changes from yellow to blue. If tilted around the horizontal axis instead, the motif 15 will appear blue (lower illustration of the Fig. 9a ).
- the situation for different azimuth angles shows the Fig. 9b , Here, the colors of the motif 15 and the background 14 change to a complete inversion.
- the security element S also has polarization-filtering properties in transmission.
- Fig. 10 shows the color behavior of a security element S with a line grid structure whose grid bars are made of aluminum, as a function of the modulation depth h in reflection (left column) and in transmission (right column) for TE and TM polarization at a normal angle of incidence.
- the application otherwise corresponds to that of Fig. 3 ,
- the security element has a good brightness contrast for the two polarization directions in transmission at a modulation depth above 150 nm. Furthermore, the change in chroma is particularly large for modulation depths between 200 nm and 260 nm. The color change has a maximum at a modulation depth of 270 nm.
- Fig. 11 shows the influence of the layer thickness t for the grid of Fig. 10 at a modulation depth of 250 nm.
- the security element has good polarization filter properties in transmission at layer thicknesses above 20 nm.
- the chroma and the color contrast are particularly high at layer thicknesses between 20 nm and 30 nm.
- a color change from blue to yellow is observed as the polarization of the illumination changes from TM polarization to TE polarization.
- d 360 nm
- b 180 nm
- h 300 nm
- Fig. 13 shows the color behavior when crystalline silicon is used instead of amorphous silicon. Otherwise the parameters correspond to those of the Fig. 12 ,
- This security element shows clear brightness differences even for layer thicknesses above 40 nm.
- the layer thickness of 100 nm is particularly well suited as a polarizing filter.
- the orange / blue color contrast is strongest for a silicon layer thickness of 120 nm.
- the line grid structure of the security element has polarization-filtering (so-called polarizing) properties in transmission.
- Fig. 15 shows the color values in the LCh color space of a lattice damped with aluminum as a function the modulation depth h in reflection and in transmission for TM and TE polarization at normal angle of incidence. In the left column of the Fig. 15 are the color values in reflection, in the right column in transmission.
- the structure of the grid corresponds to that of Fig.
- Fig. 16 shows a representation similar to the Fig. 3 for a grid in which the grid bars 3.7 consist of a 40 nm copper layer. Otherwise, the parameters correspond to those of the security element of the Fig. 15 , Here, too, results in a modulation depth of 260 nm, a significant difference in color, which is approximately the basis of Fig. 15 corresponds described. If the layer thickness of the copper of the grid bars 3,7 is varied, the recognizable colors can be adjusted slightly differently.
- the plot is made here as a function of the illumination wavelength in the near infrared.
- the solid line shows the TM polarization, the dashed line the TE polarization of the illumination radiation. It can be seen clearly that for certain wavelengths a clearer Transmission and reflection difference between the two polarization directions exists.
- Fig. 18 shows the transmission of the lattice of the Fig. 17a, b as a function of the wavelength in the visible spectral range. Again, there is a significant difference for the two polarization directions.
- Fig. 19a shows the transmission and Fig. 19b the reflection of a grid with the parameters of the security element of the Fig. 15
- the grid bars 3, 7 are formed here by a 100 nm thick silicon layer.
- the solid and long dashed lines represent the TM polarization of the incident radiation.
- the short-dashed and the dot-dash line the TE polarization.
- the polarization filter properties of the security element allow authenticity checking by considering the transmission in linearly polarized illumination.
- illumination is provided, for example, by LCD screens.
- Even the blue sky is partially linearly polarized (in contrast to the cloudy sky) and may be suitable as a source of radiation for the investigation of the security element.
- the polarization filter properties of the security element also allow a machine authenticity check by examining the contrast, for example in a specific spectral range. Contrast is to be understood as the different transmission and / or reflection in mutually orthogonal polarization directions.
- the checking device thus illuminates the security element successively in two different polarization directions and detects the contrast between the two images obtained thereby. This procedure allows a simple machine check of the security element, which is much more expensive or not possible with other security elements.
- Fig. 20 shows by way of example a rectangular area 16 which has ten partial areas 16.1 to 16.10 that differ with respect to the longitudinal direction of their line grid structure in such a way that the longitudinal direction changes in 10 ° steps from the vertical orientation (partial area 16.1) into a horizontal orientation (partial area 16.10) , If this structure is rotated in front of a polarized light source, the colors which are recognizable in TE or TM polarization interchange approximately continuously with increasing rotation angle over the partial regions 16.1 to 16.10 due to the polarization-filtering properties of the line grid structure.
- the security element can serve in particular as a see-through window of banknotes or other documents. It may also be partially overprinted in color or the grid areas may be partially demetallized. Combinations with diffractive grating structures, such as holograms, are also conceivable.
- the authenticity check of the security element can of course be made without tools. With the help of a polarizer, additional authentication can be performed without additional devices.
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Description
Die Erfindung betrifft ein Sicherheitselement zur Herstellung von Wertdokumenten, wie Banknoten, Schecks oder dergleichen, das eine Liniengitterstruktur aufweist.The invention relates to a security element for the production of value documents, such as banknotes, checks or the like, which has a line grid structure.
Sicherheitselemente von Wertdokumenten mit periodischen Liniengittern sind bekannt, beispielsweise aus der
Es ist ein Liniengitter mit Subwellenlängenstrukturen bekannt, welches winkelabhängige, farbfilternde Eigenschaften besitzt. Das Liniengitter besitzt ein Rechteckprofil aus einem dielektrischen Material. Die waagrechten Flächen sind mit einem hochbrechenden Dielektrikum überzogen. Oberhalb dieser Struktur befindet sich ebenfalls ein dielektrisches Material, wobei bevorzugterweise die Brechungsindizes des Gittersubstrats und des Deckmaterials identisch sind. Dadurch ist eine optisch wirksame Struktur ausgebildet, die aus zwei Gittern aus dem hochbrechenden Material besteht, welche durch die Höhe des ursprünglichen Rechteckprofils beabstandet sind. Die das Liniengitter bildenden Gitterstege sind beispielsweise aus ZnS. Man kann damit zwar einen Farbkontrast in Reflexion erzeugen, in Transmission ist eine Veränderung des Farbtons für unterschiedliche Winkel jedoch kaum wahrnehmbar. Diese Struktur bietet sich deshalb lediglich als Sicherheitsmerkmal in Reflexion an und muss dazu auf einem absorbierenden Untergrund aufgebaut werden.A line grating with subwavelength structures is known, which has angle-dependent, color-filtering properties. The line grid has a rectangular profile made of a dielectric material. The horizontal surfaces are covered with a high refractive dielectric. Above this structure is also a dielectric material, wherein preferably the refractive indices of the grating substrate and the cover material are identical. As a result, an optically active structure is formed, which consists of two gratings of the high refractive index material, which are spaced apart by the height of the original rectangular profile. The the line grid forming lattice webs are for example made of ZnS. Although one can thus produce a color contrast in reflection, in transmission, a change in hue for different angles is barely perceptible. Therefore, this structure offers itself only as a security feature in reflection and has to be built on an absorbent surface.
Die bekannten zweidimensional periodischen Subwellenlängengitter mit nicht zusammenhängender Oberfläche zeigen zwar ausgeprägte Farbfiltereigenschaften. Sie sind jedoch auf eine große Winkeltoleranz optimiert. Ihr Farbton ändert sich daher beim Verkippen kaum.Although the known two-dimensional periodic sub-wavelength gratings with non-contiguous surface show pronounced color filter properties. However, they are optimized for a large angular tolerance. Their color shade therefore hardly changes when tilted.
Die
Der Erfindung liegt deshalb die Aufgabe zugrunde, ein Sicherheitselement anzugeben, das einen auch bei Durchsicht guten Farbeffekt zeigt, welcher sich bevorzugt beim Verkippen ändert.The invention is therefore based on the object to provide a security element that shows a good color also when viewed, which changes preferably when tilting.
Die Erfindung ist in den Ansprüchen 1 und 10 definiert. Das Sicherheitselement zur Herstellung von Wertdokumenten, wie Banknoten, Schecks oder dergleichen gemäß Anspruch 1 weist ein dielektrisches Substrat, eine in das Substrat eingebettete erste Liniengitterstruktur aus mehreren längs einer Längsrichtung verlaufenden und in einer Ebene angeordneten ersten Gitterstegen aus Metall oder Halbleiter und eine in das Substrat eingebettete zweite Liniengitterstruktur aus längs der Längsrichtung verlaufenden zweiten Gitterstegen aus Metall oder Halbleiter, die sich bezogen auf die Ebene über der ersten Liniengitterstruktur befindet. Die ersten Gitterstege haben jeweils eine Breite und liegen in einem Abstand nebeneinander, so dass zwischen den ersten Gitterstegen längs der Längsrichtung verlaufende erste Gitterspalte mit dem Abstand entsprechender Breite gebildet sind. Die zweite Liniengitterstruktur ist zur ersten Liniengitterstruktur invertiert, wobei in Draufsicht auf die Ebene die zweiten Gitterstege über den ersten Gitterspalten und zweite Gitterspalte, die zwischen den zweiten Gitterstegen bestehen, über den ersten Gitterstegen liegen, und die Breite der ersten Gitterstege und der zweiten Gitterspalte sowie die Breite der zweiten Gitterstege und der ersten Gitterspalte unter 300 nm ist. Diese Gitter befinden sich derart in einem Abstand zueinander, so dass kein geschlossener Halb- bzw. Halbmetallfilm vorliegt. Dabei kann optional die Dicke der Gitterstege unter 300 nm sein.The invention is defined in
Bei einer periodischen Liniengitterstruktur entspricht die Phasenverschiebung einer halben Periode.In a periodic line grid structure, the phase shift corresponds to half a period.
Erfindungsgemäß wird ein Doppel-Liniengitter verwendet, das aus zwei übereinanderliegenden komplementär zueinander aufgebauten, d.h. gegeneinander verschobenen Liniengitterstrukturen besteht. Eine Phasenverschiebung von 90° ist der Idealwert, welcher natürlich im Rahmen der Fertigungsgenauigkeit zu sehen ist. Durch Fertigungstoleranzen können hier Abweichungen von der Komplementarität, also 90° Phasenverschiebung, entstehen, da in der Regel ein Rechteckprofil nicht perfekt ausgebildet, sondern nur durch ein Trapezprofil angenähert werden kann, dessen obere Parallelkante kürzer ist als die untere Parallelkante. Die Liniengitterstrukturen sind aus Metall oder Halbleiter oder aus einem Multilayeraufbau. Die Schichtdicke der Gitterstege ist geringer als die Modulationstiefe, also als der Abstand der Gitterebenen der Liniengitterstrukturen.According to the invention, a double-line grating is used, which consists of two superimposed complementary to one another, ie mutually shifted line grating structures. A phase shift of 90 ° is the ideal value, which of course can be seen in the context of manufacturing accuracy. By manufacturing tolerances here deviations from the complementarity, so 90 ° phase shift arise, since usually a rectangular profile is not perfect, but can be approximated only by a trapezoidal profile whose upper parallel edge is shorter than the lower parallel edge. The line grid structures are made of metal or semiconductor or of a multilayer structure. The layer thickness of the lattice webs is less than the modulation depth, that is, the spacing of the lattice planes of the line lattice structures.
Es zeigte sich, dass ein derart aufgebautes Gitter überraschenderweise sowohl in Reflexion als auch in Transmission reproduzierbare und gut wahrnehmbare Farbeffekte liefert.It was found that a lattice constructed in this way surprisingly provides reproducible and readily perceptible color effects both in reflection and in transmission.
Das erfindungsgemäße Sicherheitselement kann durch einen Schichtaufbau hergestellt werden, indem zuerst eine Grundschicht bereitgestellt wird, auf der die erste Liniengitterstruktur ausgebildet wird. Darauf bringt man eine dielektrische Zwischenschicht auf, die die erste Liniengitterstruktur überdeckt und dicker als die Gitterstege der ersten Liniengitterstruktur ist. Darauf kann dann die verschobene zweite Liniengitterstruktur ausgebildet werden und eine dielektrische Deckschicht bildet den Abschluss des die Liniengitterstruktur einbettenden Substrates.The security element according to the invention can be produced by a layer construction by first providing a base layer on which the first line grid structure is formed. Then, a dielectric intermediate layer is applied, which covers the first line grid structure and is thicker than the grid bars of the first line grid structure. The displaced second line grid structure can then be formed thereon, and a dielectric cover layer forms the termination of the substrate embedding the line grid structure.
Einen besonders guten Farbeffekt erhält man, wenn der Abstand zwischen den ersten und den zweiten Gitterstegen, also die Modulationstiefe der Struktur, zwischen 50 nm und 500 nm, bevorzugt zwischen 100 nm und 300 nm liegt. Der Abstand ist dabei von jeweils gleichweisenden Flächen der ersten und zweiten Liniengitterstruktur zu bemessen, d.h. beispielsweise von der Unterseite der ersten Gitterstege zur Unterseite der zweiten Gitterstege bzw. von der Oberseite der ersten Gitterstege zur Oberseite der zweiten Gitterstege. Der Abstand ist dabei selbstverständlich senkrecht zur Ebene zu messen, bezeichnet also den Höhenunterschied zwischen den gleichgerichteten Flächen der Gitterstege.A particularly good color effect is obtained when the distance between the first and the second lattice webs, ie the modulation depth of the structure, is between 50 nm and 500 nm, preferably between 100 nm and 300 nm. The distance is to be dimensioned by respective equivalent surfaces of the first and second line grid structure, i. for example, from the bottom of the first grid webs to the bottom of the second grid bars or from the top of the first grid bars to the top of the second grid bars. The distance is of course to measure perpendicular to the plane, so called the height difference between the rectified surfaces of the grid bars.
Als Material für die Gitterstege kommen Metalle infrage, beispielsweise Aluminium, Silber, Kupfer, Gold, Chrom, Platin und Legierungen von diesen Materialien. Der gewünschte Farbeffekt zeigt sich auch bei der Verwendung von Halbleitern, wie Silizium oder Germanium.Suitable materials for the grid bars metals come into question, for example, aluminum, silver, copper, gold, chromium, platinum and alloys of these materials. The desired color effect is also evident when using semiconductors, such as silicon or germanium.
Um die Buntheit in Reflexion zu steigern, können die ersten Gitterstege der ersten Liniengitterstruktur und/oder die zweiten Gitterstege der zweiten Liniengitterstruktur mit eine Multilayerbeschichtung, z.B. als Trilayer aus zwei übereinanderliegenden Metall- oder Halbleiterbeschichtungen mit einer dazwischen liegenden dielektrischen Schicht, aufgebaut werden. Das Sicherheitselement kann auch bei ungefähr senkrechtem Einfallswinkel annähernd farbneutral in der Reflexion ausgestaltet werden. Dies hat den Vorteil, dass der transmittierte Farbton durch die Reflexion nicht verändert wird. Bevorzugt für die Gitterstrukturen des Sicherheitselementes ist ein Füllfaktor von 0,5, d.h. gleiche Breite für die Gitterstege wie für die Gitterspalte. Ein solcher Füllfaktor ist aber nicht zwingend. Mit einer Abweichung davon kann man den Farbton der Reflexion für eine Reflexion von der Vorderseite unterschiedlich gestalten für einen Reflexionsfarbton, der sich bei der Reflexion an der Rückseite des Sicherheitselementes einstellt.In order to increase the chroma in reflection, the first lattice webs of the first line lattice structure and / or the second lattice webs of the second line lattice structure may be provided with a multilayer coating, e.g. as a trilayer of two superimposed metal or semiconductor coatings with an intervening dielectric layer can be constructed. The security element can be configured approximately color-neutral in the reflection even at approximately vertical angle of incidence. This has the advantage that the transmitted hue is not changed by the reflection. Preferred for the grid structures of the security element is a fill factor of 0.5, i. same width for the grid bars as for the grid column. Such a fill factor is not mandatory. With a deviation from this, one can make the hue of the reflection for reflection from the front different for a reflection hue, which occurs in the reflection at the back of the security element.
Das Sicherheitselement mit dem Doppel-Liniengitter zeigt eine winkelabhängige Farbfilterung bei Reflexion und Transmission. Diese Winkelabhängigkeit ist besonders markant, wenn die Gitterlinien senkrecht zur Lichteinfallsebene stehen. Die Farbfilterung kann dazu verwendet werden, um Motive mehrfarbig so zu gestalten, dass sie beim Verkippen bzw. Verdrehen ihre Farbe ändern. Es ist deshalb bevorzugt, dass in Draufsicht auf die Ebene mindestens zwei Bereiche vorgesehen sind, deren Längsrichtungen der Liniengitterstrukturen schräg zueinander liegen, insbesondere rechtwinklig sind. Bei senkrechter Betrachtung kann ein solches Motiv so gestaltet werden, dass es in Transmission eine einheitliche Farbe und keine weitere Struktur hat. Dreht man dieses Motiv nun um die vertikale Achse, ändert sich die Farbe des einen Bereichs, beispielsweise des Hintergrundes, anders als die Farbe des anderen Bereichs, beispielsweise eines Motivs. Ein Drehen senkrecht zur Beobachtungsrichtung verändert die Farben des Motivs sowie des Hintergrundes bis hin zu einem vollständigen Farbwechsel. Denn der Gitterbereich, dessen Gitterlinien parallel zur Einfallsebene verlaufen, ändert beim Verkippen kaum seine Farbe.The security element with the double-line grid shows angle-dependent color filtering for reflection and transmission. This angle dependence is particularly striking when the grid lines are perpendicular to the light incidence plane. Color filtering can be used to make motifs multicolored so that they change color when tilted or twisted. It is therefore preferred that, in plan view of the plane, at least two regions are provided whose longitudinal directions of the line grid structures are oblique to one another, in particular at right angles. When viewed vertically, such a motif can be designed so that it has a uniform color in transmission and no other structure. If you rotate this motif around the vertical axis, the color of one area, for example of the background, changes differently than the color of the other area, for example a motif. Turning perpendicular to the viewing direction changes the colors of the subject as well as the subject Background to a complete color change. Because the grid area, whose grid lines are parallel to the plane of incidence, hardly changes its color when tilted.
Die Gitterstruktur besitzt in Transmission polarisierende Eigenschaften. Damit ist eine maschinelle Überprüfung des Sicherheitselementes eröffnet, die ansonsten bei optischen Sicherheitselementen mit bestehender Standardsensorik nicht möglich ist. Weder Hologramme, noch Moire-Magnifier-Konstruktionen etc. lassen sich maschinell einfach überprüfen. Die Überprüfung erfordert lediglich eine Hellfeldkamera und einen Polarisationsfilter. Das Sicherheitselement zeigt je nach Orientierung der Gitterstrukturen andere Polarisationseigenschaften. Es ist deshalb bevorzugt, ein Sicherheitselement vorzusehen, das mindestens zwei Bereiche aufweist, deren Liniengitterstrukturen sich entlang unterschiedlich verlaufender Längsrichtungen erstrecken. Diese Bereiche zeigen bei der Betrachtung mit polarisiertem Licht starke Kontrastunterschiede, was die maschinelle Auslesung erleichtert. Eine maschinelle Auslesung, beispielsweise mit einer Hellfeldkamera und einem Polarisationsfilter, liefert einen Kontrast zwischen diesen beiden Bereichen, welcher zur Echtheitsüberprüfung des Sicherheitselementes dient.The lattice structure has polarizing properties in transmission. In order for a machine inspection of the security element is opened, which is otherwise not possible with optical security elements with existing standard sensors. Neither holograms, nor Moire Magnifier designs, etc. can be easily checked by machine. The review requires only a brightfield camera and a polarizing filter. The security element shows different polarization properties depending on the orientation of the grating structures. It is therefore preferable to provide a security element which has at least two regions whose line grid structures extend along differently extending longitudinal directions. When viewed with polarized light, these areas show large differences in contrast, which facilitates machine reading. A machine readout, for example with a bright field camera and a polarizing filter, provides a contrast between these two areas, which serves to authenticate the security element.
Natürlich sind auch Anordnungen mit mehreren unterschiedlich angeordneten Bereichen denkbar. So ist beispielsweise eine Weiterbildung vorgesehen, die mehrere Bereiche im Sicherheitselement aufweist, wobei die Bereiche sich voneinander hinsichtlich der Längsrichtung, entlang der die Liniengitterstrukturen verlaufen, unterscheiden. Dadurch können Motive mit mehreren Farben in Transmission hergestellt werden. Besonders bevorzugt ist es dabei, dass zwischen mehreren solchen Bereichen, die nebeneinanderliegen, die Längsrichtung graduell von einem Bereich zum nächsten in bestimmten Winkelschritten variiert wird, beispielsweise in 5°-,10°- oder 15°-Schritten.Of course, arrangements with several differently arranged areas are conceivable. Thus, for example, a further development is provided which has a plurality of regions in the security element, wherein the regions differ from one another with regard to the longitudinal direction along which the line grid structures extend. This allows you to create motifs with multiple colors in transmission. In this case, it is particularly preferred that the longitudinal direction is gradually varied from one area to the next in certain angular steps, for example in 5 °, 10 ° or 15 ° increments, between a plurality of such areas which lie next to one another.
Verdreht man eine solche Struktur nebeneinanderliegender Bereiche vor einer polarisierten Lichtquelle, vertauschen sich die Farben annähernd kontinuierlich mit zunehmendem Drehwinkel der Struktur. Für einen Beobachter ergibt dies z.B. eine Art Bewegungseffekt bei einem entsprechenden Motiv. Ein Effekt wird auch beim Verkippen eines Musters vor einer unpolarisierten Lichtquelle wahrgenommen, wenn das Gitter um die horizontale Achse gekippt wird. Dann tritt eine Farbänderung in den Bereichen mit zunehmenden schräg verlaufenden Gitterlinien verzögert gegenüber den Bereichen mit den horizontaler verlaufenden Gitterlinien auf.If one twists such a structure of adjacent areas in front of a polarized light source, the colors interchange almost continuously as the angle of rotation of the structure increases. For an observer, this gives e.g. a kind of movement effect with a corresponding motive. An effect is also perceived when tilting a pattern in front of an unpolarized light source when the grid is tilted about the horizontal axis. Then, a color change occurs in the regions with increasing oblique grating lines delayed from the regions with the horizontal grating lines.
Natürlich können die Liniengitter in den einzelnen Bereichen auch unterschiedliche Geometrieparameter hinsichtlich Breite und Abstand haben. In diesem Fall verschwindet jedoch das Motiv bei senkrechter Betrachtung nicht.Of course, the line grids in the individual areas may also have different geometry parameters in terms of width and spacing. In this case, however, the subject does not disappear when viewed vertically.
Nachfolgend wird die Erfindung beispielshalber anhand der beigefügten Zeichnungen, die auch erfindungswesentliche Merkmale offenbaren, noch näher erläutert. Es zeigen:
- Fig. 1
- eine Schnittdarstellung eines Sicherheitselementes mit einem Doppel-Liniengitter,
- Fig. 2a-c
- die spektrale Abhängigkeit der Transmission, Reflexion und Absorption des Sicherheitselementes der
Fig. 1 in einer ersten Ausführungsform, - Fig. 3
- Farbwerte im LCh-Farbraum für Reflexion und Transmission für das Sicherheitselement der
Fig. 2 bei Variation einer Modulationstiefe, - Fig.4
- Farbwerte im LCh-Farbraum für Reflexion und Transmission für das Sicherheitselement der
Fig. 2 bei Variation einer Schichtdicke, - Fig. 5
- Farbwerte im LCh-Farbraum für Reflexion und Transmission für ein Sicherheitselement der
Fig. 1 in einer zweiten Ausführungsform bei Variation einer Schichtdicke, - Fig. 6
- eine Schnittdarstellung ähnlich der
Fig. 1 für ein Doppel-Liniengitter, dessen Gitterstege mit Trilayerbeschichtung versehen sind, - Fig. 7
- Farbwerte im LCh-Farbraum für Reflexion und Transmission für das Sicherheitselement der
Fig. 6 bei Variation einer Schichtdicke, - Fig. 8a-b
- zwei Draufsichten auf ein Motiv, das mit dem Sicherheitselement der
Fig. 1 gebildet ist, - Fig. 9a-b
- Erläuterungen des Wechsels des optischen Eindruckes bei der Betrachtung des Motives der
Fig. 8 , - Fig. 10
- Farbwerte im LCh-Farbraum für Reflexion und Transmission für das Sicherheitselement der
Fig. 2 , wobei die Polarisationsabhängigkeit eingetragen und die Modulationstiefe variiert ist, - Fig. 11
- Farbwerte im LCh-Farbraum für Reflexion sowie Transmission für das Sicherheitselement der
Fig. 2 , wobei die Auftragung der derFig. 10 entspricht, allerdings unter Variation einer Schichtdicke, - Fig. 12
und 13 - Darstellungen ähnlich der
Fig. 11 , jedoch für unterschiedliche Materialien der Gitterstege des Doppel-Liniengitters, - Fig. 14
- Farbwerte im LCh-Farbraum für Reflexion und Transmission für ein Sicherheitselement gemäß dem Stand der Technik,
- Fig. 15
- Farbwerte im LCh-Farbraum für Reflexion und Transmission eines Sicherheitselementes bei unterschiedlicher Polarisation der beleuchtenden Strahlung,
- Fig. 16
- eine Darstellung ähnlich der
Fig. 15 für eine weitere Ausführungsform des Sicherheitselementes, - Fig. 17a-b
- die Transmission und Reflexion für ein Sicherheitselement bei unterschiedlichen Polarisationsrichtungen der Beleuchtung als Funktion der Beleuchtungswellenlänge im nahen Infrarotbereich,
- Fig. 18
- die Transmission des Gitters der
Fig. 17 bei unterschiedlichen Polarisationen im sichtbaren Spektralbereich, - Fig. 19a-b
- Transmission und Reflexion einer weiteren Ausführungsform eines Sicherheitselementes für zwei Polarisationsrichtungen als Funktion der Wellenlänge im sichtbaren Spektralbereich für zwei Ausführungsformen des Sicherheitselementes, und
- Fig. 20
- eine Schemadarstellung eines Sicherheitselementes, bei dem sich die Längserstreckung der Liniengitterstruktur in nebeneinanderliegenden Bereichen graduell ändert, um einen Bewegungseffekt beim Kippen des Sicherheitselementes zu bewirken.
- Fig. 1
- a sectional view of a security element with a double-line grid,
- Fig. 2a-c
- the spectral dependence of the transmission, reflection and absorption of the security element of the
Fig. 1 in a first embodiment, - Fig. 3
- Color values in the LCh color space for reflection and transmission for the security element of the
Fig. 2 with variation of a modulation depth, - Figure 4
- Color values in the LCh color space for reflection and transmission for the security element of the
Fig. 2 with variation of a layer thickness, - Fig. 5
- Color values in the LCh color space for reflection and transmission for a security element of the
Fig. 1 in a second embodiment with variation of a layer thickness, - Fig. 6
- a sectional view similar to the
Fig. 1 for a double-line grid whose grid bars are provided with a trilayer coating, - Fig. 7
- Color values in the LCh color space for reflection and transmission for the security element of the
Fig. 6 with variation of a layer thickness, - Fig. 8a-b
- Two plan views of a motif with the security element of the
Fig. 1 is formed, - Fig. 9a-b
- Explanation of the change of the optical impression in the consideration of the motive of the
Fig. 8 . - Fig. 10
- Color values in the LCh color space for reflection and transmission for the security element of the
Fig. 2 , where the polarization dependence is entered and the modulation depth is varied, - Fig. 11
- Color values in the LCh color space for reflection as well as transmission for the security element of the
Fig. 2 , where the application of theFig. 10 corresponds, but with variation of a layer thickness, - FIGS. 12 and 13
- Representations similar to the
Fig. 11 but for different materials of the grid bars of the double line grid, - Fig. 14
- Color values in the LCh color space for reflection and transmission for a security element according to the prior art,
- Fig. 15
- Color values in the LCh color space for reflection and transmission of a security element with different polarization of the illuminating radiation,
- Fig. 16
- a representation similar to the
Fig. 15 for a further embodiment of the security element, - Fig. 17a-b
- the transmission and reflection for a security element at different polarization directions of the illumination as a function of the illumination wavelength in the near infrared range,
- Fig. 18
- the transmission of the grid of the
Fig. 17 at different polarizations in the visible spectral range, - Fig. 19a-b
- Transmission and reflection of a further embodiment of a security element for two polarization directions as a function of the wavelength in the visible spectral range for two embodiments of the security element, and
- Fig. 20
- a schematic representation of a security element in which the longitudinal extent of the line grid structure in adjacent areas gradually changes to cause a movement effect when tilting the security element.
Die Dicke t ist kleiner als die Höhe h, so dass kein zusammenhängender Film aus den Gitterstegen 3 und 7 gebildet ist.The thickness t is smaller than the height h, so that no continuous film of the grid bars 3 and 7 is formed.
In der schematischen Schnittdarstellung der
Auch ist in der schematischen Schnittdarstellung der
Das Sicherheitselement S der
Die Herstellung des Sicherheitselementes S kann beispielsweise dadurch erfolgen, dass auf eine Grundschicht 9 zuerst die erste Liniengitterstruktur 2 und darauf eine Zwischenschicht 5 aufgebracht wird. In die dabei nach oben abgebildete Gitterspalte 4 kann dann die zweite Liniengitterstruktur mit den zweiten Gitterstegen 7 eingebracht werden. Eine Deckschicht 10 deckt das Sicherheitselement ab. Die Brechzahlen der Schichten 9,5 und 10 sind im Wesentlichen gleich und können beispielsweise etwa 1,5, insbesondere 1,56 betragen.The production of the security element S can take place, for example, by first applying the first
Die Maße b, a und t sind im Subwellenlängenbereich, d.h. kleiner als 300 nm. Die Modulationstiefe beträgt bevorzugt zwischen 50 nm und 500 nm.The measures b, a and t are in the sub-wavelength range, i. less than 300 nm. The modulation depth is preferably between 50 nm and 500 nm.
Die
Wie man sieht, tritt eine spektralselektive Absorption auf, das Sicherheitselement entwickelt also eine Farbeigenschaft in Transmission. Ein deutlicher Einfluss auf die Farbeigenschaften in Transmission, d.h. für die transmittierte Strahlung T, wird durch den Richtungswechsel des Peaks bei etwa 550 nm für den Einfallswinkel 0° in eine Absenkung für nicht-senkrechten Betrachtungswinkel (θ > 0°) hervorgerufen. In Reflexion zeigt sich das umgekehrte Phänomen.As you can see, a spectrally selective absorption occurs, so the security element develops a color property in transmission. A significant influence on the color properties in transmission, i. for the transmitted radiation T, is caused by the change in the direction of the peak at about 550 nm for the
Dies bewirkt letztendlich einen Farbumschlag in Transmission von Gelb nach Blau beim Verkippen von senkrechter Betrachtung um einen Winkel von 30°.This ultimately causes a color change in transmission from yellow to blue when tilting from vertical viewing at an angle of 30 °.
Zur Verdeutlichung des vorteilhaften Farbeffektes des Sicherheitselementes S sei als Vergleich auf die
Die nachfolgenden
Es ist zu erkennen, dass die Helligkeit und die Buntheit in Transmission mit zunehmender Modulationstiefe h ansteigt. Ein gut wahrnehmbarer Farbkontrast ist in Transmission gegeben, wenn die transmittierte Helligkeit und Buntheit höher als die reflektierte Helligkeit und Buntheit sind. Dies ist bei Modulationstiefen zwischen 150 nm und 280 nm der Fall. Es zeigt sich eine wesentlich verbesserte Farbeigenschaft in Transmission gegenüber dem Sicherheitselement mit ZnS-Gitterstegen. Die Helligkeit ist zudem hinsichtlich des Einfallswinkels moduliert. Daher ist der Farbkontrast in Transmission bei einer Variation des Einfallswinkels drastisch erhöht. Bei einer Liniengitterstruktur mit einer Modulationstiefe von h = 200 nm bewirkt bereits ein Verkippen um 15° eine deutliche Veränderung des Farbtons und der Helligkeit in Transmission.It can be seen that the brightness and the chroma in transmission increase with increasing modulation depth h. A well-perceived color contrast is given in transmission when the transmitted brightness and chroma are higher than the reflected brightness and chroma. This is the case at modulation depths between 150 nm and 280 nm. It shows a much improved color property in transmission over the security element with ZnS grid bars. The brightness is also modulated with respect to the angle of incidence. Therefore, the color contrast is in transmission drastically increased with a variation of the angle of incidence. In the case of a line grid structure with a modulation depth of h = 200 nm, tilting by 15 ° already causes a clear change in hue and brightness in transmission.
Ähnliche Farbeigenschaften zeigen sich für eine Gitterstruktur, welche der der
Der winkelabhängige Farbeffekt in Transmission ist jedoch nicht nur auf eine Liniengitterstruktur beschränkt, welche eine einzige Metallschicht oder Halbleiterschicht in den Gitterstegen aufweist. Die beschriebenen Effekte werden auch für Doppel-Liniengitter erhalten, deren Gitterstege aus mehreren Schichten bestehen. Dabei ist jedoch stets die Gesamtdicke der Schichten kleiner als die Modulationstiefe h. Mindestens eine der Schichten besteht aus einem Metall oder einem Halbleiter. Trilayer eignen sich besonders bevorzugt für die Schichtstruktur. Eine größere Anzahl an Schichten verbessert den winkelabhängigen Farbeffekt kaum, erhöht jedoch die Herstellungskosten.However, the angle-dependent color effect in transmission is not limited to only a line grid structure having a single metal layer or semiconductor layer in the grid bars. The effects described are also obtained for double-line gratings whose lattice webs consist of several layers. However, the total thickness of the layers is always smaller than the modulation depth h. At least one of the layers consists of a metal or a semiconductor. Trilayers are particularly preferred for the layer structure. A larger number of layers hardly improves the angle-dependent color effect, but increases the manufacturing cost.
Das Sicherheitselement zeigt eine etwas geringere Helligkeit in Transmission, jedoch eine höhere Buntheit als in Reflexion. Siliziumdioxidschichtdicken über 60 nm bewirken beim Verkippen einen kräftigen Farbton in Transmission. In Reflexion erscheint das Sicherheitselement dagegen grün. Bei 70 nm Schichtdicke von Siliziumdioxid ist das Sicherheitselement bei ungefähr senkrechten Einfallswinkel annähernd farbneutral in Reflexion. Dies hat den Vorteil, dass der transmittierte Farbton nicht durch die Reflexion verändert wird.The security element shows a slightly lower brightness in transmission, but a higher chroma than in reflection. Silicon dioxide layer thicknesses above 60 nm cause a strong hue in transmission when tilted. In reflection, the security element appears green. At 70 nm layer thickness of silicon dioxide, the security element is approximately neutral in reflection at approximately vertical angles of incidence. This has the advantage that the transmitted hue is not changed by the reflection.
Die obigen Ausführungen beziehen sich stets auf Gitterprofile mit einem Tastverhältnis b:a = 1:1 (Füllfaktor 0,5). Dieser Wert ist bevorzugt, aber nicht zwingend. Mit einer Abweichung von diesem Wert kann man erreichen, dass der Farbton der Reflexion der Struktur für die Vorder- und die Rückseite unterschiedlich ist.The above statements always relate to grid profiles with a duty ratio b: a = 1: 1 (fill factor 0.5). This value is preferred, but not mandatory. Deviating from this value, it is possible to make the color tone of the reflection of the structure different for the front and the back.
Die winkelabhängige Farbfilterung der beschriebenen Sicherheitselemente kann nun dazu benutzt werden, um Motive mehrfarbig zu gestalten, die beim Verkippen bzw. Verdrehen ihre Farbe ändern.The angle-dependent color filtering of the security elements described can now be used to make multi-colored motifs that change their color when tilted or twisted.
Die einfache Ausgestaltung eines mehrfarbigen Motivs mit Doppel-Liniengitter ist eine Anordnung, bei der unterschiedliche Bereiche gebildet werden, deren Längsrichtung der Liniengitterstrukturen gegeneinander verdreht ist, vorzugsweise um 90°. Denn bei einer Verkippung eines Gitters, bei dem die Gitterlinien parallel zur Einfallsebene verlaufen, ändert sich die spektrale Transmissions- bzw. Reflexionscharakteristik kaum.The simple embodiment of a multicolor motif with a double-line grid is an arrangement in which different areas are formed whose longitudinal direction of the line grid structures is rotated relative to one another, preferably by 90 °. For with a tilt of a grid, in which the grid lines are parallel to the plane of incidence, the spectral transmission or reflection characteristics hardly changes.
Die
Die
Es sind natürlich auch Anordnungen mit Gittern unterschiedlicher Orientierung in mehreren Motivbereichen denkbar, wie im allgemeinen Teil der Beschreibung bereits erläutert. Dies wird später noch anhand der
Das Sicherheitselement S besitzt ferner polarisierungsfilternde Eigenschaften in Transmission.
Es zeigt sich, dass das Sicherheitselement bei einer Modulationstiefe oberhalb 150 nm einen guten Helligkeitskontrast für die beiden Polarisationsrichtungen in Transmission aufweist. Ferner ist die Änderung in der Buntheit für Modulationstiefen zwischen 200 nm und 260 nm besonders groß. Die Farbänderung hat ein Maximum bei einer Modulationstiefe von 270 nm.It turns out that the security element has a good brightness contrast for the two polarization directions in transmission at a modulation depth above 150 nm. Furthermore, the change in chroma is particularly large for modulation depths between 200 nm and 260 nm. The color change has a maximum at a modulation depth of 270 nm.
Sicherheitselemente, deren Liniengitterstukturen Silizium in den Gitterstegen aufweisen, haben ebenfalls Polarisationsfilterwirkung in Transmission.
Die Liniengitterstruktur des Sicherheitselementes hat polarisationsfilternde (sog. polarisierende) Eigenschaften in Transmission.
Die
Es lässt sich somit einfach für das Sicherheitselement eine Modulationstiefe wählen, die deutlich erkennbare Unterschiede in den Polarisationsrichtungen von Beleuchtungsstrahlungen zur Folge hat.It is thus easy to select a modulation depth for the security element which has clearly discernible differences in the polarization directions of illumination radiation.
Die Polarisationsfiltereigenschaften des Sicherheitselementes erlaubt eine Echtheitsüberprüfung durch Betrachtung der Transmission bei linear polarisierter Beleuchtung. Eine solche Beleuchtung wird beispielsweise von LCD-Bildschirmen bereitgestellt. Sogar der blaue Himmel ist teilweise linear polarisiert (im Gegensatz zum bewölkten Himmel) und kann sich als Strahlungsquelle für die Untersuchung des Sicherheitselementes eignen.The polarization filter properties of the security element allow authenticity checking by considering the transmission in linearly polarized illumination. Such illumination is provided, for example, by LCD screens. Even the blue sky is partially linearly polarized (in contrast to the cloudy sky) and may be suitable as a source of radiation for the investigation of the security element.
Die Polarisationsfiltereigenschaften des Sicherheitselementes erlauben auch eine maschinelle Echtheitsüberprüfung, indem der Kontrast, beispielsweise in einem bestimmten Spektralbereich untersucht wird. Unter Kontrast ist dabei die unterschiedliche Transmission und/oder Reflexion bei orthogonal zueinander liegenden Polarisationsrichtungen zu verstehen. Die Überprüfungsvorrichtung beleuchtet somit das Sicherheitselement nacheinander bei zwei verschiedenen Polarisationsrichtungen und erfasst den Kontrast zwischen den dabei erhaltenen zwei Bildern. Dieses Vorgehen ermöglicht eine einfache maschinelle Überprüfung des Sicherheitselementes, die bei anderen Sicherheitselementen sehr viel aufwendiger oder gar nicht möglich ist.The polarization filter properties of the security element also allow a machine authenticity check by examining the contrast, for example in a specific spectral range. Contrast is to be understood as the different transmission and / or reflection in mutually orthogonal polarization directions. The checking device thus illuminates the security element successively in two different polarization directions and detects the contrast between the two images obtained thereby. This procedure allows a simple machine check of the security element, which is much more expensive or not possible with other security elements.
Die Anordnung der Längsrichtung des Sicherheitselementes ist nicht auf eine zueinander rechtwinklige Lage in verschiedenen Bereichen beschränkt, wie sie anhand der
Das Sicherheitselement kann insbesondere als Durchsichtsfenster von Banknoten oder anderen Dokumenten dienen. Es kann auch teilweise farblich überdruckt sein bzw. die Gitterbereiche können bereichsweise demetallisiert sein. Es sind auch Kombinationen mit diffraktiven Gitterstrukturen, wie Hologrammen, denkbar.The security element can serve in particular as a see-through window of banknotes or other documents. It may also be partially overprinted in color or the grid areas may be partially demetallized. Combinations with diffractive grating structures, such as holograms, are also conceivable.
Die Echtheitsüberprüfung des Sicherheitselementes kann natürlich auch ohne Hilfsmittel vorgenommen werden. Mithilfe eines Polarisators kann eine zusätzliche Authentifizierung ohne weitere Geräte erfolgen.The authenticity check of the security element can of course be made without tools. With the help of a polarizer, additional authentication can be performed without additional devices.
- 11
- Substratsubstratum
- 22
- erste Liniengitterstrukturfirst line grid structure
- 33
- erster Gitterstegfirst grid web
- 44
- erster Gitterspaltfirst grid gap
- 55
- Zwischenschichtinterlayer
- 66
- zweite Liniengitterstruktursecond line grid structure
- 77
- zweiter Gitterstegsecond grid bridge
- 88th
- zweiter Gitterspaltsecond grid gap
- 99
- Grundschichtbase layer
- 1010
- Deckschichttopcoat
- 11, 1311, 13
- Metallschichtmetal layer
- 1212
- dielektrische Zwischenschichtdielectric interlayer
- 1414
- Hintergrundbackground
- 1515
- Motivmotive
- 1616
- Flächearea
- 16.1-16.1016.1-16.10
- BereichArea
- 1717
- HintergrundbeleuchtungBacklight
- hH
- Modulationstiefemodulation depth
- t, t1, t2t, t1, t2
- Beschichtungsdickecoating thickness
- bb
- Linienbreitelinewidth
- aa
- Spaltenbreitecolumn width
- dd
- Periodeperiod
- SS
- Sicherheitselementsecurity element
- LL
- Ebenelevel
- Ee
- einfallende Strahlungincident radiation
- RR
- reflektierte Strahlungreflected radiation
- TT
- transmittierte Strahlungtransmitted radiation
- ΘΘ
- Einfallswinkelangle of incidence
Claims (10)
- A security element for the production of value documents, such as banknotes, checks or the like, said security element comprising- a dielectric substrate (1),- a first line grid structure (2) embedded in the substrate (1), consisting of several grid bars (3) located in a plane (L) and extending along a longitudinal direction, and a second line grid structure (6) embedded in the substrate (1), consisting of second grid bars (7) extending along the longitudinal direction, wherein- the first grid bars (3) each have a width and are juxtaposed at a distance, such that first grid gaps (4) extending along the longitudinal direction are formed between the first grid bars (3) which first grid gaps (4) have a width corresponding to the distance,- the second line grid structure (6) is inverted to the first line grid structure (2), wherein, seen in plan view on the plane, the second grid bars (7) are located above the first grid gaps (4) and second grid gaps (8), which exist between the second grid bars (7), are located above the first grid bars (3), and- the widths of the first grid bars (3) and of the second grid gaps (8), the widths of the second gird bars (7) and of the first grid gaps (4) and thicknesses (t) of the first grid bars (3) and of the second grid bars (7) are each less than 300 nm,- the first and second grid bars (3, 7) either consist of metal or semiconductor or of a multilayer coating, and- the second grid bars (7) are located completely above the grid bars (3) relative to the plane (L), such that the first and second line grid structures (2, 6) do not form a continuous film,wherein
the dielectric substrate (1) embedding the line grid structures (2, 6) comprises a base layer (9), a dielectric intermediate layer (5) and a dielectric cover layer (10),
and wherein- the first line grid structure (2) is formed on the base layer (9),- the dielectric intermediate layer (5) is applied thereon, which covers both the first grid bars (3) and the first grid gaps (4), said layer being thicker than the first grid bars (3),- the second line grid structure (6) being formed thereon, and- the dielectric cover layer (10) is arranged over the second line grid structure (6),
characterized in that
the intermediate layer (5), the cover layer (10) and the base layer (9) substantially have the same refractive index. - The security element according to claim 1, wherein the refractive index is 1.5 or 1.52 or 1.56.
- The security element according to any of the above claims, wherein a distance (h) between the first grid bars (3) and the second grid bars (7) is between 50 nm and 500 nm, preferably between 100 nm and 300 nm, measured perpendicular to the plane.
- The security element according to any of the above claims, wherein the first grid bars (3) and the second grid bars (7) comprise a coating of one or more of the following materials: Al, Ag, Cu, Au, Cr, Pt, Si, Ge and alloys of these materials.
- The security element according to any of the above claims, wherein the first and/or the second grid bars (3, 7) comprise a trilayer coating of two superimposed metal or semiconductor coatings (11, 13) with an interposed dielectric layer (12).
- The security element according to any of the above claims, in which the width (a) is equal to the distance (b).
- The security element according to any of the above claims, which comprises, when seen in plan view on the plane (L), at least two regions (14, 15; 16.1-16.10) whose longitudinal directions are oblique to one another, in particular at right angles.
- The security element according to claim 7, wherein the longitudinal directions of the two regions (16.1, 16.10) enclose an angle with relation to one another, and the security element comprises at least one third region (16.2-16.9) whose longitudinal direction(s) is(are) within this angle.
- The security element according to claim 8, wherein several third regions (16.2-16.9) are provided, which are arranged in a pattern (16) and whose longitudinal directions are different.
- A method for producing a security element for the production of value documents, such as banknotes, checks or the like, the method comprising- a dielectric substrate (1),- a first line grid structure (2) embedded in the substrate (1), consisting of several grid bars (3) located in a plane (L) and extending along a longitudinal direction, and a second line grid structure (6) embedded in the substrate (1), consisting of second grid bars (7) extending along the longitudinal direction, wherein- the first grid bars (3) each have a width and are juxtaposed at a distance, such that first grid gaps (4) extending along the longitudinal direction are formed between the first grid bars (3) which first grid gaps (4) have a width corresponding to the distance,- the second line grid structure (6) is inverted to the first line grid structure (2), wherein, seen in plan view on the plane, the second grid bars (7) are located above the first grid gaps (4) and second grid gaps (8), which exist between the second grid bars (7), are located above the first grid bars (3), and- the widths of the first grid bars (3) and of the second grid gaps (8), the width of the second gird bars (7) and of the first grid gaps (4) and thicknesses (t) of the first grid bars (3) and the second grid bars (7) are each less than 300 nm,- the first and second grid bars (3, 7) either consist of metal or semiconductor or of a multilayer coating, and- the second grid bars (7) are located completely above the grid bars (3) relative to the plane (L), such that the first and second line grid structures (2, 6) do not form a continuous film,characterized in that
a layer structure is produced by providing a base layer (9) first, on which the line grid structure (2) is being formed, applying a dielectric intermediate layer (5) thereon, which covers the first line grid structure (2) and which is thicker than the first grid bars (3) of the first line grid structure (2), then forming thereon the second line grid structure (6) and applying thereto a dielectric cover layer (10), which forms the closure of the substrate (1) embedding the line grid structures (2, 6), wherein the intermediate layer (5), the cover layer (10) and the cover layer (9) have the same refractive index.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
DE102011115589A DE102011115589A1 (en) | 2011-10-11 | 2011-10-11 | security element |
PCT/EP2012/004032 WO2013053435A1 (en) | 2011-10-11 | 2012-09-26 | Security element |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
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EP2766192A1 EP2766192A1 (en) | 2014-08-20 |
EP2766192B1 true EP2766192B1 (en) | 2017-12-13 |
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EP12773222.0A Active EP2766192B1 (en) | 2011-10-11 | 2012-09-26 | Security element |
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EP (1) | EP2766192B1 (en) |
CN (1) | CN103874585B (en) |
DE (1) | DE102011115589A1 (en) |
WO (1) | WO2013053435A1 (en) |
Families Citing this family (24)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
CA2911760C (en) | 2013-05-10 | 2021-04-20 | Idit Technologies Corp. | Nanostructure array diffractive optics for rgb and cmyk color displays |
DE102013105246B4 (en) | 2013-05-22 | 2017-03-23 | Leonhard Kurz Stiftung & Co. Kg | Optically variable element |
DE102014010751A1 (en) | 2014-07-21 | 2016-01-21 | Giesecke & Devrient Gmbh | Security element with subwavelength grid |
DE102014011425A1 (en) * | 2014-07-31 | 2016-02-04 | Giesecke & Devrient Gmbh | Security element for the production of value documents |
DE102014018551A1 (en) | 2014-12-15 | 2016-06-16 | Giesecke & Devrient Gmbh | value document |
US11143794B2 (en) | 2015-07-08 | 2021-10-12 | Shine Optoelectronics (Kunshan) Co., Ltd | Optical film |
WO2017005206A1 (en) | 2015-07-08 | 2017-01-12 | 昇印光电(昆山)股份有限公司 | Optical film |
CN106324716B (en) * | 2015-07-08 | 2021-06-29 | 昇印光电(昆山)股份有限公司 | Double-sided structure optical film and manufacturing method thereof |
DE102015009584A1 (en) | 2015-07-23 | 2017-02-09 | Giesecke & Devrient Gmbh | Security element and method for its production |
DE102015010191A1 (en) * | 2015-08-06 | 2017-02-09 | Giesecke & Devrient Gmbh | Security element with subwavelength grid |
CN105618355A (en) * | 2015-12-31 | 2016-06-01 | 深圳市天兴诚科技有限公司 | Preparation method and device for anti-counterfeiting mark |
JP7024221B2 (en) * | 2016-06-24 | 2022-02-24 | 凸版印刷株式会社 | Display body, device with display body, and manufacturing method of display body |
DE102016013683A1 (en) * | 2016-11-16 | 2018-05-17 | Giesecke+Devrient Currency Technology Gmbh | Security element with subwavelength grid |
DE102016013690A1 (en) | 2016-11-16 | 2018-05-17 | Giesecke+Devrient Currency Technology Gmbh | Security element with subwavelength grid |
DE102016015335A1 (en) | 2016-12-21 | 2018-06-21 | Giesecke+Devrient Currency Technology Gmbh | Holographic security element and method for its production |
DE102017003281A1 (en) * | 2017-04-04 | 2018-10-04 | Giesecke+Devrient Currency Technology Gmbh | Security element with relief structure and manufacturing method therefor |
DE102017003532A1 (en) | 2017-04-11 | 2018-10-11 | Giesecke+Devrient Currency Technology Gmbh | Security element and manufacturing method therefor |
CN109050055B (en) * | 2017-08-26 | 2020-07-07 | 共青城厚荣科技开发有限公司 | Optically variable anti-counterfeiting element |
CN109291685B (en) * | 2017-09-09 | 2020-06-23 | 擎雷(上海)防伪科技有限公司 | Financial anti-counterfeiting bill |
DE102017130588A1 (en) | 2017-12-19 | 2019-06-19 | Giesecke+Devrient Currency Technology Gmbh | value document |
DE102018005872A1 (en) | 2018-07-25 | 2020-01-30 | Giesecke+Devrient Currency Technology Gmbh | Use of a radiation-curable lacquer composition, method for producing micro-optical structures, micro-optical structure and data carrier |
DE102018132516A1 (en) * | 2018-12-17 | 2020-06-18 | Giesecke+Devrient Currency Technology Gmbh | Security element operating in the THz area and method for its production |
CN111221065A (en) * | 2020-01-16 | 2020-06-02 | 集美大学 | Dual-wavelength filter based on double-layer asymmetric metal micro-nano grating |
AT523690B1 (en) * | 2020-03-16 | 2022-03-15 | Hueck Folien Gmbh | Flat security element with optical security features |
Family Cites Families (8)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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DE102004003984A1 (en) * | 2004-01-26 | 2005-08-11 | Giesecke & Devrient Gmbh | Lattice image with one or more grid fields |
DE102005007749A1 (en) * | 2005-02-18 | 2006-08-31 | Giesecke & Devrient Gmbh | Security element for protecting valuable objects, e.g. documents, includes focusing components for enlarging views of microscopic structures as one of two authenication features |
DE102006052413A1 (en) * | 2006-11-07 | 2008-05-08 | Giesecke & Devrient Gmbh | safety film |
DE102007029203A1 (en) * | 2007-06-25 | 2009-01-08 | Giesecke & Devrient Gmbh | security element |
DE102007061979A1 (en) * | 2007-12-21 | 2009-06-25 | Giesecke & Devrient Gmbh | security element |
DE102009012300A1 (en) | 2009-03-11 | 2010-09-16 | Giesecke & Devrient Gmbh | Security element with multicolored image |
DE102009012299A1 (en) | 2009-03-11 | 2010-09-16 | Giesecke & Devrient Gmbh | security element |
DE102009056933A1 (en) | 2009-12-04 | 2011-06-09 | Giesecke & Devrient Gmbh | Security element with color filter, value document with such a security element and production method of such a security element |
-
2011
- 2011-10-11 DE DE102011115589A patent/DE102011115589A1/en not_active Withdrawn
-
2012
- 2012-09-26 WO PCT/EP2012/004032 patent/WO2013053435A1/en active Application Filing
- 2012-09-26 EP EP12773222.0A patent/EP2766192B1/en active Active
- 2012-09-26 CN CN201280049587.4A patent/CN103874585B/en active Active
Also Published As
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DE102011115589A1 (en) | 2013-04-11 |
EP2766192A1 (en) | 2014-08-20 |
WO2013053435A1 (en) | 2013-04-18 |
CN103874585B (en) | 2016-05-04 |
CN103874585A (en) | 2014-06-18 |
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