EP2732303A1 - Positionsbestimmungssystem und verfahren zum betreiben - Google Patents
Positionsbestimmungssystem und verfahren zum betreibenInfo
- Publication number
- EP2732303A1 EP2732303A1 EP12729847.9A EP12729847A EP2732303A1 EP 2732303 A1 EP2732303 A1 EP 2732303A1 EP 12729847 A EP12729847 A EP 12729847A EP 2732303 A1 EP2732303 A1 EP 2732303A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- receivers
- transmitter
- signal
- object position
- pair
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01S—RADIO DIRECTION-FINDING; RADIO NAVIGATION; DETERMINING DISTANCE OR VELOCITY BY USE OF RADIO WAVES; LOCATING OR PRESENCE-DETECTING BY USE OF THE REFLECTION OR RERADIATION OF RADIO WAVES; ANALOGOUS ARRANGEMENTS USING OTHER WAVES
- G01S5/00—Position-fixing by co-ordinating two or more direction or position line determinations; Position-fixing by co-ordinating two or more distance determinations
- G01S5/02—Position-fixing by co-ordinating two or more direction or position line determinations; Position-fixing by co-ordinating two or more distance determinations using radio waves
- G01S5/04—Position of source determined by a plurality of spaced direction-finders
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01S—RADIO DIRECTION-FINDING; RADIO NAVIGATION; DETERMINING DISTANCE OR VELOCITY BY USE OF RADIO WAVES; LOCATING OR PRESENCE-DETECTING BY USE OF THE REFLECTION OR RERADIATION OF RADIO WAVES; ANALOGOUS ARRANGEMENTS USING OTHER WAVES
- G01S5/00—Position-fixing by co-ordinating two or more direction or position line determinations; Position-fixing by co-ordinating two or more distance determinations
- G01S5/02—Position-fixing by co-ordinating two or more direction or position line determinations; Position-fixing by co-ordinating two or more distance determinations using radio waves
- G01S5/06—Position of source determined by co-ordinating a plurality of position lines defined by path-difference measurements
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01S—RADIO DIRECTION-FINDING; RADIO NAVIGATION; DETERMINING DISTANCE OR VELOCITY BY USE OF RADIO WAVES; LOCATING OR PRESENCE-DETECTING BY USE OF THE REFLECTION OR RERADIATION OF RADIO WAVES; ANALOGOUS ARRANGEMENTS USING OTHER WAVES
- G01S5/00—Position-fixing by co-ordinating two or more direction or position line determinations; Position-fixing by co-ordinating two or more distance determinations
- G01S5/02—Position-fixing by co-ordinating two or more direction or position line determinations; Position-fixing by co-ordinating two or more distance determinations using radio waves
- G01S5/0205—Details
- G01S5/0244—Accuracy or reliability of position solution or of measurements contributing thereto
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01S—RADIO DIRECTION-FINDING; RADIO NAVIGATION; DETERMINING DISTANCE OR VELOCITY BY USE OF RADIO WAVES; LOCATING OR PRESENCE-DETECTING BY USE OF THE REFLECTION OR RERADIATION OF RADIO WAVES; ANALOGOUS ARRANGEMENTS USING OTHER WAVES
- G01S5/00—Position-fixing by co-ordinating two or more direction or position line determinations; Position-fixing by co-ordinating two or more distance determinations
- G01S5/16—Position-fixing by co-ordinating two or more direction or position line determinations; Position-fixing by co-ordinating two or more distance determinations using electromagnetic waves other than radio waves
Definitions
- the invention relates to a position determination system and a method for operating. State of the art
- hyperbola navigation (Decca Bearing). This system included land-based transmitters with different frequencies. On board a ship or aircraft, the signals of various transmitters were superimposed. Since the lines of the same phasing are hyperbolas, the superposition of the signals of two transmitters provided the information that the ship or aircraft had to be on a certain hyperbola. If the superimposition of a second pair of transmitters was also measured, one came to the information that the ship or aircraft had to be at the intersection of two hyperbolas. At the latest with the help of the superposition of a third pair of transmitters, the exact position was fixed.
- this system comprises at least one transmitter connected to the object, at least two stationary receivers and means for determining the phase difference with which the signal of the transmitter arrives at the two receivers.
- transmitter and “receiver” in the sense of this invention relate to the ability to emit electromagnetic waves including radio signals and light.
- the transmitter's position is continually recorded, the correct execution of the beat can be checked and errors identified. Also, the rapid shaking of Parkinson's patients can be registered without being dampened by a large mass of the transmitter.
- the fact that it is only sent to the location of the mobile object has the effect of being able to work with only one frequency.
- the transmitters whose signals were superimposed on the location of the mobile object, had to work with different frequencies so that the signals could be distinguished from one another. These frequencies had to be multiplied with the appropriate expenditure on equipment at the location of the mobile object with different integer factors to a least common multiple, so that the phase difference could be determined. By only one frequency is required according to the invention, only one official allocation is necessary.
- the system comprises at least two fixed receivers, the measuring range for the object position being in this spatial coordinate between the two receivers. It has been recognized that in a Cartesian coordinate system, where the connecting line between two stationary receivers lies on one of the axes, only the coordinate on this or one parallel axis can be determined with great accuracy.
- the phase difference results from the difference in the paths traveled by the signal from the transmitter to the two receivers.
- the invention makes use of this by creating at least one connecting line between two stationary receivers in all spatial directions in which the position of the mobile object is to be determined. Each pair of receivers with a connecting line in one spatial direction is then a particularly sensitive measuring instrument for movements of the object in exactly this direction. This strongly anisotropic dependence of the phase shift on the object movement was not used in the known hyperbola navigation.
- the object position was determined by determining the intersection of several such hyperbolas.
- hyperbolic navigation was mainly used for navigation on and over sea, so that the transmitter locations were dictated by the existing coasts.
- each additional transmitter would again have its own frequency required with the boundary condition that at the location of the mobile object corresponding least common multiple must be formed. So that according to the invention, the space coordinates independently can each be determined with the greatest sensitivity, is a consequence of the previously described measure that is sent only at the location of the mobile object.
- the system has at least two pairs of stationary receivers, ie at least four receivers, for each spatial coordinate of the object position.
- the radio transmission between the transmitter and one or more receivers surrounding the measuring range for the object position may be disturbed by foreign objects.
- the speed of light of the wave emitted by the transmitter is reduced by the refractive index of this matter.
- This acts like an optical path extension and changes the phase registered at the receiver.
- the player may stand between the transmitter and one or more receivers.
- the values of both pairs can be used for the determination of the object position.
- the items delivered by both pairs can be averaged or otherwise netted with each other.
- the transmitter has a modulator for modulating the signal onto a carrier signal with a higher frequency.
- the position determination system has at least one demodulator for demodulating the signal from the mixture of signal and carrier signal registered by the receivers. Both amplitude and frequency modulation are possible.
- the frequencies to be used on the radio link between the transmitter and the receivers are as a rule predetermined by official allocations. For example, in Germany, the Official Gazette 40/2010 of the Federal Network Agency does not regulate the use of frequencies specified radio applications with short range (SRD).
- SRD short range
- the transmitter is a light source whose intensity can be modulated with the frequency of the signal.
- the position determination system has means for demodulating a signal having this frequency from the light intensity registered by the receivers. Also in this case, the frequency of the signal is freely selectable.
- the optical transmission has the advantage over radio transmission that no frequency allocation is required. However, visible and infrared light can no longer penetrate many materials that merely weaken and phase shift a radio signal.
- At least one first pair of two stationary receivers is used to determine at least one spatial coordinate of the object position, between which the measuring range for the object position is located in this spatial coordinate.
- the spatial coordinate in which the connecting line lies between the receivers of a pair is the most sensitive to measure with this pair.
- At least one second pair of two further stationary receivers is additionally used, between which the measuring range for the object position is likewise located in the spatial coordinate to be determined. Then, in particular, the values determined by means of both pairs for the Spatial coordinates are offset against each other, in particular averaged. In this way, the accuracy of the position determination can be increased. As stated previously, this is related to the fact that the accuracy decreases with increasing distance of the object from the connecting line between the receivers of a pair and that the radio transmission between the transmitter and one or more receivers may be disturbed by foreign objects. Alternatively or in combination with this, an abrupt change of the object position registered only by one of the two pairs can be regarded as an indicator of a disturbed radio transmission between the transmitter and this pair. For example, the object position registered by this pair can then be disregarded and the position registered by the other pair can instead be used.
- the measuring range for the object position is selected such that the phase difference between the receivers of at least one pair lies in the interval [ ⁇ / 2- ⁇ / 3, ⁇ / 2 + ⁇ / 3].
- the object position only clearly emerges from the measured phase differences as long as these differences lie within the open interval ⁇ 7 ⁇ 2 - ⁇ / 2, ⁇ / 2 + ⁇ / 2>. Exceeding this limit can not be determined; the positioning will be wrong without further notice.
- the restriction to the interval [ ⁇ / 2- ⁇ / 3, ⁇ / 2 + ⁇ / 3] improves the accuracy of the position determination.
- this interval provides a sensible warning threshold, in which countermeasures can be taken before the phase differences also leave the interval ⁇ / 2 - ⁇ / 2, / 2 + ⁇ / 2> and the position determination becomes false.
- the size of the measuring range depends primarily on the wavelength of the radiation emitted by the transmitter.
- the interval [ ⁇ / 2- ⁇ / 3, ⁇ / 2 + ⁇ / 3] has a spatial extent of 1 m.
- a transmission frequency between 87.5 and 108 MHz is selected. If there is no allocation for the selected frequency, the signal may be modulated onto a carrier signal at an assigned frequency or transmitted by modulating the intensity of a light source.
- the object position as variables minimizes a quality function which contains the difference between the sine or cosine of the phase difference calculated from the object position for a pair and the measured sine or cosine of the phase difference for this pair.
- the phase difference with which the signal emitted by the transmitter arrives at the receivers of a pair depends most sensitively on the spatial coordinate along the connecting line between the two receivers. However, it also depends on the other spatial coordinates of the mobile object. Analogous to the known hyperbola navigation, the phase difference registered by a pair alone claims that the mobile object is somewhere on the surface of a hyperboloid.
- the criterion for this accuracy is formulated in the quality function. This criterion may, for example, be the smallest quadratic deviation of the calculated from the measured sine or cosine.
- the quality function additionally contains an additive penalty term, which is the greater the further the calculated phase difference lies outside the interval [ ⁇ / 2- ⁇ / 3, ⁇ / 2 + ⁇ / 3]. This reflects the recognition that the accuracy of position determination is greatest in this interval, and thus positions outside this interval tend to be less credible.
- the spatial coordinates of the object position are determined independently of each other by optimizing only one coordinate and holding the others. It can be optimized in particular for a pair of receivers with respect to the spatial coordinate whose axis contains the connecting line between the two receivers or is parallel thereto. As stated above, it is precisely this space coordinate with the greatest sensitivity that can be determined with the receiver pair.
- the remaining fixed spatial coordinates can, for example, initially be set to plausible starting values. If, later on, the other receiver pairs have been optimized with respect to these coordinates, the values obtained therefrom may take the place of the starting values.
- these space coordinates are advantageously used as start values for the next iteration of the minimum search.
- the minimum is sought with the search strategy of the golden section.
- the search interval is systematically reduced by dividing it in golden ratio.
- This strategy is particularly efficient for unimodal functions, ie those that have exactly one minimum in the given interval. Since the position of exactly one mobile object is searched for and this object can not simultaneously be at a second position, there is exactly one object position to be located in the measuring range, so that the quality function is unimodal.
- the position determination system can be used, for example, as an experimental device in a school lab to store meter-long tracks with an accuracy of about 1 mm. Since the position can be detected at a repetition rate of about 1 kHz, the timing of the velocity and the acceleration can be recorded with sufficient accuracy by differentiation. With a golfball-sized transmitter, for example, competitions of the following type can be carried out:
- Figure 1 embodiment of the positioning system in laboratory scale.
- Figure 2 Sketch of the position determination system for the error calculation.
- Figure 3 embodiment of the position determination system for three-dimensional localization.
- Figure 4 beam path between transmitter and receiver to discuss the influence of matter on the signal transmission.
- Figure 1 shows an embodiment of a position determination system according to the invention on a laboratory scale.
- P (t) black dot
- phase shifters phase shifters
- phasedetector phase detectors
- Receiver Ej and Fj are each a pair that supplies signals S, and S * j to the controller.
- the PC determines the location P (t), ie its coordinates x (t), y (t) and z (t), with respect to a zero position.
- FIG. 2 shows the sketch of a position determination system according to the invention, by means of which the accuracy and the measurement error of the position determination will be discussed below.
- the position of a transmitter S is determined by means of two receivers Ei and E 2 , which are located at intervals si and s 2 to the unknown position of the transmitter.
- a rectangular coordinate system is set around the origin O in the middle of the connecting straight line between Ei and E 2 .
- the unknown position of the transmitter S has the coordinates p parallel to the connecting line between Ei and E 2 , q perpendicular to this connecting line and r perpendicularly protruding from the plane of the drawing.
- the distance between Ei and E 2 is called A p .
- the transmitter S emits an unmodulated carrier wave having a frequency of 100 MHz (wavelength 3 m).
- 2 denotes. It is uniquely determined by the difference in the paths between transmitter and receivers as long as it is within the open interval ⁇ / 2 - ⁇ / 2, ⁇ / 2 + ⁇ / 2>.
- the interval of the phase difference in this embodiment is further limited to the interval [ ⁇ / 2 - ⁇ / 3, ⁇ / 2 + ⁇ / 3].
- ⁇ 12 ⁇ - ( ⁇ 2 - ⁇ ⁇ ) + ⁇ 0
- Equation (1) holds unchanged if the signal was modulated onto a carrier signal before being transmitted to the receivers and demodulated again after receiving from this mixture, ⁇ is then still the wavelength of the signal; the wavelength ⁇ of the carrier signal does not matter. The same applies if the intensity of a light source is modulated as a transmitter with the frequency of the signal.
- the distances S 1 and s 2 are given by (2) and (3).
- the goal is to determine the coordinates of the transmitter as precisely as possible from phase differences.
- a phase detector is not directly measured the phase difference F / 2, but only cos (Oi 2 ).
- the measurement accuracy ⁇ 2 is closely linked to the measurement accuracy 5c of cos (Oi 2 ).
- the path difference change is maximal: Then the differential quotient has the value 2. Is also still the phase difference, which in the interval [ ⁇ / 2 - ⁇ / 3, ⁇ / 2 + ⁇ / 3]. should lie, just ⁇ / 2, we get
- the measurement error for the coordinate p is:
- the inventors have learned to use for the determination of the three coordinates (x, y, z) of the transmitter three receiver pairs whose connecting lines point in the x, y or z direction.
- the receiver pair is used to determine the individual coordinates, with which they can be measured most sensitive.
- This information may be partially contradictory, as in an overdetermined system of linear equations.
- the position is determined iteratively. So first, plausible start values are set for all coordinates. Subsequently, the coordinates x, y and z are successively optimized, while the other two coordinates are respectively recorded. Thereafter, the optimization of x, then y and finally z is continued. This is repeated until a predetermined termination condition is reached.
- FIG. 3 shows the sketch of a further exemplary embodiment of the position determination system according to the invention, which is intended for the three-dimensional localization of a mobile object within a laboratory. It includes eight egg recipients to Eg.
- the receivers Ei to E 4 are suspended from the laboratory ceiling, the receivers E 5 to Eg are each lower by the same height h.
- the distances between the receivers and the height h are advantageously chosen so that the space bounded by the receivers covers as closely as possible the area in which movements are expected. Then the position of the mobile object in this area can be determined with the greatest possible accuracy.
- a location P 0 is determined with the coordinates (x 0 , y 0 , zo) at which the phase differences of all pairs are set to ⁇ / 2.
- the coordinate system is defined by the connection directions of the pairs and in FIG. 2 they are labeled x, y and z.
- the receivers have exactly certain coordinates, e.g. Eg the receiver Ei is the triple (xEi, yE], zE
- the transmitter P has the time-varying coordinates (x (t), y (t), z (t))
- the distances from the transmitter at location P to the receiver Ei are denoted by Si (P) or, if the transmitter is located at location P 0 , Si (P 0 ). It is
- the phase detector which compares the phases of the incoming wave at the two receivers, does not directly supply the phase difference, but its cosine cos (Oj k exp ).
- Oj k (P) is determined from (16) by substituting the expressions (15) as a function of the coordinates x, y and z expressed. From the difference of the two cosines, the following quality function is set up, whose minimum is sought:
- the minimization does not only relate to the difference between the setpoint and the actual value for the cosine of the phase difference, but also takes into account that only the interval ⁇ / 6 ⁇ k (P) ⁇ 5 ⁇ / 6 is used as the measuring range in the interests of the highest possible measuring accuracy shall be. Exceeding this measuring range increases the values of the two additive penalty terms in (17), each of which is weighted by a factor w.
- the golden section search strategy is used as the "golden” routine described in the book “Numerical Recipes in C” (W.H. Press et al., Cambridge University Press). This routine only needs an encirclement of the minimum; This can be obtained from the marginal values that the transmitter is located directly at one of the two receivers.
- a minimization of the first pair with respect to x, then one of the second pair with respect to y and finally one of the third pair with respect to z is performed successively. Subsequently, the next iteration is again begun with the minimization with respect to x, where y and z are recorded at the previously determined values. If the position (x m j n , y m in, z m j n ) no longer changes during the iterations, the solution is self-consistent and is evaluated as the result for the transmitter position.
- Equation (20) has the condition, almost never applicable in practice, that the perturbation object has an infinitely large cross-section.
- equation (20) still applies to the phase shift of the signal.
- n the refractive index of the matter at the frequency of the carrier signal is to be used.
- a rough estimate can be obtained about the influence of smaller objects in the beam with the Huygen principle at the diffraction, which leads to the Fresnel zones.
- FIG. 4 shows the beam path between the transmitter S and the receiver E 3 . It shows those rays which are within the first Fresnel zone with the knife D F are located.
- the beam path is a cube-shaped interfering object with edge length d and refractive index n, where d «ÜF.
- the diameter of the first Fresnel zone is with the definition
- equation (24) If the signal was modulated before transmission from the transmitter to the receivers to a carrier signal with wavelength ⁇ , equation (24) becomes
- n again the refractive index of the matter for the carrier signal.
- Absorption means a weakening of the receiver signal. This is irrelevant, because the signals are normalized during phase detection.
Landscapes
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Radar, Positioning & Navigation (AREA)
- Remote Sensing (AREA)
- Electromagnetism (AREA)
- Position Fixing By Use Of Radio Waves (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| DE102011107333A DE102011107333A1 (de) | 2011-07-14 | 2011-07-14 | Positionsbestimmungssystem und Verfahren zum Betreiben |
| PCT/DE2012/000469 WO2013007227A1 (de) | 2011-07-14 | 2012-05-04 | Positionsbestimmungssystem und verfahren zum betreiben |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| EP2732303A1 true EP2732303A1 (de) | 2014-05-21 |
| EP2732303B1 EP2732303B1 (de) | 2015-07-01 |
Family
ID=46384078
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP12729847.9A Not-in-force EP2732303B1 (de) | 2011-07-14 | 2012-05-04 | Positionsbestimmungssystem und verfahren zum betreiben |
Country Status (6)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US20140111379A1 (de) |
| EP (1) | EP2732303B1 (de) |
| JP (1) | JP2014524029A (de) |
| CN (1) | CN103782187A (de) |
| DE (1) | DE102011107333A1 (de) |
| WO (1) | WO2013007227A1 (de) |
Families Citing this family (9)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| EP2764052B1 (de) | 2011-10-04 | 2018-07-18 | Dow Silicones Corporation | Eisen(iii)-haltiger komplex und kondensationsreaktionskatalysatoren, verfahren zur herstellung der katalysatoren und zusammensetzungen mit den katalysatoren |
| DE102015003584A1 (de) * | 2015-03-19 | 2016-09-22 | Alexander Rudoy | Verfahren und Vorrichtung zur 3D-Positionsbestimmung |
| DE102016012101A1 (de) | 2016-10-08 | 2018-04-12 | Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH | Verfahren und Vorrichtung zur Positionsbestimmung |
| CN106908764B (zh) * | 2017-01-13 | 2021-08-13 | 北京理工大学 | 一种多目标光学跟踪方法 |
| CN111801592B (zh) * | 2018-01-04 | 2025-01-21 | 谷鲁股份有限公司 | 使用微波和毫米波视差对空间的三维和四维测绘 |
| US10921433B2 (en) * | 2018-01-10 | 2021-02-16 | Aptiv Technologies Limited | Method, apparatus and system for automated vehicle with target localization |
| KR102141442B1 (ko) * | 2018-10-02 | 2020-08-05 | 주식회사 비긴어스 | 이동체의 위치추적 방법 및 그 위치추적 장치 |
| CN110221247A (zh) * | 2019-06-04 | 2019-09-10 | 国家电网有限公司 | 一种电力设备三维定位方法及装置 |
| US12343612B2 (en) | 2021-07-08 | 2025-07-01 | Sportsmedia Technology Corporation | Automated offside detection and visualization for sports |
Family Cites Families (8)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JP3454892B2 (ja) * | 1993-11-25 | 2003-10-06 | 東京電力株式会社 | 電波源位置標定方法および装置 |
| AU2003220185B2 (en) * | 2002-03-12 | 2007-05-10 | Menache, Llc | Motion tracking system and method |
| US7009561B2 (en) * | 2003-03-11 | 2006-03-07 | Menache, Llp | Radio frequency motion tracking system and method |
| JP2004333252A (ja) * | 2003-05-06 | 2004-11-25 | Nippon Telegr & Teleph Corp <Ntt> | 位置推定装置および位置推定方法 |
| US20060066485A1 (en) * | 2004-09-24 | 2006-03-30 | Guohua Min | Wireless tracking system based upon phase differences |
| DE102007046366A1 (de) * | 2006-10-12 | 2008-04-17 | Cairos Technologies Ag | Konzept zur Positionsmessung durch Phasenvergleich eines modulierten Signals |
| DE102008045386B4 (de) * | 2008-09-02 | 2017-07-13 | Carl Zeiss Ag | Vorrichtung und Verfahren zum Bestimmen einer Objektposition |
| JP2010203849A (ja) * | 2009-03-02 | 2010-09-16 | Mitsubishi Electric Corp | 測位装置 |
-
2011
- 2011-07-14 DE DE102011107333A patent/DE102011107333A1/de not_active Withdrawn
-
2012
- 2012-05-04 WO PCT/DE2012/000469 patent/WO2013007227A1/de not_active Ceased
- 2012-05-04 JP JP2014519415A patent/JP2014524029A/ja active Pending
- 2012-05-04 CN CN201280034902.6A patent/CN103782187A/zh active Pending
- 2012-05-04 EP EP12729847.9A patent/EP2732303B1/de not_active Not-in-force
- 2012-05-04 US US14/119,336 patent/US20140111379A1/en not_active Abandoned
Non-Patent Citations (1)
| Title |
|---|
| See references of WO2013007227A1 * |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| JP2014524029A (ja) | 2014-09-18 |
| CN103782187A (zh) | 2014-05-07 |
| WO2013007227A1 (de) | 2013-01-17 |
| US20140111379A1 (en) | 2014-04-24 |
| EP2732303B1 (de) | 2015-07-01 |
| DE102011107333A1 (de) | 2013-01-17 |
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