EP2676008B1 - Vorrichtung und verfahren zur energieerzeugung durch einen organischen rankine-kreislauf - Google Patents

Vorrichtung und verfahren zur energieerzeugung durch einen organischen rankine-kreislauf Download PDF

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Publication number
EP2676008B1
EP2676008B1 EP12705427.8A EP12705427A EP2676008B1 EP 2676008 B1 EP2676008 B1 EP 2676008B1 EP 12705427 A EP12705427 A EP 12705427A EP 2676008 B1 EP2676008 B1 EP 2676008B1
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Prior art keywords
working fluid
heat exchanger
organic
heat
bundle
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EP12705427.8A
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English (en)
French (fr)
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EP2676008A1 (de
Inventor
Claudio SPADACINI
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Exergy SpA
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Exergy SpA
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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01K—STEAM ENGINE PLANTS; STEAM ACCUMULATORS; ENGINE PLANTS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; ENGINES USING SPECIAL WORKING FLUIDS OR CYCLES
    • F01K25/00—Plants or engines characterised by use of special working fluids, not otherwise provided for; Plants operating in closed cycles and not otherwise provided for
    • F01K25/08—Plants or engines characterised by use of special working fluids, not otherwise provided for; Plants operating in closed cycles and not otherwise provided for using special vapours
    • F01K25/10—Plants or engines characterised by use of special working fluids, not otherwise provided for; Plants operating in closed cycles and not otherwise provided for using special vapours the vapours being cold, e.g. ammonia, carbon dioxide, ether
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01K—STEAM ENGINE PLANTS; STEAM ACCUMULATORS; ENGINE PLANTS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; ENGINES USING SPECIAL WORKING FLUIDS OR CYCLES
    • F01K25/00—Plants or engines characterised by use of special working fluids, not otherwise provided for; Plants operating in closed cycles and not otherwise provided for
    • F01K25/06—Plants or engines characterised by use of special working fluids, not otherwise provided for; Plants operating in closed cycles and not otherwise provided for using mixtures of different fluids
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F22—STEAM GENERATION
    • F22B—METHODS OF STEAM GENERATION; STEAM BOILERS
    • F22B21/00—Water-tube boilers of vertical or steeply-inclined type, i.e. the water-tube sets being arranged vertically or substantially vertically
    • F22B21/22—Water-tube boilers of vertical or steeply-inclined type, i.e. the water-tube sets being arranged vertically or substantially vertically built-up from water tubes of form other than straight or substantially straight
    • F22B21/24—Water-tube boilers of vertical or steeply-inclined type, i.e. the water-tube sets being arranged vertically or substantially vertically built-up from water tubes of form other than straight or substantially straight bent in serpentine or sinuous form
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F22—STEAM GENERATION
    • F22B—METHODS OF STEAM GENERATION; STEAM BOILERS
    • F22B27/00—Instantaneous or flash steam boilers
    • F22B27/04—Instantaneous or flash steam boilers built-up from water tubes
    • F22B27/06—Instantaneous or flash steam boilers built-up from water tubes bent in serpentine or sinuous form
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F22—STEAM GENERATION
    • F22B—METHODS OF STEAM GENERATION; STEAM BOILERS
    • F22B29/00—Steam boilers of forced-flow type
    • F22B29/06—Steam boilers of forced-flow type of once-through type, i.e. built-up from tubes receiving water at one end and delivering superheated steam at the other end of the tubes
    • F22B29/067—Steam boilers of forced-flow type of once-through type, i.e. built-up from tubes receiving water at one end and delivering superheated steam at the other end of the tubes operating at critical or supercritical pressure

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to an apparatus and process for energy generation by super-critical organic Rankine cycle.
  • thermodynamic Rankine cycle Apparatuses based on a thermodynamic Rankine cycle that convert thermal energy into mechanical and/or electric energy in a simple and reliable manner.
  • ORC thermodynamic Rankine cycle
  • working fluids of the organic type are preferably used in place of the traditional water/vapour system, because an organic fluid is suitable for conversion of heat sources at relatively low temperatures, generally between 100°C and 300°C, but also at higher temperatures, in a more efficient manner.
  • the ORC conversion systems therefore have recently found increasingly wider applications in different sectors, such as in the geothermic field, in the industrial energy recovery, in apparatus for energy generation from biomasses and concentrated solar power (CSP), in regasifiers, etc.
  • An apparatus of known type for conversion of thermal energy by an organic Rankine cycle comprises: at least one heat exchanger exchanging heat between a high-temperature source and a working fluid, so as to heat, evaporate and superheat the working fluid; at least one turbine fed by the working fluid in the vapour phase coming out of the heat exchanger so as to carry out conversion of the thermal energy present in the working fluid into mechanical energy according to a Rankine cycle; at least one generator operatively connected to the turbine, in which the mechanical energy produced by the turbine is converted into electric energy; at least one condenser where the working fluid coming out of the turbine is condensed and sent to at least one pump; from the pump the working fluid is fed to the heat exchanger.
  • ORC cycles and related apparatus are known in which evaporation is sub-critical.
  • Figs. 2a and 2b is a typical Rankine cycle not part of the invention, obtained with an organic fluid, by sub-critical evaporation.
  • the organic fluid is pumped by the pump from pressure of point 1 (pump suction) to pressure of point 2 (pump delivery). From point 2 the fluid is heated until point 3.
  • heating contemplates the sensible-heat exchange with the working fluid in the liquid phase (from 2 to 2'), the latent-heat exchange between saturated liquid and saturated vapour (2' to 2"), the sensible-heat exchange with vapour (2" to 3).
  • point 3 has been reached, the fluid is introduced into the turbine.
  • the exit conditions out of the turbine are represented by point 4.
  • the heat exchanger of known apparatus therefore comprises a preheater, an evaporator and, optionally, a superheater. This because usually a big volume is required for the evaporator as generally the vapour of a fluid has a specific volume much bigger than the liquid. In addition, large exchange surfaces are required to make the vapour acquire sensible heat because the heat exchange coefficients of vapour are very low.
  • Document WO 2011/012516 of known art illustrates a steam generator including tubes passing through the generator, from a water inlet to an superheated steam outlet, disposed horizontally in banks perpendicularly passed through by fumes.
  • Document WO 2006/060253 of known art depicts a method and an apparatus using an organic Rankine cycle for generating energy on a sea boat.
  • the method comprises the following steps: providing an ORC device including at least one evaporator, a turbogenerator, a condenser and a cooler feeding pump; arranging the evaporator within an exhaust duct of a power plant of a sea boat; setting the power plant in operation and selectively pumping cooler through the ORC device.
  • Document WO 2011/066089 which is a prior right and it is not relevant for the assessment of inventive step, discloses a system for power generation using an Organic Rankine Cycle.
  • the system includes: a heat exchanger configured to be mounted entirely inside a duct, the heat exchanger being configured to include a single inlet which traverses from an outer side of the duct to an inner side of a duct, a single outlet which traverses from the inner side of the duct to the outer side of the duct, and a conduit connecting the single inlet to the single outlet, the conduit being provided entirely inside the duct.
  • Document DE 696 727 discloses an heat exchanger comprising a plurality of tubes enclosed by a common outer tube.
  • Document US 2009/126923 discloses apparatus and methods for recovering and using geothermal energy. Such methods include at least partially vaporizing a working fluid by passing it through a flow loop that partially extends into a heated subterranean zone and employing the vaporized working fluid to power a turbine. A portion of the flow loop can comprise a depleted or partially depleted hydrocarbon well.
  • the Applicant has aimed at improving known plants under different points of view, in particular in relation to optimisation of the apparatus intended for heat exchange, based on the nature of the organic fluid used.
  • the Applicant has aimed at optimising the apparatus carrying out change of state, from liquid to vapour, of the organic liquid used.
  • the invention relates to the ORC apparatus of claim 1.
  • the present invention relates to the ORC process of claim 3.
  • hairpin it is intended a heat exchanger comprising more inner tubes inserted into an outer shell in which the inner tubes and outer shell extend along rectilinear stretches mutually connected by curvilinear stretches, like a street with "hairpin” bends.
  • a first fluid flows in the inner tubes and a second fluid flows between the inner tubes and outer shell.
  • said heat exchanger is able to carry out a state conversion from liquid to superheated vapour by a single apparatus, enabling the sizes of the whole plant and the industrial spaces dedicated thereto to be reduced.
  • the hairpin heat exchanger further is of easy manufacture, limited cost and high reliability, it helps in making the whole plant cheaper and more reliable.
  • the hairpin heat exchanger is able to stably carry out the preheating, once-through evaporation and superheating steps both at nominal load and at partial and transitory loads, for super-critical ORC cycles.
  • once-through evaporation it is intended a process in which physical distinction between preheater, evaporator and superheater is not provided, but the fluid goes on without a break from the starting liquid state to the final superheated vapour state.
  • the plant can be used with different organic fluids and optimised as a function of the nature of same.
  • the hairpin heat exchanger performing all the above mentioned exchange steps in a single tube without a break is consequently also self-draining during the turning-off step.
  • the exchanger of the hairpin type is able to come into operation under dry-running conditions.
  • dry-running conditions is understood as indicating the conditions according to which the only hot side of the exchanger is fed with the fluid.
  • the configuration of the hairpin type further has the advantage of enabling heat exchange with great temperature differences between fluid entry and fluid exit, i.e. with high thermal lengths, the mechanical stress being low. In fact, using this geometry, it is possible to uncouple the expansion on the outer shell from the expansion of the tubes.
  • the hairpin heat exchanger is able to withstand high temperature differences, even beyond 100-200°C, between the incoming heating fluid ( Fig. 3b , point A) and outgoing heating fluid ( Fig. 3b , point B).
  • the hairpin heat exchanger is with or without buffers.
  • the hairpin heat exchanger comprises an inner-tube bundle surrounded by a shell.
  • step i) heating of the organic working fluid is of the super-critical type.
  • the advantage of performing the cycle making a super-critical evaporation resides in optimising the conversion performances from thermal energy into electric energy.
  • the operating conditions optimising the thermal cycle performances such as pressure of the evaporation, depend on the fluid nature.
  • ORC super-critical organic Rankine cycle
  • Apparatus 10 comprises an endless circuit in which an organic working fluid flows which has a high or medium molecular weight.
  • This fluid can preferably be selected from the group comprising hydrocarbons, fluorocarbons and siloxanes.
  • Fig. 1 shows the circuit of the Rankine cycle in its base configuration and contemplates: a pump 20, a heat exchanger 30, a turbine 40 connected to an electric generator 50, a condenser 60.
  • Pump 20 admits the organic working fluid from condenser 60 into the heat exchanger 30.
  • the fluid In the heat exchanger 30 the fluid is heated, evaporated and then fed in the vapour phase to turbine 40, where conversion of the thermal energy present in the working fluid into mechanical energy and then into electrical energy through generator 50 is carried out.
  • turbine 40 Downstream of turbine 40, in condenser 60, the working fluid is condensed and sent again to the heat exchanger through the pump 20.
  • the heat exchanger 30 is of the "hairpin” type, i.e. it comprises several inner tubes (tube bundle) 70 in which circulation of the organic working fluid occurs. Tubes 70 are inserted in an outer shell/skirt/jacket 80 and between the tubes 70 and shell 80 a hot fluid, diathermal oil for example, is caused to flow.
  • the inner tubes 70 and outer shell 80 extend along rectilinear stretches 70b, 80b connected to each other by curvilinear stretches 70a, 80a.
  • the hairpin heat exchanger 30 comprises a U-shaped bundle of inner tubes 70 (schematically represented) having two rectilinear stretches 70b connected by a curvilinear connecting stretch 70a.
  • the inner tubes 70 extends inside the outer shell 80 that will takes the same U-shaped configuration with two rectilinear stretches 80b connected by a curvilinear connecting stretch 80a.
  • a first end 90 (inlet) of the inner tubes 70 is in fluid connection, through suitable pipeline, with pump 20.
  • a second end 100 (outlet) of the inner tubes 70 is in fluid connection, through suitable pipeline, with turbine 40.
  • the outer shell 80 In the vicinity of the second end 100 of the inner tubes 70, the outer shell 80 has an inlet 110 for the hot fluid and, in the vicinity of the first end 90 of the inner tubes 70, the outer shell 80 has an outlet 120 for said hot fluid.
  • the organic working fluid flows from the first end 90 to the second end 100 while the hot fluid runs from inlet 110 to outlet 120, so that the heat exchanger 30 shown works in counter-current.
  • the heat exchanger 30 can have "n" rectilinear stretches connected by "n-1" curvilinear stretches.
  • the working fluid running in the hairpin heat exchanger 30 passes without a break from the initial liquid state to the final state of superheated vapour. Evaporation takes place in the absence of contact between liquid and vapour and therefore under the so-called "once-through" condition.
  • Figs. 2a and 2b describe the heat exchange during heating of the organic fluid in the more general case of sub-critical heating not part of the invention.
  • the hot fluid diathermic oil, for example
  • the organic fluid coming out of pump 20 at the described conditions from point 2 absorbs heat Q and is heated.
  • the thermal profile followed by the fluid during heating is reproduced by curve 2-2'-2"-3 in Fig. 2a , not part of the invention.
  • Figs. 3a and 3b Reproduced in Figs. 3a and 3b is an organic Rankine cycle, ORC, with super-critical evaporation according to the invention.
  • the fluid is pumped by the pump until a pressure higher than the critical one.
  • points 2' and 2" characterising the phase transition.
  • the specific fluid volume changes continuously, without discontinuity from liquid to vapour. This is true at the nominal pressure, but it should be pointed out that during the starting and turning-off transients, crossing of the sub-critical region is unavoidable.
  • the conversion of state from liquid to vapour in the single hairpin exchanger is able to exchange both the sensible heat necessary to bring the fluid to conditions of saturated liquid (preheating, PH, Fig. 2a , stretch 2-2'), and the latent heat for bringing the saturated liquid to the conditions of saturated vapour (evaporation, EV, Fig. 2a stretch 2'-2"), as well as the sensible heat necessary for vapour superheating (superheating, SH, Fig. 2a stretch 2"-3).
  • the thermal energy exchanged in the apparatus with hairpin exchanger according to the invention enables the fluid to carry out conversions involving heat exchange under super-critical conditions (see Fig. 3a ).

Claims (5)

  1. ORC-Vorrichtung zum Erzeugen von Energie durch einen überkritischen organischen Rankine-Zyklus, umfassend:
    - einen einzelnen Wärmetauscher (30) zum Austauschen von Wärme zwischen einer Wärmequelle und einem organischen Arbeitsfluid, um so das Arbeitsfluid zu erwärmen und zu verdampfen und zu überhitzen;
    - wenigstens eine Turbine (40), welche mit dem verdampften Arbeitsfluid gespeist wird, welches aus dem Wärmetauscher (30) kommt, um eine Umwandlung der thermischen Energie, welche in dem Arbeitsfluid vorliegt, in mechanische Energie gemäß einem Rankine-Zyklus durchzuführen;
    - wenigstens einen Kondensator (60), bei welchem das aus der wenigstens einen Turbine (40) kommende Arbeitsfluid kondensiert und zu der wenigstens einen Pumpe geschickt wird; wobei das Arbeitsfluid dann zu dem Wärmetauscher (30) geschickt wird;
    dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass der Wärmetauscher (30) vom Haarnadel-Typ ist und ein Bündel von inneren Leitungen (70) umfasst, welche von einer äußeren Hülle (80) umgeben sind, wobei sowohl das Bündel von inneren Leitungen (70) als auch die äußere Hülle (80) sich entlang wenigstens zweier geradliniger Strecken (70b, 80b) erstrecken, welche gegenseitig durch wenigstens eine kurvenförmige Strecke (70a, 80a) verbunden sind; wobei eine Zirkulation des organischen Arbeitsfluids in dem Bündel von inneren Leitungen (70) auftritt und ein heißes Fluid dazu veranlasst wird, zwischen dem Bündel von inneren Leitungen (70) und der Hülle (80) zu strömen; wobei der Haarnadel-Wärmetauscher (30) vom Gegenstrom-Typ ist.
  2. Vorrichtung nach Anspruch 1, ferner umfassend wenigstens einen Generator (50), welcher mit der wenigstens einen Turbine (40) betriebsmäßig verbunden ist, wobei die von der Turbine (40) erzeugte mechanische Energie in elektrische Energie umgewandelt wird.
  3. ORC-Prozess zum Erzeugen von Energie durch einen überkritischen organischen Rankine-Zyklus, umfassend:
    i) Führen eines organischen Arbeitsfluids durch einen einzelnen Wärmetauscher (30) zum Austauschen von Wärme zwischen einer Wärmequelle und dem Arbeitsfluid, um so das Arbeitsfluid zu erwärmen und zu verdampfen;
    ii) Zuführen des aus dem Wärmetauscher (30) kommenden verdampften organischen Arbeitsfluids zu wenigstens einer Turbine (40), um eine Umwandlung der in dem Arbeitsfluid vorliegenden thermischen Energie in mechanische Energie gemäß einem Rankine-Zyklus durchzuführen;
    iii) Zuführen des aus der wenigstens einen Turbine (40) kommenden organischen Arbeitsfluids zu wenigstens einem Kondensator (60), wo das Arbeitsfluid kondensiert wird;
    iv) Schicken des aus dem Kondensator (60) kommenden organischen Arbeitsfluids zu dem Wärmetauscher (30);
    dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass Schritt i) umfasst: Veranlassen des organischen Arbeitsfluids dazu, durch einen Wärmetauscher (30) des Haarnadel-Typs zu strömen, welcher ein Bündel von inneren Leitungen (70) umfasst, welche von einer äußeren Hülle (80) umgeben sind; wobei sowohl das Bündel von inneren Leitungen (70) als auch die äußere Hülle (80) sich entlang wenigstens zweier geradliniger Strecken (70b, 80b) erstrecken, welche gegenseitig durch wenigstens eine kurvenförmige Strecke (70a, 80a) verbunden sind; wobei eine Zirkulation des organischen Arbeitsfluids in dem Bündel von inneren Leitungen (70) auftritt und ein heißes Fluid dazu veranlasst wird, zwischen dem Bündel von inneren Leitungen (70) und der Hülle (80) zu strömen; wobei der Haarnadel-Wärmetauscher (30) vom Gegenstrom-Typ ist; wobei in Schritt i) das Erwärmen des organischen Arbeitsfluids vom überkritischen Typ ist.
  4. Prozess nach Anspruch 3, wobei das organische Arbeitsfluid aus der Gruppe ausgewählt ist, welche umfasst: Kohlenwasserstoffe, Fluorkohlenstoffe und Siloxane.
  5. Prozess nach Anspruch 3, wobei der Wärmetauscher (30) vom Haarnadel-Typ in Trockenlauf-Zuständen in Betrieb kommt.
EP12705427.8A 2011-02-18 2012-01-27 Vorrichtung und verfahren zur energieerzeugung durch einen organischen rankine-kreislauf Revoked EP2676008B1 (de)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
HRP20170934TT HRP20170934T1 (hr) 2011-02-18 2017-06-20 Uređaj i postupak za stvaranje energije organskim rankineovim ciklusom

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Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
ITMI2011A000244A IT1404174B1 (it) 2011-02-18 2011-02-18 Impianto e processo per la produzione di energia tramite ciclo rankine organico
PCT/IB2012/050385 WO2012110905A1 (en) 2011-02-18 2012-01-27 Apparatus and process for generation of energy by organic rankine cycle

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EP2676008A1 EP2676008A1 (de) 2013-12-25
EP2676008B1 true EP2676008B1 (de) 2017-03-29

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US (1) US20140026575A1 (de)
EP (1) EP2676008B1 (de)
ES (1) ES2628616T3 (de)
HR (1) HRP20170934T1 (de)
HU (1) HUE034699T2 (de)
IT (1) IT1404174B1 (de)
PT (1) PT2676008T (de)
WO (1) WO2012110905A1 (de)

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SADIK KAKA CR C; HONGTAN LIU; ANCHASA PRAMUANJAROENKIJ: "Heat Exchangers, selection, rating and thermal design, second edition", CRC PRESS

Cited By (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US20220186984A1 (en) * 2019-05-14 2022-06-16 Turboden S.p.A. Heat exchange circuit for a geothermal plant
US11802716B2 (en) * 2019-05-14 2023-10-31 Turboden S.p.A. Heat exchange circuit for a geothermal plant

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PT2676008T (pt) 2017-07-03
HRP20170934T1 (hr) 2017-09-22
ES2628616T3 (es) 2017-08-03
US20140026575A1 (en) 2014-01-30
WO2012110905A1 (en) 2012-08-23
HUE034699T2 (hu) 2018-02-28
ITMI20110244A1 (it) 2012-08-19
IT1404174B1 (it) 2013-11-15

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