EP2676008B1 - Apparatus and process for generation of energy by organic rankine cycle - Google Patents
Apparatus and process for generation of energy by organic rankine cycle Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP2676008B1 EP2676008B1 EP12705427.8A EP12705427A EP2676008B1 EP 2676008 B1 EP2676008 B1 EP 2676008B1 EP 12705427 A EP12705427 A EP 12705427A EP 2676008 B1 EP2676008 B1 EP 2676008B1
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- Prior art keywords
- working fluid
- heat exchanger
- organic
- heat
- bundle
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01K—STEAM ENGINE PLANTS; STEAM ACCUMULATORS; ENGINE PLANTS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; ENGINES USING SPECIAL WORKING FLUIDS OR CYCLES
- F01K25/00—Plants or engines characterised by use of special working fluids, not otherwise provided for; Plants operating in closed cycles and not otherwise provided for
- F01K25/08—Plants or engines characterised by use of special working fluids, not otherwise provided for; Plants operating in closed cycles and not otherwise provided for using special vapours
- F01K25/10—Plants or engines characterised by use of special working fluids, not otherwise provided for; Plants operating in closed cycles and not otherwise provided for using special vapours the vapours being cold, e.g. ammonia, carbon dioxide, ether
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01K—STEAM ENGINE PLANTS; STEAM ACCUMULATORS; ENGINE PLANTS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; ENGINES USING SPECIAL WORKING FLUIDS OR CYCLES
- F01K25/00—Plants or engines characterised by use of special working fluids, not otherwise provided for; Plants operating in closed cycles and not otherwise provided for
- F01K25/06—Plants or engines characterised by use of special working fluids, not otherwise provided for; Plants operating in closed cycles and not otherwise provided for using mixtures of different fluids
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F22—STEAM GENERATION
- F22B—METHODS OF STEAM GENERATION; STEAM BOILERS
- F22B21/00—Water-tube boilers of vertical or steeply-inclined type, i.e. the water-tube sets being arranged vertically or substantially vertically
- F22B21/22—Water-tube boilers of vertical or steeply-inclined type, i.e. the water-tube sets being arranged vertically or substantially vertically built-up from water tubes of form other than straight or substantially straight
- F22B21/24—Water-tube boilers of vertical or steeply-inclined type, i.e. the water-tube sets being arranged vertically or substantially vertically built-up from water tubes of form other than straight or substantially straight bent in serpentine or sinuous form
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F22—STEAM GENERATION
- F22B—METHODS OF STEAM GENERATION; STEAM BOILERS
- F22B27/00—Instantaneous or flash steam boilers
- F22B27/04—Instantaneous or flash steam boilers built-up from water tubes
- F22B27/06—Instantaneous or flash steam boilers built-up from water tubes bent in serpentine or sinuous form
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F22—STEAM GENERATION
- F22B—METHODS OF STEAM GENERATION; STEAM BOILERS
- F22B29/00—Steam boilers of forced-flow type
- F22B29/06—Steam boilers of forced-flow type of once-through type, i.e. built-up from tubes receiving water at one end and delivering superheated steam at the other end of the tubes
- F22B29/067—Steam boilers of forced-flow type of once-through type, i.e. built-up from tubes receiving water at one end and delivering superheated steam at the other end of the tubes operating at critical or supercritical pressure
Definitions
- the present invention relates to an apparatus and process for energy generation by super-critical organic Rankine cycle.
- thermodynamic Rankine cycle Apparatuses based on a thermodynamic Rankine cycle that convert thermal energy into mechanical and/or electric energy in a simple and reliable manner.
- ORC thermodynamic Rankine cycle
- working fluids of the organic type are preferably used in place of the traditional water/vapour system, because an organic fluid is suitable for conversion of heat sources at relatively low temperatures, generally between 100°C and 300°C, but also at higher temperatures, in a more efficient manner.
- the ORC conversion systems therefore have recently found increasingly wider applications in different sectors, such as in the geothermic field, in the industrial energy recovery, in apparatus for energy generation from biomasses and concentrated solar power (CSP), in regasifiers, etc.
- An apparatus of known type for conversion of thermal energy by an organic Rankine cycle comprises: at least one heat exchanger exchanging heat between a high-temperature source and a working fluid, so as to heat, evaporate and superheat the working fluid; at least one turbine fed by the working fluid in the vapour phase coming out of the heat exchanger so as to carry out conversion of the thermal energy present in the working fluid into mechanical energy according to a Rankine cycle; at least one generator operatively connected to the turbine, in which the mechanical energy produced by the turbine is converted into electric energy; at least one condenser where the working fluid coming out of the turbine is condensed and sent to at least one pump; from the pump the working fluid is fed to the heat exchanger.
- ORC cycles and related apparatus are known in which evaporation is sub-critical.
- Figs. 2a and 2b is a typical Rankine cycle not part of the invention, obtained with an organic fluid, by sub-critical evaporation.
- the organic fluid is pumped by the pump from pressure of point 1 (pump suction) to pressure of point 2 (pump delivery). From point 2 the fluid is heated until point 3.
- heating contemplates the sensible-heat exchange with the working fluid in the liquid phase (from 2 to 2'), the latent-heat exchange between saturated liquid and saturated vapour (2' to 2"), the sensible-heat exchange with vapour (2" to 3).
- point 3 has been reached, the fluid is introduced into the turbine.
- the exit conditions out of the turbine are represented by point 4.
- the heat exchanger of known apparatus therefore comprises a preheater, an evaporator and, optionally, a superheater. This because usually a big volume is required for the evaporator as generally the vapour of a fluid has a specific volume much bigger than the liquid. In addition, large exchange surfaces are required to make the vapour acquire sensible heat because the heat exchange coefficients of vapour are very low.
- Document WO 2011/012516 of known art illustrates a steam generator including tubes passing through the generator, from a water inlet to an superheated steam outlet, disposed horizontally in banks perpendicularly passed through by fumes.
- Document WO 2006/060253 of known art depicts a method and an apparatus using an organic Rankine cycle for generating energy on a sea boat.
- the method comprises the following steps: providing an ORC device including at least one evaporator, a turbogenerator, a condenser and a cooler feeding pump; arranging the evaporator within an exhaust duct of a power plant of a sea boat; setting the power plant in operation and selectively pumping cooler through the ORC device.
- Document WO 2011/066089 which is a prior right and it is not relevant for the assessment of inventive step, discloses a system for power generation using an Organic Rankine Cycle.
- the system includes: a heat exchanger configured to be mounted entirely inside a duct, the heat exchanger being configured to include a single inlet which traverses from an outer side of the duct to an inner side of a duct, a single outlet which traverses from the inner side of the duct to the outer side of the duct, and a conduit connecting the single inlet to the single outlet, the conduit being provided entirely inside the duct.
- Document DE 696 727 discloses an heat exchanger comprising a plurality of tubes enclosed by a common outer tube.
- Document US 2009/126923 discloses apparatus and methods for recovering and using geothermal energy. Such methods include at least partially vaporizing a working fluid by passing it through a flow loop that partially extends into a heated subterranean zone and employing the vaporized working fluid to power a turbine. A portion of the flow loop can comprise a depleted or partially depleted hydrocarbon well.
- the Applicant has aimed at improving known plants under different points of view, in particular in relation to optimisation of the apparatus intended for heat exchange, based on the nature of the organic fluid used.
- the Applicant has aimed at optimising the apparatus carrying out change of state, from liquid to vapour, of the organic liquid used.
- the invention relates to the ORC apparatus of claim 1.
- the present invention relates to the ORC process of claim 3.
- hairpin it is intended a heat exchanger comprising more inner tubes inserted into an outer shell in which the inner tubes and outer shell extend along rectilinear stretches mutually connected by curvilinear stretches, like a street with "hairpin” bends.
- a first fluid flows in the inner tubes and a second fluid flows between the inner tubes and outer shell.
- said heat exchanger is able to carry out a state conversion from liquid to superheated vapour by a single apparatus, enabling the sizes of the whole plant and the industrial spaces dedicated thereto to be reduced.
- the hairpin heat exchanger further is of easy manufacture, limited cost and high reliability, it helps in making the whole plant cheaper and more reliable.
- the hairpin heat exchanger is able to stably carry out the preheating, once-through evaporation and superheating steps both at nominal load and at partial and transitory loads, for super-critical ORC cycles.
- once-through evaporation it is intended a process in which physical distinction between preheater, evaporator and superheater is not provided, but the fluid goes on without a break from the starting liquid state to the final superheated vapour state.
- the plant can be used with different organic fluids and optimised as a function of the nature of same.
- the hairpin heat exchanger performing all the above mentioned exchange steps in a single tube without a break is consequently also self-draining during the turning-off step.
- the exchanger of the hairpin type is able to come into operation under dry-running conditions.
- dry-running conditions is understood as indicating the conditions according to which the only hot side of the exchanger is fed with the fluid.
- the configuration of the hairpin type further has the advantage of enabling heat exchange with great temperature differences between fluid entry and fluid exit, i.e. with high thermal lengths, the mechanical stress being low. In fact, using this geometry, it is possible to uncouple the expansion on the outer shell from the expansion of the tubes.
- the hairpin heat exchanger is able to withstand high temperature differences, even beyond 100-200°C, between the incoming heating fluid ( Fig. 3b , point A) and outgoing heating fluid ( Fig. 3b , point B).
- the hairpin heat exchanger is with or without buffers.
- the hairpin heat exchanger comprises an inner-tube bundle surrounded by a shell.
- step i) heating of the organic working fluid is of the super-critical type.
- the advantage of performing the cycle making a super-critical evaporation resides in optimising the conversion performances from thermal energy into electric energy.
- the operating conditions optimising the thermal cycle performances such as pressure of the evaporation, depend on the fluid nature.
- ORC super-critical organic Rankine cycle
- Apparatus 10 comprises an endless circuit in which an organic working fluid flows which has a high or medium molecular weight.
- This fluid can preferably be selected from the group comprising hydrocarbons, fluorocarbons and siloxanes.
- Fig. 1 shows the circuit of the Rankine cycle in its base configuration and contemplates: a pump 20, a heat exchanger 30, a turbine 40 connected to an electric generator 50, a condenser 60.
- Pump 20 admits the organic working fluid from condenser 60 into the heat exchanger 30.
- the fluid In the heat exchanger 30 the fluid is heated, evaporated and then fed in the vapour phase to turbine 40, where conversion of the thermal energy present in the working fluid into mechanical energy and then into electrical energy through generator 50 is carried out.
- turbine 40 Downstream of turbine 40, in condenser 60, the working fluid is condensed and sent again to the heat exchanger through the pump 20.
- the heat exchanger 30 is of the "hairpin” type, i.e. it comprises several inner tubes (tube bundle) 70 in which circulation of the organic working fluid occurs. Tubes 70 are inserted in an outer shell/skirt/jacket 80 and between the tubes 70 and shell 80 a hot fluid, diathermal oil for example, is caused to flow.
- the inner tubes 70 and outer shell 80 extend along rectilinear stretches 70b, 80b connected to each other by curvilinear stretches 70a, 80a.
- the hairpin heat exchanger 30 comprises a U-shaped bundle of inner tubes 70 (schematically represented) having two rectilinear stretches 70b connected by a curvilinear connecting stretch 70a.
- the inner tubes 70 extends inside the outer shell 80 that will takes the same U-shaped configuration with two rectilinear stretches 80b connected by a curvilinear connecting stretch 80a.
- a first end 90 (inlet) of the inner tubes 70 is in fluid connection, through suitable pipeline, with pump 20.
- a second end 100 (outlet) of the inner tubes 70 is in fluid connection, through suitable pipeline, with turbine 40.
- the outer shell 80 In the vicinity of the second end 100 of the inner tubes 70, the outer shell 80 has an inlet 110 for the hot fluid and, in the vicinity of the first end 90 of the inner tubes 70, the outer shell 80 has an outlet 120 for said hot fluid.
- the organic working fluid flows from the first end 90 to the second end 100 while the hot fluid runs from inlet 110 to outlet 120, so that the heat exchanger 30 shown works in counter-current.
- the heat exchanger 30 can have "n" rectilinear stretches connected by "n-1" curvilinear stretches.
- the working fluid running in the hairpin heat exchanger 30 passes without a break from the initial liquid state to the final state of superheated vapour. Evaporation takes place in the absence of contact between liquid and vapour and therefore under the so-called "once-through" condition.
- Figs. 2a and 2b describe the heat exchange during heating of the organic fluid in the more general case of sub-critical heating not part of the invention.
- the hot fluid diathermic oil, for example
- the organic fluid coming out of pump 20 at the described conditions from point 2 absorbs heat Q and is heated.
- the thermal profile followed by the fluid during heating is reproduced by curve 2-2'-2"-3 in Fig. 2a , not part of the invention.
- Figs. 3a and 3b Reproduced in Figs. 3a and 3b is an organic Rankine cycle, ORC, with super-critical evaporation according to the invention.
- the fluid is pumped by the pump until a pressure higher than the critical one.
- points 2' and 2" characterising the phase transition.
- the specific fluid volume changes continuously, without discontinuity from liquid to vapour. This is true at the nominal pressure, but it should be pointed out that during the starting and turning-off transients, crossing of the sub-critical region is unavoidable.
- the conversion of state from liquid to vapour in the single hairpin exchanger is able to exchange both the sensible heat necessary to bring the fluid to conditions of saturated liquid (preheating, PH, Fig. 2a , stretch 2-2'), and the latent heat for bringing the saturated liquid to the conditions of saturated vapour (evaporation, EV, Fig. 2a stretch 2'-2"), as well as the sensible heat necessary for vapour superheating (superheating, SH, Fig. 2a stretch 2"-3).
- the thermal energy exchanged in the apparatus with hairpin exchanger according to the invention enables the fluid to carry out conversions involving heat exchange under super-critical conditions (see Fig. 3a ).
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Description
- The present invention relates to an apparatus and process for energy generation by super-critical organic Rankine cycle.
- Apparatuses based on a thermodynamic Rankine cycle are known that convert thermal energy into mechanical and/or electric energy in a simple and reliable manner. In these (ORC) apparatus working fluids of the organic type (of high or medium molecular weight) are preferably used in place of the traditional water/vapour system, because an organic fluid is suitable for conversion of heat sources at relatively low temperatures, generally between 100°C and 300°C, but also at higher temperatures, in a more efficient manner. The ORC conversion systems therefore have recently found increasingly wider applications in different sectors, such as in the geothermic field, in the industrial energy recovery, in apparatus for energy generation from biomasses and concentrated solar power (CSP), in regasifiers, etc.
- An apparatus of known type for conversion of thermal energy by an organic Rankine cycle (ORC) comprises: at least one heat exchanger exchanging heat between a high-temperature source and a working fluid, so as to heat, evaporate and superheat the working fluid; at least one turbine fed by the working fluid in the vapour phase coming out of the heat exchanger so as to carry out conversion of the thermal energy present in the working fluid into mechanical energy according to a Rankine cycle; at least one generator operatively connected to the turbine, in which the mechanical energy produced by the turbine is converted into electric energy; at least one condenser where the working fluid coming out of the turbine is condensed and sent to at least one pump; from the pump the working fluid is fed to the heat exchanger.
- ORC cycles and related apparatus are known in which evaporation is sub-critical. Reproduced in
Figs. 2a and 2b is a typical Rankine cycle not part of the invention, obtained with an organic fluid, by sub-critical evaporation. The organic fluid is pumped by the pump from pressure of point 1 (pump suction) to pressure of point 2 (pump delivery). Frompoint 2 the fluid is heated untilpoint 3. In the most general case heating contemplates the sensible-heat exchange with the working fluid in the liquid phase (from 2 to 2'), the latent-heat exchange between saturated liquid and saturated vapour (2' to 2"), the sensible-heat exchange with vapour (2" to 3). Whenpoint 3 has been reached, the fluid is introduced into the turbine. The exit conditions out of the turbine are represented bypoint 4. Frompoint 4 the fluid is cooled topoint 5 and condensed until point 1. In known apparatus with sub-critical evaporation, heating of the organic fluid passes through three different sections: preheating, evaporation and superheating (in some cases superheating can be absent). In these known apparatus different heat exchangers are normally used for thermal exchange of sensible heat and latent heat. The heat exchanger of known apparatus therefore comprises a preheater, an evaporator and, optionally, a superheater. This because usually a big volume is required for the evaporator as generally the vapour of a fluid has a specific volume much bigger than the liquid. In addition, large exchange surfaces are required to make the vapour acquire sensible heat because the heat exchange coefficients of vapour are very low. - Document
WO 2011/012516 of known art illustrates a steam generator including tubes passing through the generator, from a water inlet to an superheated steam outlet, disposed horizontally in banks perpendicularly passed through by fumes. - Document
US 4 627 386 of known art shows a steam generator or boiler in which the thermal energy used for generating steam is obtained from a gas turbine. - In document
JP 60 251388 - Document
WO 2006/060253 of known art depicts a method and an apparatus using an organic Rankine cycle for generating energy on a sea boat. The method comprises the following steps: providing an ORC device including at least one evaporator, a turbogenerator, a condenser and a cooler feeding pump; arranging the evaporator within an exhaust duct of a power plant of a sea boat; setting the power plant in operation and selectively pumping cooler through the ORC device. - Document
WO 2011/066089 , which is a prior right and it is not relevant for the assessment of inventive step, discloses a system for power generation using an Organic Rankine Cycle. The system includes: a heat exchanger configured to be mounted entirely inside a duct, the heat exchanger being configured to include a single inlet which traverses from an outer side of the duct to an inner side of a duct, a single outlet which traverses from the inner side of the duct to the outer side of the duct, and a conduit connecting the single inlet to the single outlet, the conduit being provided entirely inside the duct. - Document
DE 696 727 discloses an heat exchanger comprising a plurality of tubes enclosed by a common outer tube. - Document
US 2009/126923 discloses apparatus and methods for recovering and using geothermal energy. Such methods include at least partially vaporizing a working fluid by passing it through a flow loop that partially extends into a heated subterranean zone and employing the vaporized working fluid to power a turbine. A portion of the flow loop can comprise a depleted or partially depleted hydrocarbon well. - The document
US-A-2844360 and publication "Double-pipe and multitube heat exchangers with plain and longitudinal finned tubes", Jerry Taborek, Heat transfer engineering, 2007-10-23, disclose double-pipe heat exchangers of the "hair-pin" type. - Publication "Heat transfer technology", Richard Shilling et al., The international journal of hydrocarbon engineering, 1997-10-01, discloses hairpin heat exchangers too.
- Publication "A review of thermodynamic cycles and working fluids for the conversion of low-grade heat", Huijuan Chen et.al, Renewable and sustainable energy reviews, Elsevier, Vol.14, Issue 9, December 2010, discloses the use of supercritical ORC and proposes various potential working fluids, without going into detail about the heat exchanger used for heating the working fluid.
- Within this scope, the Applicant has aimed at improving known plants under different points of view, in particular in relation to optimisation of the apparatus intended for heat exchange, based on the nature of the organic fluid used.
In greater detail, the Applicant has aimed at optimising the apparatus carrying out change of state, from liquid to vapour, of the organic liquid used. - The Applicant has found that adoption of a heat exchanger of the "hairpin" type makes the apparatus more flexible because with this exchanger once-through evaporation is carried out which does not require subcooling of the fluid entering the evaporator, which would be necessary in the pre-heater and boiler configuration. In addition, this exchanger makes the starting and turning off operations of the apparatus more flexible, because it can remain in operation under dry-running conditions, i.e. with the primary side started and the secondary side dry.
- More particularly, the invention relates to the ORC apparatus of claim 1.
- In another aspect, the present invention relates to the ORC process of
claim 3. - By the term "hairpin" it is intended a heat exchanger comprising more inner tubes inserted into an outer shell in which the inner tubes and outer shell extend along rectilinear stretches mutually connected by curvilinear stretches, like a street with "hairpin" bends. A first fluid flows in the inner tubes and a second fluid flows between the inner tubes and outer shell.
- This type of exchanger, also referred to as "double-tube exchanger" is known by itself in the technical literature. For instance, the text "Process Heat Transfer, Principles and Applications", by Robert W. Sert, published in April 2007 by Elsevier Science & Technology Books (ISBN: 0123735882) at describes the hairpin exchanger as provided with an inner tube or a bundle of inner tubes, surrounded by an outer tube and in which both the inner tube and outer tube extend as a tube coil formed with at least two rectilinear stretches connected by a curved stretch.
- Using the hairpin heat exchanger inside the ORC cycle, said heat exchanger is able to carry out a state conversion from liquid to superheated vapour by a single apparatus, enabling the sizes of the whole plant and the industrial spaces dedicated thereto to be reduced.
- Since the hairpin heat exchanger further is of easy manufacture, limited cost and high reliability, it helps in making the whole plant cheaper and more reliable.
- The hairpin heat exchanger is able to stably carry out the preheating, once-through evaporation and superheating steps both at nominal load and at partial and transitory loads, for super-critical ORC cycles. By "once-through" evaporation it is intended a process in which physical distinction between preheater, evaporator and superheater is not provided, but the fluid goes on without a break from the starting liquid state to the final superheated vapour state. As a result, the plant can be used with different organic fluids and optimised as a function of the nature of same.
- The hairpin heat exchanger performing all the above mentioned exchange steps in a single tube without a break is consequently also self-draining during the turning-off step.
- In addition, the exchanger of the hairpin type is able to come into operation under dry-running conditions. The term "dry-running conditions" is understood as indicating the conditions according to which the only hot side of the exchanger is fed with the fluid. Using the hairpin exchanger for carrying out a once-through evaporation it is possible to supply the diathermic oil alone on the skirt side and subsequently supply the organic fluid on the cold side.
- The configuration of the hairpin type further has the advantage of enabling heat exchange with great temperature differences between fluid entry and fluid exit, i.e. with high thermal lengths, the mechanical stress being low. In fact, using this geometry, it is possible to uncouple the expansion on the outer shell from the expansion of the tubes.
- The hairpin heat exchanger is able to withstand high temperature differences, even beyond 100-200°C, between the incoming heating fluid (
Fig. 3b , point A) and outgoing heating fluid (Fig. 3b , point B). - Preferably, the hairpin heat exchanger is with or without buffers.
- The hairpin heat exchanger comprises an inner-tube bundle surrounded by a shell.
- In accordance with the process, in step i) heating of the organic working fluid is of the super-critical type.
- The advantage of performing the cycle making a super-critical evaporation resides in optimising the conversion performances from thermal energy into electric energy. The operating conditions optimising the thermal cycle performances, such as pressure of the evaporation, depend on the fluid nature. By changing the type of organic fluid used, there is also a change in the process parameters optimising the cycle efficiency, and consequently in the nature of the evaporation that can be sub-critical.
- Further features and advantages will become more apparent from the detailed description of a preferred but not exclusive embodiment of an apparatus and a process for energy generation through the super-critical organic Rankine cycle in accordance with the present invention.
- The detailed description of these configurations will be set out hereinafter with reference to the accompanying drawings, given by way of non-limiting example, in which:
-
Fig. 1 diagrammatically shows the base configuration of an apparatus for energy generation through the organic Rankine cycle according to the present invention; -
Figs. 2a and 2b respectively show an organic Rankine cycle (ORC) with sub-critical evaporation (not part of the present invention) and diagram T-Q reproducing the conversions taking place in the evaporator; -
Figs. 3a and 3b respectively depict an organic Rankine cycle (ORC) with super-critical evaporation according to the present invention and diagram T-Q reproducing the conversions taking place in the evaporator. - With reference to the mentioned figures, generally denoted at 10 is an apparatus for energy generation through the super-critical organic Rankine cycle (ORC) according to the present invention.
-
Apparatus 10 comprises an endless circuit in which an organic working fluid flows which has a high or medium molecular weight. This fluid can preferably be selected from the group comprising hydrocarbons, fluorocarbons and siloxanes. -
Fig. 1 shows the circuit of the Rankine cycle in its base configuration and contemplates: apump 20, aheat exchanger 30, aturbine 40 connected to anelectric generator 50, acondenser 60. -
Pump 20 admits the organic working fluid fromcondenser 60 into theheat exchanger 30. In theheat exchanger 30 the fluid is heated, evaporated and then fed in the vapour phase toturbine 40, where conversion of the thermal energy present in the working fluid into mechanical energy and then into electrical energy throughgenerator 50 is carried out. Downstream ofturbine 40, incondenser 60, the working fluid is condensed and sent again to the heat exchanger through thepump 20. -
Pump 20,turbine 40,generator 50 andcondenser 60 will be not further described herein as they are of known type. - The
heat exchanger 30 is of the "hairpin" type, i.e. it comprises several inner tubes (tube bundle) 70 in which circulation of the organic working fluid occurs.Tubes 70 are inserted in an outer shell/skirt/jacket 80 and between thetubes 70 and shell 80 a hot fluid, diathermal oil for example, is caused to flow. Theinner tubes 70 andouter shell 80 extend alongrectilinear stretches curvilinear stretches - In the non-limiting diagrammatic example shown, the
hairpin heat exchanger 30 comprises a U-shaped bundle of inner tubes 70 (schematically represented) having tworectilinear stretches 70b connected by a curvilinear connectingstretch 70a. Theinner tubes 70 extends inside theouter shell 80 that will takes the same U-shaped configuration with tworectilinear stretches 80b connected by a curvilinear connectingstretch 80a. A first end 90 (inlet) of theinner tubes 70 is in fluid connection, through suitable pipeline, withpump 20. A second end 100 (outlet) of theinner tubes 70 is in fluid connection, through suitable pipeline, withturbine 40. In the vicinity of thesecond end 100 of theinner tubes 70, theouter shell 80 has aninlet 110 for the hot fluid and, in the vicinity of thefirst end 90 of theinner tubes 70, theouter shell 80 has anoutlet 120 for said hot fluid. The organic working fluid flows from thefirst end 90 to thesecond end 100 while the hot fluid runs frominlet 110 tooutlet 120, so that theheat exchanger 30 shown works in counter-current. According to variants not shown, theheat exchanger 30 can have "n" rectilinear stretches connected by "n-1" curvilinear stretches. - In accordance with the process of the invention, the working fluid running in the
hairpin heat exchanger 30 passes without a break from the initial liquid state to the final state of superheated vapour. Evaporation takes place in the absence of contact between liquid and vapour and therefore under the so-called "once-through" condition. -
Figs. 2a and 2b describe the heat exchange during heating of the organic fluid in the more general case of sub-critical heating not part of the invention. During heat exchange the hot fluid (diathermic oil, for example) entering at point A is cooled by transfer of heat Q until it reaches the
conditions of point B. The organic fluid coming out ofpump 20 at the described conditions frompoint 2 absorbs heat Q and is heated. The thermal profile followed by the fluid during heating is reproduced by curve 2-2'-2"-3 inFig. 2a , not part of the invention. - Reproduced in
Figs. 3a and 3b is an organic Rankine cycle, ORC, with super-critical evaporation according to the invention. Unlike the evaporation described inFig. 2a , the fluid is pumped by the pump until a pressure higher than the critical one. By heating from this point untilpoint 3 it is not possible to identifypoints 2' and 2" characterising the phase transition. In particular, the specific fluid volume changes continuously, without discontinuity from liquid to vapour. This is true at the nominal pressure, but it should be pointed out that during the starting and turning-off transients, crossing of the sub-critical region is unavoidable. - In super-critical ORC cycles heating takes place without phase changes, however in the starting and turning-off transients and during the consequent pressurisation/depressurization transients the saturation curve is crossed and therefore particular care and attention is paid to systems adapted to avoid formation of liquid pockets in areas where there is the presence of superheated vapour.
- The conversion of state from liquid to vapour in the single hairpin exchanger is able to exchange both the sensible heat necessary to bring the fluid to conditions of saturated liquid (preheating, PH,
Fig. 2a , stretch 2-2'), and the latent heat for bringing the saturated liquid to the conditions of saturated vapour (evaporation, EV,Fig. 2a stretch 2'-2"), as well as the sensible heat necessary for vapour superheating (superheating, SH,Fig. 2a stretch 2"-3). The thermal energy exchanged in the apparatus with hairpin exchanger according to the invention enables the fluid to carry out conversions involving heat exchange under super-critical conditions (seeFig. 3a ).
Claims (5)
- An ORC apparatus for generation of energy by super-critical organic Rankine cycle, comprising:- a single heat exchanger (30) to exchange heat between a heat source and an organic working fluid, so as to heat and evaporate and super-heat said working fluid;- at least one turbine (40) fed with the vaporised working fluid coming out of the heat exchanger (30), to make a conversion of the thermal energy present in the working fluid into mechanical energy according to a Rankine cycle;- at least one condenser (60) where the working fluid coming out of said at least one turbine (40) is condensed and sent to at least one pump; the working fluid being then fed to said heat exchanger (30);characterised in that the heat exchanger (30) is of the hairpin type and comprises a bundle of inner tubes (70) surrounded by an outer shell (80); wherein both the bundle of inner tubes (70) and the outer shell (80) extend along at least two rectilinear stretches (70b, 80b) mutually connected by at least one curvilinear stretch (70a, 80a); wherein circulation of the organic working fluid occurs in the bundle of inner tubes (70) and a hot fluid is caused to flow between the bundle of inner tubes (70) and the shell (80); wherein the hairpin heat exchanger (30) is of countercurrent type.
- An apparatus as claimed in claim 1, further comprising at least one generator (50) operatively linked to said at least one turbine (40), wherein the mechanical energy produced by the turbine (40) is converted into electric energy.
- An ORC process for generation of energy by super-critical organic Rankine cycle, comprising:i) feeding an organic working fluid through a single heat exchanger (30) to exchange heat between a heat source and said working fluid, so as to heat and evaporate said working fluid;ii) feeding the vaporised organic working fluid coming out of the heat exchanger (30) to at least one turbine (40) to make a conversion of the thermal energy present in the working fluid into mechanical energy according to a Rankine cycle;iii) feeding the organic working fluid coming out of said at least one turbine (40) to at least one condenser (60) where the working fluid is condensed;iv) sending the organic working fluid coming out of the condenser (60) to said heat exchanger (30); characterised in that step i) comprises: making the organic working fluid flow through a heat exchanger (30) of the hairpin type comprising a bundle of inner tubes (70) surrounded by an outer shell (80); wherein both the bundle of inner tubes (70) and the outer shell (80) extend along at least two rectilinear stretches (70b, 80b) mutually connected by at least one curvilinear stretch (70a, 80a); wherein circulation of the organic working fluid occurs in the bundle of inner tubes (70) and a hot fluid is caused to flow between the bundle of inner tubes (70) and the shell (80); wherein the hairpin heat exchanger (30) is of countercurrent type; wherein in step i) heating of the organic working fluid is of the super-critical type.
- A process as claimed in claim 3, wherein the organic working fluid is selected from the group comprising: hydrocarbons, fluorocarbons and siloxanes.
- A process as claimed in claim 3, wherein the heat exchanger (30) of the hairpin type comes into operation in dry-running conditions.
Priority Applications (1)
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HRP20170934TT HRP20170934T1 (en) | 2011-02-18 | 2017-06-20 | Apparatus and process for generation of energy by organic rankine cycle |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
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ITMI2011A000244A IT1404174B1 (en) | 2011-02-18 | 2011-02-18 | PLANT AND PROCESS FOR ENERGY PRODUCTION THROUGH ORGANIC CYCLE RANKINE |
PCT/IB2012/050385 WO2012110905A1 (en) | 2011-02-18 | 2012-01-27 | Apparatus and process for generation of energy by organic rankine cycle |
Publications (2)
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EP2676008A1 EP2676008A1 (en) | 2013-12-25 |
EP2676008B1 true EP2676008B1 (en) | 2017-03-29 |
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EP12705427.8A Revoked EP2676008B1 (en) | 2011-02-18 | 2012-01-27 | Apparatus and process for generation of energy by organic rankine cycle |
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US (1) | US20140026575A1 (en) |
EP (1) | EP2676008B1 (en) |
ES (1) | ES2628616T3 (en) |
HR (1) | HRP20170934T1 (en) |
HU (1) | HUE034699T2 (en) |
IT (1) | IT1404174B1 (en) |
PT (1) | PT2676008T (en) |
WO (1) | WO2012110905A1 (en) |
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US20220186984A1 (en) * | 2019-05-14 | 2022-06-16 | Turboden S.p.A. | Heat exchange circuit for a geothermal plant |
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IT1404174B1 (en) | 2011-02-18 | 2013-11-15 | Exergy Orc S R L Ora Exergy S P A | PLANT AND PROCESS FOR ENERGY PRODUCTION THROUGH ORGANIC CYCLE RANKINE |
ITBS20130184A1 (en) * | 2013-12-19 | 2015-06-20 | Turboden Srl | METHOD OF CONTROL OF AN ORGANIC RANKINE CYCLE |
US20230246211A1 (en) * | 2022-02-03 | 2023-08-03 | Caterpillar Inc. | Systems and methods for energy generation during hydrogen regasification |
CN115450720A (en) * | 2022-09-19 | 2022-12-09 | 许子澍 | Low-temperature pressurization carbon dioxide supercritical power generation system |
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US11802716B2 (en) * | 2019-05-14 | 2023-10-31 | Turboden S.p.A. | Heat exchange circuit for a geothermal plant |
EP3969822B1 (en) * | 2019-05-14 | 2024-06-12 | Turboden S.p.A. | Heat exchange circuit for a geothermal plant |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
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ITMI20110244A1 (en) | 2012-08-19 |
WO2012110905A1 (en) | 2012-08-23 |
US20140026575A1 (en) | 2014-01-30 |
EP2676008A1 (en) | 2013-12-25 |
PT2676008T (en) | 2017-07-03 |
IT1404174B1 (en) | 2013-11-15 |
HRP20170934T1 (en) | 2017-09-22 |
ES2628616T3 (en) | 2017-08-03 |
HUE034699T2 (en) | 2018-02-28 |
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