EP2638419B1 - Rubans de fibres optiques à c urs multiples et procédés de fabrication de ces derniers - Google Patents

Rubans de fibres optiques à c urs multiples et procédés de fabrication de ces derniers Download PDF

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Publication number
EP2638419B1
EP2638419B1 EP11782735.2A EP11782735A EP2638419B1 EP 2638419 B1 EP2638419 B1 EP 2638419B1 EP 11782735 A EP11782735 A EP 11782735A EP 2638419 B1 EP2638419 B1 EP 2638419B1
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core
optical fiber
core members
members
index
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EP2638419A1 (fr
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Brett Jason Hoover
Ming-Jun Li
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Corning Inc
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Corning Inc
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
    • C03B—MANUFACTURE, SHAPING, OR SUPPLEMENTARY PROCESSES
    • C03B37/00—Manufacture or treatment of flakes, fibres, or filaments from softened glass, minerals, or slags
    • C03B37/01—Manufacture of glass fibres or filaments
    • C03B37/02—Manufacture of glass fibres or filaments by drawing or extruding, e.g. direct drawing of molten glass from nozzles; Cooling fins therefor
    • C03B37/025—Manufacture of glass fibres or filaments by drawing or extruding, e.g. direct drawing of molten glass from nozzles; Cooling fins therefor from reheated softened tubes, rods, fibres or filaments, e.g. drawing fibres from preforms
    • C03B37/027—Fibres composed of different sorts of glass, e.g. glass optical fibres
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
    • G02B6/02—Optical fibres with cladding with or without a coating
    • G02B6/028—Optical fibres with cladding with or without a coating with core or cladding having graded refractive index
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
    • C03B—MANUFACTURE, SHAPING, OR SUPPLEMENTARY PROCESSES
    • C03B37/00—Manufacture or treatment of flakes, fibres, or filaments from softened glass, minerals, or slags
    • C03B37/01—Manufacture of glass fibres or filaments
    • C03B37/012—Manufacture of preforms for drawing fibres or filaments
    • C03B37/01205—Manufacture of preforms for drawing fibres or filaments starting from tubes, rods, fibres or filaments
    • C03B37/01211—Manufacture of preforms for drawing fibres or filaments starting from tubes, rods, fibres or filaments by inserting one or more rods or tubes into a tube
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
    • C03B—MANUFACTURE, SHAPING, OR SUPPLEMENTARY PROCESSES
    • C03B37/00—Manufacture or treatment of flakes, fibres, or filaments from softened glass, minerals, or slags
    • C03B37/01—Manufacture of glass fibres or filaments
    • C03B37/012—Manufacture of preforms for drawing fibres or filaments
    • C03B37/01205—Manufacture of preforms for drawing fibres or filaments starting from tubes, rods, fibres or filaments
    • C03B37/01211—Manufacture of preforms for drawing fibres or filaments starting from tubes, rods, fibres or filaments by inserting one or more rods or tubes into a tube
    • C03B37/01222—Manufacture of preforms for drawing fibres or filaments starting from tubes, rods, fibres or filaments by inserting one or more rods or tubes into a tube for making preforms of multiple core optical fibres
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
    • C03B—MANUFACTURE, SHAPING, OR SUPPLEMENTARY PROCESSES
    • C03B37/00—Manufacture or treatment of flakes, fibres, or filaments from softened glass, minerals, or slags
    • C03B37/01—Manufacture of glass fibres or filaments
    • C03B37/012—Manufacture of preforms for drawing fibres or filaments
    • C03B37/0128—Manufacture of preforms for drawing fibres or filaments starting from pulverulent glass
    • C03B37/01282—Manufacture of preforms for drawing fibres or filaments starting from pulverulent glass by pressing or sintering, e.g. hot-pressing
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
    • C03B—MANUFACTURE, SHAPING, OR SUPPLEMENTARY PROCESSES
    • C03B37/00—Manufacture or treatment of flakes, fibres, or filaments from softened glass, minerals, or slags
    • C03B37/01—Manufacture of glass fibres or filaments
    • C03B37/012—Manufacture of preforms for drawing fibres or filaments
    • C03B37/014—Manufacture of preforms for drawing fibres or filaments made entirely or partially by chemical means, e.g. vapour phase deposition of bulk porous glass either by outside vapour deposition [OVD], or by outside vapour phase oxidation [OVPO] or by vapour axial deposition [VAD]
    • C03B37/01413—Reactant delivery systems
    • C03B37/0142—Reactant deposition burners
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
    • C03B—MANUFACTURE, SHAPING, OR SUPPLEMENTARY PROCESSES
    • C03B37/00—Manufacture or treatment of flakes, fibres, or filaments from softened glass, minerals, or slags
    • C03B37/01—Manufacture of glass fibres or filaments
    • C03B37/012—Manufacture of preforms for drawing fibres or filaments
    • C03B37/014—Manufacture of preforms for drawing fibres or filaments made entirely or partially by chemical means, e.g. vapour phase deposition of bulk porous glass either by outside vapour deposition [OVD], or by outside vapour phase oxidation [OVPO] or by vapour axial deposition [VAD]
    • C03B37/01446—Thermal after-treatment of preforms, e.g. dehydrating, consolidating, sintering
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
    • C03B—MANUFACTURE, SHAPING, OR SUPPLEMENTARY PROCESSES
    • C03B37/00—Manufacture or treatment of flakes, fibres, or filaments from softened glass, minerals, or slags
    • C03B37/01—Manufacture of glass fibres or filaments
    • C03B37/012—Manufacture of preforms for drawing fibres or filaments
    • C03B37/014—Manufacture of preforms for drawing fibres or filaments made entirely or partially by chemical means, e.g. vapour phase deposition of bulk porous glass either by outside vapour deposition [OVD], or by outside vapour phase oxidation [OVPO] or by vapour axial deposition [VAD]
    • C03B37/01486—Means for supporting, rotating or translating the preforms being formed, e.g. lathes
    • C03B37/01493—Deposition substrates, e.g. targets, mandrels, start rods or tubes
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
    • C03B—MANUFACTURE, SHAPING, OR SUPPLEMENTARY PROCESSES
    • C03B37/00—Manufacture or treatment of flakes, fibres, or filaments from softened glass, minerals, or slags
    • C03B37/01—Manufacture of glass fibres or filaments
    • C03B37/012—Manufacture of preforms for drawing fibres or filaments
    • C03B37/014—Manufacture of preforms for drawing fibres or filaments made entirely or partially by chemical means, e.g. vapour phase deposition of bulk porous glass either by outside vapour deposition [OVD], or by outside vapour phase oxidation [OVPO] or by vapour axial deposition [VAD]
    • C03B37/018—Manufacture of preforms for drawing fibres or filaments made entirely or partially by chemical means, e.g. vapour phase deposition of bulk porous glass either by outside vapour deposition [OVD], or by outside vapour phase oxidation [OVPO] or by vapour axial deposition [VAD] by glass deposition on a glass substrate, e.g. by inside-, modified-, plasma-, or plasma modified- chemical vapour deposition [ICVD, MCVD, PCVD, PMCVD], i.e. by thin layer coating on the inside or outside of a glass tube or on a glass rod
    • C03B37/01853—Thermal after-treatment of preforms, e.g. dehydrating, consolidating, sintering
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
    • C03C—CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF GLASSES, GLAZES OR VITREOUS ENAMELS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF GLASS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF FIBRES OR FILAMENTS MADE FROM GLASS, MINERALS OR SLAGS; JOINING GLASS TO GLASS OR OTHER MATERIALS
    • C03C25/00—Surface treatment of fibres or filaments made from glass, minerals or slags
    • C03C25/10—Coating
    • C03C25/104—Coating to obtain optical fibres
    • C03C25/1065—Multiple coatings
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
    • G02B6/02—Optical fibres with cladding with or without a coating
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
    • G02B6/02—Optical fibres with cladding with or without a coating
    • G02B6/02042—Multicore optical fibres
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
    • G02B6/02—Optical fibres with cladding with or without a coating
    • G02B6/036—Optical fibres with cladding with or without a coating core or cladding comprising multiple layers
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
    • G02B6/44—Mechanical structures for providing tensile strength and external protection for fibres, e.g. optical transmission cables
    • G02B6/4401—Optical cables
    • G02B6/4403—Optical cables with ribbon structure
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
    • C03B—MANUFACTURE, SHAPING, OR SUPPLEMENTARY PROCESSES
    • C03B2201/00—Type of glass produced
    • C03B2201/06—Doped silica-based glasses
    • C03B2201/30—Doped silica-based glasses doped with metals, e.g. Ga, Sn, Sb, Pb or Bi
    • C03B2201/31—Doped silica-based glasses doped with metals, e.g. Ga, Sn, Sb, Pb or Bi doped with germanium
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
    • C03B—MANUFACTURE, SHAPING, OR SUPPLEMENTARY PROCESSES
    • C03B2203/00—Fibre product details, e.g. structure, shape
    • C03B2203/02—External structure or shape details
    • C03B2203/04—Polygonal outer cross-section, e.g. triangular, square
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
    • C03B—MANUFACTURE, SHAPING, OR SUPPLEMENTARY PROCESSES
    • C03B2203/00—Fibre product details, e.g. structure, shape
    • C03B2203/10—Internal structure or shape details
    • C03B2203/22—Radial profile of refractive index, composition or softening point
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
    • C03B—MANUFACTURE, SHAPING, OR SUPPLEMENTARY PROCESSES
    • C03B2203/00—Fibre product details, e.g. structure, shape
    • C03B2203/10—Internal structure or shape details
    • C03B2203/22—Radial profile of refractive index, composition or softening point
    • C03B2203/23—Double or multiple optical cladding profiles
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
    • C03B—MANUFACTURE, SHAPING, OR SUPPLEMENTARY PROCESSES
    • C03B2203/00—Fibre product details, e.g. structure, shape
    • C03B2203/10—Internal structure or shape details
    • C03B2203/22—Radial profile of refractive index, composition or softening point
    • C03B2203/24—Single mode [SM or monomode]
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
    • C03B—MANUFACTURE, SHAPING, OR SUPPLEMENTARY PROCESSES
    • C03B2203/00—Fibre product details, e.g. structure, shape
    • C03B2203/34—Plural core other than bundles, e.g. double core
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
    • G02B6/02—Optical fibres with cladding with or without a coating
    • G02B6/02395—Glass optical fibre with a protective coating, e.g. two layer polymer coating deposited directly on a silica cladding surface during fibre manufacture
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
    • G02B6/02—Optical fibres with cladding with or without a coating
    • G02B6/028—Optical fibres with cladding with or without a coating with core or cladding having graded refractive index
    • G02B6/0288—Multimode fibre, e.g. graded index core for compensating modal dispersion
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
    • G02B6/02—Optical fibres with cladding with or without a coating
    • G02B6/036—Optical fibres with cladding with or without a coating core or cladding comprising multiple layers
    • G02B6/03616—Optical fibres characterised both by the number of different refractive index layers around the central core segment, i.e. around the innermost high index core layer, and their relative refractive index difference
    • G02B6/03622—Optical fibres characterised both by the number of different refractive index layers around the central core segment, i.e. around the innermost high index core layer, and their relative refractive index difference having 2 layers only
    • G02B6/03627—Optical fibres characterised both by the number of different refractive index layers around the central core segment, i.e. around the innermost high index core layer, and their relative refractive index difference having 2 layers only arranged - +

Definitions

  • the present specification generally relates to optical fibers ribbons and, more specifically, to optical fiber ribbons with multiple cores and methods for making the same.
  • optical fiber has become accepted as a viable alternative to traditional materials used for data signal communication.
  • Optical fiber is now widely utilized in a variety of electronic devices to facilitate the high-speed communication of data signals at high bandwidths.
  • One solution to increase the speed of optical interconnects is to increase the fiber density of the optical interconnects and thereby realize high fiber count connectors.
  • increasing the number of individual fibers in an optical interconnect adds to the overall size of the optical interconnect.
  • JP9071431 teaches a multi-core optical fiber having a substantially rectangular cross-section.
  • WO2010082656 discloses a multi-core optical fiber provided with a leak reducing section.
  • JP2006227203 teaches a multi-core optical fiber comprising a resin layer.
  • US 5, 519, 801 teaches a multi-core optical guide comprising a plurality of elementary guides.
  • a multi-core optical fiber ribbon according to claim 1.
  • Adjacent core members have a center-to-center spacing ⁇ 15 microns and a cross-talk between adjacent core members is ⁇ -25 dB.
  • Each core member is single-moded with an index of refraction n c , and a core diameter d c .
  • a single cladding layer is formed from silica-based glass and surrounds and is in direct contact with the core members.
  • the single cladding layer is substantially rectangular in cross section with a thickness ⁇ 400 microns and an index of refraction n c1 ⁇ n c .
  • a multi-core optical fiber ribbon includes at least two core members formed from silica-based glass and oriented in parallel with one another in a single plane. Adjacent core members have a center-to-center spacing ⁇ 35 microns and a cross-talk between adjacent core members is ⁇ -25 dB. Each core member is multi-moded with an index of refraction n c , a diameter d c of greater than 15 microns, has an alpha profile with an ⁇ value from about 1.9 to about 2.1, and a bandwidth > 300 MHz.
  • a single cladding layer formed from silica-based glass surrounds and is in direct contact with the at least two core members. The single cladding layer is substantially rectangular in cross section with a thickness ⁇ 400 microns and a cladding index of refraction n c1 ⁇ n c .
  • a method for forming a multi-core optical fiber ribbon includes forming a core cane assembly comprising a plurality of core cane members oriented in parallel in a single plane.
  • the core cane assembly is positioned in a flow of carrier gas comprising silica-glass precursor materials.
  • a burner is traversed across a first surface of the core cane assembly to react the silica-glass precursor materials in the flow of carrier gas thereby causing silica-glass soot to be deposited on the first surface of the core cane assembly.
  • the burner is traversed across a second surface of the core cane assembly to react the silica-glass precursor materials in the flow of carrier gas thereby causing silica-glass soot to be deposited on the second surface of the core cane assembly.
  • the silica-glass soot on the core cane assembly is consolidated to form a multi-core ribbon preform comprising a core cane assembly encircled by a single cladding preform layer, wherein the single cladding preform layer is substantially rectangular in cross section.
  • the multi-core ribbon preform is then drawn into a multi-core optical fiber ribbon having a substantially rectangular cross section.
  • the multi-core optical fiber ribbon generally comprises at least two core members formed from silica-based glass and surrounded by a single cladding layer which is also formed from silica-based glass.
  • the core members are oriented in parallel with one another in a single plane and spaced such that the cross-talk between adjacent core members is ⁇ 25 dB.
  • the single cladding layer is substantially rectangular in cross section such that the optical fiber ribbon is also substantially rectangular in cross section.
  • refractive index profile refers to the relationship between refractive index or relative refractive index and the dimensions of the optical fiber ribbon.
  • the relative refractive index is represented by ⁇ % and its values are given in units of "%," unless otherwise specified.
  • the relative index percent is negative and is referred to as having a depressed region or depressed-index, and the minimum relative refractive index is calculated at the point at which the relative refractive index is most negative unless otherwise specified.
  • the relative index percent is positive and the region can be said to be raised or to have a positive index.
  • Bandwidth may be measured at 1300 nm (unless another wavelength is specified) according to FOTP-204 with overfilled launch.
  • the multi-core optical fiber ribbon 100 generally comprises at least two core members 102 surrounded by a single cladding layer 104.
  • the multi-core optical fiber ribbon comprises at least three core members 102.
  • the core members 102 are oriented in parallel with one another in a single plane.
  • the core members 102 are oriented such that each core member 102 is bisected by plane 108 which extends along a length of the multi-core optical fiber ribbon.
  • the core members 102 are spaced apart from one another such that the cross-talk between adjacent core members is less than -25 dB, preferably less than -30 dB, even more preferably less than -35 dB and, most preferably, less than -40 dB.
  • Cross-talk levels of less than -25 dB are generally achieved by positioning the core members 102 such that the center-to-center spacing D between adjacent core members is ⁇ 15 microns.
  • the core members 102 are equidistantly spaced such that the center-to-center spacing between core members is uniform across the width W of the multi-core optical fiber ribbon 100.
  • the core members 102 are generally formed from silica-based glass and have a core index of refraction n c and a core relative refractive index ⁇ c % relative to the single cladding layer 104.
  • the silica-based glass of the core members 102 is doped with one or more dopants which increases the index of refraction of the core members 102.
  • the core members 102 may comprise silica-based glass doped with germanium such as when the core members 102 comprise silica (SiO 2 ) glass up-doped with germania (GeO 2 ).
  • dopants other than germania may be utilized in the core members, including, without limitation, TiO 2 , ZrO 2 , Nb 2 O 5 and/or Ta 2 O 5 . Such dopants may be incorporated in the core members 102 either individually or in combination in order to obtain the desired core index of refraction n c and relative refractive index ⁇ c %.
  • the core members 102 contain from about 4.0 wt. % to about 40 wt. % GeO 2 .
  • the core members 102 comprise from about 4.0 wt. % to about 6.5 wt. % GeO 2 , more preferably from about 5.0 wt.
  • the relative refractive index ⁇ c % of the core members 102 relative to the single cladding layer 104 is ⁇ 0.2%, more preferably ⁇ 0.3% and, most preferably, from about 0.2% to about 2%.
  • the core members 102 have a step-index profile as depicted in the refractive index profile (a) of FIG. 1 .
  • the core members 102 have a graded index as depicted in the refractive index profile (b) of FIG. 1 .
  • the core members 102 may have an ⁇ -profile with an ⁇ -value which defines the index of refraction of the core members 102 as a function of the radius of the core member 102.
  • the ⁇ -value of the ⁇ -profile may be in a range from about 1.9 to about 2.2 as measured at 1300 nm.
  • the core members 102 have a graded index and/or an ⁇ -profile
  • the core members 102 have a relative refractive index percent ⁇ c % relative to the single cladding layer 104 and a maximum relative refractive index percent A cMax % of greater than 0.5% and less than 2.2%, preferably at least 0.6%, more preferably at least 1.0%, even more preferably at least 1.5% and, most preferably, 2.0%.
  • the core members 102 are single mode cores and have diameters d c ⁇ 15 microns, preferably in the range from about 3 microns to about 10 microns, more preferably from about 6 microns to about 9 microns, and most preferably, from about 7 microns to about 8 microns.
  • the core members 102 may be single moded at wavelengths from about 1260 nm to about 1700 nm.
  • the core members 102 may be single-moded at wavelengths from about 1500 nm to about 1700 nm.
  • the center-to-center spacing D between adjacent core members is ⁇ 15 microns.
  • the ratio R of the core spacing D to the core diameter d c is ⁇ 6, preferably in a range from about 2 to 6.
  • the core members 102 are multi-mode cores and have diameters d c > 15 microns, preferably > 15 microns and ⁇ 65 microns, more preferably from about 25 microns to about 50 microns, and even more preferably from about 35 microns to about 50 microns.
  • the multi-mode cores support the propagation of multiple modes at wavelengths from about 830 nm to about 880 nm.
  • the multi-mode cores may support propagation of multiple modes at wavelengths from about 1020 nm to about 1100 nm.
  • the center-to-center spacing D between adjacent core members is ⁇ 35 microns.
  • the core members 102 have a bandwidth of > 300 MHz, preferably ⁇ 500 MHz/km, more preferably ⁇ 750 MHz/km, even more preferably ⁇ 1 GHz/km, and, most preferably, ⁇ 2 GHz/km.
  • the multi-mode cores generally have a graded refractive index profile such as the refractive index profile (b) of FIG. 1 . More specifically, the multi-mode cores generally have a graded index ⁇ profile with an ⁇ value from about 1.9 to about 2.1, as described above.
  • the ratio R of the core spacing D to the core diameter d c is in a range from about 1 to about 3, more preferably less than about 2.0 and, most preferably, less than about 1.5.
  • the relative refractive index ⁇ c % of adjacent cores members 102 are substantially the same such that adjacent core members 102 are phase matched.
  • the indices of refraction of adjacent core members are different which, in turn, creates a variation in the relative refractive index ⁇ c % of adjacent core members 102.
  • This variation in the relative refractive index ⁇ c % of adjacent core members is referred to herein as a delta variation.
  • a delta variation between adjacent core members 102 reduces the cross-talk between the adjacent core members 102.
  • adjacent core members 102 with a delta variation may be placed closer together than adjacent core members which do not have a delta variation without increasing the amount of cross-talk between the adjacent core members.
  • adjacent core members 102 may have a delta variation ⁇ 1% which allows the core members to be positioned closer together without increasing the cross-talk between the core members.
  • the effective index variation between adjacent core members i.e., the difference in the index of refraction of adjacent core members is greater than or equal to about 5x10 -5 .
  • the optical fiber ribbon comprises a plurality of core members 102.
  • Each core member 102 comprises a central core portion 181 surrounded by a low-index ring 182.
  • the low-index ring 182 generally has an index of refraction n 1 and a radial thickness r from about 5 microns to about 20 microns.
  • the index of refraction n 1 of the low-index ring 182 is such that n 1 ⁇ n c1 ⁇ n c which yields a refractive index profile as depicted in (c) of FIG. 2 .
  • the radial thickness of the low-index ring may be less than about 10 microns and, more preferably, less than about 5 microns.
  • the low index ring 182 may comprise silica glass down-doped with fluorine.
  • the low index ring 182 may comprise from about 0.36 wt.% to about 3.6 wt.% fluorine, more preferably from about 0.72 wt. % to about 2.5 wt. % fluorine, and most preferably, from about 1.4 wt. % to about 2.5 wt.
  • % fluorine such that the relative refractive index percent ⁇ 1 % of the low index ring 182 relative to the single cladding layer 104 is less than about -0.1 %, more preferably less than about -0.4 %, even more preferably from about -0.4% to about - 0.7%.
  • core members 102 having core portions 181 surrounded by low index rings 182 have reduced the cross-talk between adjacent core members.
  • adjacent core members 102 with low index rings 182 may be placed closer together than adjacent core members which do not have low index rings without increasing the amount of cross-talk between the adjacent core members. Accordingly, in some embodiments described herein, core members with low index rings may be utilized to decrease the spacing between adjacent core members.
  • FIGS. 1 and 2A depict multi-core optical fiber ribbons with a plurality of core members oriented in parallel in a single plane
  • the multi-core optical fiber ribbon 100 may be formed with a plurality of core members oriented in different planes.
  • FIG. 3 a cross section of one embodiment of a multi-core optical fiber ribbon 190 is schematically depicted.
  • the multi-core optical fiber ribbon 190 comprises a plurality of core members 102 oriented in parallel with one another.
  • the core members 102 are oriented in a plurality of parallel planes.
  • a first group 191 of core members 102 are oriented such that the core members 102 are bisected by a first plane 192.
  • a second group 193 of core members 102 is oriented such that the second group 193 of core members 102 is bisected by a second plane 194 which is parallel with the first plane 192.
  • the first group 191 of core members 102 is generally parallel to and non-coplanar with the second group 193 of core members 102.
  • FIG. 3 depicts a multi-core optical fiber ribbon 100 with two planes of core members 102, it should be understood that the multi-core optical fiber ribbons described herein may comprise a single plane of core members or three or more planes of core members.
  • the core members 102 are surrounded by a single cladding layer 104.
  • the single cladding layer 104 is formed from silica-based glass (SiO 2 ) with an index of refraction n c1 which is less than the core index of refraction n c (i.e., n c1 ⁇ n c ).
  • the single cladding layer is formed from pure silica-based glass without any dopants which change the index of refraction of silica, such as up-dopants (i.e., germanium and the like) or down-dopants (i.e., boron, fluorine and the like).
  • the single cladding layer may comprise one or more up-dopants which increase the refractive index of the silica glass, or one or more down-dopants which decreases the refractive index of the silica glass, so long as the cladding index of refraction n c1 is less than the core index of refraction n c and the relative refractive index ⁇ c % of the core members 102 relative to the single cladding layer 104 is greater than about 0.2%, more preferably ⁇ 0.3% and, most preferably, from about 0.2% to about 2%, as described above.
  • the single cladding layer 104 is generally rectangular in cross section with a width W and a thickness T.
  • the width W may be equal to the thickness T such as when the single cladding layer 104 is square in cross section.
  • the width W of the core portion is dependent on the number of core members 102 included in the multi-core optical fiber ribbon 100.
  • the thickness T of the multi-core optical fiber ribbon 100 is such that the multi-core optical fiber ribbon 100 is flexible in the width W direction and may be coiled in the width direction to a radius of ⁇ 140 mm, more preferably ⁇ 75 mm and, most preferably, ⁇ 5 mm without damaging the glass of the multi-core optical fiber ribbon.
  • the thickness T of the multi-core optical fiber ribbon 100 is ⁇ 400 microns, more preferably ⁇ 200 microns, even more preferably ⁇ 125 microns and, most preferably, from about 50 microns to about 125 microns.
  • the multi-core optical fiber ribbon 100 may further comprise at least one optical coating layer 120 which surrounds and directly contacts the single cladding layer 104.
  • the optical coating layer 120 generally has a thickness T oc from about 50 microns to about 150 microns.
  • the optical coating layer has a refractive index n ct ⁇ the refractive index n c1 of the single cladding layer 104.
  • the optical coating layer 120 comprises a primary coating layer 122 and a secondary coating layer 124.
  • the primary coating layer 122 surrounds and directly contacts the single cladding layer 104 and is formed of relatively soft polymer materials.
  • the primary coating layer 122 has a thickness from about 25 microns to about 125 microns.
  • the secondary coating layer 124 is formed around and directly contacts the primary coating layer 122 and has a thickness from about 50 microns to about 125 microns.
  • the secondary coating layer 124 is generally formed from polymer materials which are relatively harder than the polymer materials from which the primary coating layer 122 is formed. More specifically, the primary coating layer 122 preferably exhibits a Young's modulus less than 100 MPa, more preferably less than 50 MPa, and most preferably less than 10 MPa while the secondary coating layer 124 preferably exhibits a Young's modulus greater than 500 MPa, more preferably greater than 700 MPa, and most preferably greater than 900 MPa.
  • the materials used in the primary and secondary coating layers are UV curable urethane acrylate coating materials.
  • the primary and secondary coatings may comprise materials similar to those disclosed in U.S. Patent Nos. 6,849,333 and 6,775,451 .
  • the embodiment of the multi-core optical fiber ribbon 100 of FIG. 2 is depicted with an optical coating layer 120 which comprises a primary coating layer 122 and a secondary coating layer 124, it should be understood that, in other embodiments, the optical coating layer 120 only comprises primary coating layer 122. Further, it should be understood that the optical coating layer 120 is optional and that, in some embodiments, the multi-core optical fiber ribbon 100 may be formed without an optical coating layer 120 as shown in FIG. 1 .
  • the optical fiber ribbons may be formed in any length.
  • the cross-talk between adjacent core members in the multi-core optical fiber ribbon decreases as the length of the optical fiber ribbon decreases. Accordingly, in some embodiments, the length of the multi-core optical fiber ribbon may be less than 500m, less than 250m or even less than 100m.
  • a core cane assembly 200 is first constructed.
  • the core cane assembly 200 generally comprises a plurality of glass core canes 202 that are oriented in parallel with one another in a single plane such that the core canes 202 can be drawn into the core members of the optical fiber ribbon described above.
  • the core canes 202 are tacked together with glass attachment elements 204.
  • the glass attachment elements 204 are generally formed from silica-based glass having the same composition as the single cladding layer of the multi-core optical fiber ribbon as these elements will ultimately become a part of the single cladding layer.
  • the glass attachment elements secure the core canes 202 to one another, maintain the desired spacing between adjacent core canes, and keep the core canes substantially co-planar with one another.
  • the construction of the core cane assembly is completed by fusing glass rods 206 to both ends of the core cane assembly to support the core cane assembly on the spindles of an OVD lathe.
  • the individual core canes 202 of the core cane assembly 200 may be joined together without the use of the glass attachment elements 204.
  • the core canes 202 are formed with a thin cladding layer which surrounds the core preform portion of the core cane such that the core cane has a core:clad ratio from about 0.1 to about 0.5.
  • the thin cladding layer surrounding the core canes may be utilized to maintain the desired spacing between adjacent core canes as well as to attach adjacent core canes together.
  • the adjacent core canes are sintered together at the thin cladding layer to create the core cane assembly.
  • the core cane assembly 200 is positioned in an OVD lathe (not shown) such that the silica-based glass forming the single cladding preform layer may be deposited on the core cane assembly 200.
  • a burner 211 is traversed over a first surface 208 of the core cane assembly as a flow of carrier gas G in which silica-glass precursor materials are entrained is directed onto the core cane assembly.
  • the carrier gas comprises a flow of O 2 and CH 4 in which vapor-phase silica glass precursor materials are mixed and pyrolyzed by the flame of the burner 211 to create silica-glass soot 212 which is deposited on the first surface 208 of the core cane assembly 200.
  • the vapor-phase silica glass precursor material may be SiCl 4 and the pyrolysis process yields silica-glass soot which is deposited on the first surface 208 of the core cane assembly.
  • the single cladding layer contains dopants, such as one or more vapor-phase dopants (e.g., an up-dopant such as GeO 2 or a similar down dopant such a B 2 O 3 ), the vapor phase dopants may be combined with the SiCl 4 such that the pyrolysis process yields doped silica-glass soot which is, in turn, deposited on the first surface 208 of the core cane assembly 200.
  • the temperature of the pyrolysis operation is approximately 1500°C.
  • the burner 211 is traversed over the first surface 208 of the core cane assembly 200 until the desired amount of silica-glass soot 212 is deposited on the first surface 208. Thereafter, the core cane assembly 200 is rotated and the pyrolysis process is repeated on the second surface 210 of the core cane assembly 200 until the desired amount of silica-glass soot is deposited on the second surface 210 of the core cane assembly 200, as depicted in FIG. 6 . Building up the soot on each of the first surface 208 and the second surface 210 separately permits the deposited silica-glass soot 212 to have a substantially rectangular cross section, which, in turn, may be subsequently imparted to the multi-core optical fiber ribbon.
  • the core cane assembly 200 may be continuously rotated as the burner is repeatedly traversed along the axial length of the core cane assembly 200 such that the silica-glass soot 212 is deposited on both the first surface 208 and the second surface 210 as the core cane assembly 200 is rotated.
  • silica-glass soot is deposited on the first surface 208 and the second surface 210, silica-glass soot is also deposited on the edges of the core cane assembly 200 such that, after the silica glass soot is deposited, the core cane assembly 200 is encircled by a layer of silica-glass soot.
  • the silica-glass soot 212 is consolidated on the core cane assembly to densify the glass soot and form a single cladding preform layer having a substantially rectangular cross section around the core cane assembly.
  • the silica-glass soot is consolidated by drying the silica-glass soot 212 on the core cane assembly 200 in flowing chlorine gas at a temperature from about 1000°C to about 1100°C and then heating the silica glass soot 212 on the core cane assembly 200 to a temperature range from about 1450°C to about 1550°C in a consolidation oven to produce a single cladding preform layer of fully dense silica-based glass having the desired composition around the core cane assembly 200.
  • a multi-core optical fiber preform is formed by compressing silica glass soot around a core cane assembly 200.
  • a core cane assembly is positioned in a rectangular mold cavity 222 of a mold body 220.
  • the core canes 202 of the core cane assembly are individually positioned in the rectangular mold cavity 222.
  • Each individual core cane 202 may extend through an upper ram 224 and a lower ram 225 positioned in the rectangular mold cavity 222, which, in turn, maintains the spacing between the core canes and the orientation of the core canes relative to the mold body 220.
  • the core canes 202 of the core cane assembly 200 are attached together, as described hereinabove, before the core cane assembly is inserted into the mold cavity.
  • the core canes 202 of the core cane assembly are oriented in parallel with one another in a single plane, as described hereinabove.
  • the silica-glass soot is compressed to form a soot compact 227 around the core cane assembly 200.
  • the silica-glass soot is compressed into a soot compact 227 by advancing the rams 224, 225 towards one another along the axial length of the core cane assembly 200.
  • the rams 224, 225 may be advanced using a hydraulic press, a mechanical press or any other press suitable for exerting a force F on the rams 224,225.
  • the silica glass soot may be compressed by advancing one of the rams (either the upper ram 224 or the lower ram 225) towards the other ram which is held stationary relative to the mold body 220.
  • the silica-glass soot is compressed until the soot reaches a density from about 0.5 g/cc to about 1.2 g/cc, more preferably greater than about 0.7 g/cc and less than about 1.1 g/cc, and most preferably greater than about 0.8 g/cc and less than about 1.0 g/cc.
  • the soot compact 227 takes on the rectangular shape of the rectangular mold cavity.
  • FIG. 8 depicts compressing the silica-glass soot in an axial direction of the core cane assembly 200, it should be understood that, in alternative embodiments, the silica-glass soot may be compressed in a radial direction to form the soot compact 227 around the core cane assembly 200.
  • the combination of the soot compact 227 and core cane assembly 200 is removed from the mold body 220 and the soot compact 227 is consolidated on the core cane assembly 200 using the techniques described above to bond the soot compact 227 to the core cane assembly as well as to densify the silica-glass soot thereby forming a multi-core ribbon preform.
  • the multi-core ribbon preform 250 generally comprises a core cane assembly 200 which is encircled by a single cladding preform layer 230 formed by the consolidation of silica-glass soot on the core cane assembly 200.
  • the single cladding preform layer 230 is generally rectangular in cross section such that optical fiber ribbon drawn from the multi-core ribbon preform 250 is also substantially rectangular in cross section.
  • the multi-core ribbon preform 250 is shown with a core cane assembly comprising a plurality of core canes oriented in parallel in a single plane, it should be understood that, in alternative embodiments (not shown), the core cane assembly may be formed with multiple (i.e., 2 or more) planes of core cane members, each of which is parallel and non-coplanar with the other planes of core cane members.
  • a multi-core ribbon preform 250 may be formed using a stack and draw technique.
  • a core cane assembly 200 is positioned in a rectangular glass cladding tube 260 such that the core canes 202 of the core cane assembly are oriented in parallel with one another in a single plane, as described hereinabove.
  • the rectangular glass cladding tube 260 is formed from silica-based glass having the same composition as is desired for the single cladding layer of the multi-core optical fiber ribbon.
  • the silica-based glass of the rectangular glass cladding tube 260 has an index of refraction n c1 which is less than the index of refraction n c of the core canes 202.
  • the rectangular glass cladding tube 260 has a wall thickness in a range from about 50 mm to about 125 mm, more preferably less than 125 mm, even more preferably less than 100 mm, and, most preferably, less than 90 mm.
  • the core canes 202 of the core cane assembly 200 are individually positioned in the rectangular glass cladding tube 260.
  • the core canes 202 of the core cane assembly 200 are attached together, as described hereinabove, before the core cane assembly 200 is inserted into the rectangular glass cladding tube 260.
  • a plurality of filler canes 262 are positioned between the rectangular glass cladding tube 260 and the core cane assembly 200.
  • the multi-core ribbon preform 250 the multi-core ribbon preform is placed under vacuum as the multi-core optical fiber ribbon is drawn from the preform in order to collapse and seal the interstitial spaces between adjacent filler canes 262 and core canes 202.
  • the system 300 generally comprises a draw furnace 302 for heating a multi-core ribbon preform 250 such that a multi-core optical fiber ribbon 100 may be drawn from the multi-core ribbon preform 250.
  • the draw furnace 302 is generally vertically oriented such that multi-core optical fiber ribbon 100 drawn from the preform 250 exits the furnace along a substantially vertical pathway (i.e., a pathway that is substantially parallel with the z-direction of the coordinate axes depicted in FIG. 11 ).
  • the dimensions of the multi-core optical fiber ribbon 100 and the draw tension applied to the multi-core optical fiber ribbon 100 are measured with non-contact sensors 304, 306. As shown in FIG. 11 , after the diameter and tension of the multi-core optical fiber ribbon 100 is measured, the multi-core optical fiber ribbon 100 passes through a cooling system 308 which cools the multi-core optical fiber ribbon to less than about 80° C and, more preferably, less than about 60° C.
  • the multi-core optical fiber ribbon After the multi-core optical fiber ribbon exits the cooling system 308, the multi-core optical fiber ribbon enters a coating system 310 in which an optical coating layer is applied to the multi-core optical fiber ribbon.
  • the dimensions of the multi-core optical fiber ribbon is measured again using a non-contact sensor 312.
  • a non-contact flaw detector 314 is used to examine the multi-core optical fiber ribbon for damage and/or flaws that may have occurred during manufacture.
  • a fiber take-up mechanism 315 utilizes various drawing mechanisms 316 and pulleys 318 to provide the necessary tension to the multi-core optical fiber ribbon 100 as the multi-core optical fiber ribbon is drawn through the system 300 and wound onto a storage spool 320.
  • Embodiments of the multi-core optical fiber ribbons will be further clarified by the following prophetic modeled examples.
  • the multi-core optical fiber ribbon consisted of a pair of core members positioned in a single cladding layer.
  • the cross-talk for each modeled multi-core optical fiber ribbon was determined utilizing the following equations.
  • a pair of multi-core optical fiber ribbons were mathematically modeled.
  • Each core member of the first optical fiber ribbon was modeled with a step refractive index profile and a core relative refractive index ⁇ c % of about 0.34%.
  • Each core member had a diameter d c of 8.4 microns and was single-moded at a wavelength of 1550 nm.
  • the core members were phase matched such that the delta variation between the adjacent core members was zero.
  • Curve 402 in FIG. 12 indicates the cross-talk of the first, phase matched optical fiber ribbon as a function of the distance between the adjacent core members for a fiber length of 100 m at a wavelength of 1550 nm. As shown in FIG. 12 , a cross-talk of less than - 35 dB is only achieved when the spacing between the two core members is less than 54 microns.
  • the second multi-core optical fiber ribbon was modeled with a step index refractive index with each core member having a diameter d c of 8.4 microns such that the core members were single-moded at a wavelength of 1550 nm.
  • the core members had a delta variation of approximately 1% and the corresponding effective index change of the fundamental mode propagated in each fiber is about 5x10 -5 .
  • a cross-talk of less than -35 db is achievable when the spacing between the two core members is 28 microns.
  • the effective index variation can also be achieved by varying the core radius.
  • the cross-talk was calculated assuming the adjacent core members had an effective index variation of approximately 5x10 -5 .
  • each core member of both optical fiber ribbons was modeled with a step refractive index profile and a core relative refractive index ⁇ c % of about 0.34%.
  • Each core member had a diameter dc of 8.4 microns and was single-moded at a wavelength of 1550 nm.
  • the first optical fiber ribbon had a length of 100 meters while the second optical fiber ribbon had a length of 2 meters.
  • Curve 406 shows the cross-talk as a function of the center-to-center spacing of adjacent core members for the 2 meter ribbon while curve 408 shows the cross talk as function of the center-to-center spacing of adjacent core members for the 100 meter ribbon.
  • the 2 meter ribbon generally had a cross-talk which was about 3 dB less than the cross-talk of the 100 m ribbon.
  • Each core member of the first optical fiber was modeled with a step refractive index profile and a core relative refractive index ⁇ c % of about 0.34%.
  • Each core member had a diameter d c of 8.4 microns and was single-moded at a wavelength of 1550 nm.
  • Each core member of the second optical fiber was modeled with a step refractive index profile and a core relative refractive index ⁇ c % of about 1.0%.
  • Each core member had a diameter d c of 4.9 microns and was single-moded at a wavelength of 1550 nm.
  • Curve 410 shows the cross-talk as a function of the center-to-center spacing of adjacent core members for the first multi-core ribbon while curve 412 shows the cross talk as function of the center-to-center spacing of the second multi-core ribbon.
  • increasing the relative refractive index ⁇ c % of the core members and decreasing the core diameter reduces the cross-talk between the core members as the power of each core member is more confined to that core member which, in turn, reduces the coupling coefficient between the adjacent core members.
  • each core member of both optical fiber ribbons was modeled with a step refractive index profile and a core relative refractive index ⁇ c % of about 0.34%.
  • Each core member had a diameter d c of 8.4 microns and was single-moded at a wavelength of 1550 nm.
  • the core members of the second fiber ribbon were formed with a low-index ring as the outermost portion of each core member.
  • the low-index ring had a relative refractive index ⁇ 1 % of -0.4% and a radial thickness of 4 microns.
  • Curve 414 shows the cross-talk as a function of the center-to-center spacing of adjacent core members for the ribbon without the low-index rings and curve 416 shows the cross talk as function of the center-to-center spacing of adjacent core members for the ribbon formed with the low index rings.
  • the fiber ribbon with the low index rings can achieve a -35 db cross-talk with a smaller center-to-center spacing than the ribbon formed without the low index rings.
  • a multi-mode optical fiber ribbon was modeled.
  • Each core member had a relative refractive index ⁇ c % of 1.0% and a diameter d c of 50 microns.
  • Each core member supported 18 mode groups at 850 nm.
  • the center-to-center spacing between adjacent cores should be at least 66 microns.
  • a multi-mode optical fiber ribbon was modeled.
  • Each core member had a relative refractive index ⁇ c % of 2.0% and a diameter d c of 25 microns.
  • Each core member supported 13 mode groups at 850 nm.
  • the center-to-center spacing between adjacent cores should be at least 41 microns.

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Claims (8)

  1. Ruban de fibre optique à âmes multiples (100) comprenant :
    au moins trois éléments d'âmes (102) constitués de verre à base de silice et orientés parallèlement les uns aux autres dans un seul plan, lesdits éléments d'âmes adjacents des au moins trois éléments d'âmes présentant un espacement de centre à centre ≥ 15 microns, la diaphonie entre les éléments d'âmes adjacents est ≤ -25 dB, et les au moins trois éléments d'âmes sont monomodes avec un indice de réfraction nc et un diamètre d'âme dc ;
    et une couche de gaine unique (104) constituée de verre à base de silice entourant les au moins trois éléments d'âmes et étant en contact direct avec ceux-ci, ladite couche de gaine unique possédant une section transversale sensiblement rectangulaire avec une épaisseur ≤ 400 microns et un indice de réfraction nc1<nc et les au moins trois éléments d'âmes possédant un indice de réfraction relatif Δc % allant de 0,2 % à 2,0 % par rapport à la couche de gaine unique, et lesdits indices de réfraction des éléments d'âmes adjacents étant différents, de sorte qu'une différence ≥ 1 % existe entre les indices de réfraction relatifs Δc % des éléments d'âmes adjacents.
  2. Ruban de fibre optique à âmes multiples (100) selon la revendication 1, lesdits au moins trois éléments d'âme (102) étant espacés de manière équidistante.
  3. Ruban de fibre optique à âmes multiples (100) selon la revendication 1, lesdits au moins trois éléments d'âmes (102) possédant un indice de réfraction relatif Δi % ≥ 0,2 % par rapport à la couche de gaine unique (104) et le diamètre d'âme dc étant ≤ 15 microns.
  4. Ruban de fibre optique à âmes multiples (100) selon la revendication 1, ladite épaisseur de la couche de gaine unique (104) étant ≤ 125 microns.
  5. Ruban de fibre optique à âmes multiples (100) selon la revendication 1, une variation d'indice effective entre les éléments d'âmes adjacents (102) étant ≥ 5x10-5.
  6. Ruban de fibre optique à âmes multiples (100) selon la revendication 1, un rapport R de l'espacement de centre à centre entre les éléments d'âme adjacents (102) sur le diamètre d'âme dc des au moins trois éléments d'âme étant tel que 2 ≤ R ≤ 6.
  7. Ruban de fibre optique à âmes multiples (100) selon la revendication 1, lesdits au moins trois éléments d'âmes (102) comprenant chacun un anneau à faible indice constitué de verre à base de silice, ledit anneau à faible indice possédant un indice de réfraction n1, où n1 ≤ nc1 ≤ nc.
  8. Ruban de fibre optique à âmes multiples (100) selon la revendication 1, comprenant en outre une couche de revêtement optique entourant la couche de gaine unique (104) et étant en contact direct avec celle-ci, ladite couche de revêtement optique possédant un indice de réfraction nct ≥ nc1.
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US20150315061A1 (en) 2015-11-05
EP2638419A1 (fr) 2013-09-18
CN103282809A (zh) 2013-09-04
BR112013011134A2 (pt) 2016-08-02
US9120693B2 (en) 2015-09-01
JP6052897B2 (ja) 2016-12-27
US9796618B2 (en) 2017-10-24
KR20130131359A (ko) 2013-12-03
RU2013126483A (ru) 2014-12-20
CN103282809B (zh) 2016-10-26
JP2014500980A (ja) 2014-01-16
WO2012064579A1 (fr) 2012-05-18
US20120114292A1 (en) 2012-05-10

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