EP2635707B1 - Method of examining polycystic kidney disease and method of screening for therapeutic agent of the disease - Google Patents

Method of examining polycystic kidney disease and method of screening for therapeutic agent of the disease Download PDF

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EP2635707B1
EP2635707B1 EP11837763.9A EP11837763A EP2635707B1 EP 2635707 B1 EP2635707 B1 EP 2635707B1 EP 11837763 A EP11837763 A EP 11837763A EP 2635707 B1 EP2635707 B1 EP 2635707B1
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cells
genes
krtap4
polycystic kidney
kidney disease
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EP2635707A4 (en
EP2635707A1 (en
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Kenji Osafune
Taro Toyoda
Fumihiko Shiota
Kazuwa Nakao
Masakatsu Sone
Daisuke Taura
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Kyoto University NUC
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    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K16/00—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies
    • C07K16/18—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against material from animals or humans
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    • C12N5/00—Undifferentiated human, animal or plant cells, e.g. cell lines; Tissues; Cultivation or maintenance thereof; Culture media therefor
    • C12N5/06—Animal cells or tissues; Human cells or tissues
    • C12N5/0602—Vertebrate cells
    • C12N5/069—Vascular Endothelial cells
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    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P13/00—Drugs for disorders of the urinary system
    • A61P13/12—Drugs for disorders of the urinary system of the kidneys
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    • C12N15/00—Mutation or genetic engineering; DNA or RNA concerning genetic engineering, vectors, e.g. plasmids, or their isolation, preparation or purification; Use of hosts therefor
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    • C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
    • C12N15/00—Mutation or genetic engineering; DNA or RNA concerning genetic engineering, vectors, e.g. plasmids, or their isolation, preparation or purification; Use of hosts therefor
    • C12N15/09—Recombinant DNA-technology
    • C12N15/11—DNA or RNA fragments; Modified forms thereof; Non-coding nucleic acids having a biological activity
    • C12N15/113—Non-coding nucleic acids modulating the expression of genes, e.g. antisense oligonucleotides; Antisense DNA or RNA; Triplex- forming oligonucleotides; Catalytic nucleic acids, e.g. ribozymes; Nucleic acids used in co-suppression or gene silencing
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12Q—MEASURING OR TESTING PROCESSES INVOLVING ENZYMES, NUCLEIC ACIDS OR MICROORGANISMS; COMPOSITIONS OR TEST PAPERS THEREFOR; PROCESSES OF PREPARING SUCH COMPOSITIONS; CONDITION-RESPONSIVE CONTROL IN MICROBIOLOGICAL OR ENZYMOLOGICAL PROCESSES
    • C12Q1/00—Measuring or testing processes involving enzymes, nucleic acids or microorganisms; Compositions therefor; Processes of preparing such compositions
    • C12Q1/68—Measuring or testing processes involving enzymes, nucleic acids or microorganisms; Compositions therefor; Processes of preparing such compositions involving nucleic acids
    • C12Q1/6876—Nucleic acid products used in the analysis of nucleic acids, e.g. primers or probes
    • C12Q1/6883—Nucleic acid products used in the analysis of nucleic acids, e.g. primers or probes for diseases caused by alterations of genetic material
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
    • G01N33/48—Biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Haemocytometers
    • G01N33/50—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing
    • G01N33/68—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing involving proteins, peptides or amino acids
    • G01N33/6893—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing involving proteins, peptides or amino acids related to diseases not provided for elsewhere
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    • C12N2501/00—Active agents used in cell culture processes, e.g. differentation
    • C12N2501/10—Growth factors
    • C12N2501/135—Platelet-derived growth factor [PDGF]
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    • C12N2501/00—Active agents used in cell culture processes, e.g. differentation
    • C12N2501/10—Growth factors
    • C12N2501/165—Vascular endothelial growth factor [VEGF]
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    • C12N2506/00—Differentiation of animal cells from one lineage to another; Differentiation of pluripotent cells
    • C12N2506/45—Differentiation of animal cells from one lineage to another; Differentiation of pluripotent cells from artificially induced pluripotent stem cells
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    • C12Q2600/00—Oligonucleotides characterized by their use
    • C12Q2600/136—Screening for pharmacological compounds
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    • C12Q2600/00—Oligonucleotides characterized by their use
    • C12Q2600/158—Expression markers
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N2800/00—Detection or diagnosis of diseases
    • G01N2800/28—Neurological disorders
    • G01N2800/2871—Cerebrovascular disorders, e.g. stroke, cerebral infarct, cerebral haemorrhage, transient ischemic event
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N2800/00—Detection or diagnosis of diseases
    • G01N2800/34—Genitourinary disorders
    • G01N2800/347—Renal failures; Glomerular diseases; Tubulointerstitial diseases, e.g. nephritic syndrome, glomerulonephritis; Renovascular diseases, e.g. renal artery occlusion, nephropathy
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N2800/00—Detection or diagnosis of diseases
    • G01N2800/56—Staging of a disease; Further complications associated with the disease

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a method of examining polycystic kidney disease and a disease marker.
  • ADPKD autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease
  • ARPKD autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease
  • ADPKD is developed by about one in 4000 people in Japan. The assumed number of ADPKD patients is said to range from 20,000 to 50,000.
  • ADPKD is causative disease of end-stage chronic renal failure that results in dialysis introduction, and it is the fourth most common disease following diabetic nephropathy, primary glomerular nephritis, and hypertensive nephrosclerosis.
  • This disease is an autosomal dominant disease due to a genetic mutation of PKD1 or PKD2 (JP Patent Publication (Kohyo) No. 2001-520502 A , JP Patent Publication (Kohyo) No. 2004-504038 A , and JP Patent Publication (Kokai) No. 2009-065988 A ). Also, such an autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease causes a decrease in GLIS3 gene expression level. Hence, it has been reported that the phenomenon has been used for diagnosis of the disease (JP Patent Publication (Kokai) No. 2006-288265 A).
  • Polycysts are regarded as constituting major kidney pathology.
  • cyst formation in the liver, pancreas, spleen, generative organ, arachnoid membrane, and the like cerebral aneurysm and aortic aneurysm, valvular disease of the heart, diverticula of the colon, hernia, and the like have been confirmed.
  • the typical age at onset is middle age, and the age span widely ranges from neonate to 80-year-old.
  • Kistler et al. identified a unique urinary biomarker profile in patients with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (Kidney International, vol. 76, no. 1, 1 July 2009, pages 89-96 ).
  • Meijer et al. performed a cross-sectional analysis of the association of urinary biomarkers with disease severity in patients with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (American Journal of Kidney Diseases, vol. 56, no. 5, 1 November 2010, pages 883-895 ).
  • An object of the present invention is to provide a method of examining (or detecting or diagnosing) polycystic kidney disease or a complication that accompanies polycystic kidney disease through comparison of disease markers using samples from subjects, and disease markers of the disease.
  • polycystic kidney disease includes autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) and autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease (ARPKD), preferably ADPKD.
  • ADPKD autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease
  • ARPKD autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease
  • the present invention is based on the following finding.
  • the presence or the absence or the degree of an increase (rise) and/or a decrease (fall) in the expression level of at least one of genes listed in Table 1 compared with control samples is measured (qualitative and/or quantitative measurement), so that the onset of polycystic kidney disease or a complication of polycystic kidney disease or the risk of developing the disease can be specifically detected and thus the disease can be examined precisely.
  • a disease marker useful as a tool with which the presence or the absence of the onset of or the degree of polycystic kidney disease or a complication of polycystic kidney disease can be examined through measurement of the presence or the absence of an increase and/or a decrease in or the degree of the expression of the above gene in a subject.
  • polycystic kidney disease means both of autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease and autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease unless otherwise mentioned.
  • the term "subject” refers to a mammalian animal, which includes, but is not limited to, primate, rodent, ungulate or the like, preferably human. The subject may be used exchangeably with another term "patient.”
  • examples of a complication of polycystic kidney disease include vascular lesions such as aortic aneurysm, cerebral aneurysm, or subarachnoid hemorrhage, valvular disease of heart, diverticula of colon, hernia, and ductal lesions such as choledochal dilatation, as well as symptoms such as cyst formation in the liver, pancreas, spleen, and generative organs.
  • vascular lesions such as aortic aneurysm, cerebral aneurysm, or subarachnoid hemorrhage
  • valvular disease of heart diverticula of colon
  • hernia hernia
  • ductal lesions such as choledochal dilatation
  • symptoms such as cyst formation in the liver, pancreas, spleen, and generative organs.
  • An example of such a complication that should be particularly preferably detected is cerebral aneurysm.
  • the disease marker is characterized by comprising a polynucleotide and/or a polynucleotide complementary thereto, which has at least 15 continuous nucleotides in an open reading frame (ORF) sequence in the nucleotide sequences of the genes listed in Table 1.
  • ORF open reading frame
  • NTNG1 comprises the sequence according to accession No. NM_001113228 or NM_014917
  • POSTN comprises the sequence according to accession No.
  • INSIG1 comprises the sequence according to accession No. NM_198336 or NM_198337
  • EDN1 comprises the sequence according to accession No. NM_001168319
  • NRCAM comprises the sequence according to accession No. NM_001193582, NM_001193583, NM_001193584, or NM_005010
  • PCSK1 comprises the sequence according to accession No. NM_001177875 or NM_001177876
  • MMP1 comprises the sequence according to accession No. NM_002421
  • HMGA2 comprises the sequence according to accession No. NM_002421
  • SIAE comprises the sequence according to accession No. NM_170601.
  • polynucleotide complementary thereto refers to a polynucleotide that is in a basically complementary relationship (on the basis of a base pair relationship such as A:T and G:C) with: an ORF sequence of the nucleotide sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21, 45, 47, 49, 51, 53, 55, 57, 59, 61, 63, 65, 67, 69, 71, 73, 75, 77, 79, 81, 83, 85, 87, 89, 91, 93, or 94; or a sequence (partial sequence) (for the sake of convenience, these ORF sequence and partial sequence are also referred to as "forward strands") having an at least continuous 15-nucleotide-long nucleotide sequence in the ORF sequence.
  • such a complementary strand may not only be a complete complementary sequence to the nucleotide sequence of a target forward strand, but also be a sequence having a complementary relationship with the other to a degree such that it can hybridize to a target forward strand under stringent conditions.
  • stringent conditions can be determined based on the melting temperature (Tm) of a nucleic acid to which a complex or a probe is bound, as taught by Berger and Kimmel (1987, Guide to Molecular Cloning Techniques Methods in Enzymology, Vol. 152, Academic Press, San Diego CA ).
  • washing conditions after hybridization generally include conditions of about 1 x SSC, 0.1% SDS, and 37 degrees C.
  • a complementary strand to be used herein is preferably capable of maintaining its state of hybridizing to a target forward strand even when washed under such conditions.
  • Examples of more stringent hybridization conditions include, but are not particularly limited to, conditions that allow a forward strand and a complementary strand to be able to maintain the hybridization state even when they are washed under washing conditions of about 0.5 x SSC, 0.1% SDS, and 42 degrees C or more stringent washing conditions of 0.1 x SSC, 0.1% SDS, and 65 degrees C.
  • complementary strand examples include a strand comprising a nucleotide sequence that is in a completely complementary relationship with the nucleotide sequence of a target forward strand, and a strand comprising a nucleotide sequence having at least 90%, and preferably at least 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% sequence identity with the strand.
  • examples of a polynucleotide on the forward strand side include not only an ORF sequence of the nucleotide sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21,45, 47, 49, 51, 53, 55, 57, 59, 61, 63, 65, 67, 69, 71, 73, 75, 77, 79, 81, 83, 85, 87, 89, 91, 93, or 94, or a partial sequence thereof, but also a strand comprising a nucleotide sequence that is in a further complementary relationship with the nucleotide sequence of the above forward strand.
  • forward-strand polynucleotide and complementary-strand (reverse-strand) polynucleotide may be separately used as disease markers in a single-strand form or a double-strand form.
  • the disease marker for polycystic kidney disease or a complication of polycystic kidney disease may be a polynucleotide comprising a partial sequence of the above ORF sequence or a sequence complementary thereto as long as it selectively (or specifically) recognizes a gene(s) listed in Table 1 or a polynucleotide from the gene.
  • examples of such a polynucleotide include polynucleotides having a length of at least 15, at least 18, at least 19, at least 20, at least 30, at least 40, at least50, at least 60, at least 70, or at least 100 continuous nucleotides, which is arbitrarily selected from the nucleotide sequence of the above ORF sequence or a sequence complementary thereto.
  • the term "selectively (or specifically) recognizes” means, but is not limited to: that when a Northern blot method or a Southern blot method is employed for example, genes listed in Table 1 or polynucleotides from the genes can be specifically detected; or that when an RT-PCR method is employed, the genes listed in Table 1 or polynucleotides formed from the genes are specifically amplified and generated, as long as persons skilled in the art can determine that detected products in the Northern blot method or the Southern blot method or products in the above RT-PCR method are derived from the genes listed in Table 1 or polynucleotides originating therefrom.
  • Such a disease marker can be designed based on the nucleotide sequence of the gene shown in SEQ ID NO: 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21, 45, 47, 49, 51, 53, 55, 57, 59, 61, 63, 65, 67, 69, 71, 73, 75, 77, 79, 81, 83, 85, 87, 89, 91, 93, or 94, using primer 3 (http//www.genome.wi.mit.edu/cgi-bin/primer/primer3.cgi) or vector NTI (Infomax), for example.
  • primer 3 http//www.genome.wi.mit.edu/cgi-bin/primer/primer3.cgi
  • Infomax vector NTI
  • candidate sequences of primers or probes which are obtained by subjecting the nucleotide sequences of the genes listed in Table 1 to primer 3 or vector NTI software, or sequences containing at least the sequence as a portion can be used as primers or probes.
  • a disease marker may have a length of at least 15 continuous nucleotides, at least 18 continuous nucleotides, at least 19 continuous nucleotides, at least 20 continuous nucleotides, at least 30 continuous nucleotides, at least 40 continuous nucleotides, or at least 50 continuous nucleotides, at least 60 continuous nucleotides, at least 70 continuous nucleotides, or at least 100 continuous nucleotides, as described above.
  • the length can be appropriately selected and determined depending on the applications of the marker.
  • the disease marker can be used as a primer for specifically recognizing and amplifying RNA resulting from the expression and/or transcription of the gene or a polynucleotide (e.g., cDNA) from the RNA, or can be used as a probe for specifically detecting the RNA or a polynucleotide (e.g., cDNA) from the RNA.
  • an example thereof is a disease marker with a nucleotide length generally ranging from 15 bp to 100 bp, preferably ranging from 15 bp to 50 bp, or more preferably ranging from 20 bp to 35 bp.
  • R indicates a reverse primer.
  • the probe may be labeled with a radioisotope (e.g., 32 P or 33 P), a fluorescent substance (fluorescamine, rhodamine,Texas Red, dansyl, or a derivative thereof), a chemiluminescence substance, an enzyme, or the like.
  • a labeled disease marker can be appropriately used as a probe (or a detection marker).
  • the disease marker can be used as a primer or a probe according to conventional methods including known methods for specifically recognizing or detecting a specific gene, mRNA, and cDNA, such as a Northern blot method, a Southern blot method, RT-PCR, and in situ hybridization.
  • examination of a complication of polycystic kidney disease can be performed by measuring the presence or the absence of an increase or a decrease in or the level (the degree of increase or decrease in expression) of the expression of a gene(s) (listed in Table 1) in a sample obtained from at least 1 type of sample selected from the group consisting of subject-derived blood, serum, blood plasma, cell extracts, urine, lymph fluids, tissue fluids, ascites, spinal fluids, and other body fluids, or tissues and cells (e.g., renal tissues or renal cells, and somatic cells obtained via differentiation induction from iPS cells), and evaluating the thus obtained results.
  • tissue and cells e.g., renal tissues or renal cells, and somatic cells obtained via differentiation induction from iPS cells
  • the present invention provides a method of examining whether or not a subject has a complication of polycystic kidney disease or a risk of developing the complication, comprising the following steps of:
  • vascular endothelial cells obtained via differentiation induction in vitro from iPS cells formed from somatic cells isolated from a subject may be used as samples in the method of examining (detecting or diagnosing) a complication of polycystic kidney disease according to the present invention.
  • the method can be performed by measuring the presence or the absence of a decrease in or the level (the degree of decrease in expression) of the expression of 1 or more genes selected from or all genes of a group consisting of NTNG1, POSTN, TNC, KALI, and BST1 in Table 1 and then evaluating the thus obtained results, and/or the method can be performed by measuring the presence or the absence of increase in or the level (degree of increase in expression) of the expression of 1 or more genes selected from or all genes of a group consisting of ACAT2, INSIG1, SCD, BMP6, CD274, CTGF, E2F7, EDN1, FAM43A, FRMD3, MMP10, MYEOV, NR2F1, NRCAM, PCSK1, PLXNA2, SLC30A3, SNAI1, SPOCD1, and TFPI2 in Table 1, and then evaluating the thus obtained results.
  • the method comprises the steps of: inducing iPS cells from somatic cells isolated from a subject to cause differentiation induction of vascular endothelial cells from the iPS cells; measuring the expression level of MMP1 gene and measuring the expression levels or the transcriptional activity of 1 or more genes selected from or all genes of a group consisting of NTNG1, POSTN, TNC, KALI, BST1, ACAT2, INSIG1, SCD, BMP6, CD274, CTGF, E2F7, EDN1, FAM43A, FRMD3, MMP10, MYEOV, NR2F1, NRCAM, PCSK1, PLXNA2, SLC30A3, SNAI1, SPOCD1, and TFPI2 in vascular endothelial cells; and determining that the subject has a complication of polycystic kidney disease or a risk of developing the complication when the expression level of MMP1 is higher than that of a control sample; and when the expression levels or the transcriptional activity of 1 or more genes selected from
  • vascular mural cells obtained via differentiation induction from iPS cells formed from somatic cells of a subject may also be used as samples for the examination (detection or diagnosis) of a complication of polycystic kidney disease according to the present invention.
  • the method can be performed by measuring the presence or the absence of decrease in or the level (the degree of decrease in expression) of the expression of 1 or more genes selected from or all genes of a group consisting of HSD3B1, KRT7, USP40, and SULT1E1 in Table 1, and then evaluating the thus obtained results, and/or measuring the presence or the absence of increase in or the level (the degree of increase in expression) of the expression of 1 or more genes selected from or all genes of the group consisting of TFPI2, HMGA2, KRTAP4-7, KRTAP4-8, KRTAP4-9, MYPN, RPPH1, and SIAE in Table 1, and then evaluating the thus obtained results.
  • the method comprises the steps of: inducing iPS cells from somatic cells of a subject to cause differentiation induction of vascular mural cells from the iPS cells; measuring the expression level of MMP1 gene and measuring the expression levels or the transcriptional activity of 1 or more genes selected from or all genes of a group consisting of HSD3B1, KRT7, USP40, and SULT1E1 in the vascular mural cells; and determining that the subject has a complication of polycystic kidney disease or a risk of developing the complication when the expression level of MMP1 is higher than that of a control sample; and when the expression levels or the transcriptional activity of 1 or more genes selected from or all genes of a group consisting of HSD3B1, KRT7, USP40, and SULT1E1 exhibit a decrease (or reduction) compared with a control sample (that is, vascular mural cells obtained via differentiation induction from iPS cells formed from somatic cells of a healthy subject), or when the expression levels or the transcriptional activity of
  • Described herein is an antibody capable of specifically recognizing the expression product (protein) of a gene(s) listed in Table 1 as a disease marker for polycystic kidney disease or a complication of polycystic kidney disease.
  • a protein encoded by a gene(s) listed in Table 1 is a protein encoded by the polynucleotide shown in SEQ ID NO: 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21, 23, 25, 27, 29, 31,33, 35, 37, 39, 41, 43, 45, 47, 49, 51, 53, 55, 57, 59, 61, 63, 65, 67, 69, 71, 73, 75, 77, 79, 81, 83, 85, 87, 89, 91, 93, or 94.
  • Described herein is a protein having the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 46, 48, 50, 52, 54, 56, 58, 60, 62, 64, 66, 68, 70, 72, 74, 76, 78, 80, 82, 84, 86, 88, 90, 92, or 95.
  • the form of the antibody is not particularly limited and may be a polyclonal or monoclonal antibody, which can be prepared using a protein(s) listed in Table 1 as an immunizing antigen, a chimeric antibody (e.g., a human/mouse chimeric antibody), a humanized antibody, a human antibody, or the like, or, a fragment (e.g., Fab, Fab', F(ab') 2 , Fc, Fv, and scFv) of such an antibody.
  • a polypeptide comprising at least 8 continuous amino acids (e.g., 10 to 20 amino acids) in the amino acid sequence of the protein is also described herein.
  • the antibody when the antibody is a polyclonal antibody, a non-human animal such as a rabbit is immunized with the protein encoded by a gene listed in Table 1, expressed in Escherichia coli or the like, and then purified according to conventional methods or an oligo peptide synthesized having a partial amino acid sequence of the protein.
  • the polyclonal antibody can be obtained from the serum of the immunized animal according to conventional methods.
  • the antibody when it is a monoclonal antibody, it can be obtained from hybridoma cells prepared by fusing the thus obtained spleen cells and myeloma cells (obtained from the above-immunized non-human animal) through HAT selection and affinity assay with a target polypeptide, for example ( Current protocols in Molecular Biology edit. Ausubel et al., (1987) Publish. John Wiley and Sons. Section 11. 4-11. 11 ).
  • the protein to be used for preparation of an antibody can be obtained by DNA cloning, construction of each plasmid, transfection into a host, culture of a transformant, and subsequent collection of the protein from a culture product based on the gene sequence information provided by the present invention. These procedures can be carried out according to methods known by persons skilled in the art or methods described in documents ( Molecular Cloning, T. Maniatis et al., CSH Laboratory (1983 ), DNA Cloning, DM. Glover, IRL PRESS (1985 )), for example.
  • a recombinant DNA (or an expression vector) that enables expression of a gene in desired host cells is prepared, the DNA is introduced into host cells for transformation, the transformant is cultured, and then a target protein is collected from the thus obtained culture product, so that the protein can be obtained.
  • the protein can also be produced by general chemical synthesis methods (peptide synthesis) according to the amino acid sequence information provided herein, as another technique.
  • proteins encoded by genes listed in Table 1 include not only a protein having the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 2, 4, 6,8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 46, 48, 50, 52, 54, 56, 58, 60, 62, 64, 66, 68, 70, 72, 74, 76, 78, 80, 82, 84, 86, 88, 90, 92, or 95, but also a portion homologous thereto.
  • a homologous portion is a protein comprising an amino acid sequence that has deletion, substitution, or addition of 1 or a plurality of amino acids, preferably 1 or several amino acids, with respect to each amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: above, or, an amino acid sequence having at least 90%, preferably at least 95%, 96%, or 97%, further preferably at least 98%, and most preferably at least 99% sequence identity with each amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: above, and, having biological functions equivalent to and/or immunological activity equivalent to that of the protein having each amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: above.
  • Such a homologous portion contains a mutant on the basis of racial polymorphism, mutation, splice mutation, and the like.
  • an example of a protein having biological functions equivalent to the known functions of a protein having the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 46, 48, 50, 52, 54, 56, 58, 60, 62, 64, 66, 68, 70, 72, 74, 76, 78, 80, 82, 84, 86, 88, 90, 92, or 95 is a protein having biochemical or pharmacological functions equivalent to the same.
  • an example of such a protein having immunological activity equivalent to that of the above protein is a protein capable of specifically binding to an antibody against the above protein.
  • sequence identity as used herein can be defined as a percentage (%) of the number of identical amino acid residues or identical nucleotides of total number of amino acid residues or nucleotides (both cases include the number of gaps) when two amino acid sequences or two nucleotide sequences are aligned to achieve the maximum match of amino acids or nucleotides with or without introduction of gaps.
  • sequence identity can be determined using BLAST ( Altschul SF, et al, (1997) Nucleic Acids Res. 25 (17): 3389-402 or ( 1990) J Mol Biol. 215(3): 403-10 ) that can be found from the NCBI server, ncbi. nlm. nih. gov/BLAST/.
  • amino acid mutations or mutation sites in proteins is not limited, as long as their biological functions and/or immunological activity is retained.
  • an indicator for determining the way of substituting, inserting, or deleting amino acid residues and the number thereof without losing biological functions or immunological activity can be found using a computer program known to persons skilled in the art, such as DNA Star software.
  • the number of mutations typically accounts for 10% or less of all amino acids, preferably 5% or less of all amino acids, and further preferably accounts for 1% or less of all amino acids.
  • amino acids to be substituted are not particularly limited, as long as proteins obtained after substitution with the relevant amino acids have biological functions and/or immunological activity equivalent to that of the original protein.
  • amino acids to be substituted have properties such as electrical properties and structural properties (e.g., polarity, electric charge, solubility, hydrophobicity, hydrophilicity, and amphiphilicity of amino acid residues) analogous to those of unsubstituted amino acids.
  • electrical properties and structural properties e.g., polarity, electric charge, solubility, hydrophobicity, hydrophilicity, and amphiphilicity of amino acid residues
  • Ala, Val, Leu, Ile, Pro, Met, Phe, and Trp are amino acids that are classified as nonpolar amino acids from each other.
  • Gly, Ser, Thr, Cys, Tyr, Asn, and Gln are amino acids that are classified as uncharged amino acids.
  • Asp and Glu are amino acids that are classified as acidic amino acids.
  • Lys, Arg, and His are amino acids that are classified as basic amino acids. Therefore, amino acids to be substituted can be appropriately selected from among amino acids belonging to the same group using these amino acid properties as indicators
  • the antibody may be prepared using a polypeptide (intended to include an oligo peptide) having a partial amino acid sequence of a protein encoded by a gene(s) listed in Table 1 (see above).
  • a polypeptide to be used for inducing such an antibody is not required to have functional bioactivity, but desirably has immunogenicity analogous to that of the protein.
  • a preferable example of a polypeptide to be used herein has such immunogenicity and comprises at least 8 continuous amino acid residues (e.g., 10 to 20 amino acid residues) in the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 46, 48, 50, 52, 54, 56, 58, 60, 62, 64, 66, 68, 70, 72, 74, 76, 78, 80, 82, 84, 86, 88, 90, 92, or 95.
  • SEQ ID NO: 2 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 46, 48, 50, 52, 54, 56, 58, 60, 62, 64, 66, 68, 70, 72, 74, 76, 78, 80, 82, 84, 86, 88, 90, 92, or 95.
  • An antibody against such a polypeptide can also be prepared by enhancing immunological responses with the use of various adjuvants depending on host animals.
  • adjuvants include, but are not limited to: Freund's adjuvant; and mineral gel such as aluminum hydroxide; as well as surface active substances such as lysolecithin, pluronic polyols, polyanions, peptides, oil emulsions, keyhole limpet hemocyanin, and dinitrophenol; and human adjuvants such as BCG (Bacillus Caluuette Guecin) and Corynebacterium-parvum.
  • BCG Bacillus Caluuette Guecin
  • the antibody has a property of specifically binding to a protein encoded by a gene(s) listed in Table 1.
  • the above protein contained in a sample from a subject can be specifically detected and quantitatively determined.
  • the antibody of the present invention is useful for examining (or detecting or diagnosing) polycystic kidney disease or a complication of polycystic kidney disease.
  • Described herein is a method comprising the following steps, (a-1) and (b-1), as a method of examining polycystic kidney disease:
  • samples from a subject or control samples from a healthy subject blood, serum, blood plasma, cell extracts, urine, lymph fluids, tissue fluids, ascites, spinal fluids, or other body fluids, or tissues or cells (e.g., renal tissues or renal cells or somatic cells obtained via differentiation induction from iPS cells) can be used.
  • tissues or cells e.g., renal tissues or renal cells or somatic cells obtained via differentiation induction from iPS cells
  • somatic cells obtained via differentiation induction from the iPS cells formed from somatic cells of a subject tubular cells, collecting tubule cells, bile duct cells, hepatocytes, pancreatic ductal cells, pancreatic cells, bowel cells, germ cells, vascular endothelial cells or vascular mural cells, and preferably, vascular endothelial cells or vascular mural cells can be used, for example.
  • Control samples to be used herein are corresponding somatic cells obtained via differentiation induction from iPS cells formed from somatic cells of a healthy subject.
  • the healthy subject-derived somatic cells for induction of iPS cells may differ from or may be of the same type as subject-derived somatic cells.
  • somatic cells examples are as described later in the section of "method of producing iPS cells.”
  • corresponding somatic cells means that somatic cells obtained via differentiation induction from iPS cells formed from healthy subject-derived somatic cells are cells of the same type as that of somatic cells obtained via differentiation induction from iPS cells formed from subject-derived somatic cells.
  • the present disclosure further provides a method comprising the following steps, (a-4) and (b-4), as the method of examining polycystic kidney disease:
  • the present disclosure further provides a method comprising the following steps, (a-5) and (b-5), as the method of examining polycystic kidney disease, when vascular mural cells obtained via in vitro differentiation induction from iPS cells formed from isolated subject-derived somatic cells are used as a sample from a subject:
  • the present invention further provides a method comprising the following steps, (a-6) and (b-6), as the method of examining a complication of polycystic kidney disease when vascular endothelial cells obtained via differentiation induction from iPS cells formed from subject-derived somatic cells are used as a sample from a subject:
  • a method comprising the following steps, (a-7) and (b-7), is provided as the method of examining aneurysm when vascular endothelial cells obtained via differentiation induction from iPS cells formed from somatic cells of a subject with polycystic kidney disease are used:
  • the present invention further provides a method comprising the following steps, (a-8) and (b-8), as the method of examining a complication of polycystic kidney disease when vascular mural cells obtained via differentiation induction from iPS cells formed from somatic cells from a subject are used as a sample from a subject:
  • a method comprising the following steps, (a-9) and (b-9), is provided as a more preferable method of examining a complication of cerebral aneurysm when vascular mural cells obtained via differentiation induction from iPS cells formed from somatic cells of a subject with polycystic kidney disease are used:
  • control preferably refers to, unless otherwise specified, a measurement result obtained by a step similar to the above from a healthy subject not affected by polycystic kidney disease.
  • blood, serum, blood plasma, cell extracts, urine, lymph fluids, tissue fluids, ascites, spinal fluids, and other body fluids, or, somatic cells obtained via differentiation induction from iPS cells formed from somatic cells of a subject e.g., tubular cells, collecting tubule cells, bile duct cells, hepatocytes, pancreatic ductal cells, pancreatic cells, bowel cells, germ cells, vascular endothelial cells, and vascular mural cells
  • iPS cells e.g., tubular cells, collecting tubule cells, bile duct cells, hepatocytes, pancreatic ductal cells, pancreatic cells, bowel cells, germ cells, vascular endothelial cells, and vascular mural cells
  • More preferable examples thereof include subject-derived blood, serum, blood plasma, cell extracts, urine, lymph fluids, tissue fluids, ascites, spinal fluids, and other body fluids, or, mRNA prepared by a conventional method from the above cells obtained via differentiation induction from subject-derived iPS cells or a polynucleotide further prepared from such mRNA (e.g., cDNA and cRNA), proteins, or extracts containing protein-containing fractions.
  • mRNA e.g., cDNA and cRNA
  • methods for producing tubular cells, collecting tubule cells, bile duct cells, hepatocytes, pancreatic ductal cells, pancreatic cells, bowel cells, germ cells, vascular endothelial cells, or vascular mural cells from iPS cells are not particularly limited.
  • Hepatocytes can be prepared by a method described in WO2006/082890 , JP Patent Publication (Kokai) No. 2010-75631 A or Hay DC, et al, Proc Natl Acad Sci U.S.A., 105, 12301-6 2008 , but the examples thereof are not particularly limited thereto.
  • pancreatic cells can be prepared using the method described in WO2007/103282 .
  • iPS cells as well as vascular endothelial cells or vascular mural cells can be produced by methods described later.
  • the examination method of the present invention can be specifically performed as described below depending on the types of biological samples to be subjected to measurement.
  • mRNA or a polynucleotide prepared therefrom e.g., cDNA or cRNA
  • the following steps can be used as the above steps (i) and (ii):
  • the examination method of the present invention is carried out by detecting and measuring the degree of expression or the expression level of a gene(s) listed in Table 1 such as the mRNA.
  • the measurement of mRNA can be carried out by a known method, such as the Northern blot method, the Southern blot method, RT-PCR, quantitative PCR, DNA chip analysis, or in situ hybridization analysis, using the disease markers comprising the above polynucleotides of the present invention as primers or probes.
  • the expression level of a target gene in mRNA or the like can be detected or measured using the above disease marker of the present invention as a probe.
  • a specific example thereof comprises labeling the disease marker of the present invention (or complementary strand in the case of RNA) with a radioisotope (RI, e.g., 32 P or 33 P, a fluorescent substance, or the like, performing hybridization of the labeled disease marker to mRNA or the like from a living tissue of a subject, which has been transferred to a nylon membrane or the like according to conventional methods, and then detecting or measuring the thus formed double strand of the disease marker and mRNA or the like through detection of signals from the label (e.g., RI or a fluorescent substance) for the disease marker using a radiation detector (Typhoon FLA 9000, GE HEALTHCARE) or fluorescence detector.
  • RI radioisotope
  • a radiation detector Typhoon FLA 9000, GE HEALTHCARE
  • a method that can be used herein comprises labeling a disease marker according to protocols attached to AlkPhos Direct Labeling and Detection System (Amersham Pharmacia Biotech), performing hybridization of the labeled disease marker to mRNA or the like from a living tissue of a subject, and then detecting or measuring signals from the label of the disease marker using a MultiBio Imager STORM 860 (Amersham Pharmacia Biotech), for example.
  • the expression levels of the genes listed in Table 1 in RNA or the like can be detected or measured using the above disease markers of the present invention as primers.
  • a specific example of the method comprises preparing cDNA according to conventional methods from RNA from a living tissue of a subject, performing PCR according to a conventional method using the resulting cDNA as a template and the disease markers of the present invention as primers, so that a target gene region can be amplified, and detecting the thus obtained amplified double-stranded DNA.
  • PCR comprises performing approximately 20-40 cycles, each consisting of a denaturation step, an annealing step, and an extension step, for example.
  • the denaturation step is to denature and dissociate double-stranded DNA into single-stranded DNAs at generally about 94-98 degrees C for about 10 sec to about 2 min).
  • the annealing step is to perform annealing a sense primer or an antisense primer to each single-stranded DNA as a template at generally about 50-68 degrees C for about 10 sec to 1 min.
  • the extension step is to extend primers along the template DNA, which is generally performed at about 72 degrees C for about 20 sec to 10 min, for example.
  • pretreatment may be performed for double-stranded DNA under conditions similar to the conditions for denaturation. Also, after completion of the above cycles, posttreatment may be performed under conditions similar to the conditions for extension.
  • PCR PCR buffer and heat stable DNA polymerase are used. Amplification products can be confirmed by electrophoresis, for example. PCR can be performed using a commercial PCR apparatus such as a thermal cycler.
  • an example thereof is a method that comprises preparing a DNA chip in which the disease marker of the present invention as a DNA probe (either single-stranded or double-stranded polynucleotide) attached to the surface, causing cRNA (prepared by a conventional method from RNA derived from a living tissue of a subject) to hybridize to the DNA chip, binding the formed double strand of DNA and cRNA to the disease marker of the present invention as a labeled probe (separately labeled with RI, a fluorescent substance, or the like), and then performing detection.
  • a DNA chip with which the expression level of a gene can be detected or measured as described above is a Gene Chip (Affymetrix).
  • an example of a method to be employed herein comprises bringing a protein into contact with an antibody against the disease marker described herein, and then detecting or quantitatively determining the protein or a partial peptide thereof binding to the antibody by a known detection method such as the Western blot method or ELISA using the disease marker as an indicator.
  • the Western blot method can be carried out by: after the use of the above antibody against the disease marker as a primary antibody, labeling a complex of a protein or a partial peptide thereof and the disease marker (primary antibody) with the use of a secondary antibody (the antibody labeled with a radioisotope such as 125 I, an enzyme such as horseradish peroxidase (HRP), or a fluorescent substance, which is capable of binding to the primary antibody), and then detecting and measuring signals from the radioisotope or the fluorescent substance using a radiation meter (Typhoon FLA 9000, GE HEALTHCARE) or fluorescence detector.
  • a radiation meter Typhoon FLA 9000, GE HEALTHCARE
  • detection can be performed according to protocols attached to the ECL Plus Western Blotting Detection System (Amersham Pharmacia Biotech) and then measurement can be performed using Multi Bio Imager STORM860 (Amersham Pharmacia Biotech).
  • immunoassay When subject-derived blood, serum, blood plasma, cell extracts, urine, lymph fluids, tissue fluids, ascites, spinal fluids, or other body fluids exemplified above, or tissues or cells are used as samples, immunoassay can be performed. Examples of such a method include radioimmunoassay, enzyme immunoassay, fluorescence immunoassay, luminescent immunoassay, immunoprecipitation, immunonephelometry, Western blot, and immunodiffusion.
  • a preferable example thereof is enzyme immunoassay and a particularly preferable example thereof is enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) (e.g., sandwich ELISA).
  • ELISA enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
  • the above immunological methods such as ELISA can be performed by methods known by persons skilled in the art.
  • ELISA is performed as follows. A solution containing an antibody against the disease marker is added as a primary antibody to a support such as a plate, so as to immobilize the antibody. After washing of the plate, blocking is performed using BSA or the like in order to prevent non-specific binding of proteins. The plate is washed again, and then a sample is added to the plate. After incubation, washing is performed and then a labeled antibody such as a biotin-labeled antibody is added as a secondary antibody. After appropriate incubation, the plate is washed and then avidin bound to an enzyme such as alkaline phosphatase or peroxidase is added. After incubation, the plate is washed, a substrate corresponding to the enzyme binding to avidin is added, and then the amount of a desired protein is detected using an enzymatic change or the like of the substrate as an indicator.
  • Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease or a complication of polycystic kidney disease can be examined (or detected or diagnosed) by, preferably:
  • comparison between a sample from a subject and a control sample from a healthy subject for the expression level of a target gene or the protein can be performed by performing measurements in parallel. If the measurements are not performed in parallel, an average or median of the expression levels obtained by measuring a plurality of (at least 2, preferably 3 or more, and more preferably 5 or more) controls under substantially the same measurement conditions can be used for comparison as a basic level.
  • iPS cells to be used in the present invention can be prepared by introducing a specific nuclear reprogramming factor (also, referred to as "reprogramming factor”) in the form of DNA or protein into somatic cells or increasing the expression of the endogenous mRNA or protein of the nuclear reprogramming factor using a drug ( K. Takahashi and S. Yamanaka (2006) Cell, 126: 663-676 , K. Takahashi et al. (2007) Cell, 131: 861-872 , J. Yu et al. (2007) Science, 318: 1917-1920 , M. Nakagawa et al. (2008) Nat.
  • a specific nuclear reprogramming factor also, referred to as "reprogramming factor”
  • a nuclear reprogramming factor may be a gene specifically expressed in ES cells, a gene playing an important role in maintenance of undifferentiation of ES cells, or a gene product thereof.
  • nuclear reprogramming factor examples include, but are not particularly limited to, Oct3/4, Klf4, Klf1,Klf2, Klf5, Sox2, Sox1, Sox3, Sox15, Sox17, Sox18, c-Myc, L-Myc, N-Myc, TERT, SV40 Large T antigen, HPV16 E6, HPV16 E7, Bmil, Lin28, Lin28b, Nanog, Esrrb, Esrrg, and Glis1.
  • These reprogramming factors may be used in combination upon establishment of iPS cells. Such combination may contain at least one, two, or three reprogramming factors above and preferably contains 3 or 4 reprogramming factors above.
  • the nucleotide sequence information of the mouse and human cDNAs of each of the above nuclear reprogramming factors and the amino acid sequence information of proteins encoded by the cDNAs can be obtained by referring to NCBI accession numbers described in WO 2007/069666 .
  • the mouse and human cDNA sequence and amino acid sequence information of L-Myc, Lin28, Lin28b, Esrrb, Esrrg, and Glis1 can be each obtained by referring to the following NCBI accession numbers.
  • Persons skilled in the art can prepare desired nuclear reprogramming factors by a conventional technique based on the cDNA sequence or amino acid sequence information.
  • DNA into somatic cells can also be introduced in the form of DNA into somatic cells by a technique such as a technique using a vector (e.g., a virus, a plasmid, or an artificial chromosome), lipofection, a technique using a liposome, or microinjection.
  • a technique using a vector e.g., a virus, a plasmid, or an artificial chromosome
  • viral vector examples include retrovirus vector, lentivirus vector (see Cell, 126, pp.663-676, 2006 ; Cell, 131, pp.861-872, 2007 ; and Science, 318, pp. 1917-1920, 2007 ), adenovirus vector (see Science, 322, 945-949, 2008 ), adeno-associated virus vector, and Sendai virus vector (see Proc Jpn Acad Ser B Phys Biol Sci. 85, 348-62, 2009 ).
  • examples of the artificial chromosome vector include human artificial chromosome (HAC), yeast artificial chromosome (YAC), and bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC and PAC).
  • plasmid a plasmid for mammalian cells can be used (see Science, 322: 949-953, 2008 ).
  • the above vector can contain regulatory sequences such as a promoter, an enhancer, a ribosome binding sequence, a terminator, and a polyadenylation site, so that a nuclear reprogramming factor can be expressed.
  • promoter to be used herein include EF1 alpha promoter, CAG promoter, SR alpha promoter, SV40 promoter, LTR promoter, CMV (cytomegalovirus) promoter, RSV (Rous sarcoma virus) promoter, MoMuLV (Moloney mouse leukemia virus) LTR, and HSV-TK (herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase) promoter.
  • promoter to be used herein include EF1 alpha promoter, CAG promoter, SR alpha promoter, SV40 promoter, LTR promoter, CMV (cytomegalovirus) promoter, RSV (Rous sarcoma virus) promoter, MoMuLV (Moloney mouse leukemia virus)
  • the vector may further contain, if necessary, a selection marker sequence such as a drug resistance gene (e.g., a kanamycin resistance gene, an ampicillin resistance gene, and a puromycin resistance gene), a thymidine kinase gene, and a diphtheria toxin gene, and a reporter gene sequence such as a green fluorescent protein (GFP), beta glucuronidase (GUS), and FLAG.
  • a drug resistance gene e.g., a kanamycin resistance gene, an ampicillin resistance gene, and a puromycin resistance gene
  • a thymidine kinase gene e.g., a thymidine kinase gene
  • a diphtheria toxin gene e.g., a reporter gene sequence
  • GFP green fluorescent protein
  • GUS beta glucuronidase
  • the above vector may have LoxP sequences located before and after the relevant portions.
  • a method comprising incorporating a transgene into a chromosome using transposon, causing transferase to act on cells using a plasmid vector or an adenovirus vector, and then completely removing the transgene from the chromosome can be employed.
  • An example of preferable transposon is piggyBac or the like that is lepidopteran insect-derived transposon ( Kaji, K. et al., (2009), Nature, 458: 771-775 , Woltjen et al., (2009), Nature, 458: 766-770 , WO 2010/012077 ).
  • the above vector may also contain sequences of replication origins of lymphotrophic herpes virus, BK virus, and Bovine papilloma virus and sequences relating to the replication thereof so that they can be episomally present as a result of replication even if they are not incorporated into a chromosome.
  • the vector contains EBNA-1 and oriP or Large T and SV40ori sequences ( WO 2009/115295 , WO 2009/157201 , and WO 2009/149233 ).
  • an expression vector for polycistronic expression may also be used.
  • sequences of genes may be connected to each other by intervening IRES or a foot and mouth disease virus (FMDV) 2A coding region between them ( Science, 322: 949-953, 2008 ; WO 2009/092042 ; and WO 2009/152529 ).
  • IRES foot and mouth disease virus
  • HDAC histone deacetylase
  • trichostatin A sodium butyrate
  • MC 1293 sodium butyrate
  • M344 and nucleic acid expression inhibitors
  • siRNA and shRNA against HDAC e.g., HDAC1 siRNA Smartpool (Registered Trademark) (Millipore) and HuSH 29mer shRNA Constructs against HDAC1 (OriGene)
  • DNA methyltransferase inhibitors e.g., 5'-azacytidine
  • G9a histone methyltransferase inhibitors e.g., low-molecular-weight inhibitors such as BIX-01294 ( Cell Stem Cell, 2: 525-528 (2008 )) and nucleic acid expression inhibitors such as siRNA and shRNA against G9a (e.g., G9a siRNA (human) (Santa Cruz Biotechnology))], L-channel calcium agonists (e.g., Bayk8644) ( Cell Stem Cell, 3, 568-574 (2008 )), p53 inhibitors (e.g., siRNA and shRNA against p53) ( Cell Stem Cell, 3, 475-479 (2008 )), Wnt Signalling activator (e.g., soluble Wnt3a) ( Cell Stem Cell, 3, 132-135 (2008 )), growth factors such as LIF or bFGF, ALK5 inhibitors (e.g., SB431542) ( Nat Methods
  • Examples of a drug to be used in a method for increasing the expression of an endogenous protein of a nuclear reprogramming factor include 6-bromoindirubin-3'-oxime, indirubin-5-nitro-3'-oxime, valproic acid, 2-(3-(6-methylpyridin-2-yl)-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-1,5-naphthyridine, 1-(4-methylphenyl)-2-(4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-2-imino-3(2H)-benzothiazolyl)ethanone HBr(pifithrin-alpha), prostaglandin J2, and prostaglandin E2 ( WO 2010/068955 ).
  • Examples of a culture medium for inducing iPS cells include (1) a DMEM, DMEM/ F12, or DME medium containing 10-15% FBS (these media may further appropriately contain LIF, penicillin/streptomycin, puromycin, L-glutamine, nonessential amino acids, Beta-mercaptoethanol, and the like), (2) a medium for ES cell culture containing bFGF or SCF, such as a medium for mouse ES cell culture (e.g., TX-WES medium (Thromb-X)), and a medium for primate ES cell culture (e.g., a medium for primate (human & monkey) ES cells, ReproCELL, Kyoto, Japan (mTeSR-1)).
  • a medium for ES cell culture containing bFGF or SCF such as a medium for mouse ES cell culture (e.g., TX-WES medium (Thromb-X)
  • a medium for primate ES cell culture e.g., a medium for prim
  • Somatic cells are brought into contact with nuclear reprogramming factors (nucleic acids or proteins) in a DMEM or DMEM/ F12 medium containing 10% FBS at 37 degrees C in the presence of 5% CO 2 and are cultured for about 4 to 7 days. Subsequently, the cells are reseeded on feeder cells (e.g., mitomycin C-treated STO cells or SNL cells). About 10 days after contact between the somatic cells and the nuclear reprogramming factors, cells are cultured in a bFGF-containing medium for primate ES cell culture. About 30-45 days or more after the contact, ES cell-like colonies can be formed. Cells may also be cultured under conditions in which the oxygen concentration is as low as 5-10% in order to increase the efficiency for induction of iPS cells.
  • feeder cells e.g., mitomycin C-treated STO cells or SNL cells.
  • cells may be cultured using DMEM containing 10-% FBS (which may further appropriately contain LIF, penicillin/streptomycin, puromycin, L-glutamine, nonessential amino acids, beta-mercaptoethanol, and the like) on feeder cells (e.g., mitomycin C-treated STO cells or SNL cells). After about 25-30 days or more, ES cell-like colonies can be formed.
  • somatic cells to be used for nuclear reprogramming is not limited, but ranges from approximately 5 x 10 3 to approximately 5 x 10 6 cells per culture dish (100 cm 2 ).
  • cells expressing the marker gene can be selected by culturing the cells in a medium (i.e., a selective medium) containing the relevant drug. Also, cells expressing the marker gene can be detected when the marker gene is a fluorescent protein gene, through observation with a fluorescence microscope, by adding a luminescent substrate in the case of a luminescent enzyme gene, or adding a chromogenic substrate in the case of a chromogenic enzyme gene.
  • the term "somatic cell” refers to any cell (including matured cell, somatic stem cell or tissue stem cell, and precursor cell) excluding germline cells and ES cells.
  • “somatic cells” for induction of iPS cells include, but are not limited to, keratinizing epithelial cells (e.g., keratinizing epidermal cells), mucosal epithelial cells (e.g., epithelial cells of the surface layer of tongue), exocrine epithelial cells (e.g., mammary glandular cells), hormone-secreting cells (e.g., adrenal medullary cells), cells for metabolism and storage (e.g., hepatocytes), boundary-forming luminal epithelial cells (e.g., type I alveolar cells), luminal epithelial cells of internal tubules (e.g., vascular endothelial cells), ciliated cells having carrying capacity (e.g., airway epit
  • undifferentiated precursor cells also including somatic stem cells
  • terminally-differentiated mature cells can be similarly used as origins for somatic cells in the present invention.
  • undifferentiated precursor cells include tissue stem cells (somatic stem cells) such as neural stem cells, hematopoietic stem cells, mesenchymal stem cells, and dental pulp stem cells.
  • An induction differentiation method that can be used for producing vascular endothelial cells from iPS cells obtained as described above comprises the following steps of:
  • Vascular endothelial cells in the present invention preferably express a vascular endothelial cell marker such as VE-cadherin, CD31, CD34, or eNOS and have a cob-blestoned appearance.
  • a vascular endothelial cell marker such as VE-cadherin, CD31, CD34, or eNOS and have a cob-blestoned appearance.
  • iPS cells can be dissociated therefrom by an arbitrary method.
  • a mechanical dissociation or a dissociation solution having both protease activity and collagenase activity e.g., Accutase (trademark) (Invitrogen) or Accumax (trademark) (Accumax)
  • collagenase activity e.g., Accutase (trademark) (Invitrogen) or Accumax (trademark) (Accumax)
  • collagenase activity e.g., Accutase (trademark) (Invitrogen) or Accumax (trademark) (Accumax)
  • examples of a coating agent to be used in steps (1) and (5) include Matrigel (BD), type-I collagen, type-IV collagen, gelatin, laminin, heparan sulfate proteoglycan, and entactin, and combinations thereof.
  • a preferable example of the same in step (1) is type-I collagen.
  • a preferable example of the same in step (5) is type-IV collagen.
  • a medium for producing vascular endothelial cells can be prepared using a medium used for culturing animal cells, as a basal medium.
  • a basal medium examples include IMDM, Medium 199, Eagle's Minimum Essential Medium (EMEM), alpha MEM, Doulbecco's modified Eagle's Medium (DMEM), Ham's F12 medium, RPMI 1640 medium, Fischer's medium, and mixtures thereof.
  • EMEM Eagle's Minimum Essential Medium
  • DMEM Doulbecco's modified Eagle's Medium
  • Ham's F12 medium RPMI 1640 medium
  • Fischer's medium and mixtures thereof.
  • such a medium may contain serum or may be serum free.
  • a medium may contain one or more serum substitutes, such as albumin, transferrin, Knockout Serum Replacement (KSR) (substitute for FBS upon culture of ES cells), fatty acids, insulin, a collagen progenitor, trace elements, 2-mercaptoethanol, 3'-thiolglycerol, as well as, one or more substances such as lipids, amino acids, L-glutamine, Glutamax (Invitrogen), nonessential amino acids, vitamins, antibiotics, antioxidants, pyruvic acid, buffering agents, inorganic salts, N2 supplement (Invitrogen), B27 supplement (Invitrogen), GSK-3 alpha/beta inhibitor, and growth factors such as VEGF.
  • serum substitutes such as albumin, transferrin, Knockout Serum Replacement (KSR) (substitute for FBS upon culture of ES cells)
  • fatty acids such as albumin, transferrin, Knockout Serum Replacement (KSR) (substitute for FBS upon culture of
  • Examples of the medium that contains these additives in advance include a medium for primate ES/iPS cells (ReproCELL, Japan), Stem Pro (trademark) (Invitrogen), and a growth medium for vascular endothelial cells (Lonza).
  • Examples of preferable media in the present invention include a medium for primate ES/iPS cells in step (1), a medium for primate ES/iPS cells supplemented with the N2 supplement, the B27 supplement, and the GSK-3 alpha/beta inhibitor in step (2), Stem Pro (trademark) containing VEGF in step (3), and a growth medium for vascular endothelial cells in step (5).
  • GSK-3 alpha/beta inhibitor examples include SB216763, SB415286, FRAT1/FRAT2, Lithium, Kempaullone, Alsterpaullone, Indiubin-3'-oxime, BIO, TDZD-8, and Ro31-8220.
  • the temperature for culture ranges from about 30 degrees C to 40 degrees C and is preferably about 37 degrees C, but the examples are not limited thereto.
  • Culture is carried out under atmosphere containing CO 2 .
  • CO 2 concentration preferably ranges from about 2 to 5%.
  • the time for culture is not particularly limited and ranges from 1 to 2 days and more preferably 1 day in step (1), ranges from 2 to 5 days and more preferably 3 days in step (2), ranges from 3 to 7 days and more preferably 5 days in step (3), and ranges from 3 or more days in step (5), for example.
  • VEGFR2-postive, TRA1-negative, and VE-cadherin-positive cells can be separated by a method known by persons skilled in the art from cells stained with anti-VEGFR2, anti-TRA1, and anti-VE-cadherin antibodies using a flow cytometer or the like.
  • vascular endothelial cells prepared as described above from iPS cells formed from subjects suffered from polycystic kidney disease and having cerebral aneurysm as a complication the expression levels of NTNG1, POSTN, TNC, KALI, and BST1 are lower and the expression levels of ACAT2, INSIG1, and SCD are higher than those in vascular endothelial cells prepared from iPS cells derived from a healthy subject not affected by polycystic kidney disease.
  • the expression levels of BMP6, CD274, CTGF, E2F7, EDN1, FAM43A, FRMD3, MMP10, MYEOV, NR2F1, NRCAM, PCSK1, PLXNA2, SLC30A3, SNAI1, SPOCD1, MMP1, and TFPI2 are higher than those in vascular endothelial cells prepared from iPS cells formed from subjects suffered from polycystic kidney disease but not affected by cerebral aneurysm.
  • an induction differentiation method that can be used herein comprises the steps analogous to the above steps (1) to (3) for preparation of vascular endothelial cells, followed by steps (4') and (5'):
  • vascular mural cells are involved of pericytes or smooth muscle cells.
  • vascular mural cells in the present invention are preferably spindle-shaped cells expressing vascular mural cell markers such as alpha smooth muscle actin and calponin.
  • a medium used in step (5') can be prepared using a medium used for culturing animal cells as a basal medium.
  • the basal medium include IMDM, Medium 199, Eagle's Minimum Essential Medium (EMEM or MEM), alpha MEM, Doulbecco's modified Eagle's Medium (DMEM), Ham's F12medium, an RPMI 1640 medium, Fischer's medium, and mixtures thereof.
  • EMEM or MEM Eagle's Minimum Essential Medium
  • DMEM Doulbecco's modified Eagle's Medium
  • Ham's F12medium an RPMI 1640 medium
  • Fischer's medium and mixtures thereof.
  • such a medium may contain serum or may be serum free.
  • a medium may contain one or more serum substitutes, such as albumin, transferrin, Knockout Serum Replacement (KSR) (i.e., a substitute for FBS upon culture of ES cells), fatty acids, insulin, a collagen progenitor, trace elements, 2-mercaptoethanol, 3'-thiolglycerol, as well as, one or more substances such as lipids, amino acids, L-glutamine, Glutamax (Invitrogen), nonessential amino acids, vitamins, antibiotics, antioxidants, pyruvic acid, buffering agents, inorganic salts, N2 supplement (Invitrogen), B27 supplement (Invitrogen), a GSK-3 alpha/beta inhibitor, and growth factors such as PDGF-BB.
  • An example of preferable medium is MEM containing 2-% FCS and PDGF-BB.
  • the temperature for culture ranges from about 30 degrees C to 40 degrees C and is preferably about 37 degrees C, but the examples are not limited thereto.
  • Culture is carried out under atmosphere containing CO 2 .
  • CO 2 concentration preferably ranges from about 2 to 5%.
  • the time for culture is not particularly limited and is 3 days or more in the step (5'), for example.
  • VEGFR2-positive, TRA1-negative, and VE-cadherin-negative cells can be separated by a method known by persons skilled in the art from cells stained with anti-VEGFR2, anti-TRAl, and anti-VE-cadherin antibodies using a flow cytometer or the like.
  • HSD3B1, KRT7, USP40, and SULT1E1 are lower than those in iPS cells formed from a healthy subject not affected by polycystic kidney disease.
  • vascular mural cells prepared as described above from iPS cells formed from somatic cells of subjects suffered from polycystic kidney disease and having cerebral aneurysm as a complication the expression levels of MMP1, TFPI2, HMGA2, KRTAP4-7, KRTAP4-8, KRTAP4-9, MYPN, RPPH1, and SIAE are higher than those in vascular mural cells prepared from iPS cells formed from somatic cells of subjects suffered from polycystic kidney disease but not affected by cerebral aneurysm.
  • Described herein is a method of screening for a candidate drug that is useful for treating or preventing polycystic kidney disease or a complication of polycystic kidney disease.
  • a screening method using the expression levels of the genes listed in Table 1 as indicators, the therapeutic agent(s) or the preventive agent(s) can be identified.
  • the expression levels of the genes listed in Table 1 (above) can be measured using the above disease markers.
  • the method of screening for a therapeutic agent or a preventive agent for polycystic kidney disease can comprise the following steps of:
  • examples of somatic cells obtained via differentiation induction from iPS cells include tubular cells, collecting tubule cells, bile duct cells, hepatocytes, pancreatic ductal cells, pancreatic cells, bowel cells, germ cells, vascular endothelial cells, and vascular mural cells. Preferable examples thereof include vascular endothelial cells and vascular mural cells.
  • Methods for producing tubular cells, collecting tubule cells, bile duct cells, hepatocytes, pancreatic ductal cells, pancreatic cells, bowel cells, germ cells, vascular endothelial cells, or vascular mural cells from iPS cells are not particularly limited.
  • Somatic cells as used herein can be obtained by appropriately extracting from embryoid bodies or formed teratomas (e.g., JP Patent Publication (Kokai) No. 2006-239169 A ). Hepatocytes are not particularly limited and can be prepared by the method according to WO2006/082890 , JP Patent Publication (Kokai) No. 2010-75631
  • pancreatic cells can be prepared using the method according to WO2007/103282 .
  • iPS cells and vascular endothelial cells or vascular mural cells can be produced by the above methods.
  • the method of screening for a therapeutic agent or a preventive agent for polycystic kidney disease uses vascular endothelial cells and can comprise the following steps of:
  • the method using vascular mural cells can comprise the following steps of:
  • the method of screening for a therapeutic agent or a preventive agent for a complication of polycystic kidney disease can comprise the following steps of:
  • examples of a complication of polycystic kidney disease include vascular lesions such as aortic aneurysm, cerebral aneurysm, or subarachnoid hemorrhage, valvular disease of heart, diverticula of colon, hernia, ductal lesions such as choledochal dilatation, as well as cyst formation in the liver, the pancreas, the spleen and generative organs.
  • An example of a complication to be particularly detected is cerebral aneurysm.
  • the method of screening for a therapeutic agent or a preventive agent for a complication of polycystic kidney disease uses vascular endothelial cells and comprises the following steps of:
  • the method of screening for a therapeutic agent or a preventive agent for cerebral aneurysm that accompanies polycystic kidney disease uses vascular endothelial cells and comprises the following steps of:
  • vascular mural cells can comprise the following steps of:
  • the method of screening for a therapeutic agent or a preventive agent for cerebral aneurysm that accompanies polycystic kidney disease uses vascular mural cells and can comprise the following steps of:
  • the above expression levels can be detected using the above disease markers.
  • the above transcriptional activity can be detected using a reporter gene that is controlled by the transcriptional regulatory region thereof.
  • the method can comprise the following steps of:
  • the relevant method uses vascular endothelial cells as somatic cells obtained via differentiation induction from iPS cells and can comprise the following steps of:
  • the method uses vascular mural cells and can comprise the following steps of:
  • the method of screening for a therapeutic agent or a preventive agent fora complication of polycystic kidney disease can comprise the following steps of:
  • the method uses vascular endothelial cells as somatic cells obtained via differentiation induction from iPS cells and can comprise the following steps of:
  • the method uses vascular endothelial cells as somatic cells obtained via differentiation induction from iPS cells and comprises the following steps of:
  • the method uses vascular mural cells and can comprise the following steps of:
  • the method uses vascular mural cells as somatic cells obtained via differentiation induction from iPS cells and can comprise the following steps of:
  • the transcriptional regulatory regions of the genes listed in Table 1 can be isolated from the genomic libraries based on the nucleotide sequence information of the genes.
  • Cells containing a reporter gene that is controlled by the transcriptional regulatory region of the gene can be prepared by introducing a vector containing the reporter gene sequence operably linked to the transcriptional regulatory region sequence into cells.
  • a reporter gene sequence may be inserted downstream of the transcriptional regulatory region by a method known by persons skilled in the art, so that it is operably linked thereto.
  • the above vector introduction and homologous recombination method may be performed in any of cells including somatic cells, iPS cells, vascular endothelial cells, and vascular mural cells.
  • the homologous recombination method is desirably performed using iPS cells.
  • Reporter genes known in the art can be used as appropriate reporter genes, and include, but are not particularly limited, green fluorescent protein (GFP), yellow fluorescent protein (YFP), red fluorescent protein (RFP), luciferase, beta glucuronidase (GUS), beta-galactosidase, HRP, chloramphenicol acetyltransferase, or the like.
  • GFP green fluorescent protein
  • YFP yellow fluorescent protein
  • RFP red fluorescent protein
  • GUS beta glucuronidase
  • HRP chloramphenicol acetyltransferase, or the like.
  • candidate substances include, but are not limited to, cell extracts, cell culture supernatants, microbial fermentation products, marine organism-derived extracts, plant extracts, purified proteins or crude proteins, peptides, non-peptide compounds, synthetic low-molecular-weight compounds, and natural compounds.
  • Candidate substances can also be obtained using any one of many approaches in combinatorial library methods known in the art including (1) a biological library method, (2) a synthetic library method using deconvolution, (3) a "one-bead one-compound” library method, and (4) a synthetic library method using affinity chromatography selection.
  • An example of the biological library method using affinity chromatography selection is limited to a peptide library method, however, the other 4 approaches can be applied to peptides, non-peptide oligomers, or low-molecular-weight compound libraries ( Lam (1997) Anticancer Drug Des. 12: 145-67 ). Examples of a method for synthesizing a molecular library can be found in the art ( DeWitt et al. (1993) Proc. Natl.
  • Compound libraries can be constructed in the form of solutions (see Houghten (1992) Bio/Techniques 13: 412-21 ) or beads ( Lam (1991) Nature 354: 82-4 ), chips ( Fodor (1993) Nature 364: 555-6 ), bacteria ( U.S. Patent No. 5,223,409 ), spores ( U.S. Patent No. 5,571,698 , U.S. Patent No. 5,403,484 , and U.S. Patent No. 5,223,409 ), plasmids ( Cull et al. (1992) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.
  • an antisense oligonucleotide in the present disclosure is an oligonucleotide hybridizing to a site within the nucleotide sequence of ACAT2, INSIG1, SCD, BMP6, CD274, CTGF,E2F7, EDN1, FAM43A, FRMD3, MMP10, MYEOV, NR2F1, NRCAM, PCSK1, PLXNA2, SLC30A3, SNAI1, SPOCD1, MMP1, TFPI2 HMGA2, KRTAP4-7, KRTAP4-8, KRTAP4-9, MYPN, RPPH1, or SIAE.
  • Such an antisense oligonucleotide has a nucleotide sequence complementary to the nucleotide sequence comprising at least 15 continuous nucleotides (e.g., 20 to 200 continuous nucleotides) in the nucleotide sequence of preferably SEQ ID NO: 11, 13, 45, 47, 49, 51, 53, 55, 57, 59, 61, 63, 65, 67, 69, 71, 73, 75, 77, 79, 81, 83, 85, 87, 89, 91, 93, or 94.
  • a further preferable antisense oligonucleotide contains an initiation codon in the above at least 15 continuous nucleotides.
  • a derivative or a modification product of the above antisense oligonucleotide can be used as an antisense oligonucleotide.
  • modification include a methyl-phosphonate-type or an ethyl-phosphonate-type lower alkyl phosphonate modification, phosphorothioate modification, and phosphoramidite modification.
  • the nucleotide sequence of siRNA or shRNA can be designed using an siRNA design computer program that is available from www.ambion.com/techlib/ misc/siRNA_finder.html.
  • the computer program is used for selecting a nucleotide sequence for siRNA or shRNA synthesis based on the following protocols.
  • siRNA or shRNA target site can be selected as follows.
  • a sense strand comprising the thus selected siRNA target site may form double stranded RNA through hybridization with a corresponding antisense strand.
  • Single-stranded RNA in which the sense strand and the antisense strand corresponding thereto are linked via a loop sequence, i.e. shRNA, can form a hair-pin loop structure.
  • Such double stranded RNA may contain mismatch of 1 (or less) nucleotide per 10 nucleotides.
  • strands of a double stranded complex are completely complementary to each other, containing no mismatch.
  • the present disclosure also describes a vector containing 1 or a plurality of nucleic acids of the above sense strand and cells containing the vector.
  • RNA polymerase III transcriptional unit e.g., an intranuclear low molecular weight RNA (snRNA) U6 promoter, or a human HI RNA promoter
  • snRNA intranuclear low molecular weight RNA
  • Double stranded RNA may be chemically stabilized in order to prevent in vivo degradation by nuclease.
  • a method of preparing chemically stabilized RNA molecules is known in the art.
  • siRNA composition or an shRNA composition may further contain liposomes (e.g., cationic liposomes or anionic liposomes), nanoparticles, or a viral vector including retrovirus, adenovirus, or adeno-associated virus.
  • an siRNA composition or an shRNA composition may contain a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier such as physiological saline.
  • the above siRNA composition or shRNA composition can be used for treatment of polycystic kidney disease or a complication of polycystic kidney disease through parenteral administration such as, an intravenous, subcutaneous, intramuscular, or intraperitoneal administration route.
  • parenteral administration such as, an intravenous, subcutaneous, intramuscular, or intraperitoneal administration route.
  • the above siRNA composition or shRNA composition may be directly injected to an affected portion.
  • the dose of an antisense oligonucleotide, siRNA, or shRNA depends on many factors including body weight, age, gender, administration time, and the route of administration, symptoms, and other medicaments to be administered simultaneously.
  • the dose of the above drug for intravenous administration desirably ranges from about 10 6 to 10 22 copies.
  • Fibroblasts were established by culturing skin samples obtained via biopsies from four autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease patients with onset of cerebral aneurysm as a complication and from three autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease patients not developing cerebral aneurysm under agreement. The resultants were each designated PK-ane fibroblasts and PK-free fibroblasts, respectively, and then used in this Example. Meanwhile, a fibroblast cell line of three healthy persons not developing autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease and cerebral aneurysm is designated nonPK fibroblast and then used in this Example.
  • Human cDNAs corresponding to Oct3/4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc were introduced into the above fibroblasts using retrovirus according to the method described by Takahashi, K. et al. (Cell, 131(5), 861, 2007 ).
  • human cDNAs corresponding to Oct3/4, Sox2, and Klf4 were introduced into the above fibroblasts using a retrovirus according to the method as described by Nakagawa, M. et al. (Nat Biotechnol 26 (1), 101, 2008 ).
  • fibroblasts were transferred onto SNL feeder cells, followed by, on the next day, medium exchange with culture solutions (for primate ES cells) supplemented with 4 ng/ml bFGF (Wako). Colonies that had appeared were picked up, so that one iPS cell line was selected per fibroblast cell line.
  • PK-ane fibroblast-derived iPS cell lines were designated PK-ane-iPS1, PK-ane-iPS2, PK-ane-iPS3, and PK-ane-iPS4;
  • PK-free fibroblast-derived iPS cell lines were designated PK-free-iPS1, PK-free-iPS2, and PK-free-iPS3;
  • nonPK fibroblast-derived iPS cell lines were designated nonPK-iPS1, nonPK-iPS2, and nonPK-iPS3.
  • PK-ane-iPS1, PK-ane-iPS2, PK-ane-iPS4, PK-free-iPS2, PK-free-iPS3, nonPK-iPS2, and nonPK-iPS3 were prepared by introduction of four factors (Oct3/4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc).
  • PK-ane-iPS3, PK-free-iPS1, and nonPK-iPS1 were prepared by introduction of three factors (Oct3/4, Sox2, and Klf4).
  • Each iPS cell line colony prepared as described in Example 1 was separated into pieces with an appropriate size, sprayed over a type-I collagen coating dish (Becton Dickinson), followed by 1 day of culture in a medium for primate ES/iPS cells (ReproCELL) to adhere the cells to the dish surface.
  • a GSK-3 alpha/beta inhibitor Sigma
  • N2 supplement N2 supplement
  • B27 supplement both, Invitrogen
  • cells were cultured for further 3 days.
  • the medium was exchanged with a serum free medium for human hematopoietic stem cells (Invitrogen), and then 50 ng/ ml VEGF (Peprotec Inc) was added.
  • VEGFR2-positive, TRA1-negative, and VE-cadherin-positive cells were separated by FACS. Subsequently, the separated cells were sprayed over type-IV collagen coating dishes (Becton Dickinson), and then cultured in a growth medium for vascular endothelial cells (Lonza). At the stage where vascular endothelial cell markers such as VE-cadherin, CD31, CD34, and eNOS were expressed and vascular endothelial cell sheets having a cobblestoned appearance were constructed, cells were collected as vascular endothelial cells (EC).
  • vascular endothelial cells EC.
  • EC cells prepared from iPS cell lines were designated PK-ane-iPS1-EC, PK-ane-iPS2-EC, PK-ane-iPS3-EC, PK-ane-iPS4-EC, PK-free-iPS1-EC, PK-free-iPS2-EC, PK-free-iPS3-EC, nonPK-iPSl-EC, nonPK-iPS2-EC, and nonPK-iPS3-EC, respectively.
  • Each of the above prepared iPS cell line colonies was separated into pieces with an appropriate size, sprayed over a type-I collagen coating dish (Becton Dickinson), followed by 1 day of culture with a medium for primate ES/iPS cells (ReproCELL) to adhere the cells to the dish surface.
  • a GSK-3 alpha/beta inhibitor Sigma
  • N2 supplement N2 supplement
  • B27 supplement both, Invitrogen
  • VEGFR2-positive, TRA1-negative, and VE-cadherin-negative cells were separated by FACS. Subsequently, the thus separated cells were sprayed over a type-IV collagen coating dish (Becton Dickinson) and further cultured in MEM containing 2-% FCS and 20 ng/ml PDGF-BB (Peprotech Inc). Thus, cells were induced to differentiate into vascular mural cells (MC) expressing vascular mural cell markers such as alpha smooth muscle actin and calponin and presenting spindle shapes and then collected.
  • MC vascular mural cells
  • MC cells prepared from iPS cell lines were designated PK-ane-iPS1-MC, PK-ane-iPS2-MC, PK-ane-iPS3-MC, PK-ane-iPS4- MC, PK-free-iPS1-MC, PK-free-iPS2-MC, PK-free-iPS3-MC, nonPK-iPSl-MC, nonPK-iPS2-MC, and nonPK-iPS3-MC.
  • PK-ane-iPS1-EC The expression levels of NTNG1, POSTN, TNC, KALI, BST1, INSIG1, SCD, and ACAT2 in PK-ane-iPS1-EC, PK-ane-iPS2-EC, PK-ane-iPS3-EC, nonPK-iPSl-EC, nonPK-iPS2-EC, and nonPK-iPS3-EC obtained in Example 2 were measured by RT-PCR using primers listed in Table 2. The expression level of each gene in PK-iPS cell-derived EC was compared with that in nonPK-iPS cell-derived EC.
  • PK-ane-iPS cell-derived EC expressed NTNG1, POSTN, TNC, KALI, and BST1 at low levels but expressed INSIG1, SCD, and ACAT2 at high levels ( Fig. 1 ).
  • the expression levels of HSD3B1, KRT7, USP40, and SULT1E1 in PK-ane-iPS1-MC, PK-ane-iPS2-MC, PK-ane-iPS3-MC, nonPK-iPS1-MC, nonPK-iPS2-MC, and nonPK-iPS3-MC obtained in Example 3 were measured by RT-PCR using primers listed in Table 2.
  • PK-iPS cell-derived MC The expression level of each gene in PK-iPS cell-derived MC was compared with that in nonPK-iPS cell-derived MC. It was confirmed that PK-iPS cell-derived MC expressed HSD3B1, KRT7, USP40, and SULT1E1 at low levels ( Fig. 2 ).
  • RNA extracted from PK-ane-iPS1-EC, PK-ane-iPS2-EC, PK-ane-iPS3-EC, PK-ane-iPS4-EC, PK-free-iPS1-EC, PK-free-iPS2-EC, and PK-free-iPS3-EC obtained in Example 2 was subjected to measurement of gene expression intensity using a microarray (Affymetrix). Groups with cerebral aneurysm as a complication and groups without cerebral aneurysm as a complication were compared for all 12 combinations of clones. Gene groups expressed at high levels in all groups with cerebral aneurysm as a complication are shown in Table 3. Also, the ratio of the expression level in PK-ane-iPS1-EC to that in PK-free-iPS1-EC in one case out of the above 12 combinations is shown in Table 3.
  • Table 4 Gene group expressed at high levels in vascular mural cells obtained via differentiation induction from iPS cells formed from fibroblast cells of PKD subjects with cerebral aneurysm Gene Name Fold Change (PK-ane-iPS1-MC/PK-free-iPS2-MC) MYPN 1.3425403 SIAE 2.1190434 MMP1 4.1157513 HMGA2 1.9827896 RPPH1 3.5703707 KRTAP4-7 2.1406236 KRTAP4-9 KRTAP4-8 TFPI2 13.641734 Additionally, the expression levels of CD274, CTGF, MMP10, NRCAM, and MMP1 in endothelial cells (ECs) or mural cells (MCs) derived from PK-ane-iPS1 and PK-free-iPS3 obtained in Example 2 or 3 were measured by quantitative PCR using primers listed in Table 2.
  • the present invention makes it possible to perform a method of examining autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease or a complication of autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease, as well as screening for a remedy for the same.
  • the present invention is medically very useful.

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