EP2561570A1 - Procede de fabrication d'une poudre composite utilisable pour constituer des materiaux d'electrode - Google Patents
Procede de fabrication d'une poudre composite utilisable pour constituer des materiaux d'electrodeInfo
- Publication number
- EP2561570A1 EP2561570A1 EP11714996A EP11714996A EP2561570A1 EP 2561570 A1 EP2561570 A1 EP 2561570A1 EP 11714996 A EP11714996 A EP 11714996A EP 11714996 A EP11714996 A EP 11714996A EP 2561570 A1 EP2561570 A1 EP 2561570A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- apatite
- powder
- particles
- metal
- metal element
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Withdrawn
Links
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/38—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of elements or alloys
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
- H01M4/8605—Porous electrodes
- H01M4/8621—Porous electrodes containing only metallic or ceramic material, e.g. made by sintering or sputtering
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
- H01M4/88—Processes of manufacture
- H01M4/8825—Methods for deposition of the catalytic active composition
- H01M4/8842—Coating using a catalyst salt precursor in solution followed by evaporation and reduction of the precursor
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
- H01M4/88—Processes of manufacture
- H01M4/8878—Treatment steps after deposition of the catalytic active composition or after shaping of the electrode being free-standing body
- H01M4/8882—Heat treatment, e.g. drying, baking
- H01M4/8885—Sintering or firing
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
- H01M4/90—Selection of catalytic material
- H01M4/9041—Metals or alloys
- H01M4/905—Metals or alloys specially used in fuel cell operating at high temperature, e.g. SOFC
- H01M4/9066—Metals or alloys specially used in fuel cell operating at high temperature, e.g. SOFC of metal-ceramic composites or mixtures, e.g. cermets
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/10—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes
- H01M8/12—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes operating at high temperature, e.g. with stabilised ZrO2 electrolyte
- H01M8/124—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes operating at high temperature, e.g. with stabilised ZrO2 electrolyte characterised by the process of manufacturing or by the material of the electrolyte
- H01M8/1246—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes operating at high temperature, e.g. with stabilised ZrO2 electrolyte characterised by the process of manufacturing or by the material of the electrolyte the electrolyte consisting of oxides
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M2300/00—Electrolytes
- H01M2300/0017—Non-aqueous electrolytes
- H01M2300/0065—Solid electrolytes
- H01M2300/0068—Solid electrolytes inorganic
- H01M2300/0071—Oxides
- H01M2300/0074—Ion conductive at high temperature
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
- H01M4/8647—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells consisting of more than one material, e.g. consisting of composites
- H01M4/8657—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells consisting of more than one material, e.g. consisting of composites layered
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
- H01M4/90—Selection of catalytic material
- H01M4/9016—Oxides, hydroxides or oxygenated metallic salts
- H01M4/9025—Oxides specially used in fuel cell operating at high temperature, e.g. SOFC
- H01M4/9033—Complex oxides, optionally doped, of the type M1MeO3, M1 being an alkaline earth metal or a rare earth, Me being a metal, e.g. perovskites
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
- Y02E60/50—Fuel cells
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P70/00—Climate change mitigation technologies in the production process for final industrial or consumer products
- Y02P70/50—Manufacturing or production processes characterised by the final manufactured product
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a method for manufacturing a composite powder that can be used, after forming, as a fuel cell electrode material, in particular a solid oxide type fuel cell (hereinafter referred to as SOFC stack for "Solid Oxide Fuel Cell”).
- SOFC stack solid Oxide Fuel Cell
- the general field of the invention is that of solid oxide batteries and electrode materials used in these cells.
- a solid oxide cell (or SOFC cell) is an electrical generator operating on the following principle: oxygen is reduced to the cathode in 0 2 ⁇ ions, which diffuse at high temperature (ie a temperature of up to 1000 ° C) through an electrically conductive ceramic electrode 0 2 ⁇ and insulating electron in the direction of the anode where it reacts with the fuel to oxidize, forming water and possibly carbon dioxide in the case of a reaction with a hydrocarbon. This oxidation also produces electrons, which will flow via the external circuit to the cathode.
- reaction at the cathode is as follows: 0 2 + 4e " ⁇ 20 2" Possible reaction to the anode is next
- the electrodes (cathode and anode) of this type of cell consist of porous ceramic materials separated by a dense electrolyte, for example zirconia stabilized by yttrium oxide. (symbolized by the abbreviation YSZ).
- the cathode is generally based on doped lanthanum manganite while the anode is conventionally based on a cermet (ie a ceramic-metal composite).
- cermet ie a ceramic-metal composite
- the cermet used to form the anode is often a cermet comprising nickel dispersed in a YSZ ceramic matrix.
- silicate apatites of lanthanum (as described in Solid State Ionics, 2007, 178, 23-24, p.1337- 1343) of the formula La x-x A x (Sii y B y 0 4 ) ⁇ ⁇ 2 ⁇ ⁇
- A is an alkaline or alkaline-earth cation
- B is a cation selected from Ge 4+ , Al 3+ , Mg 2+ , Ga 3+ , B 3+ , Zn 2+ , Nb 3+ / Nb 5+
- x is 0 to 2
- y is 0 to 1
- ⁇ is 0 to 1
- apatite electrolyte materials require the development of electrode materials having satisfactory electrochemical properties at 700 ° C and also being compatible with the apatite electrolyte.
- the cermet-type anode material Ni / YSZ has good electrochemical performance in the presence of hydrogen.
- this material can not be associated with a lanthanum apatite type electrolyte as defined above because of the reaction that occurs between apatite and YSZ.
- the formation of a cell stack from the cermet and apatite is done by sintering at elevated temperatures (eg, 1400 ° C for 2 hours), which is accompanied by the formation of an insulating phase of the formula La 2 Zr 2 ⁇ 7, which is very harmful to the smooth operation of the SOFC cell.
- an aging heat treatment of 1 week at 800 ° C it was also found the appearance of this insulating phase.
- One of the solutions envisaged is to use a Ni / apatite cermet to form the anode material.
- such a cermet is produced by a process comprising the following steps:
- this reduction step can be performed at startup of the battery operating with hydrogen.
- the performance of the Nipatite cermet during the operation of the battery under 3 ⁇ 4 degrades over time mainly due to the magnification resulting from the agglomeration of nickel Ni particles, leading to the reduction of triple points in the material and the elimination of electronic percolation paths.
- Another way of making such a cermet has been to impregnate a porous matrix of apatite with a solution of nickel precursor, such as a solution of nickel nitrate.
- the impregnation of the porous matrix to incorporate a quantity of metallic phase (for example, of the order of 20% by volume), must be repeated a large number of times (sometimes more than ten many times), which proves to be long and tedious and, in particular, difficult to apply on an industrial scale.
- the invention thus relates to a process for preparing a composite powder comprising a core comprising apatite and a coating layer covering all or part of said core, which coating layer comprises particles in a metallic element and / or into an oxide of it.
- thermomechanical compatibility when the material is associated with an apatite electrolyte material, because of a suitable coefficient of thermal expansion
- the constituent core of the particles constituting the powder comprises an apatite, preferably an apatite belonging to the family of lanthanide silicates, such as an apatite corresponding to the following formula:
- -A is a lanthanide element
- -D is an element selected from alkaline elements, alkaline earth elements and mixtures thereof;
- M is a member selected from silicon, germanium, aluminum, magnesium, gallium, boron, zinc, niobium and mixtures thereof;
- -x is a number such that 0 ⁇ x ⁇ 2;
- - ⁇ is a number such that 0 ⁇ 1.
- a subfamily falling under the above definition is a family for which A is the lanthanide element and M is a mixture of Si with at least one of the other elements listed above for the definition of M .
- This subfamily can correspond to compounds corresponding to the following formula:
- E is a member selected from germanium, aluminum, magnesium, gallium, boron, zinc, niobium and mixtures thereof;
- x is a number such that 0 ⁇ x ⁇ 2;
- y is a number such that 0 ⁇ y ⁇ l
- - ⁇ is a number such that 0 ⁇ 1.
- the coating layer may comprise particles of a metal element, which may advantageously belong to the group of transition metals.
- transition metal means a metal having an underlayer d incompletely filled in the neutral state or in one of their usual oxidation states.
- the metal element may be selected from Ru, W, Rh, Ir, Ni, Cu, Pt, Fe, Mo, Pd and mixtures thereof and, preferably, may be Ni.
- the coating layer may also comprise oxide particles of a metal element, the oxides of a metal element may be transition metal oxides, these metals may be such as those defined above.
- the coating layer may consist of NiO nickel oxide particles.
- the constitutive particles of the coating layer may have a mean grain size (i.e., a mean grain diameter) of nanoscale, for example, from 20 to 200 nm.
- the metal element and / or an oxide of this element forming coating around the powder of apatite can be present in a content ranging from 25% to 50% by volume, this content being evaluated by the following relation (V é iement metal and / or oxide thereof) / ( " ⁇ metal element and / or oxide thereof Vp 0U o! re apatite) V r corresponding to the volume.
- an electrode material after shaping of said powder by sintering having good electrochemical properties in association with an apatite electrolyte in the temperature range from 600 to 800 ° C because of the increase in the number of triple points gas-0 2 ⁇ e ⁇ .
- the aforementioned preparation process comprises successively the following steps:
- step c) a step of calcining the powder resulting from step b) in an oxidizing atmosphere, whereby a composite powder is obtained comprising an apatite core and a coating layer comprising particles of metal oxide; and d) optionally, a step of reducing all or part of said metal oxide particles to metal particles.
- step a) comprises contacting a slurry of apatite powder in a liquid medium with a metal element salt, which is a metal element acetate.
- metal oxide powders for example, NiO powder, when the metal element is Ni
- these powders can present problems. safety, such as NiO powders, especially for their potentially carcinogenic nature.
- the liquid medium in which the apatite powder is in suspension may be an aqueous medium or an organic medium, such as an alcoholic medium.
- the liquid medium is an aqueous medium, such as osmosis water, which has the particularity of facilitating the subsequent solubilization of the metal element salt.
- said suspension can be prepared by contacting an apatite powder with a liquid medium under ultrasound, whereby the powder disperses in said medium.
- the apatite powder may have a mean grain size (i.e., a mean grain diameter) of micrometer, for example, ranging from 0.5 to 5 microns.
- This apatite powder can be prepared prior to suspension by mixing precursor powders, by sol-gel, coprecipitation or freeze-drying.
- a powder of apatite of formula LagSrSi6026,5 can be prepared therefrom by mixing powders of La 2 ⁇ 3, S1O 2 and SrC0 3, in the proportions required to obtain the desired composition, in an attritor in the presence of attrition beads (for example, zirconia beads) and a solvent, such as osmosis water followed by a separation of the grains of powder formed from attrition beads and evaporation of said solvent.
- the resulting powder is then calcined at a temperature and time effective to form the apatite phase.
- the powder may be subjected to grinding (for example, by attrition or another grinding technique), so as to obtain a monomodal particle size.
- the metal element salt which is a metal element acetate, may be contacted with the apatite powder slurry in the form of an aqueous solution of metal element acetate.
- the metal element may be a transition metal as defined above.
- a basic solution can be added to the resulting mixture so as to obtain a mixture having a basic pH, whereby agglomeration of the apatite particles is avoided.
- step b) the mixture obtained in step a) is then subjected to evaporation of the constituent solvent of the liquid medium, for example by heating with mechanical stirring.
- the mixture resulting from this step b) is then calcined in an oxidizing atmosphere at a temperature and a time effective to obtain the aforementioned composite powder.
- powder analyzes obtained at different temperature and time pairs can be carried out by X-ray diffraction to determine the optimum temperature and time for obtaining the desired composite powder.
- the powder resulting from step c) may be subjected to a reduction step which may consist of passing a stream comprising a reducing gas on said powder.
- the powders of the invention obtained according to the process of the invention can be shaped in the form of a sintered material, which can be used as electrode material.
- This material can result from the sintering of a composite powder as defined above, this material comprising agglomerates of composite powder as defined above.
- This material may be in the form of a film having a thickness which may range from 20 ⁇ m to 100 ⁇ m (especially in the case where the material is intended to enter the constitution of an anode of a support electrolyte cell). or may also have a thickness ranging from 100 ⁇ m to 3 mm (in particular, in the case where the material is intended to enter the constitution of an anode of a carrier anode cell).
- the deposition step can be performed by screen printing, by pneumatic projection of a suspension of the aforementioned composite powder, by casting in a strip of a suspension of the aforementioned composite powder, by soaking-removing a suspension of said powder, by centrifugal coating of a suspension of said powder or by ink jet printing.
- the deposition step may be carried out by strip casting of a suspension of said composite powder.
- This technique makes it possible to obtain films in the form of manipulatable strips of small thickness (for example, having a thickness ranging from 25 ⁇ m to 2 mm) and of large surface area, if desired.
- this technique consists in moving on a fixed substrate a mobile shoe allowing to deposit in its path a layer of a suspension of said powder.
- This suspension previously prepared may comprise the composite powder as defined above, an organic solvent, a dispersing agent, a binding agent and a plasticizer.
- organic solvents mention may be made of ketone solvents, such as methyl ethyl ketone, alcoholic solvents, such as ethanol and mixtures thereof (for example, a methyl ethyl ketone / ethanol 40%: 60 mixture). % in volume).
- ketone solvents such as methyl ethyl ketone
- alcoholic solvents such as ethanol and mixtures thereof (for example, a methyl ethyl ketone / ethanol 40%: 60 mixture). % in volume).
- dispersing agent examples include a phosphoric ester (such as the Beycostat CP 213 ester).
- thermoplastic resins such as methacrylic resins.
- plasticizing agents such as dibutyl phthalate (also known under the abbreviation DBP).
- DBP dibutyl phthalate
- the deposited layer can then be dried before undergoing a sintering step.
- the sintering step consists in heating the deposited layer to a temperature and duration effective so as to obtain cohesion in the form of agglomerates of the powder in the deposited layer.
- This sintering step may consist of heating, for example, under air, said layer at a temperature ranging from 1300 to 1600 ° C for a period of from 1 to 3 hours.
- the sintering step may be followed by a reduction step of passing a current of reducing gas, whereby the particles of metal oxide are converted into particles into a metal element.
- the material may also be in other forms than a film.
- the material may also have a tubular shape, especially when it is intended to constitute an anode in a tubular cell.
- the material can be prepared by a process comprising the following steps:
- This shaping step can be carried out by extrusion or isostatic pressing (especially when the material is intended to form an anode in a carrier anode cell). It can also be performed by screen printing, by pneumatic projection of a suspension of the aforementioned composite powder, by soaking-removal of a suspension of said powder, by centrifugal coating of a suspension of said powder or by inkjet printing. .
- the suspension can meet characteristics identical to those defined for the suspension used to produce films.
- the sintering step can, for its part, be carried out under conditions similar to those set out above for the material in the form of films.
- the aforementioned materials by their intrinsic properties, have electrically conductive properties and catalytic properties.
- Electrode materials in particular anode material, such as for a solid oxide cell such as an SOFC cell.
- Such an electrode may be intended to be contacted with an electrolyte in a SOFC type fuel cell to form a half-cell of a fuel cell.
- the electrolyte comprises a ceramic of the following formula:
- -A is a lanthanide element
- -D is an element selected from alkaline elements, alkaline earth elements and mixtures thereof;
- M is a member chosen from silicon, germanium, aluminum, magnesium, gallium, boron, zinc, niobium and mixtures thereof, for example a mixture of Si with one other elements mentioned above, such as an Si and Mg mixture, an Al and Si mixture or an Si and Ge mixture;
- -x is a number such that 0 ⁇ x ⁇ 2;
- - ⁇ is a number such that 0 ⁇ 1.
- An example of such an electrolyte is LagSrSi6026, 5 ⁇
- Half-cells of the invention may be made by a process comprising the following steps:
- a step of producing a support anode by strip casting the resulting anode conventionally having a thickness ranging from 200 ⁇ to 1 mm;
- the electrolyte layer conventionally having a thickness of 10 to 50 ⁇ .
- the porosity of the anode is of the order of 30 to 40% by volume.
- An example of a half-cell according to the invention is a half-cell, in which the anode is composed of agglomerates of composite powder comprising an apatite core of formula LagSrSi6026.5 and a coating layer comprising particles of nickel and the electrolyte is composed of s ⁇
- Fuel cell cells in particular of the SOFC fuel cell, respectively comprise an anode as defined above, a cathode and an electrolyte, The electrolyte being disposed between the anode and the cathode.
- the electrolyte advantageously corresponds to the same definition as that given above.
- the cathode may also be based on a material of formula A 2 M0 4 +5, with A representing La, Pr or Nd, M representing Ni or Cu, O is the oxygen element, ⁇ being between 0 and 0, 25.
- the originality of this type of cathode materials lies in the fact that they have an oxygen superstoichiometry. These materials also have very interesting catalytic properties at 700 ° C. with respect to the reduction of oxygen.
- the electronic conductivity of the nickelates can be up to 100 S / cm and the ionic conductivity of the order of 10 -2 to 3 * 10 -2 S / cm at 700 ° C for a cathode operating at 650-750 ° C.
- It may also comprise a doped lanthanum cobaltite of the formula Lai x x Si x iCol yiFe y i03 ⁇ 5i with x1 between 0.1 and 0.6, yl between 0.2 and 0.8 and 51 between 0 and 1 or a doped cobalto-manganite.
- a particular cell according to the invention may be a cell, in which:
- the anode comprises a material resulting from the sintering of a composite powder comprising an apatite core of formula Laio ⁇ D x (Sii y E y 0 4 ) ⁇ 2 ⁇ ⁇ as defined above and a layer of coating comprising particles of nickel and / or nickel oxide, this material comprising agglomerates of such a composite powder;
- the electrolyte comprises a ceramic material of formula A 10 -X D X (M0 4 ) 6 O 2 ⁇ ⁇ as defined above,
- said anode and cathode being disposed on either side of the electrolyte.
- the anode may comprise an apatite core comprising an apatite of the formula and a coating layer comprising nickel particles and the electrolyte may comprise a ceramic material of the formula LagSrSi6026.5.
- Fuel cells of the invention comprising at least one cell according to the invention may be polarized in the opposite direction to produce hydrogen from water vapor, in which case they perform an electrolyser function, the anode defined above becoming, because of the change of polarity, an electrolyzer cathode.
- the invention also relates to an electrolyzer comprising a cell as defined above, the anode and the cathode respectively becoming the cathode and the anode due to the polarity reversal.
- anode comprising a material based on the composite powders of the invention as defined above;
- -A is a lanthanide element
- -D is an element selected from alkaline elements, alkaline earth elements and mixtures thereof;
- M is a member chosen from silicon, germanium, aluminum, magnesium, gallium, boron, zinc, niobium and mixtures thereof, for example a mixture of Si with one other elements mentioned above, such as an Si and Mg mixture, an Al and Si mixture or an Si and Ge mixture;
- -x is a number such that 0 ⁇ x ⁇ 2;
- - ⁇ is a number such that 0 ⁇ 1;
- This type of cell has the advantage of being composed of only three ceramic layers, of which two ceramic layers (anode and electrolyte) have compositions such that they make the process of elaboration easy to implement, thus reducing the manufacturing costs. It is thus not necessary to add intermediate ceramic layers to improve the adhesion of an electrode material to the electrolyte or to limit the chemical reactivity between the two materials.
- the SOFC batteries of the invention operate efficiently at temperatures ranging from 600 ° C to 800 ° C, which causes a reduction in the cost of the system and a slowing of aging of the constituent elements of the battery.
- the cathode (corresponding to the anode in the SOFC cell) can operate under high levels of water vapor without risk of oxidation or premature aging as it has been observed in the case of a ceramic / metal composite.
- Figure 1 is a graph illustrating the particle size distribution of the powders obtained according to Example 1a) of the invention.
- FIG. 2 is a photograph taken by scanning electron microscopy of the powder obtained in example 1a) of the invention.
- Fig. 3 is an X-ray diffractogram for the powder obtained according to Example 1b) of the invention.
- FIG. 4 is a photograph taken by scanning electron microscopy of the electrolyte layer obtained according to example 2.
- FIG. 5 is a photograph taken by electron scanning microscopy of the anode layer obtained after reduction according to Example 2.
- FIG. 6 is another photograph taken by scanning electron microscopy of the anode layer obtained according to Example 2.
- FIG. 7 is a photograph taken by scanning electron microscopy of the interface between the anode layer and the electrolyte layer obtained according to example 2.
- FIG. 8 is a graph illustrating the evolution of the conductivity o (in S. cm -1 ) as a function of (1000 / T) (where T is the temperature expressed in ° C.) of an anode material in accordance with FIG. 'invention.
- FIG. 9 is a graph illustrating the evolution of the conductivity o (in S. cm -1 ) as a function of the time t (in hours) of an anode material according to the invention placed at a temperature of 700 ° vs. DETAILED PRESENTATION OF PARTICULAR EMBODIMENTS
- This example illustrates the preparation of a composite powder by a process according to the invention.
- the preparation of this composite powder comprises:
- the apatite powder of the aforementioned formula is synthesized by reaction in the solid state according to the following overall synthesis reaction:
- the highly hygroscopic La 2 O 3 and SiO 2 precursors Prior to contacting the precursors in the above reaction, the highly hygroscopic La 2 O 3 and SiO 2 precursors are heat-treated at 800 ° C for 4 hours.
- the powders thus weighed are mechanically homogenized in an attrition jar in the presence of spherical zirconia balls and osmosis water.
- the attrition is conducted until reaching an average grain diameter centered on 1 ⁇ m, so as to ensure sufficient reactivity of the precursors during subsequent calcination.
- the suspension is then separated from the attrition beads by sieving and the solvent is evaporated rapidly in a ventilated oven to maintain the homogeneity of the mixture.
- the precursor mixture is then calcined at 1400 ° C. for 4 hours to form the apatite phase.
- No secondary phase containing the strontium element was detected by X-ray diffraction confirming the incorporation of Sr 2+ into the apatite mesh.
- the powder After calcination, the powder is agglomerated. Its density measured by pycnometry with helium is evaluated at 5.44.
- Attrition milling of the calcined powder in ethanol in the presence of a dispersant was carried out followed by a debinding step to remove the dispersant at 500 ° C. for 2 hours. with a rise in temperature of 0.3 ° C / min.
- FIGS. 1 and 2 An apatite powder having a monomodal particle size centered on 0.75 ⁇ m and equiaxial grains, as shown in FIGS. 1 and 2, which respectively illustrate:
- the specific surface of the powder is close to 5 m 2 / g.
- the quantity of powder obtained is 150 g. b) Preparation of the composite powder comprising 40% by volume of nickel
- apatite powder prepared according to the protocol described above is suspended in 150 ml of osmosis water. Deagglomeration and dispersion of the powder is carried out by ultrasound for 5 minutes. The suspension has a pH of 9.4 and its zero point of load determined by acoustophorometry is 8.5.
- a nickel salt nickel acetate tetrahydrate Ni (CH 3 COO) 2 .4H 2 O
- the volume percentage of nickel was set at 40% by volume relative to the apatite powder (the volume percentage corresponds to the ratio of the volume of nickel to the sum of the volume of nickel and volume of apatite).
- the pH of the solution obtained is 6.
- a third step 600 ml of the aqueous solution is added to all of the apatite suspension obtained beforehand. This addition shifts the pH of the mixture to a value of 6.3 and the zeta potential measured by acoustophorometry is 35 mV.
- a basic solution of ammonium hydroxide (NH 4 OH, 0.2 mol / L) is added to a pH of 9, whereby a suspension is obtained. of stable apatite in the nickel acetate solution, the zeta potential of the resulting mixture being 52 mV.
- the recovered powder is calcined in air at 1000 ° C. for 2 hours. This temperature makes it possible to completely decompose the nickel acetate into nickel oxide NiO and to promote the attachment of these particles to the surface of the apatite particles.
- the diffractogram carried out on the synthesized powder shows the apatite peaks as well as large peaks corresponding to NiO, as shown by FIG. 3, representing an X-ray diffractogram of the powder obtained, the peaks indicated by a star indicating the presence of NiO.
- the density of the synthesized powder is evaluated at 6 by helium pycnometry and its specific surface is 12.6 m 2 / g for an apatite powder having an average particle diameter of 0.75 ⁇ m.
- the coating of the apatite particles with nickel oxide NiO is homogeneous and the size of the NiO crystallites varies from 50 to 100 nm.
- This example illustrates the preparation of a composite powder by a process not in accordance with the invention.
- the preparation of this composite powder comprises:
- This powder is prepared according to
- apatite powder prepared according to the protocol described above are suspended in 50 ml of absolute ethanol with 0.3 g of CP 213 dispersant (ie 1.5% by weight relative to to the powder).
- the deagglomeration and the dispersion of the powder are carried out by ultrasound for 3 minutes.
- 71 g of nickel nitrate are solubilized with mechanical stirring in 200 ml of absolute ethanol.
- the two solutions are then mixed on a roller mill for 48 hours before evaporation of the hot plate solvent at 70 ° C. with magnetic stirring.
- the resulting mixture is calcined under air at 500 ° C. for 2 hours (speeds of 2 ° C./min for the ramps), so as to decompose the nitrates and to ensure the adhesion of the nickel oxide particles to the surface of the apatite particles.
- the diffractogram carried out on the calcined powder shows a decomposition of the apatite powder in the nickel nitrate solution because of the appearance of an amorphous dome between 23 and 35 °, which testifies to the fact that the powder of apatite does not appear to be stable in a solution of nickel nitrate.
- the starting materials are the following: * a ceramic powder with perovskite structure of formula Lao, sSr 0 , 2 n 0 , sCoo, 203-5 with 0 ⁇ 1, intended to constitute the cathode (hereinafter, cathode powder);
- electrolyte powder a ceramic powder of the apatite type of formula 5 intended to constitute the electrolyte (hereinafter referred to as electrolyte powder);
- anode powder a composite powder as prepared according to Example 1 (hereinafter referred to as anode powder).
- a suspension comprising said powder, an organic solvent, a dispersant, a binder and a plasticizer is prepared and, in addition, a pore-forming compound for the perovskite-structured ceramic powder.
- a pore-forming compound for the perovskite-structured ceramic powder is shown in the tables below.
- the raw strips from the electrode powders (cathode and anode) have a thickness of 100 ⁇ m and the green band from the electrolyte powder has a thickness of 250 ⁇ m.
- the stack resulting from the three green strips is then delianté, so as to remove the organic compounds introduced into the aforementioned suspensions, and then sintered in air at 1400 ° C for 2 hours.
- the thickness of the electrolyte is 175 ⁇ m, as shown in FIG. 4.
- the thickness of the cathode and the anode is respectively 23 and 24.5 ⁇ m.
- the significant decrease in the thickness of the materials after sintering is due, in part, to the shrinkage taken by these materials during sintering (16-17%) but also to a significant creep caused by thermocompression, resulting in a reduction of the thickness raw materials.
- the electrolyte is dense.
- the porosity of the cathode, of the order of 40%, is well interconnected and open with a pore diameter of about 10 ⁇ m.
- the reduction of the nickel oxide under hydrogenated argon at 700 ° C. (comprising 3% by volume of hydrogen) leads to an anode whose porosity is of the order of 40%.
- a scanning electron microscopy photograph of this anode after reduction is shown in FIG.
- the apatite particle coverage by nickel is homogeneous and electron percolation paths by nickel particles and ionic particles by apatite particles are visible on the photograph by scanning microscopy. electronics of this anode shown in Figure 6.
- the conductivity of the anode was measured at different temperatures, the conductivity values being shown in FIG. 8 representing a graph illustrating the evolution of the conductivity o (in S. cm -1 ) as a function of (1000 / T) , T being the temperature in ° C.
- the anode material also has an increased lifetime, which can be attributed to the lack of agglomeration of the metal particles covering the apatite.
- the conductivity as a function of time has been measured at a temperature of 700 ° C.
- the measurement results have been plotted on the graph of FIG. 9 representing the evolution of the conductivity o (in S. cm -1 ) as a function of time t (in h) at 700 ° C.
- the curve is a horizontal line, which shows the stability of the material.
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Electrochemistry (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
- Ceramic Engineering (AREA)
- Composite Materials (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Sustainable Development (AREA)
- Sustainable Energy (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Thermal Sciences (AREA)
- Inert Electrodes (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| FR1053071A FR2959246B1 (fr) | 2010-04-22 | 2010-04-22 | Poudre composite et utilisation de cette poudre pour constituer des materiaux d'electrode |
| PCT/EP2011/056311 WO2011131714A1 (fr) | 2010-04-22 | 2011-04-20 | Procede de fabrication d'une poudre composite utilisable pour constituer des materiaux d'electrode |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| EP2561570A1 true EP2561570A1 (fr) | 2013-02-27 |
Family
ID=43216746
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP11714996A Withdrawn EP2561570A1 (fr) | 2010-04-22 | 2011-04-20 | Procede de fabrication d'une poudre composite utilisable pour constituer des materiaux d'electrode |
Country Status (4)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US20130089660A1 (fr) |
| EP (1) | EP2561570A1 (fr) |
| FR (1) | FR2959246B1 (fr) |
| WO (1) | WO2011131714A1 (fr) |
Families Citing this family (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| FR3053607B1 (fr) * | 2016-07-05 | 2020-01-10 | L'air Liquide, Societe Anonyme Pour L'etude Et L'exploitation Des Procedes Georges Claude | Procede de formulation d'une suspension catalytique |
| CN109459453B (zh) * | 2018-11-13 | 2021-06-25 | 烟台工程职业技术学院 | 一种硅酸镧纳米粉体的表征方法 |
Family Cites Families (7)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| IL96313A (en) * | 1989-11-14 | 1995-03-30 | Sangi Kk | Antibacterial ceramic |
| US5220063A (en) * | 1991-05-10 | 1993-06-15 | Hoechst Celanese Corporation | Method for the preparation of arylalkanolacylamides |
| JP3193294B2 (ja) * | 1996-05-24 | 2001-07-30 | 財団法人ファインセラミックスセンター | 複合セラミックス粉末とその製造方法、固体電解質型燃料電池用の電極及びその製造方法 |
| US6544439B1 (en) * | 2000-12-22 | 2003-04-08 | Uop Llc | Low coke formation catalysts and process for reforming and synthesis gas production |
| US20060040168A1 (en) * | 2004-08-20 | 2006-02-23 | Ion America Corporation | Nanostructured fuel cell electrode |
| EP1795260A1 (fr) * | 2005-12-07 | 2007-06-13 | L'AIR LIQUIDE, Société Anonyme pour l'Etude et l'Exploitation des Procédés Georges Claude | Catalyseur constitué d'un support solide, d'un oxyde, et d'une phase active métallique greffée sur l'oxyde, procédé pour sa préparation et application |
| US20070238610A1 (en) * | 2006-04-05 | 2007-10-11 | Laiyuan Chen | Fuel reformer catalyst |
-
2010
- 2010-04-22 FR FR1053071A patent/FR2959246B1/fr not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
2011
- 2011-04-20 WO PCT/EP2011/056311 patent/WO2011131714A1/fr not_active Ceased
- 2011-04-20 EP EP11714996A patent/EP2561570A1/fr not_active Withdrawn
- 2011-04-20 US US13/642,307 patent/US20130089660A1/en not_active Abandoned
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| US20130089660A1 (en) | 2013-04-11 |
| FR2959246A1 (fr) | 2011-10-28 |
| WO2011131714A1 (fr) | 2011-10-27 |
| FR2959246B1 (fr) | 2013-01-11 |
Similar Documents
| Publication | Publication Date | Title |
|---|---|---|
| EP1343737B1 (fr) | Procede de preparation d'un materiau ceramique de faible epaisseur a gradient de porosite superficielle controle, materiau ceramique obtenu | |
| JP5539417B2 (ja) | ナノ構造複合体空気極を含む固体酸化物燃料電池及びその製造方法 | |
| KR101892909B1 (ko) | 프로톤 전도성 산화물 연료전지의 제조방법 | |
| WO2003004439A1 (fr) | Procede de preparation d'une composition ceramique de faible epaisseur a deux materiaux, composition obtenue, cellule electrochimique et membrane la comprenant | |
| JP4143938B2 (ja) | 固体酸化物形燃料電池用セル及び固体酸化物形燃料電池用セルの製造方法 | |
| JP2008503070A (ja) | 固体酸燃料電池膜電極集合体を製造するための加工技術 | |
| JP2012506127A (ja) | 低温sofc用の新素材および構造 | |
| US9023550B2 (en) | Nanocrystalline cerium oxide materials for solid fuel cell systems | |
| JP5260209B2 (ja) | 固体酸化物形燃料電池用セルの製造方法および固体酸化物形燃料電池用セル | |
| FR2974452A1 (fr) | Procede de preparation d'une demi-cellule electrochimique | |
| EP2097940B1 (fr) | Electrode a gaz, son procede de fabrication et ses applications | |
| EP2684238B1 (fr) | Procede de preparation d'une electrode a air, ladite electrode ainsi obtenue et ses utilisations | |
| EP2166602B1 (fr) | Fabrication d'ensemble électrode - membrane de pile à combustible à oxyde solide (SOFC-MEA) | |
| US20140193743A1 (en) | Method for the densification of ceramic layers, especially ceramic layers within solid oxide cell (soc) technology, and products obtained by the method | |
| EP2561570A1 (fr) | Procede de fabrication d'une poudre composite utilisable pour constituer des materiaux d'electrode | |
| CN112204780B (zh) | 固体氧化物型燃料电池的空气极材料粉体 | |
| JP2006059611A (ja) | セリア系固体電解質型燃料電池及びその製造方法 | |
| JP2007200664A (ja) | 固体電解質型燃料電池の製造方法 | |
| JP2006059610A (ja) | 固体電解質型燃料電池及びその製造方法 | |
| KR101218602B1 (ko) | 은 나노입자를 포함하는 저온 작동 고체산화물 연료전지 제조방법 및 이에 의해 제조된 고체산화물 연료전지 | |
| JP5204816B2 (ja) | 酸素分離膜エレメント及びその製造方法 | |
| WO2019167811A1 (fr) | Pile à combustible en céramique protonique et son procédé de production | |
| JP2007200663A (ja) | セリア系固体電解質型燃料電池の製造方法 | |
| Yu et al. | Preparation and Electrochemical Performance of Electrode Supported La 0.75 Sr 0.25 Ga 0.8 Mg 0.16 Fe 0.04 O 3-δ Solid Oxide Fuel Cells | |
| WO2010125254A2 (fr) | Titanates de baryum doublement substitues au cérium et fer ou manganese de structure pérovskite |
Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| PUAI | Public reference made under article 153(3) epc to a published international application that has entered the european phase |
Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: 0009012 |
|
| 17P | Request for examination filed |
Effective date: 20121030 |
|
| AK | Designated contracting states |
Kind code of ref document: A1 Designated state(s): AL AT BE BG CH CY CZ DE DK EE ES FI FR GB GR HR HU IE IS IT LI LT LU LV MC MK MT NL NO PL PT RO RS SE SI SK SM TR |
|
| RIN1 | Information on inventor provided before grant (corrected) |
Inventor name: BEAUDET SAVIGNAT, SOPHIE Inventor name: CHASTAGNIER, BENEDICTE Inventor name: CHARTIER, THIERRY Inventor name: BONHOMME, CLAIRE |
|
| DAX | Request for extension of the european patent (deleted) | ||
| STAA | Information on the status of an ep patent application or granted ep patent |
Free format text: STATUS: THE APPLICATION IS DEEMED TO BE WITHDRAWN |
|
| 18D | Application deemed to be withdrawn |
Effective date: 20130611 |