EP2547938B1 - Verfahren zum verlegen eines unterwasserkabels auf dem meeresgrund - Google Patents

Verfahren zum verlegen eines unterwasserkabels auf dem meeresgrund Download PDF

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Publication number
EP2547938B1
EP2547938B1 EP11705942.8A EP11705942A EP2547938B1 EP 2547938 B1 EP2547938 B1 EP 2547938B1 EP 11705942 A EP11705942 A EP 11705942A EP 2547938 B1 EP2547938 B1 EP 2547938B1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
pipe
cable
undersea
length
line
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Not-in-force
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EP11705942.8A
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English (en)
French (fr)
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EP2547938A1 (de
Inventor
François-Régis PIONETTI
Damien Szyszka
Hubert Cheverry
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Saipem SA
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Saipem SA
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Publication of EP2547938A1 publication Critical patent/EP2547938A1/de
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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16L—PIPES; JOINTS OR FITTINGS FOR PIPES; SUPPORTS FOR PIPES, CABLES OR PROTECTIVE TUBING; MEANS FOR THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16L1/00—Laying or reclaiming pipes; Repairing or joining pipes on or under water
    • F16L1/12—Laying or reclaiming pipes on or under water
    • F16L1/20—Accessories therefor, e.g. floats, weights
    • F16L1/235—Apparatus for controlling the pipe during laying
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16L—PIPES; JOINTS OR FITTINGS FOR PIPES; SUPPORTS FOR PIPES, CABLES OR PROTECTIVE TUBING; MEANS FOR THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16L1/00—Laying or reclaiming pipes; Repairing or joining pipes on or under water
    • F16L1/12—Laying or reclaiming pipes on or under water
    • F16L1/16—Laying or reclaiming pipes on or under water on the bottom
    • F16L1/18—Laying or reclaiming pipes on or under water on the bottom the pipes being S- or J-shaped and under tension during laying
    • F16L1/19—Laying or reclaiming pipes on or under water on the bottom the pipes being S- or J-shaped and under tension during laying the pipes being J-shaped
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16L—PIPES; JOINTS OR FITTINGS FOR PIPES; SUPPORTS FOR PIPES, CABLES OR PROTECTIVE TUBING; MEANS FOR THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16L1/00—Laying or reclaiming pipes; Repairing or joining pipes on or under water
    • F16L1/12—Laying or reclaiming pipes on or under water
    • F16L1/20—Accessories therefor, e.g. floats, weights
    • F16L1/201—Anchor rods

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a method of depositing an underwater line at the bottom of the sea from the surface.
  • underwater line is used here to mean pipes intended to rest at the bottom of the sea, whether they are flexible pipes or rigid pipes, or electric cables and / or various umbilicals necessary for the operation. underwater installations.
  • the present invention relates to a process for laying on the seabed from a surface laying vessel, an underwater pipe, in particular a submarine pipe connecting two well heads or between a head of water. well and a bottom-surface connection line connected to a floating support.
  • underwater pipe is understood to mean a pipe resting at the bottom of the sea or such pipe in a vertical position suspended from the surface, in particular from a surface laying vessel or such a pipe, the part of which bottom has a curvature in J.
  • deposit here refers to a deposit at the bottom of the sea in the sense of “descend from the surface and lay on the bottom of the sea”.
  • the technical field of the invention is the field of manufacturing and installing subsea production lines for the underwater extraction of oil, gas or other soluble or fuse material, or a suspension of mineral material, from submerged well heads for the development of production fields installed offshore at sea, or submarine water or gas injection lines.
  • the main and immediate application of the invention being in the field of oil production, as well as in the re-injection of water and the production or re-injection of gas.
  • Submarine pipes are laid in ultra-deep sea, usually from a dynamically positioned installation vessel equipped with a J-shaped tower.
  • This tower is generally in a substantially vertical position and its lower part a device of gripping the pipe which extends from the laying ship to the bottom of the sea where the pipe naturally curves to take a final horizontal position when it rests on said bottom of the sea, the shape of the curve representing a J.
  • Such a ship is described in particular in the patent WO-2000-66923 .
  • the pipe is held firmly in the lower part of said J-laying tower, while a new train of 24 or 48 m in length is installed in a horizontal position on an articulated beam at the level of the structure.
  • said tower Said beam is then raised to a substantially vertical position by means of hydraulic cylinders, then said train descended to the upper end of the pipe held in suspension, to be accurately positioned and finally welded.
  • the pipe is protected against corrosion, then the upper part of the train is held within said tower by a gripping device secured to a carriage. The retaining device at the bottom of the tower is then released and said carriage is moved down the tower, to a height corresponding to the length of said train.
  • the vessel is moved forward a length corresponding to the length of the train thus descended, so as to maintain the same shape of the J curve during the entire laying operation.
  • the retaining device in turn is re-locked, and the released carriage is raised to the top of the tower. The cycle starts again with a new train.
  • the pipe is lowered vertically as close as possible to said anchoring structure, for example at 3-5 m, and then a short sling is connected a few meters, or even 5-10 m, between said lower end of the anchor structure.
  • driving and anchoring structure Then, by moving the laying ship, while continuing the assembly of additional oars, forming the curvature J and finally depositing the end of said pipe on a support secured to the anchoring structure, elements guide being integrated in said support so as to direct the connector at the end of the pipe towards its final position, which must be very precise.
  • a pipe bending device comprises a plurality of annular segments connected in an articulated manner to each other, through which the pipe passes, the two end segments being interconnected by a jack.
  • Such a type of curvature device is suitable for creating a curvature over a short length of pipe and more particularly to create a bend between two straight pipe fractions, but such a device does not automatically control a curvature of greater radius of curvature. resulting from the simple displacement of the lower end of the pipe.
  • the curvature device described in US 3,955,599 requires the installation of relatively expensive and complex mechanical components to install.
  • the object of the present invention is to provide a new, simpler and more reliable method and device which overcomes the disadvantages, as described above, for the installation and laying at sea of underwater lines for to rest at the bottom of the sea and whose lower end equipped with an automatic connector must be connected to a complementary element of automatic connector of an element or structure anchored to the seabed.
  • the present invention essentially consists in creating an initial pre-curvature of the lower part of said submarine pipe during laying, deposited in a substantially vertical position or slightly inclined from a J-laying tower of a ship of laying, in order to deposit and position more precisely its lower end to the seabed and in particular to position accurately on a support and docking structure anchored at the bottom of the sea to make the connection of an automatic connector to the end of said underwater pipe to a complementary automatic connector at the end of a second pipe or a connecting pipe, preferably a bent pipe, integral with said guide support structure anchored at the bottom of the pipe; sea.
  • the method according to the invention makes it possible to preform the lower part of the underwater line according to a predefined curvature in order to more easily perform said removal and connection to a connection element to the seabed, since said curvature makes it possible to reduce very strongly the impact of the heave movements of the laying ship on the surface at the lower end of said underwater line, thereby reducing the risk of shock and damage at said connection element to the seabed and the lower end of said line.
  • the removal and connection of the underwater line to the seabed is also made easier because the end portion between the lower end of the line and said first curved line portion is not tensioned, so that it can be handled relatively easily, especially during steps 3) and 4) of the process.
  • said winch or said jack can be fixed on said underwater line at a said fixing point, or said winch or jack can be fixed elsewhere than on said line, in which case it is connected by said cable to a said point guiding the cable on said line.
  • tensioning means is a winch or a jack, to which one end of the cable is fixed, the other end of the cable is preferably fixed or connected to a said point of attachment.
  • said attachment point is located at a distance L2 from the lower end of the underwater line when the end portion of the underwater line extending between said lower end and said point of attachment on the line is straight.
  • said guide point is located at a distance L 0 from said point of attachment when the first portion of the underwater line extending between said guide point and said point of attachment is rectilinear.
  • the minimum radius of curvature of said first undersea pipe portion between said two points of attachment or guiding is between 200 and 650 times the outer diameter of said pipe, preferably between 225 and 450 times the diameter. outside said pipe.
  • said pipe comprises or cooperates with first buoyancy elements at said terminal portion of pipe between a said point of attachment or guidance and the lower end of the pipe so as to compensate for at least the weight apparent cleanness in the water of said terminal portion of pipe, preferably said first buoyancy elements distributed along said terminal portion uniformly, so that more preferably, the angle ⁇ 1 of the tangent D1 to said pipe at its lower end is less than 45 °, more preferably less than 30 °.
  • buoyancy elements facilitate the manipulation by ROV of said lower part of the pipe and the displacement of the lower pipe end in steps 2) and 3) and make it possible, if necessary, to implement a tensioning element creating a reduced intensity of voltage P.
  • said pipe comprises or cooperates with first buoyancy elements at said terminal portion of pipe, so as to compensate essentially only the apparent weight in water of said terminal portion of pipe and said automatic connector.
  • said terminal portion of pipe between said point of attachment and the lower end of the pipe remains positioned rectilinearly to the extent that said buoyancy elements are not sufficient to overcome the stiffness of the pipe and cause a curvature of said end portion of pipe.
  • said pipe further comprises or cooperates with additional buoyancy elements capable of creating a positive buoyancy of a portion of said lower pipe portion, said positive buoyancy F not being capable alone to generate the curvature of said first pipe portion in the absence of said tensioning P of the cable with the aid of said tensioning means, or increase said curvature in the presence of said tensioning P with the aid of said tensioning means.
  • This positive buoyancy further facilitates the curvature of said lower pipe portion and the displacement of the lower pipe end in steps 2) to 4) and further allows to implement a tensioning element creating a reduced voltage intensity P without the risk that the curvature increases and the yield stress is exceeded despite the fact that the curvature increase is prevented by said locking means.
  • the pipe comprises said additional buoyancy elements capable of creating a positive buoyancy distributed along a length portion of said first pipe portion extending from said fixing or guiding point delimiting said first portions and said end portions of pipe, said positive buoyancy being not capable alone to generate or increase the curvature of said first portion of pipe in the absence or respectively in the presence of said tensioning P of the cable at said point of guide.
  • said pipe further comprises or cooperates with a second additional buoyancy element cooperating with the lower end of the pipe capable of creating a positive buoyancy of the end portion of the pipe in combination with first buoyancy elements.
  • said positive buoyancy being capable alone to generate a curvature of said end portion of pipe so that, preferably the angle ⁇ 1 of the tangent D1 to said pipe at the level of its lower end 1c is less than 45 °, more preferably less than 30 °, but said positive buoyancy, not being capable alone to generate or increase the curvature of said first portion of pipe in the absence said tensioning P of the cable at said guide point.
  • said buoyancy elements are constituted by peripheral and coaxial buoyancy elements in the form of buoys preferably regularly spaced apart from each other.
  • This inclination of an angle ⁇ at the surface is advantageous because it allows said suspended underwater line to adopt or come closer to a so-called geometrical curvature of a chain, which is the curvature naturally adopted by a pipe suspended from the surface when its lower extremity rests horizontally flat at the bottom of the sea.
  • This embodiment is particularly advantageous in that it further facilitates the final positioning and connection of the lower end of the pipe to steps 3) and 4).
  • a said tensioning means is used which is a dead body or profiled weight attached to an end of said cable, preferably of conical shape, in its lower part. allowing it to be planted in the ground when in the course of laying the pipe it meets the ground, and also profiled in its upper part, so as to prevent said pipe can remain blocked over said dead body and that said pipe can not then be deposited horizontally on the seabed, when said lower part of the dead body is planted in the ground.
  • the present invention also provides an underwater pipe including a curvature device useful for depositing an underwater pipe at the seabed from a surface laying vessel in accordance with an underwater pipe laying method according to the invention.
  • a curvature device useful for depositing an underwater pipe at the seabed from a surface laying vessel in accordance with an underwater pipe laying method according to the invention.
  • invention characterized in that it comprises a said curvature device of a first submarine pipe portion extending between said two fixing or guiding points, said curvature device comprising at least one cable and means for tensioning said cable between said two points of attachment or guiding, said cable or said tensioning means comprising or cooperating with at least one said locking means, said two fixing or guiding points being spaced a maximum length L0 when said first line portion is in a straight position.
  • said cable is fixed at one end to a first gusset integral with said underwater pipe at a said point of attachment, said point of fixing being located at a distance L2 from the lower end of the underwater pipe when the end portion of the underwater pipe extending between said lower end and said fixing point is rectilinear, and said cable passes by means cable guide secured to said underwater pipe at a guide point, said guide point being located at a distance L0 from said attachment point when the first portion of the underwater pipe extending between said point guide and said fixing point is rectilinear and said cable cooperating with tensioning elements comprising a buoyancy element or a weight or dead body, cooperating with the other end of said cable and exerting a voltage of intensity P.
  • the pipe comprises or cooperates with buoyancy elements at its said end portion of pipe, said buoyancy elements being constituted by peripheral and coaxial buoyancy elements presenting in the form of buoys preferably regularly spaced apart from each other so as to compensate for at least the apparent weight in water of said end portion of conduit length L2, and preferably, further buoyancy elements capable of creating a positive buoyancy on a portion of length L3 of said first pipe portion extending from said fixing or guiding point delimiting said terminal portion and first pipe portion, said positive buoyancy not being capable alone to generate or to increase the curvature of said first portion of pipe in the absence o u respectively in the presence of said tensioning P of the cable, with the aid of said tensioning means.
  • FIG. 1A On the Figure 1A is shown in side view the preparation phase of the installation of a rigid underwater pipe 1 from a laying ship 2 equipped with a J 2a laying tower.
  • Line 1 is made by butt welding of steel oars 2-1 at the level of the laying tower J.
  • Each row 2-1 is itself carried out by butt joint welding welding unit elements of 6 or 12m.
  • the reams 2-1 are stored on the laying ship 2 after having been manufactured by assembling unitary elements of shore pipes.
  • Said pipe 1 is held firmly in the lower part of said laying tower J, then a new train of 24 or 48m in length, is installed in a horizontal position on a beam 2b articulated at the structure of said tower.
  • Said beam 2b is then placed in a substantially vertical position by means of hydraulic cylinders, not shown, then said train is transferred to the tower and then brought closer to the upper end of the pipe in suspension to be finally welded.
  • the pipe is protected against corrosion, then the upper part of the train is held within said tower by a gripping device secured to a carriage not shown.
  • the retaining device at the bottom of the tower is then opened and said carriage is moved down the tower, to a height corresponding to the length of said train.
  • the retaining device at the bottom of the tower is then re-locked, and the released carriage is raised towards the top of the tower.
  • the cycle starts again with a new train.
  • the lower end of the first train is equipped with the male or female part of an automatic connector, which will constitute the lower end 1c of the pipe.
  • a float 3c is connected to a first gusset 3a integral with the pipe, by means of a link 3b.
  • a second gusset 5a is secured to the pipe to which is connected a cable 5, preferably a synthetic cable, the other end 5-1 passes through a pulley 6-6 integral with the pipe at a point 1a called "guide point", located at a distance L0 of said second gusset 5a.
  • Said cable 5 is rotated around said pulley 6-6, its free end 5-1 on the other side of said pulley relative to the first end 5-2 attached to said second gusset 5a, is connected to a dead body 6-1.
  • a cable clamp 6-8 On said cable 5 is installed a cable clamp 6-8, called “cleat blocker” secured to the cable, the function detailed further in the description is to come to block at the entrance of the pulley 6-6 and thus block the cable.
  • the pipe is equipped with coaxial peripheral buoyancy elements 4a which compensate the dead weight of this portion of pipe.
  • This terminal portion 1-1b of the pipe is therefore in buoyancy equilibrium, therefore neutral in water.
  • the length L2 represents from 12 to 24m, even 48m. It is therefore part of the first train and is therefore advantageously prepared on board, as well as the float 3c, to the extent that the latter can pass through the base structure 2c of the tower J 2a.
  • the float 3c will be installed in a known manner, by means of the ROV 12, automatic submarine controlled from the surface, as soon as the lower end of the pipe has reached a depth of 40-50m.
  • the length L0 of the first portion 1-1a of driving representing several hundred meters, the pipe is then manufactured by successive assembly of trains within the laying tower J, as explained above.
  • the upper end of the last assembled train of the lower part 1-1 of driving length L2 + L0 comprises a pulley 6-6 fixed on an axis integral with said train. Then, we resume the installation by assembling successive trains.
  • said pulley 6-6 is at a depth H1 of 25-50m
  • the ROV 12 connects the lower end of a cable 5 to the gusset 5a, then passes said cable 5 around the pulley 6-6, the second end 5-1 of the cable being connected to a dead body 6-1 descended from the ship 2, the dead body 6-1 for naturally close to said pipe 1, without interfering with the latter.
  • the laying is then continued towards the bottom of the sea 20, then is stopped at H0 of approximately 20-25m from the seabed.
  • the ROV 12 thanks to its high power thrusters, then exerts a horizontal thrust on the sea.
  • lower end 1c of the pipe directed to the left in the direction XX ', that is to say in the plane XoZ.
  • end portion 1-1b of length L2 of pipe between the gusset 5a and the automatic connector at its lower end 1c is provided with buoyancy elements 4a conferring on it an apparent weight in water zero. Thus, this weight does not intervene in the equilibrium of moments.
  • the vertical position 7 corresponds to a stable configuration, while the position 7a corresponds to an unstable configuration. Beyond the curve 7a, the moment of the resultant of the forces becomes negative and the curvature of the pipe increases, as well as the moment of the forces in absolute value, to reach the final configuration 7b. Indeed, the stopper 6-8 pre-installed on the cable 5 abuts the input of the pulley 6-6 on a device not shown in such a way that the cable length L1 of the cable underlies a driving arc, whose curvature does not exceed the maximum curvature acceptable by said steel pipe.
  • the float 3c creates a slight increase in the moment of the forces, but said float 3c is advantageously sized to be insufficient to change, by itself, the curvature of driving.
  • the values of L0 and L1 are advantageously adjusted so that the maximum curvature 7b of the pipe is such that the maximum stress generated by the curvature remains lower than the elastic limit, for example less than 90% or even 95% of the said elastic limit.
  • the term "elastic limit" is used here to mean the stress beyond which the deformation of the pipe becomes irreversible, which leads to an irreversible plastic deformation of the steel, which then risks leading to a bending of the pipe, therefore to the ruin of the said conduct.
  • the main purpose of the float 3c is to help the ROV to reach said tilting position 7a.
  • the essential driving element is the dead body 6-1 via the cable 5, until the stopper 6-8 limits the increase in the moment resulting in absolute value ( negative moment).
  • the elastic limit of the steel would be irremediably exceeded and the pipe would then be folded at a point located between the second gusset 5a and the pulley 6-6, generally near said second gusset 5a, because it is in this area that the radius of curvature is minimal, so the curvature and stress in the steel is maximum.
  • the base 10 consists of a stack 10a driven into the bottom of the sea 20, surmounted by a structure 10b on which is rigidly mounted a support 10c of a bottom surface connection line tower type, not shown, said support having a bent pipe element 11 to l end of which is installed the female part, respectively male 11a, of an automatic connector, corresponding to the male respectively female part of the automatic connector installed at the end 1c of the pipe 1.
  • Two guide elements 10e in the form of butterfly wing are integral with the structure 10b and serve to guide the end 1a of the pipe 1 when approaching the base 10.
  • the upper portion of the pipe 1 is substantially vertical and its lower end has been put into curved configuration J 7b, as explained above.
  • the curved pipe is in the XoZ plane free of any horizontal tensile stress.
  • the ship then positions itself so that the ZoX plane comprising said curved pipe 1 also comprises the axis of the base 10 and its stack 10a.
  • the ship moves back and approaches the base structure 10 at the bottom of the sea towards the position M1 until the connector at the lower end 1a is positioned vertically to the two guides 10e in the form of a wing. butterfly. Then, the pipe is lowered to the base 10, if necessary by adding to the level of the J-laying tower of an additional train 2-1. This very delicate operation is carried out under the control and with the help of the ROV 12.
  • the ship advances, that is to say, moves in the opposite direction away from said base structure 10 to the M2 position while continuing the assembly of the trains necessary to obtain a slope of the pipe at the surface of an angle ⁇ , preferably less than 10 °, corresponding to a substantially horizontal position of the terminal portion 1-1b of the pipe 1 at its lower end 1c comprising a said automatic connector.
  • the two connector elements 1c, 11a are then face to face and can be assembled by a device, for example hydraulic, not shown, and then be locked by means of the ROV 12 driven from the surface.
  • the installation vessel 2 continues laying away from the base 10 at the bottom of the sea 20 to the position M3, position in which the dead body 6-1 touches the ground.
  • Said dead body 6-1 is advantageously profiled as shown in FIG. Figure 4B , so as to have in the lower part a tip or shell shape 6-1a and in the upper part a similar shape 6-1b.
  • the tension in the cable 5 vanishes and the pipe, bent due to said tension P in said cable 5, resumes, by the stiffness of said pipe, a substantially rectilinear configuration. as the progress of the pose as shown on the M4 position of the figure 4 .
  • the upper part of the dead body 6-1 being profiled 6-1b conically, the pipe, during installation is not likely to remain blocked above, but slides on the side to the ground.
  • the trigger threshold is modified according to the weight of the dead body 6-1, the value of the offset D 0 and the length L0 between the pulley 6-6 and the second: gusset 5a.
  • the absence of end float 3c makes that when the pipe bends as shown on the Figure 2B , the length L2 remains rectilinear.
  • This configuration is advantageous because it does not require disassembly of float 3c of the variant described with reference to Figures 1A-1C , said disassembly being delicate and expensive in terms of occupancy time of the installation vessel.
  • said first buoyancy elements 4a in the terminal portion 1-1b of pipe and said second buoyancy element 3c at the lower end 1c allow the angle ⁇ 1 of the tangent D1 of said pipe at its lower end 1c remains less than 45 ° when said first conduit portion 1-1a is itself curved to the maximum for the cable reaches the limit value rope L1.
  • This position is sufficient so that, after connection of the lower end 1c to the level of the complementary connecting element 11a at the bottom of the sea, it is possible to obtain a curve in J by additional descent of the pipe from the surface and deposits at the bottom of the sea of the lower part 1-1 driving as the distance from the ship and deposited by descent of concomitant pipes.
  • the guide means of the cable 5 then comprise a second pulley 6-7 around which said cable rotates so that the buoyancy element 6-2 can tension up the end 5-2 of said cable, so as to tension the rope L1 of the length of the cable 5 between the second gusset 5a and the first pulley 6-6.
  • the end portion 1-1b of the pipe does not cooperate and does not include buoyancy element.
  • the end portion 1-1b of pipe between the lower end 1c and the attachment point 1b does not necessarily adopt a curved shape with an angle ⁇ 1 of the tangent D1 of the pipe at its lower end 1c, which is less than 45 °, but the curvature of the first conduct portion 1-1a achieved with the tensioning of the cable 5 allows however to achieve a curvature such that the angle ⁇ 2 of the tangent D2 of the pipe at its level. Fixing point 1b of the gusset appears to be less than 45 °.
  • buoyancy is distributed on the end portion 1-1b of the pipe 1 by means of buoyancy elements coaxial peripherals 4a, regularly spaced conferring an apparent weight in the zero water of said terminal portion 1-1b of pipe and a buoyancy distributed over a portion of length L3 of the first pipe portion 1-1a extending upstream from said second gusset 5a, in the form of buoyancy elements 4b conferring a resultant positive buoyancy of said length of pipe L3 representing 20% to 200% of the self weight of the length portion L3 of said first portion 1-1a driving.
  • This positive buoyancy plays a role of the same type as that of the float 3c of the figure 1C but generates a weaker moment, since the average lever arm Da is shorter.
  • This embodiment is advantageous because the buoyancy elements 4b conferring this additional buoyancy to the pipe are directly associated with it and can remain in place and do not require disassembly at the end of installation.
  • the portion L2 driving remains straight because the weight of the pipe is compensated by the buoyancy elements 4a, 4b, 4a-1 installed along the end portion 1-1b of the pipe.
  • the position of the positive buoyancy for example a positive buoyancy over the entire length L2, or a float hooked on the second gusset 5a, but in all cases, said buoyancy is not sufficient to it alone so that the curvature of the pipe reaches position 7b, and again less can overtake it upwards, this configuration 7b being obtained thanks to the dead body 6-1 of weight P acting on the cable 5, said configuration not being able to be exceeded because of the blocking of the stopper blocker 6-8 at the input of the pulley 6-6, thus limiting the curvature of said pipe to an acceptable stress level.
  • the figure 5 is a graph resulting from a computer calculation of the curve 7b of a preferred version of the invention shown figure 3B , in which a buoyancy has been installed to balance the weight of the pipe along the length L2 of the end portion 1-1b in the form of buoyancy elements 4 (not shown figure 5 ) and 4b over a portion of length L3 of the first pipe portion 1-1a extending from said second gusset 5a, in the form of buoyancy elements 4b (not shown figure 5 ), offsetting the weight of the pipe.
  • a buoyancy element 4a (not shown on the figure 5 ) compensates for the self weight of the end connector 1c (not shown figure 5 ).
  • This curve was obtained by calculation on the basis of a steel pipe 323.9mm outside diameter and 17.5mm thick, weighing 132.23kg / m in air.
  • the minimum radius of curvature of the resultant curve 7b is located at the transition between the line equipped with buoyancy elements 4b and the upstream duct without said buoyancy elements: Rmin ⁇ 156m, which corresponds to a maximum stress of 215 MPa.
  • the distance D between the pipe end 1c and the initial vertical position is about 100m, which gives the curve a great flexibility and ease of handling by the ROV.
  • the end float 3c exerts a vertical thrust of 1.4t.
  • the angle ⁇ 1 of the final configuration of the curvature 7b is approximately ⁇ 1 ⁇ 40-45 °.
  • the angle ⁇ 1 of the final configuration of the curvature 7b is approximately ⁇ 1 ⁇ 40-45 °.
  • FIG. 6 and 7A-7B shown in the Figures 6 and 7A-7B replacing said dead body 6-1 or said float 6-2 with a winch 6-3 or cylinder 6-4, which will then be energized and controlled by the ROV.
  • Said winch 6-3 or said jack 6-4 is preferably integral with the pipe at the gusset 5a, the second end 5-1 of the cable 5 being fixed on a gusset 5d integral with the pipe 1, positioned at the same location 1a that the pulley 6-6 previously described with reference to Figures 1 to 5 .
  • the locking cleat 6-8 is on the side of the gusset 5a, at a distance L1 of the gusset 5d and is locked at the entrance of the winch 6-3 when the latter winds the cable 5 to create the voltage P intended to generate the curvature of the pipe.
  • the pipe is shown in a vertical position, the cylinder rod 6-4 being deployed, and on the Figure 7B , the pipe in the curved position, the cylinder rod 6-4 being in the retracted position.
  • the N-strand cable is advantageously used, which involves using a jack whose load capacity is greater than or equal to N ⁇ P, where P is the tension required to obtain the desired curvature of the driving.
  • the invention has been described in connection with the laying of rigid pipes, but it is also very interesting in the case of the installation of flexible pipes, electrical cables and umbilicals.
  • the buoyancy elements 4a and 4b are preferably constituted by peripheral and coaxial buoys surrounding said pipe, spaced from each other regularly, consisting in particular of syntactic foam.
  • the buoyancy may consist of a continuous coating of positive buoyancy material applied for example in the form of semi-tubular shells assembled in pairs and enveloping said pipe.
  • the figure 8 is a graph resulting from a computer calculation of the curve 7b of a preferred version of the invention representing a variant of the figure 5 , in which a buoyancy has been installed to balance the weight of the pipe along the length L2 of the end portion 1-1b in the form of buoyancy elements 4a (not shown figure 8 ) on a length portion L3 of the first conduit portion 1-1a extending from said second gusset 5a, under the form of buoyancy elements 4b (not shown figure 8 ), offsetting the weight of the pipe.
  • a buoyancy element 4a-1 (not shown on the figure 8 ) compensates for the self weight of the end connector 1c (not shown figure 8 ).
  • This curve was obtained by calculation on the basis of a steel pipe 323.9mm outside diameter and 17.5mm thick, weighing 132.23kg / m in air.
  • the minimum radius of curvature of the resultant curve 7b is located at the transition between the line equipped with buoyancy elements 4b and the upstream duct without said buoyancy elements: Rmin ⁇ 105m, which corresponds to a maximum stress of 340 MPa.
  • the distance D between the pipe end 1c and the initial vertical position is approximately 265m, which gives the curve a great flexibility and ease of handling by the ROV.
  • the end of the pipe is almost horizontal, and the operation of removing the connector and the connection of the pipe on its receptacle 10 or base structure 10 at the bottom of the sea can be performed in excellent security conditions.
  • the length L2 of the terminal portion advantageously increases the length L2 of the terminal portion to 20-30m or 50m, this portion being neutral in the water will remain free and easy to move by means of the ROV.
  • its length is limited according to the local currents, because if said pipe remains neutral with respect to gravity, it remains however subject to the marine currents which can destabilize the device, especially in case of lateral currents, that is to say to say along the YY axis perpendicular to the surface of the figure 8 .

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Laying Of Electric Cables Or Lines Outside (AREA)
  • Earth Drilling (AREA)

Claims (15)

  1. Verfahren zum Ablegen einer Unterwasserleitung (1) am Meeresgrund (20) von der Oberfläche (30) aus, um deren unteres Ende (1c) mit einem Verbindungselement (11a) am Meeresgrund zu verbinden, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Schritte durchgeführt werden, bei denen:
    1) die hängende Unterwasserleitung von der Oberfläche (30) aus in im Wesentlichen vertikale Position (7) gebracht wird, wobei ihr unteres Ende (1 c) in einer Höhe HO oberhalb des Meeresgrunds (20) gelegen ist, wobei die Unterwasserleitung in ihrem unteren Teil (1-1) eine Vorrichtung zum Krümmen eines ersten Unterwasserleitungsabschnitts (1-1 a), der zwischen zwei als Fixier- oder Führungsstellen bezeichneten Stellen (1a, 1 b) der Unterwasserleitung verläuft, umfasst, wobei die Krümmungsvorrichtung wenigstens ein Seil (5) sowie Mittel zum Spannen (6-1 bis 6-5) des Seils zwischen den beiden Fixier- oder Führungsstellen (1a, 1 b), im Bereich derer die Unterwasserleitung durch Fixieren bzw. durch Führen fest mit dem Seil verbunden ist, umfasst, wobei die Spannmittel (6-1 bis 6-5) geeignet sind, die beiden Fixier- oder Führungsstellen (1a, 1 b) dadurch zu nähern, dass die sich zwischen den beiden Fixier- oder Führungsstellen (1a, 1 b) erstreckende Seillänge von einer maximalen Länge L0 bis auf einen vorgegebenen unteren Grenzwert L1 verringert wird, wobei das Seil oder die Spannmittel wenigstens ein Blockiermittel (6-8), das geeignet ist, das Verringern der Länge des zwischen den beiden Fixier- oder Führungsstellen (1a, 1 b) gespannten Seils unter einen vorgegebenen unteren Grenzwert L1 zu verhindern, umfassen oder mit diesem zusammenwirken, wobei die beiden Fixier- oder Führungsstellen (1a, 1 b) um eine maximale Länge L0 beabstandet sind, wenn der erste Unterwasserleitungsabschnitt (1-1 a) sich in geradliniger Position befindet, und
    2) das untere Ende (1c) der Unterwasserleitung bewegt wird, vorzugsweise mit Hilfe eines gesteuerten Unterwasserroboters (12), weiterhin vorzugsweise vom Typ ROV, derart, dass das untere Ende (1 c) der Unterwasserleitung sich von seiner Ausgangsposition des Schrittes 1), bei dem die Leitung sich in vertikaler Position befand, entfernt, wobei die Spannmittel eine kontrollierte Krümmung (7b) des ersten Unterwasserleitungsabschnitts (1-1a) durch Nähern der beiden Fixier- oder Führungsstellen (1a, 1 b) erzeugt, wobei die Krümmung des ersten Unterwasserleitungsabschnitts (1-1a) dadurch begrenzt ist, dass die Verringerung der Länge der Leine, die durch das zwischen den beiden Fixier- oder Führungsstellen (1a, 1b) gespannte Seil gebildet ist, nicht unter den vorgegebenen unteren Grenzwert L1 abnehmen kann, und
    3) falls erforderlich die Unterwasserleitung (1), deren erster Abschnitt (1-1a) eine gebogene Form (7b) aufweist, dadurch bewegt wird, dass sie gleichzeitig mit dem zusätzlichen Herablassen der Leitung von der Oberfläche (30) aus, dem Meeresgrund (20) genähert wird, anschließend
    4) das Positionieren des unteren Endes (1 c) der Leitung gegenüber dem Verbindungselement (11a) am Meeresgrund abgeschlossen wird und das Verbinden des unteren Endes (1c) der Leitung mit dem Verbindungselement (11a) vollzogen wird.
  2. Verfahren nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Spannmittel wenigstens eines der 3 folgenden Spannmittel umfassen:
    a) einen Ankerblock (6-1) oder ein Auftriebselement (6-2), der/das an einem Ende (5-1) des Seils befestigt oder damit verbunden ist, wobei das Seil (5) in diesem Fall zwischen seinen beiden Enden (5-1, 5-2) durch Führungsmittel (6-6, 6-7) geführt wird, die im Bereich von einer der beiden Fixier- oder Führungsstellen (1 a, 1 b), die eine Führungsstelle (1 a) des Seils an der Leitung ist, mit der Leitung fest verbunden sind, wobei das andere Ende (5-2) des Seils an der anderen Fixier- oder Führungsstelle, die eine Fixierstelle (1 b) ist, befestigt oder damit verbunden ist, und wobei vorzugsweise das Seil ein Blockiermittel (6-8), das von einem mit dem Seil fest verbundenen Blockieranschlag gebildet ist, umfasst, wobei der Blockieranschlag wenigstens eines der Führungsmittel (6c-5) nicht durchlaufen kann, und
    b) eine Winde (6-3), die an wenigstens einer der beiden Fixier- oder Führungsstellen (1a, 1 b) an der Unterwasserleitung befestigt oder damit verbunden ist, Winde (6-3), auf die das Seil von wenigstens einem seiner Enden (5-2) aus, an dem es an der Winde befestigt ist, aufgewickelt werden kann, und wobei vorzugsweise das Seil ein Blockiermittel (6-8) umfasst, das von einem mit dem Seil fest verbundenen Blockieranschlag gebildet ist, der das zusätzliche Wickeln des Seils um die Winde verhindert, und
    c) einen Zylinder (6-4), der an wenigstens einer der beiden Fixier- oder Führungsstellen (1a, 1 b) an der Unterwasserleitung befestigt oder damit verbunden ist, umfassend eine Zylinderstange (6-5), von welcher ein Ende an wenigstens einem Ende (5-2) des Seils befestigt oder damit verbunden ist, wobei vorzugsweise die Zylinderstange (6-5) sich lediglich um einen maximalen Weg gleich L0-L1 bewegen kann.
  3. Verfahren nach Anspruch 1 oder 2, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass:
    - das Seil (5) an einem Ende (5-2) an einem Winkelblech (5a) befestigt ist, das im Bereich einer Fixierstelle (1b), welche den ersten Abschnitt (1-1a) und den Endabschnitt (1-1 b) des unteren Teils (1-1) der Unterwasserleitung begrenzt, mit der Leitung fest verbunden ist, und das Seil (5) zwischen diesen beiden Enden (5-1, 5-2) über Seilführungsmittel (6-6, 6-7) läuft, die im Bereich einer Führungsstelle (1a) an der Unterwasserleitung fest mit der Unterwasserleitung verbunden sind, wobei das andere Ende (5-1) des Seils mit Spannmitteln (6-1, 6-2), welche ein Auftriebselement (6-2) oder ein(en) Gewicht oder Ankerblock (6-1) umfassen, zusammenwirkt, die an dem anderen Ende eine Spannung mit der Stärke (P) ausüben, und
    - bei Schritt 2) das untere Ende (1 c) der Unterwasserleitung derart bewegt wird, dass eine kontrollierte Krümmung (7b) des zwischen der Fixierstelle (1 b) an der Leitung und der Führungsstelle (1a) an der Leitung gelegenen ersten Abschnitts (1-1a) der Unterwasserleitung dadurch erzeugt wird, dass:
    - die Spannelemente (6-1, 6-2) eine Spannung (P) mit einer Stärke ausüben, die geeignet ist, das Seil (5) zu spannen und eine Krümmung des ersten Abschnitts (1-1a) der Unterwasserleitung zu erzeugen, wenn das untere Ende (1c) der Unterwasserleitung von seiner Ausgangsposition des Schrittes 1), bei dem die Leitung sich in vertikaler Position befand, entfernt wird, und
    - das Seil (5) ein Blockiermittel (6-8), das das Verringern der Länge der Leine, welche durch das zwischen der Fixierstelle (1 b) und der Führungsstelle (1a) gespannte Seil gebildet ist, unter einen vorgegebenen Längengrenzwert L1 verhindert, umfasst oder mit diesem zusammenwirkt, wodurch die aus dem Spannen resultierende Krümmung des ersten Leitungsabschnitts (1-1 a) zwischen der Fixierstelle (1 b) und der Führungsstelle (1a) begrenzt wird.
  4. Verfahren nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 3, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass:
    - die Unterwasserleitung eine Unterwasserrohrleitung aus Stahl ist, die aus Strängen (2-1) besteht, welche in einem Verlegeturm (2a) eines Überwasser-Verlegeschiffes (2), von dem aus das Ablegen der Unterwasserrohrleitung auf dem Meeresgrund vollzogen wird, in Position stumpf aneinander geschweißt werden, und
    - bei Schritt 2) das untere Ende (1 c) der Unterwasserleitung mit Hilfe eines gesteuerten Unterwasserroboters (12), weiterhin vorzugsweise vom Typ ROV, bewegt wird,
    - wobei die Krümmung des ersten Unterwasserrohrleitungsabschnitts zwischen den beiden Fixier- oder Führungsstellen derart begrenzt ist, dass der Krümmungsradius der Rohrleitung über einem Grenzwert bleibt, der einer maximalen Spannung unter der Elastizitätsgrenze des Stahls des ersten Rohrleitungsabschnitts entspricht, wobei vorzugsweise die Krümmung derart ist, dass der Winkel α2 der Tangente D2 der Rohrleitung im Bereich der Fixierstelle (1b) kleiner als 45°, vorzugsweise kleiner als 30° ist, und
    - bei Schritt 3) die Unterwasserrohrleitung, deren erster Abschnitt (1-1a) eine gebogene Form (7b) aufweist, dadurch bewegt wird, dass das Verlegeschiff (2a) dem Verbindungselement (11a) am Meeresgrund genähert wird, falls erforderlich gleichzeitig mit dem zusätzlichen Herablassen der Unterwasserrohrleitung von dem Überwasser-Verlegeschiff aus, und
    - bei Schritt 4) das Positionieren des unteren Endes (1c) der Rohrleitung gegenüber dem Verbindungselement (11a), das sich am Ende einer durch eine am Meeresgrund verankerte Struktur (10) getragenen weiteren Rohrleitung (11) befindet, abgeschlossen wird und das Verbinden des Verbindungselements vom Typ automatischer Verbinder mit einem ergänzenden Verbindungselement (11a) eines automatischen Verbinders, das sich am unteren Ende (1c) der Rohrleitung befindet, vollzogen wird.
  5. Verfahren nach Anspruch 4, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass:
    - die Stränge (2-1) durch Stumpfschweißen von 2 bis 4 Rohrleitungseinzelelementen von jeweils 5 bis 15 m, mit Rohrleitungsaußendurchmessern von 50 mm bis 600 mm aneinandergefügt werden,
    - die Länge L2 des Rohrleitungsendabschnitts (1-1b) einer Länge von 1 bis 10 geradlinig aneinander gefügten Rohrleitungseinzelelementen entspricht, vorzugsweise einer Länge L2 von 5 bis 100 m, weiterhin vorzugsweise von nicht mehr als 1 Strang, und
    - die Länge L0 des ersten Rohrleitungsabschnitts (1-1 a) in geradliniger Position von einer Länge ist, die das 150- bis 1000-fache des Außendurchmessers der Rohrleitung ist, was 1/5 bis 1/2 der Tiefe des Meeresbodens entspricht, wobei diese wenigstens 1000 m, vorzugsweise wenigstens 1500 m beträgt, und wobei weiterhin vorzugsweise L0 der Länge von 2 bis 20 geradlinig aneinander gefügten Strängen entspricht.
  6. Verfahren nach Anspruch 4 oder 5, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass:
    - die Führungsmittel wenigstens eine Rolle (6-6) umfassen, deren Achse mit der Rohrleitung fest verbunden ist, und
    - das Blockiermittel von einem mit dem Seil fest verbundenen Blockieranschlag gebildet ist, der, wenn die Rohrleitung geradlinig ist, in einer Länge L1 von der Fixierstelle gelegen ist, die vorzugsweise derart ist, dass die Längendifferenz L0-L1 weniger als oder gleich 25% der Länge L0, vorzugsweise weniger als 10 % der Länge L0 beträgt.
  7. Verfahren nach einem der Ansprüche 4 bis 6, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Rohrleitung erste Auftriebselemente (4a) im Bereich des Rohrleitungsendabschnitts (1-1 b) zwischen einer Fixier- oder Führungsstelle (1 b) und dem unteren Ende (1 c) der Rohrleitung umfasst oder damit zusammenwirkt, um wenigstens das scheinbare Eigengewicht im Wasser des Rohrleitungsendabschnitts (1-1 b) zu kompensieren, vorzugsweise die ersten Auftriebselemente (4a) entlang des Endabschnitts gleichmäßig verteilt sind, so dass weiterhin vorzugsweise der Winkel α1 der Tangente (D1) an die Leitung im Bereich ihres unteren Endes (1 c) kleiner als 45°, weiterhin vorzugsweise kleiner als 30° ist.
  8. Verfahren nach Anspruch 7, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Rohrleitung ferner zusätzliche Auftriebselemente (3b, 4b), die geeignet sind, einen positiven Auftrieb eines Teils des unteren Rohrleitungsteils (1-1) zu erzeugen, umfasst oder damit zusammenwirkt, wobei der positive Auftrieb F allein nicht in der Lage ist, die Krümmung des ersten Rohrleitungsabschnitts (1-1 a) zu erzeugen, wenn kein Spannen P des Seils mit Hilfe der Spannmittel stattfindet, oder die Krümmung zu vergrößern, wenn ein Spannen (P) mit Hilfe der Spannmittel stattfindet.
  9. Verfahren nach Anspruch 8, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Rohrleitung zusätzliche Auftriebselemente (4b), welche geeignet sind, einen positiven Auftrieb zu erzeugen, umfasst, die entlang eines Längenteils (L3) des ersten Rohrleitungsabschnitts (1-1a), der sich von der den ersten Rohrleitungsabschnitt (1-1a) und den Rohrleitungsendabschnitt (1-1b) begrenzenden Fixier- oder Führungsstelle (1 b) aus erstreckt, verteilt sind, wobei der positive Auftrieb allein nicht in der Lage ist, die Krümmung des ersten Rohrleitungsabschnitts (1-1a) zu erzeugen oder zu vergrößern, wenn kein Spannen bzw. ein Spannen (P) des Seils im Bereich der Führungsstelle (1a) stattfindet.
  10. Verfahren nach Anspruch 8 oder 9, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Rohrleitung ferner ein zweites zusätzliches, mit dem unteren Ende (1c) der Rohrleitung zusammenwirkendes Auftriebselement (3b) umfasst oder damit zusammenwirkt, das geeignet ist, in Kombination mit ersten Auftriebselementen (4a), die sich im Wesentlichen über die gesamte Länge (L2) des Rohrleitungsendabschnitts erstrecken, einen positiven Auftrieb des Rohrleitungsendabschnitts (1-1b) zu erzeugen, wobei der positive Auftrieb allein in der Lage ist, eine Krümmung des Rohrleitungsendabschnitts (1-1 b) zu erzeugen, so dass vorzugsweise der Winkel α1 der Tangente (D1) an die Rohrleitung im Bereich ihres unteren Endes (1c) kleiner als 45°, weiterhin vorzugsweise kleiner als 30° ist, wobei aber der positive Auftrieb allein nicht in der Lage ist, die Krümmung des ersten Rohrleitungsabschnitts (1-1 a) zu erzeugen oder zu vergrößern, wenn kein Spannen (P) des Seils (5) im Bereich der Führungsstelle (1a) stattfindet.
  11. Verfahren nach einem der Ansprüche 4 bis 10, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass nach Schritt 4) das Ablegen der Rohrleitung auf dem Meeresgrund durch Durchführen der folgenden zusätzlichen Schritte vollzogen wird, bei denen:
    5) das Verlegeschiff (2) von der am Meeresgrund verankerten Struktur (10) um eine Länge größer als die Länge eines jeden zusätzlichen Strangs, der im Bereich des Verlegeturms (2a) herabgelassen wird, schrittweise entfernt wird, vorzugsweise um eine Länge von 150 % der Länge eines zusätzlichen Strangs, so dass eine Neigung der Rohrleitung an der Oberfläche um einen Winkel β von nicht mehr als 10° gegenüber ihrer vorherigen vertikalen Position am Ende von Schritt 3) erzeugt wird, anschließend
    6) das Herablassen von neuen zusätzlichen Strängen (2-1) sowie das gleichzeitige Bewegen des Schiffes fortgesetzt werden, indem dieses von der am Meeresgrund verankerten Struktur (10) um eine Länge im Wesentlichen gleich der Länge eines jeden zusätzlichen Strangs, der so herabgelassen wird, dass eine Neigung der Rohrleitung an der Oberfläche im Wesentlichen um einen gleichen Winkel β von nicht mehr als 10° beibehalten wird, entfernt wird.
  12. Verfahren zum Ablegen einer Rohrleitung nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 11, in Kombination mit den Ansprüchen 3 und 6, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass ein Spannmittel verwendet wird, das ein an einem Ende (5-1) des Seils befestigter/s Ankerblock oder Gewicht (6-1) mit profilierter Form ist, der/das in seinem unteren Teil (6-1 a) vorzugsweise eine Kegelform aufweist, um zu ermöglichen, dass es sich in den Boden (20) bohren kann, wenn es im Laufe des Verlegens der Rohrleitung auf den Boden trifft, und auch in seinem oberen Teil (6-1 b) profiliert ist, um zu verhindern, dass die Rohrleitung über dem Ankerblock blockiert bleiben kann und dass sich die Rohrleitung dann nicht horizontal auf dem Meeresboden ablegen kann, wenn das untere Teil (6-1 a) des Ankerblocks (6-1) in den Boden (20) gesteckt ist.
  13. Unterwasserrohrleitung, umfassend eine Krümmungsvorrichtung, die für das Ablegen einer Unterwasserrohrleitung auf dem Meeresgrund von einem Überwasser-Verlegeschiff aus nach einem Verfahren gemäß einem der Ansprüche 4 bis 12 nützlich ist, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass sie eine Vorrichtung zum Krümmen eines ersten Unterwasserrohrleitungsabschnitts (1-1a), welcher sich zwischen zwei Fixier- oder Führungsstellen (1a, 1b) erstreckt, umfasst, wobei die Krümmungsvorrichtung wenigstens ein Seil (5) sowie Mittel zum Spannen (6-1 bis 6-5) des Seils zwischen den beiden Fixier- oder Führungsstellen (1 a, 1 b) umfasst, wobei das Seil oder die Spannmittel wenigstens ein Blockiermittel (6-8) umfassen oder damit zusammenwirken, wobei die beiden Fixier- oder Führungsstellen (1a, 1 b) um eine maximale Länge L0 beabstandet sind, wenn der erste Leitungsabschnitt (1-1a) sich in geradliniger Position befindet.
  14. Rohrleitung nach Anspruch 13, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass das Seil (5) an einem Ende (5-2) an einem ersten Winkelblech, das im Bereich einer Fixierstelle (1 b) fest mit der Unterwasserrohrleitung verbunden ist, befestigt ist, wobei die Fixierstelle (1 b) in einem Abstand L2 von dem unteren Ende (1c) der Unterwasserrohrleitung gelegen ist, wenn der Endabschnitt (1-1b) der Unterwasserrohrleitung, der sich zwischen dem unteren Ende (1c) und der Fixierstelle (1 b) erstreckt, geradlinig ist, und das Seil (5) über Seilführungsmittel (6-6, 6-7) läuft, die im Bereich einer Führungsstelle (1a) fest mit der Unterwasserrohrleitung verbunden sind, wobei die Führungsstelle (1a) in einem Abstand L0 von der Fixierstelle (1 b) gelegen ist, wenn der erste Abschnitt (1-1a) der Unterwasserrohrleitung, der sich zwischen der Führungsstelle (1a) und der Fixierstelle (1 b) erstreckt, geradlinig ist, und wobei das Seil mit Spannelementen (6-1, 6-2) zusammenwirkt, die ein Auftriebselement (6-2) oder ein(en) Gewicht oder Ankerblock (6-1) umfassen, das/der mit dem anderen Ende (5-1) des Seils zusammenwirkt und dort eine Spannung mit der Stärke (P) ausübt.
  15. Rohrleitung nach Anspruch 13 oder 14, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Rohrleitung Auftriebselemente (4a, 3b) im Bereich ihres Rohrleitungsendabschnitts (1-1 b) umfasst oder damit zusammenwirkt, wobei die Auftriebselemente (4a, 3b) durch umfangseitige und koaxiale Auftriebselemente, welche in Form von Bojen vorliegen, gebildet sind, die vorzugsweise gleichmäßig voneinander beabstandet sind, um wenigstens das scheinbare Eigengewicht im Wasser des Rohrleitungsendabschnitts (1-1b) mit der Länge L2 zu kompensieren, sowie vorzugsweise ferner Auftriebselemente (4b), die geeignet sind, einen positiven Auftrieb an einem Teil mit der Länge (L3) des ersten Rohrleitungsabschnitts (1-1 a) zu erzeugen, der sich von der Fixier- oder Führungsstelle (1 b) aus erstreckt, welche den Endabschnitt (1-1b) und ersten Abschnitt (1-1 a) der Rohrleitung begrenzt, wobei der positive Auftrieb allein nicht in der Lage ist, die Krümmung des ersten Rohrleitungsabschnitts zu erzeugen oder zu vergrößern, wenn kein Spannen bzw. ein Spannen (P) des Seils mit Hilfe der Spannmittel stattfindet.
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Publication number Publication date
US20130004240A1 (en) 2013-01-03
FR2957649B1 (fr) 2012-05-11
BR112012023250B1 (pt) 2020-12-08
US9476521B2 (en) 2016-10-25
EP2547938A1 (de) 2013-01-23
WO2011114027A1 (fr) 2011-09-22
BR112012023250A2 (pt) 2016-05-17
FR2957649A1 (fr) 2011-09-23

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