EP2454425B1 - Attache de fixation, rail support et procédé d'établissement d'une surface de garniture - Google Patents

Attache de fixation, rail support et procédé d'établissement d'une surface de garniture Download PDF

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Publication number
EP2454425B1
EP2454425B1 EP10728703.9A EP10728703A EP2454425B1 EP 2454425 B1 EP2454425 B1 EP 2454425B1 EP 10728703 A EP10728703 A EP 10728703A EP 2454425 B1 EP2454425 B1 EP 2454425B1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
panel
panels
groove
edge
edges
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Not-in-force
Application number
EP10728703.9A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
Other versions
EP2454425A2 (fr
Inventor
Erich SCHÄFERS
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Akzenta Paneele and Profile GmbH
Original Assignee
Akzenta Paneele and Profile GmbH
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Akzenta Paneele and Profile GmbH filed Critical Akzenta Paneele and Profile GmbH
Publication of EP2454425A2 publication Critical patent/EP2454425A2/fr
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP2454425B1 publication Critical patent/EP2454425B1/fr
Not-in-force legal-status Critical Current
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical

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Classifications

    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04F—FINISHING WORK ON BUILDINGS, e.g. STAIRS, FLOORS
    • E04F13/00—Coverings or linings, e.g. for walls or ceilings
    • E04F13/07—Coverings or linings, e.g. for walls or ceilings composed of covering or lining elements; Sub-structures therefor; Fastening means therefor
    • E04F13/08—Coverings or linings, e.g. for walls or ceilings composed of covering or lining elements; Sub-structures therefor; Fastening means therefor composed of a plurality of similar covering or lining elements
    • E04F13/0801—Separate fastening elements
    • E04F13/0803—Separate fastening elements with load-supporting elongated furring elements between wall and covering elements
    • E04F13/081—Separate fastening elements with load-supporting elongated furring elements between wall and covering elements with additional fastening elements between furring elements and covering elements
    • E04F13/0821—Separate fastening elements with load-supporting elongated furring elements between wall and covering elements with additional fastening elements between furring elements and covering elements the additional fastening elements located in-between two adjacent covering elements
    • E04F13/0826—Separate fastening elements with load-supporting elongated furring elements between wall and covering elements with additional fastening elements between furring elements and covering elements the additional fastening elements located in-between two adjacent covering elements engaging side grooves running along the whole length of the covering elements
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04F—FINISHING WORK ON BUILDINGS, e.g. STAIRS, FLOORS
    • E04F15/00—Flooring
    • E04F15/02—Flooring or floor layers composed of a number of similar elements
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04F—FINISHING WORK ON BUILDINGS, e.g. STAIRS, FLOORS
    • E04F2201/00—Joining sheets or plates or panels
    • E04F2201/01—Joining sheets, plates or panels with edges in abutting relationship
    • E04F2201/0153—Joining sheets, plates or panels with edges in abutting relationship by rotating the sheets, plates or panels around an axis which is parallel to the abutting edges, possibly combined with a sliding movement
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04F—FINISHING WORK ON BUILDINGS, e.g. STAIRS, FLOORS
    • E04F2201/00—Joining sheets or plates or panels
    • E04F2201/05—Separate connectors or inserts, e.g. pegs, pins, keys or strips
    • E04F2201/0523—Separate tongues; Interlocking keys, e.g. joining mouldings of circular, square or rectangular shape

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a mounting bracket and a mounting rail and a method for the construction of cladding surface, in particular for the cladding of building surfaces, with such mounting brackets and mounting rails using known cladding elements.
  • the mountable cladding elements are tongue and groove panels, which are connected without the addition of glue.
  • the well-known mounting system is used for the installation of ceiling and wall coverings.
  • Out DE 297 09 380 U1 is a wall or ceiling paneling known.
  • This includes a generic mounting bracket with a base plate having a bottom and a top, wherein on the upper side of the base plate, a holding element is provided for an edge of a cladding element, and symmetrically arranged on the bottom support arms are arranged to cooperate with a support rail, wherein on the underside the base plate, a rotation guide portion is arranged, and wherein the arranged on the bottom support arms are attached to this rotation guide portion.
  • a generic support rail is off EP 1 728 941 A2 known. This is provided with opposing side surfaces, a top and a bottom, wherein the bottom faces in the mounted state of a building surface, and with symmetrically arranged undercut surfaces for cooperation with the support arms of the mounting bracket, which provides on its top a guide groove, all Undercut surfaces of the support rail are formed behind an opening of the guide groove by areas which extend the guide groove, and wherein the guide groove in the region of the opening has opposite sliding surfaces.
  • Another generic support rail is also off DE 295 20 258 U1 known. From the DE 197 07 564 A1 Furthermore, a method for the construction of cladding surfaces, in particular for the cladding of building surfaces using mounting brackets, mounting rails and trim elements is known.
  • a generic method for the construction of cladding surfaces, in particular for cladding of building surfaces using mounting brackets, mounting rails and trim elements goes out DE 297 09 380 U1 the cladding elements comprising similar panels, provided that at least two parallel panel edges are provided with tongue and groove, support rails being mounted at a distance parallel to one another and the panels being applied crossing over the support rails, and one each Slideway generated between the mounting bracket and the support rail and the mounting bracket is pushed against the groove edge of the panels, whereby the groove edge is fixed to the support rail.
  • the panel edges have tongue and groove distally disposed with respect to the panel body. The free end of the spring is laterally from the panel edge and the slot opening is also provided laterally on the corresponding panel edge.
  • the mounting rails can be attached to a building surface, for example.
  • the panels can be arranged horizontally or vertically.
  • the support rails are mounted perpendicular to the floor on a wall.
  • the horizontal row of panels then load each other.
  • the mounting brackets can move along in the longitudinal direction of the support rail.
  • the joints of the panels remain closed because one row of panels rests on the other.
  • a panel surface When mounted on a ceiling, a panel surface expands when heated overall. When the cladding surface cools, the individual panels begin to shrink. The panels of the outer rows of the cladding surface tend to remain in place. Within the cladding surface thereby open joints of the panels. It forms joints. This effect can be limited after the DE 197 07 564 A1 with a so-called locking device which serves to fix the mounting bracket to the mounting rail. Ideally, the mounting bracket should be latched in steps of 1 mm distance. The joint opening is counteracted thereby.
  • the invention has for its object to provide a simple alternative for a mounting bracket and a mounting rail and an improved method for the construction of a cladding for building surfaces with such mounting brackets and mounting rails using known cladding elements for building surfaces.
  • a mounting bracket which provides that the holding element is formed on the upper side of the base plate as a retaining claw, which in a groove and provides that the retaining element is formed on the upper side of the base plate as a retaining claw, which fits into a tongue and groove connection, with positively engaging behind groove and spring edges prevent moving apart of the panels in their plane and perpendicular to the respective edges.
  • the underside of the base plate is designed to abut in the assembled state at the top of a mounting rail and on the one hand to achieve a holding effect via frictional contact and on the other hand to act as a sliding surface.
  • a support rail in which the guide groove is formed as a Y-shaped groove.
  • the Y-shaped groove has undercut surfaces, which are arranged symmetrically with respect to each other with respect to the top of the support rail.
  • the angle of this oblique arrangement is preferably adapted to the angle of the V-shaped support arms of the mounting bracket.
  • the mounting rail is conveniently made of wood or a wood material made of crushed wood.
  • the support rail made of plastic or metal, such as an extruded metal profile or a sheet metal profile.
  • the metal may be, for example, aluminum or steel.
  • the above-mentioned method for the construction of cladding surfaces is complemented by the fact that the sliding fit is generated by a rotational movement of the mounting bracket in a guide groove of the support rail, and that form-locking lockable panels are used, the tongue and groove edge are locked together and form-locking after locking engage behind, with positively engaging behind groove and spring edges of the cladding element or panels prevent a disassembly of the cladding elements or panels in their plane and perpendicular to the respective edges.
  • the positive tongue and groove edges are not limited to those with distal arrangement of tongue and groove according to the invention. It can also be positive panel edges, whose tongue and groove are arranged laterally, so that a substantially perpendicular to the panel plane oriented joining movement is used to assemble the panel edges. These include panel edges with hook elements whose hook profiles have areas that interact as a groove and spring that can be inserted vertically into one another.
  • the mounting bracket must be rotated in the guide groove through an angle that is approximately in the range of 45 ° to 90 °, so that the support arms of the mounting bracket come into contact with the undercut surfaces in the guide groove.
  • the locking is made by angling, wherein a new panel is always attached to the panel of the previous row obliquely to this, so that the spring edge of the new panel is brought into contact with the fixed groove edge of the previous panel and the new panel by pivoting in the plane of the fixed panel is positively locked to the fixed panel.
  • the positively engaging behind groove and spring edges prevent moving apart of the panels in their plane and perpendicular to the respective edges.
  • An expansion / shrinkage of the cladding surface occurs in principle in all directions of the panel plane.
  • a wall or ceiling can be provided with a quasi-floating cladding surface.
  • the sliding fit favors the expansion direction parallel to the mounting rails.
  • the panels can also stretch, because between the provided on the mounting bracket claw and the groove edge of a panel, a relative movement is possible.
  • a cladding surface should be able to expand freely at its edges.
  • a distance is left at the lateral edges of the cladding surface, through which an expansion joint is formed so that the cladding surface can expand unhindered in this direction. If necessary, a distance is also left towards the ceiling of a room, through which an expansion joint is also formed in order to allow an expansion of the covering surface upwards.
  • On the floor sit the panels of a wall paneling.
  • a distance is left everywhere, where it reaches up to a wall in order to form an expansion joint there as well.
  • the rotation guide portion of the mounting bracket is disposed on a cylindrical peripheral portion.
  • the cylinder diameter of the rotation guide region can be adapted to the width of the opening of the guide groove of the mounting rail.
  • the rotary guide region can be designed, for example, such that it can be displaced after being screwed in with slight play or with a slight oversize in the opening of the guide groove of the mounting rail. By choosing play or oversize, a firm or loose sliding fit can be created.
  • the support arms of the mounting bracket may be arranged in a V-shape relative to each other and run towards each other in the direction of the base plate. It is favorable if the undercut surfaces of the mounting rail are adapted to the angle of the support arms.
  • the generation of the sliding seat by the Rotary movement of the mounting bracket in the guide groove of the support rail is particularly comfortable with V-shaped support arms. This is because this V-shaped design counteracts jamming during the rotational movement.
  • An embodiment of the mounting bracket is provided to fix a groove edge into which the spring of a neighboring panel is still inserted.
  • This embodiment of the mounting bracket is designed so that the retaining element is formed on the upper side of the base plate as a retaining claw, which fits into a tongue and groove connection.
  • the handling can be improved if the retaining claw is arranged on an edge of the base plate, that the base plate remains visible during assembly to the groove edge and is only covered by the following panel.
  • the direction of rotation for the generation of the sliding fit is then to be selected so that the retaining claw faces the groove edge of the panel to be fixed at the end of the rotary movement.
  • An alternative mounting bracket provides at the top of the base plate before a holding element, which is designed as a retaining groove so that it surrounds a panel edge in the mounted state.
  • the encompassed panel edge may optionally be a groove edge or a spring edge.
  • This alternative mounting bracket is useful for fixing the outer panel rows of a panel surface. There is no need to add another neighbor panel here.
  • the retaining channel is expediently arranged on the edge of the base plate. However, its opening is directed to the center of the base plate and the floor of the retaining groove forms the outer edge of the mounting bracket. Because of this design, the mounting bracket is covered in the assembled state of the panel, the edge embraces it. Because the panel to be fixed covers the mounting bracket, this alternative can be mounted very close to an adjacent building surface. An assembly of the above Clamp with claw would not be possible there because of lack of space.
  • a third embodiment of a mounting bracket is provided on the upper side of the base plate with a holding element, which is designed as a clamping element.
  • a holding element which is designed as a clamping element.
  • a special cladding element is fixed, namely a U-shaped so-called border profile.
  • border profiles are known. They are commonly used to protect the edges of the panel at the edges of a panel, or for aesthetic reasons, for example, to provide a clean finish. Both the panels and the edging profiles are among the cladding elements because they determine the visual appearance of the cladding surface.
  • a border profile can be provided at the lower end of the wall, which surrounds the panel edges of the lower panels. As a result, a visually clean completion of the cladding surface is formed.
  • the clamping element of the mounting bracket is designed so that it fixes a leg of a border profile.
  • a slot opening of the clamping element is turned to the edge of the cladding surface.
  • Einutzprofile with a long and a short leg.
  • the long leg of the bordering profile is fixed with the clamping element.
  • a border profile can also be used for a clean finish on an upper end of a wall cladding or as a termination for the edges of a ceiling cladding.
  • the mounting bracket is a relatively small component. It is suitably formed from sheet metal. So that the sheet on the Carrier rail applies as little as possible, it has a thickness which is preferably smaller than 1 mm.
  • the mounting bracket may alternatively be formed of plastic or any other suitable material. An assembly of many mounting brackets by hand is tedious in the long run.
  • mounting bracket has a rotational drive, which allows for the purpose of mounting a tool to set in order to transmit a rotary motion.
  • the rotational drive is arranged in the center of the base plate.
  • At least one first connection contour may be provided on the underside of the support rail, and the opposite side surfaces may have at least one second connection contour, which is designed to be complementary to the first connection contour.
  • edges of the cladding elements or panels are several alternatives.
  • suitable methods are available for connecting or locking the transverse edges.
  • the panels are generally provided with four edges, namely the tongue and groove edges described above and two additional transverse edges, which also extend are opposite.
  • the transverse edge of a new panel is always connected to a neighboring panel of the same row of panels, as long as at least one panel already exists in the panel row.
  • the spring edge of the new panel is always connected to the previous row of panels.
  • the transverse edges of the panels also have tongue and groove edges. These can preferably also be designed positively and prevent movement apart perpendicular to the edge and in the panel plane; they are then preferably connected by an angle, so that they engage behind form-fitting after being angled.
  • the spring transverse edge of a new panel is first connected to the groove transverse edge of a panel in the same row of panels and then connected under torsion of the panel of the same panel row and tilt of the new panel relative to the previous panel row, the spring edge of the new panel with the groove edge of the panels of the previous row.
  • Another method is to first connect a new panel with the previous row of panels so that it is positively connected and is in the same plane as the previous panel row, and then the spring transverse edge with elastic expansion of the groove transverse edge frontally into each other.
  • transverse edges of the panels have complementary hook profiles, and that the hook profiles are joined together by being brought into contact with each other in a substantially scissor-like manner.
  • a development of the transverse edges with hook profiles provides that at least the hook profile of a transverse edge comprises a separate blocking element and the complementary hook element comprises a recess cooperating with the blocking element and having a blocking surface.
  • the transverse edges are locked by the hook profiles are joined together and the locking element is moved into the recess.
  • the blocking element can have elastic properties and absorb elastic energy by elastic deformation, so that it can move automatically into the recess.
  • An alternative provides a blocking element that is moved without any elastic deformation by forces from the outside into the recess.
  • a fastening system which has at least one fastening clip according to one of claims 1 to 8 and at least one mounting rail according to one of claims 9 to 11.
  • a cladding system which comprises the aforementioned fastening system and includes known cladding elements.
  • the cladding elements suitably comprise similar panels, with the proviso that each panel of said type is provided at least at two parallel edges with tongue and groove, wherein one of the groove walls of the groove edge of the panel on its inside is provided with a recess, and wherein the spring of the spring edge of the panel on one of the spring sides has a laterally projecting spring portion which is formed in a form-fitting manner for recessing the groove wall.
  • the laterally protruding spring region fits together with the depression in the groove wall of a neighboring panel of the type mentioned.
  • the cladding elements may additionally comprise the mentioned border profiles.
  • a known floor panel can be used if it has at least two opposite positively fitting groove and spring edges, which can be joined together using the single-angle method described above.
  • floor panels There are a variety of floor panels that meet this requirement. For example, parquet panels, panels with real wood veneer, laminate panels, panels made of wood-plastic composite material, etc. are provided with corresponding tongue and groove edges.
  • the transverse edges of known floor panels vary. There are known floor panels whose transverse edges by angle (English: angle), by snap (English: snap) or by folding (English: fold down) are joined together.
  • the known floor panels can be used for wall cladding, the rows of panels parallel to the floor to be ordered. Fortunately, the construction of the panel is then started with the bottom row of panels. The laying direction on the wall is then reversed, as the "line by line” installation direction, with the same floor panels would be laid on the floor. That is, left-right laying for a floor surface means right-to-left laying for a wall covering when erected from the bottom up.
  • the fastening system 1 comprises fastening clamps according to the invention and mounting rails according to the invention, which interact with the fastening clamps.
  • the cladding surface F to be erected with it can in particular cover a wall or a ceiling of a building. However, it is also possible to construct freestanding constructions, behind the covering surface F of which there is no building surface hides.
  • FIGS. 1a-1c show side views of a mounting rail 3, on which a mounting bracket 4 is arranged.
  • the mounting bracket 4 has a base plate 5, on which a holding element H in the form of a retaining claw 6 is arranged.
  • the panel 2 is shown, the groove edge 7 is shown.
  • the groove edge 7 is to be fixed to the mounting rail 3.
  • the panel 2 also has a spring edge which, for the sake of simplicity, is not shown here.
  • the mounting bracket 4 has been mounted at a distance L from the groove edge of the panel 2 on the support rail 3.
  • the connection between the mounting bracket 4 and the support rail 3 is designed as a sliding fit, so that the mounting bracket 4 in the longitudinal direction of the support rail 3 is displaceable.
  • Fig. 1b the mounting bracket 4 has been moved in the direction of the groove edge 7.
  • Your holding claw 6 has gotten in contact with a groove wall 8 of the groove edge 7 and fixes the panel 2.
  • the retaining claw 6 is designed so that the groove edge 7 of the panel 2, if it is fixed so no longer perpendicular to the panel plane of the support rail. 3 can remove.
  • a new second panel 2 ' is shown which is identical to the first panel 2.
  • the panel 2 ' has a groove edge and a spring edge, wherein for the sake of simplicity, only the spring edge 9 of the new panel 2' is shown.
  • the panel 2 ' is attached obliquely to the plane of the fixed panel 2 with its spring edge 9 ahead of the groove edge 7 of the fixed panel 2 and the panel edges brought into contact.
  • the new panel 2 ' is moved by a pivoting movement E in the plane of the fixed panel 2 and in this way positively connected to the first panel 2.
  • This joining movement is in the jargon as - Angle - called.
  • the angle is in one of the retaining claw 6 of the mounting bracket 4 between the groove edge 7 of the panel 2 and the spring edge 9 of the panel 2 'edged. Since the mounting bracket 4 is slidably connected to the mounting rail 3, the mounting bracket 4 can slide when the panels 2 and 2 'in the longitudinal direction of the support rail 3 stretch / shrink. An expansion / shrinkage of the panels in their plane and transversely to the longitudinal direction of the support rail 3 is also possible. This is because a relative movement between the retaining claw 6 and the locked panel edges (7, 9) is possible.
  • Fig. 2 shows according to the section line II-II Fig. 1a the cross section of a support rail 3 with a top 10, on which a guide groove 11 is provided, as well as a longitudinally slidably movable therein mounting bracket 4.
  • the guide groove 11 is designed as a Y-shaped groove.
  • the mounting bracket 4 has a base plate 5, which rests with an underside 13 on the upper side 10 of the support rail 3.
  • On the bottom 13 of the base plate 5 are two support arms 15a and 15b. These are in contact with undercut surfaces 16 a, 16 b, which are provided within the guide groove 11.
  • the narrowest point of the guide groove 11 forms its facing the top 10 of the support rail 3 opening 17.
  • the mounting bracket 4 has in turn on the underside 13 of its base plate 5 on a rotary guide portion 18 which with the sliding surfaces 17 a and 17b of the guide groove 11 is in contact and cooperates with these.
  • the support arms 15 a and 15 b of the mounting bracket 4 are disposed on the rotation guide portion 18.
  • the support arms 15a and 15b occupy a V-shaped position relative to one another.
  • the position of the undercut surfaces 16 a and 16 b of the guide groove 11 is adapted to the design of the support arms 15 a and 15 b of the mounting bracket. 4
  • the sliding seat may be configured as a fixed sliding seat by biasing the support arms 15a and 15b against the undercut surfaces 16a and 16b of the guide groove 11 and / or the rotation guide portion 18 with bias between the sliding surfaces 17a and 17b of the guide groove 11 is seated.
  • the sliding fit can be designed as a loose sliding fit by the support arms 15a and 15b with clearance abut the undercut surfaces 16a and 16b of the guide groove 11 and / or the rotary guide portion 18 with clearance between the sliding surfaces 17a and 17b of the guide groove 11 sits. Between support arms / undercut surfaces bias or play can be provided. Independently of this, either preload or play can be provided between the rotary guide region / sliding surfaces.
  • the underside 13 of the base plate 5 in the mounted state frictional contact with the top 10 of the support rail 3, whereby a holding effect is achieved, for example, in a wall covering.
  • Part of the weight of the top-loading panels 2 ' is received by the mounting bracket 4 and in which the carrier rail 3 is transmitted. So does not load the entire weight of a wall covering on the lower panel row P1.
  • the support rail 3 On a bottom 19, the support rail 3 has a connection contour, which is designed as a groove 20. On side surfaces 21 and 22 of the support rail 3 each have a complementary connection contour is provided, which fits the groove 20 of the Bottom 19 is formed as a connecting spring 23 and 24 respectively.
  • Fig. 2a The preparation of the sliding seat of the mounting bracket 4 in the guide groove 11 of the support rail 3 is in Fig. 2a clarified.
  • the fastening clip 4 is first brought into contact with the upper side 10 of the mounting rail 3 in the position I drawn with a dashed line.
  • the support arms 15a and 15b of the mounting bracket 4 are aligned approximately in the longitudinal direction of the guide groove 11 of the support rail 3.
  • the support arms 15a and 15b have a width S which is smaller than the width W of the opening 17 of the guide groove 11. Therefore, the support arms 15a and 15b fit with much play into the opening 17 of the guide groove 11.
  • the support arms 15a and 15b have in Position I still no contact with the undercut surfaces 16 a and 16 b of the guide groove. 3
  • the rotation guide portion 18 has opposite arcuate rotation surfaces 25a and 25b disposed on a cylindrical surface.
  • the support arms 15a and 15b are disposed at the edges of the rotation surfaces 25a and 25b.
  • the distance of the rotation surfaces 25a and 25b from each other corresponds to the diameter D, on which the rotation surfaces 25a and 25b are located.
  • This diameter D corresponds in each case to the width W of the opening 17 of the guide groove 11 of the support rail 3, but with some play or some excess may be provided to achieve a loose or firm sliding fit for the mounting bracket 4.
  • the mounting bracket 4 is rotated from the position I in the direction of rotation T.
  • a position II is shown, in which the support arms 15a and 15b have already come into contact with the undercut surfaces 16a and 16b of the guide groove 11 and the rotational surfaces 25a and 25b have been contacted with the sliding surfaces 17a and 17b of Guide groove 11.
  • a rotational drive Q is provided in the center of the base plate 5 of the mounting bracket 4 provided in order to attach a tool for mounting, with which a rotational movement in the mounting bracket 4 is to be transmitted.
  • the rotational drive Q is formed in the present embodiment as an elongated slot 26 into which fits the tip of a screwdriver.
  • a support column 27 is shown. This is made up of three mounting rails 3, 3 'and 3 "according to Fig. 2 composed.
  • Support pillars 27 of this type can be used for a stud work with which walls can be erected, for example for the interior construction of buildings
  • the middle support rail 3 is connected via the connection springs 23 and 24 provided on its opposite side surfaces 21 and 22 to the connection groove 20 'provided on the lower side 19' of the support rail 3 'and as well with the at the bottom 19 "of the support rail 3" provided connection groove 20 ".
  • FIGS. 3a-3c show in three views the mounting bracket 4 according to the Figures 1 to 2a , This is symmetrical. It comprises the base plate 5 with the top 14, the bottom 13 and a thickness t of example 0.5 mm, the rotary guide portion 18 on the bottom 13 and a holding member in the form of a retaining claw 6 on the upper side 14 of the base plate 5, symmetrically opposed support arms 15a and 15b, which are arranged on the rotary guide portion 18, wherein the rotary guide portion 18 symmetrically arranged rotational surfaces 25a and 25b, which lie on a cylindrical peripheral portion.
  • the base plate 5 also has friction regions 28 and 29, which come into contact with the upper side 10 of the support rail 3 during assembly and in the assembled state of a cladding surface F have frictional contact with the upper side 10 of the support rail 3.
  • the rotary guide region 18 with the support arms 15a and 15b and the slot 26 for the tool are arranged approximately centrally.
  • the friction regions 28 and 29 are provided on both sides of the rotation guide region 18.
  • a first friction area 28 has pairs of friction tabs 28a / 28b. These have a span M, which is greater than the width W of the opening 17 of the guide groove 11 of the support rail 3.
  • the first friction region 28 is disposed between the rotation guide portion 18 and the retaining claw 6.
  • a second friction region 29 has pairwise friction tabs 29a / 29b whose span N is greater than that of the first friction region 28.
  • Fig. 3c It is shown that the support arms 15a and 15b are arranged approximately V-shaped to each other. In a rotating joining movement for connection to the support rail 3, this favors the handling, because the outer edges of the support arms 15a and 15b initially have a large distance to the undercut surfaces 16a and 16b of the support rail 3, which decreases with increasing path of rotational movement, and in During the rotational movement, a contact with the undercut surfaces 16a and 16b comes about.
  • Fig. 4 is an embodiment of a cladding surface F for a wall and a method for establishing the Cladding surface F shown. It is used a plurality of components, such as mounting brackets, mounting rails and panels. Support rails 3, 3 'and 3 "are mounted perpendicularly to the floor B (vertically) at a distance from one another on a building wall, using known connection means, for example screws and dowels, for displaying various paneling elements, namely panels 2, 2'. and 2 "and on the other hand, a bordering profile 30, which is arranged at the lower end of the wall. The panels 2, 2 'and 2 "are arranged transversely to the support rails 3 and 3' as well as parallel to the floor B.
  • the surround profile 30 forms a straight base for the lower row of panels P1, which for example facilitates the manufacture in a building with uneven floor B.
  • Both the border profile 30 and the panels 2, 2 'and 2 are connected to the support rails 3, 3' and 3" via mounting brackets 4.
  • a special mounting bracket 4 for the bordering profile 30 becomes below Fig. 7 described.
  • the panels 2, 2 'and 2 are those which are preferably mounted row by row from right to left when mounted on a wall
  • the user shown adds a new panel 2' in the third panel row P3 In this third row of panels P3
  • a panel 2 "is mounted and its groove edge 7" is fixed with a mounting bracket 4 arranged on the mounting rail 3.
  • the user has attached the new panel 2 'with its spring edge 9' to a groove edge 7 of the panel 2 of the previous panel row P2 corresponds to the in Fig. 1c shown situation.
  • the groove edge 7 'of the new panel 2' is still removed from the mounting rail 3 ', so that an inclination of the new panel by an angle ⁇ between the panel 2' and building wall or mounting rail 3 'results. From this inclination, the new panel 2 'by a pivoting movement about its spring edge 9' according to arrow E in Fig. 1c moved into the plane of the panel surface F. This results in the positive connection between the spring edge 9 'of the new panel 2' and the groove edge 7 of the Panels 2 of the previous panel row P2, which are in Fig. 1d shown in detail.
  • FIG. 4 complementary hook profiles provided along transverse edges of the panels 2 'and 2 ", namely an upper hook profile 31' of the panel 2 'and a lower hook profile 32" of the panel 2.
  • the hook profiles 31' and 32" are substantially interlocked in a kind of scissor movement ,
  • the scissor movement of the transverse edges 31 '/ 32 "as well as the previously described pivotal movement for the connection of the edges 7/9' of the new panel 2 'and the panel 2 of the previous panel row P2 is an integrated movement
  • the new panel 2 ' is connected almost simultaneously at two of its edges (9' and 31 ') to the neighboring panel 2 "in panel row P3 and the panel 2 of the previous panel row P2.
  • Fig. 4a ties in Fig. 4 and shows how a to the support rail 3 'attached mounting bracket 4' has just been pushed against the groove edge 7 'of the new panel 2'.
  • the retaining claw 6 'of the mounting bracket 4' the groove edge 7 'according to Fig. 1b , Where the mounting bracket 4 'is pushed against the groove edge 7' of the new panel 2 ', the groove edge 7' can no longer further from the top 10 'of the support rail 3' remove.
  • the new panel 2 'crosses a further support rail 3' and 3 " its groove edge 7 'is likewise fixed with a fastening clip 4', which the user pushes against the groove edge 7 '.
  • the simplest type of hook profiles 31 'and 32 " is in Fig. 5a shown.
  • the aforementioned undercut surfaces 33 'and 34 "of the hook profiles 31' and 32" are integrally formed with a core K and K 'of the panel 2' and 2 ", respectively.
  • the design example of the transverse edges according to Fig. 5b has a blocking element 35 ", the blocking element 35" being provided for the purpose of a locking acting perpendicular to the plane of the lining surface F. It counteracts a movement apart of the transverse edges perpendicular to the plane of the cladding surface F.
  • the blocking element 35 is arranged on the hook profile 32". It is resilient and can be deformed so that it temporarily releases the joining path Y for the complementary hook profile 31 'so that it can be inserted into the hook profile 32 "provided with the blocking element 35".
  • the desired deformation of the blocking element 35 "takes place automatically during the joining movement, namely when the complementary hook profile 31 'comes into contact with the blocking element 35".
  • the elastic deformation of the blocking element 35" is also at least partially reversed, in that the blocking element expands into a recess 36' provided in the complementary hook profile 31 '.
  • the locking element 35 "then locks a backward facing apart movement of the hook profiles 31 'and 32" vertically to the cladding surface F very reliable.
  • Fig. 5c shows a design example of the transverse edges with an alternative blocking element 37 ".
  • This blocking element 37" fulfills the same function as the aforementioned blocking element 35 ". It acts automatically by taking advantage of elastic properties.
  • FIG. 5d Another design example of the transverse edges shows Fig. 5d , Here is on one of the hook profiles 32 "a blocking element 38" in a profile surface 39 "of the hook profile 32" inserted.
  • the profile surface 39 “has a recess 40” for receiving the blocking element 38 ".
  • the visible edge 38a" of the blocking element 38 "does not protrude from the profile surface 39".
  • the joining path Y for the complementary hook profile 31 ' is free.
  • the hook profile 31 ' can be freely moved into the hook profile 32 ".
  • the blocking element 38 "and the hook profile 32" equipped therewith are designed such that after the hook profiles 31 'and 32 "are joined together, the blocking element 38" can be moved by an externally acting force in such a way that it thereby protrudes from the profile surface 39 ".
  • the hook profile 32 "emerges.
  • the external force is introduced at an end face 41 "of the locking element 38” in this. This can be done, for example, by a new panel which is mounted in the following panel row and presses with its spring edge against the end face 41 "of the locking element 38” and pushes this.
  • This sliding movement G must be converted into a movement component C transversely to the sliding movement G.
  • the movement component C causes the blocking element 38 "to emerge from the profile surface 39" of the hook profile 32 " 40 "provided at least one inclined surface on which a sliding movement of the locking element 38" can take place.
  • Fig. 5e shows another design example of the transverse edges. They act as a form-locking cooperating groove edge 32a "and spring edge 31a.” They act to move apart perpendicularly to the edge and in the panel plane, for example by connecting the spring transverse edge 31a 'of the new panel 2' to the groove transverse edge 32a ". of the panel 2 "of the same row of panels is connected, and then with torsion of the panel 2" the new panel 2 'relative to the previous row of panels at an angle ⁇ (corresponding to ⁇ in Fig. 4 ) and is inserted into the groove edge 7 of the panel 2 of the previous panel row P2. Then the panels 2 'and 2 "can be pivoted into the plane of the panel surface F.
  • FIG. 6a-6t A variety of design examples for cooperating groove edges 7 and spring edges 9 is in the Figures 6a-6t shown.
  • the design examples 6a-6s are known profiles with groove and tongue arranged distally to the panel body. After the Figures 6a-6s The panels can be joined together by angling.
  • the design examples according to the Figures 6d, 6r and 6s can optionally be joined together in the panel level, in which the tongue and groove edges are moved frontal to each other and reach one another positively under elastic deformation.
  • the design example according to Fig. 6t provides tongue and groove edges in the form of hook profiles. In the hook profiles areas are provided which have a laterally arranged to the panel body spring or groove.
  • a cladding surface F is in Fig. 7 shown.
  • This cladding surface F may be a wall or a ceiling cladding.
  • the mounting rail 3 is fastened with screws 42 to a substrate 43.
  • the substrate 43 may be a ceiling or a wall.
  • a second type of mounting bracket 44 surrounds a groove edge 7 'of a panel 2'.
  • a third type of fastening clip 45 fixes a bordering profile 30.
  • the bordering profile 30 is provided on an edge of the lining surface F.
  • the second mounting bracket 44 and the third mounting bracket 45 are used at the edge of a trim panel F to protect the panel edges or, for example for visual reasons, to create a clean finish.
  • the second mounting bracket 44 includes, as mentioned, the groove edge 7 'and is suitably designed so that they could also encompass a free spring edge 9' of the panel 2 '.
  • the third mounting bracket 45 including the border profile 30 is in Fig. 7 combined with the spring edge 9 of the panel 2.
  • the fastening clip 45 can also be provided on a groove edge 7 '.
  • the second mounting bracket 44 or the third mounting bracket 45 can be used.
  • the Figures 8a-8c show three views of the second mounting bracket 44.
  • This is symmetrical. It comprises a base plate 5 with an underside 13 and an upper side 14, a rotation guide region 18 on the underside 13. It differs only by another retaining element H of the mounting bracket 4 according to Fig. 3a , Instead of a retaining element H in the form of a retaining claw namely a U-shaped retaining groove 46 is provided.
  • This has two side walls 46a and 46b and a bottom 46c.
  • a side wall 46 a is formed from a portion of the base plate 5.
  • the retaining groove 46 can optionally encompass a groove edge 7 'or a spring edge 9' of a panel 2 '.
  • the width of the retaining channel 46 is dimensioned slightly larger than the thickness of the panel 2 ', which is encompassed. This, so that the panel 2 'fits into the retaining channel 46 with some play.
  • the side wall 46b of the holding groove 46, which is opposite to the base plate 5, is visible in a finished cladding surface F.
  • the panel 2 ' should abut as possible on this visible side wall 46b.
  • a positioning element 47 is provided on the base plate 5, which projects into the holding groove 46 and a panel 2 'always from the base plate 5 is positioned away toward the opposite side wall 46b.
  • the retaining channel 46 is arranged so that its bottom 46c forms the outer edge of the base plate 5. Because of this design, the mounting bracket 44 is covered in the mounted state of the panel 2 ', the groove edge 7' or spring edge 9 'surrounds them. Because the panel 2 'to be fixed covers the mounting bracket 44, this alternative can be mounted very close to an adjacent building surface 48.
  • the second mounting bracket 44 is the Figures 8a-8c identical to the mounting bracket 4 according to the figures 3a-3c. In this respect, the description of the FIGS. 3a-3c directed.
  • the third mounting bracket 45 is in the three views of Figures 9a-9c shown. This is largely identical to the second mounting bracket 44. It differs by another holding element. Instead of a retaining element H in the form of a retaining channel, a clamping element 49 is provided, with which a bordering profile 30 shown with a dashed line can be fixed.
  • the border profile 30 is standard. There are known Einutzprofile 30 with a long leg 30a and a short leg 30b. Usually border profiles 30 are used to protect the cladding elements, such as panels or tiles, at the edges of a cladding surface, or, for example, for aesthetic reasons, to provide a clean finish.
  • the clamping element 49 of the third mounting bracket 45 is designed so that it can fix a leg 30 a of a bordering profile 30.
  • it has two side walls 49a and 49b and a bottom 49c.
  • the side wall 49 a is formed from a portion of the base plate 5.
  • the opposite side wall 49b has a greater height R than the corresponding side wall 46b of the retaining groove 46 of the second mounting bracket 44.
  • the free end of the side wall 49b extends to the elongated slot 26 provided in the center of the base plate 5 for attachment of a screwdriver ,
  • Fig. 10 shows a cladding surface F for a building wall, in which the cladding elements are mounted in the form of panels 2 perpendicular to the floor B. Support rails 3 and 3 'are arranged parallel to the floor B.
  • Fig. 11 represents a staircase and one on a building wall stair-step-shaped arranged panel surface F here.
  • the support rails 3 and 3 ' are attached to the building wall at an angle ⁇ , which corresponds to the stair slope.
  • mounting brackets 4 are used and their holding claw aligned so that they rest against the groove edge of the panels 2.
  • the mounting brackets 4 are arranged approximately in a "position II", as in Fig. 2a is shown and described. That is, the axis of symmetry Z of the mounting bracket 4 is angularly offset from the longitudinal axis of the support rail 3 and 3 '. In this position II, the support arms 15a and 15b, with which the mounting bracket 4 is held in the guide groove 11 of the support rail 3, already a sufficiently strong connection to the support rail. 3
  • Fig. 12 shows the profile of a support rail made of metal 3. This profile can be folded from a sheet or it is an extruded profile. In the longitudinal direction of the support rail 3 holes 50 and slots 51 are introduced into the canted or extruded profile to attach the support rail 3 to a substrate 43 can, for example with screws.
  • An alternative mounting bracket 52 is based on the characters 13a to 13c shown. This has substantially the same features as the mounting bracket 4. Therefore, a detailed description of the mounting bracket 52 to the description of the FIGS. 3a-3c directed.
  • the mounting bracket 52 differs by a different position of the holding element H.
  • a holding claw 6 is provided as a holding element H.
  • the retaining claw 6 is arranged at a different location than in the embodiment of Fig. 4 , Namely, it is located on the upper side 14, specifically in an area where, opposite to the underside 13, the rotary guide area is formed with the support arms 15a and 15b.
  • a slot 26 is provided on which a screwdriver can be attached to the mounting bracket 52 lighter by a rotational movement, as in Fig. 2a shown to be able to attach to a mounting rail. Because after Fig. 13a the retaining claw 6 is located near the center of the bottom plate, a user can grip the retaining claw with his fingers to rotate the mounting bracket 52. It could therefore be dispensed with the slot 26 in a simple embodiment.
  • Fig. 13b It can be seen clearly that the retaining claw 6 on the upper side 14 faces the rotary guide region 18 with the support arm 15a. This measure increases the strength of the mounting bracket 52. This because in the mounted state, the bottom 13 where the retaining claw is 6, is held securely by the opposite support arms 15 a and 15 b on a mounting rail.
  • the retaining claw 6 is easier in the mounted state of a support rail away move. This is because the retaining claw 6 is arranged at a distance from the support arms 15a and 15b on the bottom plate 5 and the bottom plate 5 is elastically deformable.

Landscapes

  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Architecture (AREA)
  • Civil Engineering (AREA)
  • Structural Engineering (AREA)
  • Finishing Walls (AREA)
  • Leg Units, Guards, And Driving Tracks Of Cranes (AREA)
  • Lift-Guide Devices, And Elevator Ropes And Cables (AREA)
  • Conveying And Assembling Of Building Elements In Situ (AREA)

Claims (14)

  1. Attache de fixation (4, 44, 45) comportant une plaque de base (5) ayant une face inférieure (13) et une face supérieure (14), la face supérieure (14) de la plaque de base (5) présentant un élément de maintien pour un chant d'un élément d'habillage en forme de panneau (2, 2', 2") et la face inférieure (13) présentant des bras porteurs (15a, 15b) disposés symétriquement destinés à interagir avec un rail porteur (3, 3', 3"), la face inférieure (13) de la plaque de base (5) comportant une zone de guidage en rotation (18) et les bras porteurs (15a, 15b) disposés sur la face inférieure (13) étant fixés à la zone de guidage en rotation (18), caractérisée en ce que l'élément de maintien (H) sur la face supérieure (14) de la plaque de base (5) est conçu comme griffe de maintien (6), qui s'insère dans un assemblage à rainure et languette, les bords de la rainure et de la languette engagés l'un derrière l'autre par complémentarité de forme empêchant les panneaux de s'écarter dans leur plan ainsi que perpendiculairement aux chants concernés.
  2. Attache de fixation (4, 44, 45) selon la revendication 1, caractérisée en ce que la zone de guidage en rotation (18) est disposée sur une zone périphérique de forme cylindrique.
  3. Attache de fixation (4, 44, 45) selon la revendication 1 ou 2, caractérisée en ce que les bras porteurs (15a, 15b) sont disposés en V l'un par rapport à l'autre, les bras porteurs (15a, 15b) convergeant l'un vers l'autre en direction de la plaque de base (5).
  4. Attache de fixation (4, 44, 45) selon l'une des revendications 1 à 3, caractérisée en ce que l'élément de maintien (H) sur la face supérieure (14) de la plaque de base (5) est conçu en tant que goulotte de maintien (46) qui, à l'état monté, entoure un chant de panneau (7').
  5. Attache de fixation (4, 44, 45) selon l'une des revendications 1 à 3, caractérisée en ce que l'élément de maintien (H) sur la face supérieure (14) de la plaque de base (5) est conçu en tant qu'élément de serrage (49) avec lequel peut être fixé un profilé d'encadrement (30) en forme de U.
  6. Attache de fixation (4, 44, 45) selon l'une des revendications 1 à 5, caractérisée en ce que la plaque de base (5) présente en son centre un élément d'entraînement en rotation (Q) qui permet, en vue du montage, de placer un outil afin de transmettre un mouvement de rotation.
  7. Attache de fixation (4, 44, 45) selon la revendication 6, caractérisée en ce que l'élément d'entraînement en rotation (Q) présente une fente (26) dans laquelle loge la lame d'un tournevis.
  8. Rail porteur (3, 3', 3") comportant des faces latérales opposées (21, 22), une face supérieure (10) et une face inférieure (19), la face inférieure (19) étant, à l'état monté, tournée vers une surface de bâtiment, et des surfaces en contre-dépouille (16a, 16b) disposées symétriquement en vue d'une interaction avec les bras porteurs (15a, 15b) d'une attache de fixation (4, 44, 45), une rainure de guidage (11) étant prévue sur la face supérieure (10), toutes les surfaces en contre-dépouille (16a, 16b) du rail porteur (3, 3', 3") étant réalisées derrière une ouverture (17) de la rainure de guidage (11) par des zones qui élargissent la rainure de guidage (11) et la rainure de guidage présentant, au niveau de l'ouverture, des faces de glissement opposées (17a, 17b), caractérisé en ce que la rainure de guidage (11) est conçue comme rainure en forme de Y.
  9. Rail porteur (3, 3', 3") selon la revendication 8 ou 9, caractérisé en ce qu'au moins un premier contour d'assemblage (20, 20', 20") est prévu sur la face inférieure (19, 19', 19") et que les faces latérales opposées (21, 21', 21", 22, 22', 22") présentent au moins un deuxième contour d'assemblage (23, 23', 23", 24, 24', 24") qui est conçu de manière complémentaire au premier contour d'assemblage (20).
  10. Procédé de réalisation de surfaces d'habillage (F), en particulier en vue de l'habillage de surfaces de bâtiments, utilisant des attaches de fixation (4, 44, 45), des rails porteurs (3, 3', 3") et des éléments d'habillage (2, 2', 2", 30), les éléments d'habillage comprenant des panneaux similaires (2, 2', 2"), sous réserve qu'au moins deux chants de panneau parallèles (7, 7', 7", 9, 9') soient munis d'une rainure et d'une languette, les rails porteurs (3, 3', 3") étant fixés parallèlement entre eux et à distance l'un de l'autre et les panneaux (2, 2', 2") étant posés de manière croisée contre les rails porteurs (3, 3', 3") et un ajustement glissant étant généré entre l'attache de fixation (4, 44, 45) et le rail porteur (3, 3', 3") et l'attache de fixation (4, 44, 45) étant poussée contre le chant à rainure (7, 7', 7") des panneaux (2, 2', 2"), ce qui fixe le chant à rainure (7, 7', 7") sur le rail porteur (3, 3', 3"), caractérisé en ce que l'ajustement glissant est généré par un mouvement de rotation de l'attache de fixation (4, 44, 45) dans une rainure de guidage (11) du rail porteur (3, 3', 3") et que sont utilisés des panneaux verrouillables par engagement par complémentarité de forme (2, 2', 2") dont le chant à rainure (7, 7', 7") et le chant à languette (9, 9') sont verrouillés ensemble et s'agrippent par derrière après le verrouillage, les chants à rainure et à languette s'agrippant par engagement par complémentarité de forme de l'élément d'habillage ou du panneau (2, 2', 2") empêchant les panneaux de s'écarter dans leur plan ainsi que perpendiculairement aux chants concernés.
  11. Procédé selon la revendication 10, caractérisé en ce que le nouveau panneau (2') est toujours placé obliquement par rapport au panneau (2) de la rangée précédente de panneaux (P2) et contre lui, de sorte que le chant à languette (9') du nouveau panneau (2') est mis en contact avec le chant à rainure (7) fixé du panneau précédent (2) et que le nouveau panneau (2') est verrouillé par engagement par complémentarité de forme avec le panneau (2) par basculement dans le plan du panneau fixé.
  12. Procédé selon la revendication 10 ou 11, caractérisé en ce que les chants transversaux (31a', 32a") des panneaux (2', 2") présentent également une rainure et une languette et sont assemblés par emboîtement de sorte qu'après l'emboîtement, ils s'agrippent par derrière par engagement par complémentarité de forme, le chant à rainure transversal d'un nouveau panneau étant toujours d'abord assemblé avec le chant à languette transversal d'un panneau (2', 2") de la même rangée de panneaux (P3), puis par torsion du panneau (2") de la même rangée de panneaux (P3) et inclinaison du nouveau panneau (2') par rapport à la rangée de panneaux précédente (P2), le chant à languette (9') du nouveau panneau (2') étant assemblé avec le chant à rainure (7) des panneaux de la rangée de panneaux précédente (P2).
  13. Procédé selon la revendication 10 ou 11, caractérisé en ce que les chants transversaux des panneaux (2', 2") présentent des profilés en crochet complémentaires (31', 32") et que les profilés en crochet (31', 32") sont emboîtés l'un dans l'autre en ce qu'ils sont mis en contact mutuel essentiellement selon une sorte de mouvement de ciseaux.
  14. Procédé selon la revendication, caractérisé en ce qu'au moins le profilé en crochet (32") d'un chant transversal comprend un élément de blocage séparé (35", 37", 38") et que l'élément complémentaire formant crochet (31') comprend une encoche (36') interagissant avec l'élément de blocage, de sorte que les profilés en crochet (31', 32") sont emboîtés et que l'élément de blocage (35", 37", 38") est ultérieurement engagé dans l'encoche (36').
EP10728703.9A 2009-07-13 2010-07-07 Attache de fixation, rail support et procédé d'établissement d'une surface de garniture Not-in-force EP2454425B1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

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DE102009033150A DE102009033150A1 (de) 2009-07-13 2009-07-13 Befestigungsklammer und Tragschiene sowie Verfahren zur Einrichtung einer Verkleidungsfläche
PCT/EP2010/059728 WO2011006813A2 (fr) 2009-07-13 2010-07-07 Attache de fixation, rail support et procédé d'établissement d'une surface de garniture

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EP2454425A2 EP2454425A2 (fr) 2012-05-23
EP2454425B1 true EP2454425B1 (fr) 2017-10-18

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US8806837B2 (en) * 2012-04-16 2014-08-19 Tower Ipco Company Limited Ceiling plank
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FR3029951B1 (fr) * 2014-12-10 2018-06-15 Inovame Structure de cloison formee par l'assemblage de lames de parement
PL3112544T3 (pl) * 2015-06-29 2020-04-30 SWISS KRONO Tec AG Panel akustyczny
ES2749707T3 (es) * 2016-06-29 2020-03-23 SWISS KRONO Tec AG Sistema de sujeción para paneles
JP2022527884A (ja) * 2019-03-25 2022-06-07 ベーリンゲ、イノベイション、アクチボラグ 結合要素と第１建築要素と建築パネルとを備えるセット、および前記セットを組み立てる方法
CN113775588B (zh) * 2021-09-17 2023-12-22 扬州旭欣气动液压设备有限公司 一种简便式液压阀
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WO2011006813A3 (fr) 2011-04-14
EP2454425A2 (fr) 2012-05-23
WO2011006813A2 (fr) 2011-01-20
DE102009033150A1 (de) 2011-01-27

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