Classifications

• • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
  • D07—ROPES; CABLES OTHER THAN ELECTRIC
  • D07B—ROPES OR CABLES IN GENERAL
  • D07B1/00—Constructional features of ropes or cables
  • D07B1/06—Ropes or cables built-up from metal wires, e.g. of section wires around a hemp core
• • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
  • D07—ROPES; CABLES OTHER THAN ELECTRIC
  • D07B—ROPES OR CABLES IN GENERAL
  • D07B1/00—Constructional features of ropes or cables
  • D07B1/06—Ropes or cables built-up from metal wires, e.g. of section wires around a hemp core
  • D07B1/0606—Reinforcing cords for rubber or plastic articles
  • D07B1/062—Reinforcing cords for rubber or plastic articles the reinforcing cords being characterised by the strand configuration
  • D07B1/0633—Reinforcing cords for rubber or plastic articles the reinforcing cords being characterised by the strand configuration having a multiple-layer configuration
• • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
  • D07—ROPES; CABLES OTHER THAN ELECTRIC
  • D07B—ROPES OR CABLES IN GENERAL
  • D07B1/00—Constructional features of ropes or cables
  • D07B1/16—Ropes or cables with an enveloping sheathing or inlays of rubber or plastics
• • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
  • D07—ROPES; CABLES OTHER THAN ELECTRIC
  • D07B—ROPES OR CABLES IN GENERAL
  • D07B1/00—Constructional features of ropes or cables
  • D07B1/06—Ropes or cables built-up from metal wires, e.g. of section wires around a hemp core
  • D07B1/0606—Reinforcing cords for rubber or plastic articles
  • D07B1/0613—Reinforcing cords for rubber or plastic articles the reinforcing cords being characterised by the rope configuration
• • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
  • D07—ROPES; CABLES OTHER THAN ELECTRIC
  • D07B—ROPES OR CABLES IN GENERAL
  • D07B1/00—Constructional features of ropes or cables
  • D07B1/06—Ropes or cables built-up from metal wires, e.g. of section wires around a hemp core
  • D07B1/0606—Reinforcing cords for rubber or plastic articles
  • D07B1/0646—Reinforcing cords for rubber or plastic articles comprising longitudinally preformed wires
• • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
  • D07—ROPES; CABLES OTHER THAN ELECTRIC
  • D07B—ROPES OR CABLES IN GENERAL
  • D07B2201/00—Ropes or cables
  • D07B2201/20—Rope or cable components
  • D07B2201/2001—Wires or filaments
  • D07B2201/2006—Wires or filaments characterised by a value or range of the dimension given
• • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
  • D07—ROPES; CABLES OTHER THAN ELECTRIC
  • D07B—ROPES OR CABLES IN GENERAL
  • D07B2201/00—Ropes or cables
  • D07B2201/20—Rope or cable components
  • D07B2201/2001—Wires or filaments
  • D07B2201/201—Wires or filaments characterised by a coating
  • D07B2201/2011—Wires or filaments characterised by a coating comprising metals
• • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
  • D07—ROPES; CABLES OTHER THAN ELECTRIC
  • D07B—ROPES OR CABLES IN GENERAL
  • D07B2201/00—Ropes or cables
  • D07B2201/20—Rope or cable components
  • D07B2201/2015—Strands
  • D07B2201/2023—Strands with core
• • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
  • D07—ROPES; CABLES OTHER THAN ELECTRIC
  • D07B—ROPES OR CABLES IN GENERAL
  • D07B2201/00—Ropes or cables
  • D07B2201/20—Rope or cable components
  • D07B2201/2015—Strands
  • D07B2201/2024—Strands twisted
  • D07B2201/2025—Strands twisted characterised by a value or range of the pitch parameter given
• • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
  • D07—ROPES; CABLES OTHER THAN ELECTRIC
  • D07B—ROPES OR CABLES IN GENERAL
  • D07B2201/00—Ropes or cables
  • D07B2201/20—Rope or cable components
  • D07B2201/2015—Strands
  • D07B2201/2024—Strands twisted
  • D07B2201/2029—Open winding
  • D07B2201/2031—Different twist pitch
• • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
  • D07—ROPES; CABLES OTHER THAN ELECTRIC
  • D07B—ROPES OR CABLES IN GENERAL
  • D07B2201/00—Ropes or cables
  • D07B2201/20—Rope or cable components
  • D07B2201/2015—Strands
  • D07B2201/2038—Strands characterised by the number of wires or filaments
  • D07B2201/204—Strands characterised by the number of wires or filaments nine or more wires or filaments respectively forming multiple layers
• • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
  • D07—ROPES; CABLES OTHER THAN ELECTRIC
  • D07B—ROPES OR CABLES IN GENERAL
  • D07B2201/00—Ropes or cables
  • D07B2201/20—Rope or cable components
  • D07B2201/2015—Strands
  • D07B2201/2046—Strands comprising fillers
• • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
  • D07—ROPES; CABLES OTHER THAN ELECTRIC
  • D07B—ROPES OR CABLES IN GENERAL
  • D07B2201/00—Ropes or cables
  • D07B2201/20—Rope or cable components
  • D07B2201/2047—Cores
  • D07B2201/2052—Cores characterised by their structure
  • D07B2201/2059—Cores characterised by their structure comprising wires
• • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
  • D07—ROPES; CABLES OTHER THAN ELECTRIC
  • D07B—ROPES OR CABLES IN GENERAL
  • D07B2201/00—Ropes or cables
  • D07B2201/20—Rope or cable components
  • D07B2201/2047—Cores
  • D07B2201/2052—Cores characterised by their structure
  • D07B2201/2059—Cores characterised by their structure comprising wires
  • D07B2201/206—Cores characterised by their structure comprising wires arranged parallel to the axis
• • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
  • D07—ROPES; CABLES OTHER THAN ELECTRIC
  • D07B—ROPES OR CABLES IN GENERAL
  • D07B2201/00—Ropes or cables
  • D07B2201/20—Rope or cable components
  • D07B2201/2047—Cores
  • D07B2201/2052—Cores characterised by their structure
  • D07B2201/2059—Cores characterised by their structure comprising wires
  • D07B2201/2061—Cores characterised by their structure comprising wires resulting in a twisted structure
• • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
  • D07—ROPES; CABLES OTHER THAN ELECTRIC
  • D07B—ROPES OR CABLES IN GENERAL
  • D07B2201/00—Ropes or cables
  • D07B2201/20—Rope or cable components
  • D07B2201/2075—Fillers
  • D07B2201/2079—Fillers characterised by the kind or amount of filling
  • D07B2201/2081—Fillers characterised by the kind or amount of filling having maximum filling
• • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
  • D07—ROPES; CABLES OTHER THAN ELECTRIC
  • D07B—ROPES OR CABLES IN GENERAL
  • D07B2205/00—Rope or cable materials
  • D07B2205/30—Inorganic materials
  • D07B2205/3021—Metals
• • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
  • D07—ROPES; CABLES OTHER THAN ELECTRIC
  • D07B—ROPES OR CABLES IN GENERAL
  • D07B2205/00—Rope or cable materials
  • D07B2205/30—Inorganic materials
  • D07B2205/3021—Metals
  • D07B2205/3025—Steel
  • D07B2205/3046—Steel characterised by the carbon content
  • D07B2205/3053—Steel characterised by the carbon content having a medium carbon content, e.g. greater than 0,5 percent and lower than 0.8 percent respectively HT wires
• • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
  • D07—ROPES; CABLES OTHER THAN ELECTRIC
  • D07B—ROPES OR CABLES IN GENERAL
  • D07B2205/00—Rope or cable materials
  • D07B2205/30—Inorganic materials
  • D07B2205/3021—Metals
  • D07B2205/306—Aluminium (Al)
• • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
  • D07—ROPES; CABLES OTHER THAN ELECTRIC
  • D07B—ROPES OR CABLES IN GENERAL
  • D07B2205/00—Rope or cable materials
  • D07B2205/30—Inorganic materials
  • D07B2205/3021—Metals
  • D07B2205/3067—Copper (Cu)
• • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
  • D07—ROPES; CABLES OTHER THAN ELECTRIC
  • D07B—ROPES OR CABLES IN GENERAL
  • D07B2205/00—Rope or cable materials
  • D07B2205/30—Inorganic materials
  • D07B2205/3021—Metals
  • D07B2205/3071—Zinc (Zn)
• • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
  • D07—ROPES; CABLES OTHER THAN ELECTRIC
  • D07B—ROPES OR CABLES IN GENERAL
  • D07B2205/00—Rope or cable materials
  • D07B2205/30—Inorganic materials
  • D07B2205/3021—Metals
  • D07B2205/3085—Alloys, i.e. non ferrous
• • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
  • D07—ROPES; CABLES OTHER THAN ELECTRIC
  • D07B—ROPES OR CABLES IN GENERAL
  • D07B2205/00—Rope or cable materials
  • D07B2205/30—Inorganic materials
  • D07B2205/3021—Metals
  • D07B2205/3085—Alloys, i.e. non ferrous
  • D07B2205/3089—Brass, i.e. copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn) alloys
• • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
  • D07—ROPES; CABLES OTHER THAN ELECTRIC
  • D07B—ROPES OR CABLES IN GENERAL
  • D07B2207/00—Rope or cable making machines
  • D07B2207/40—Machine components
  • D07B2207/4072—Means for mechanically reducing serpentining or mechanically killing of rope
• • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
  • D07—ROPES; CABLES OTHER THAN ELECTRIC
  • D07B—ROPES OR CABLES IN GENERAL
  • D07B2501/00—Application field
  • D07B2501/20—Application field related to ropes or cables
  • D07B2501/2046—Tire cords
• • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
  • D07—ROPES; CABLES OTHER THAN ELECTRIC
  • D07B—ROPES OR CABLES IN GENERAL
  • D07B7/00—Details of, or auxiliary devices incorporated in, rope- or cable-making machines; Auxiliary apparatus associated with such machines
  • D07B7/02—Machine details; Auxiliary devices
  • D07B7/14—Machine details; Auxiliary devices for coating or wrapping ropes, cables, or component strands thereof
  • D07B7/145—Coating or filling-up interstices
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
  • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
  • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
  • Y10T428/29—Coated or structually defined flake, particle, cell, strand, strand portion, rod, filament, macroscopic fiber or mass thereof
  • Y10T428/2913—Rod, strand, filament or fiber
  • Y10T428/2933—Coated or with bond, impregnation or core
  • Y10T428/2936—Wound or wrapped core or coating [i.e., spiral or helical]

Definitions

• the present invention relates to three-layered metal cables, which can be used in particular for reinforcing rubber articles, more particularly relating to three-layered metal cables of the type "gummed in situ", that is to say, gummed with inside, during their manufacture, by rubber in the raw state.
• a radial tire comprises in known manner a tread, two inextensible beads, two flanks connecting the beads to the tread and a belt circumferentially disposed between the carcass reinforcement and the tread.
• This carcass reinforcement is constituted in known manner by at least one ply (or “layer”) of rubber reinforced by reinforcement elements (“reinforcements”) such as cords or monofilaments, generally of the metal type in the case of pneumatic tires for industrial vehicles.
• layered cords consist of a core layer or core and one or more layers of concentric threads arranged around this core.
• the most used three-layer cables are essentially M + N + P construction cables, formed of a core of M f (I), M ranging from 1 to 4, surrounded by an intermediate layer of N wires, N typically ranging from 3 to 12, itself surrounded by an outer layer of P son, P typically ranging from 8 to 20, the assembly may be optionally shrunk by an outer hoop thread wound helically around the outer layer.
• these layered cables are subjected to considerable stresses during the rolling of the tires, in particular to repeated flexures or variations of curvature inducing at the level of the strands of friction, in particular as a result of the contacts between adjacent layers, and therefore of wear, as well as fatigue; they must therefore have a high resistance to phenomena known as "fatigue-fretting".
• this material penetrates all the spaces between the wires constituting the cables. Indeed, if this penetration is insufficient, then empty channels or capillaries are formed, along and inside the cables, and the corrosive agents such as water or even the oxygen of the air, likely to enter the tires for example as a result of cuts in their tread, walk along these empty channels into the carcass of the tire.
• the presence of this moisture plays an important role in causing corrosion and accelerating the degradation processes above (phenomena known as "fatigue-corrosion”), compared to use in a dry atmosphere.
• the application WO 2005/071157 proposed cables with three building layers 1 + M + N, in particular of construction 1 + 6 + 12, one of the essential characteristics is that a sheath consisting a diene rubber composition covers at least the intermediate layer consisting of M son, the core of the cable may itself be covered or not rubber. Thanks to this specific architecture, not only an excellent rubber penetrability is obtained, limiting the corrosion problems, but also the fatigue-fretting endurance properties are significantly improved compared to the cables of the prior art. The longevity of heavy-duty tires and that of their carcass reinforcement are thus very significantly improved.
• these three-layer cables are obtained in several steps which have the disadvantage of being discontinuous, firstly by producing an intermediate cable 1 + M (in particular 1 + 6), then by sheathing via an extrusion head of this intermediate cable, finally by a final operation of wiring the N (in particular 12 son) remaining around the core thus sheathed, for forming the outer layer.
• an intermediate cable 1 + M in particular 1 + 6
• an extrusion head of this intermediate cable finally by a final operation of wiring the N (in particular 12 son) remaining around the core thus sheathed, for forming the outer layer.
• N in particular 12 son
• a first object of the invention is a three-layer metal cable (C1, C2, C3), gummed in situ, comprising a core or first layer (Cl) of diameter di, around which are surrounded together helically according to a pitch p 2 , in a second layer (C2), N son of diameter d 2 , around which are surrounded together in a helix in a step p 3 , in a third layer (C3), P son of diameter d 3 , said cable characterized in that it has the following characteristics (di, d 2 , d 3 , p 2 and p 3 being expressed in mm): ;
• this three-layer cable is of the cylindrical layer type, as opposed to the compact type of cables obtained when the pitch p 2 and p 3 are identical, and in addition the directions of torsion of layers C2 and C3 are the same.
• This three-layer cable of the invention compared to the in situ three-layer gummed in-line cables of the prior art, has the significant advantage of having a reduced and controlled amount of filling rubber, this gum being furthermore evenly distributed to inside the cable, inside each of its capillaries, thus conferring on it an optimal impermeability along its axis.
• the invention also relates to the use of such a cable for the reinforcement of articles or semi-finished products of rubber, for example webs, pipes, belts, conveyor belts, tires.
• the cable of the invention is particularly intended to be used as reinforcing member of a carcass reinforcement of industrial vehicle tires (heavy load carriers) selected from vans and vehicles called “heavy vehicles” that is to say means subway vehicles, buses, road transport vehicles such as trucks, tractors, trailers, or off-the-road vehicles, agricultural or civil engineering machinery, and any other type of transport or handling vehicle.
• the invention further relates to these articles or semi-finished rubber products themselves when reinforced with a cable according to the invention, in particular tires for industrial vehicles such as vans or heavy vehicles.
• the modulus measurements are carried out in tension, unless otherwise indicated according to ASTM D 412 of 1998 (test piece “C"): it is measured in second elongation (ie after one cycle). accommodation) the secant modulus "true” (i.e., reduced to the actual section of the specimen) at 10% elongation, denoted ElO and expressed in MPa (normal conditions of temperature and hygrometry according to ASTM D 1349 of 1999).
• This test makes it possible to determine the longitudinal permeability to the air of the cables tested, by measuring the volume of air passing through a specimen under constant pressure for a given time.
• the principle of such a test is to demonstrate the effectiveness of the treatment of a cable to make it impermeable to air; it has been described for example in ASTM D2692-98.
• the test is here performed either on cables extracted from tires or rubber sheets that they reinforce, so already coated from the outside by the rubber in the fired state, or on raw cables manufacturing.
• the raw cables must be previously coated from the outside by a so-called coating gum.
• a series of parallel cables (inter-cable distance: 20 mm) is placed between two layers (two rectangles of 80 ⁇ 200 mm) of a raw rubber composition, each layer having a thickness 3.5 mm; the whole is then locked in a mold, each of the cables being kept under a sufficient tension (for example 2 daN) to ensure its straightness during the establishment in the mold, using clamping modules; then the vulcanization (baking) is carried out for 40 minutes at a temperature of 140 ° C. and at a pressure of 15 bar (rectangular piston of 80 ⁇ 200 mm). After which, the assembly is demolded and cut 10 pieces of cables thus coated, in the form of parallelepipeds of dimensions 7x7x20 mm, for characterization.
• a conventional rubber composition for tires based on natural rubber (peptized) and carbon black N330 (65 phr), comprising the following usual additives: sulfur (7 phr), sulfenamide accelerator, is used as a coating rubber. (1 phr), ZnO (8 phr), stearic acid (0.7 phr), antioxidant (1.5 phr), cobalt naphthenate (1.5 phr) (pce means parts by weight per hundred parts of elastomer); the ElO module of the coating gum is approximately 10 MPa.
• the test is carried out on 2 cm of cable length, thus coated by its surrounding rubber composition (or coating gum) in the fired state, as follows: air is sent to the cable inlet at a pressure of 1 bar, and the volume of air at the outlet is measured using a flow meter (calibrated for example from 0 to 500 cm / min).
• a flow meter calibrated for example from 0 to 500 cm / min.
• the cable sample is locked in a compressed seal (eg a dense foam or rubber seal) in such a way that only the amount of air passing through the cable from one end to the other, along its longitudinal axis, is taken into account by the measure; the tightness of the seal itself is checked beforehand with the aid of a solid rubber specimen, that is to say without cable.
• a compressed seal eg a dense foam or rubber seal
• the average air flow measured (average of the 10 specimens) is even lower than the longitudinal imperviousness of the cable is high.
• the measured values less than or equal to 0.2 cm 3 / min are considered as zero; they correspond to a cable that can be described as airtight (totally airtight) along its axis (ie, in its longitudinal direction).
• the amount of filling compound is measured by difference between the weight of the initial cable (thus erased in situ) and the weight of the cable (and therefore that of its threads) whose filling rubber has been eliminated by a suitable electrolytic treatment.
• a sample of cable (length 1 m), wound on itself to reduce its bulk, constitutes the cathode of an electrolyzer (connected to the negative terminal of a generator), while the anode (connected to the positive terminal ) consists of a platinum wire.
• the electrolyte consists of an aqueous solution (demineralized water) comprising 1 mole per liter of sodium carbonate.
• the sample immersed completely in the electrolyte, is energized for 15 min under a current of 300 mA.
• the cable is then removed from the bath, rinsed thoroughly with water. This treatment allows the rubber to be easily detached from the cable (if it is not the case, we continue the electrolysis for a few minutes).
• the eraser is carefully removed, for example by simply wiping with an absorbent cloth, while detaching one by one the son of the cable.
• the threads are again rinsed with water and then immersed in a beaker containing a mixture of deionized water (50%) and ethanol (50%); the beaker is immersed in an ultrasonic tank for 10 minutes.
• the threads thus devoid of any trace of gum are removed from the beaker, dried under a stream of nitrogen or air, and finally weighed. From this calculation, the filling rate in the cable, expressed in mg (milligram) of filling rubber per g (gram) of initial cable, is calculated and averaged over 10 measurements (i.e. total cable meters).
• any range of values designated by the expression "between a and b" represents the range of values from more than a to less than b (i.e. terminals a and b excluded) while any range of values designated by the term “from a to b” means the range from a to b (i.e., including the strict limits a and b).
• the metal cable of the invention therefore comprises three concentric layers:
• a first layer (C1) of diameter di a first layer (C1) of diameter di
• a second layer (C2) comprising N son of diameter d 2 wound together in a helix, in a pitch p 2 , around the first layer
• - A third layer (C3) having P son diameter diameter d 3 rolled together in a helix, in a step p 3 , around the second layer.
• the first layer is also called the core of the cable, while the first and second assembled layers are what is commonly called the cable core.
• This cable of the invention also has the following essential characteristics (di, d 2 , d 3 , p 2 and p 3 being expressed in mm):
• This cable of the invention can be qualified cable gummed in situ, that is to say, it is erased from the inside, during its manufacture itself (so in the raw state of manufacture), by the rubber filling.
• each of the capillaries or interstices (the two interchangeable terms denoting voids, free spaces in the absence of filling rubber) formed by the adjacent son, taken three by three, of its three layers C1, C2 and C3, is filled, at least in part (continuously or not along the axis of the cable), by the filling rubber such that for any cable length of 2 cm, each capillary comprises at least one rubber stopper .
• Another essential feature of the cable of the invention is that its level of filling rubber is between 10 and 50 mg of gum per g of cable. Below the minimum indicated, it is not possible to guarantee that, for any cable length of at least 2 cm, the filling rubber is present, at least in part, in each of the interstices of the cable, while beyond the maximum indicated, one is exposed to the various problems described above due to the overflow of the filling rubber at the periphery of the cable. For all these reasons, it is preferred that the level of filling rubber is between 15 and 50 mg, more preferably between 20 and 45 mg per g of cable.
• each capillary (or cavity) of the cable comprises at least one plug (or internal partition) of filling rubber over this length of 2 cm, so that said cable (once coated with the outside by a polymer such as rubber) is watertight or substantially airtight in its longitudinal direction.
• an "airtight" cable in the longitudinal direction is characterized by an average air flow rate of not more than 0.2 cm 3 / min while a so-called “substantially airtight" cable in the longitudinal direction is characterized by an average air flow rate of less than 2 cm / min, preferably less than 1 cm 3 / min.
• the core (C1) of the cable of the invention is preferably made of a single unitary wire or at most 2 son, the latter may for example be parallel or twisted together. However, more preferably, the core (C1) of the cable of the invention consists of a single unitary wire. As for the layer C2, it preferably comprises 5 to 7 wires (ie N equal to 5, 6 or 7).
• the diameters of the son of the layers C1, C2 and C3, these son have a diameter identical or not from one layer to another, check the following relations (di, d 2 , d 3 being expressed in mm): ; - 0.10 ⁇ d 2 ⁇ 0.35;
• the pitch "p" represents the length, measured parallel to the axis of the cable, at the end of which a wire having this pitch performs a complete revolution about said axis of the cable.
• the M yarns are preferably twisted in a pitch pi which is within a range of 3 to 30 mm, in particular in a range of 3 to 20 mm.
• An essential characteristic of the cable of the invention is that the pitch p 2 of the layer is smaller than the pitch p 3 .
• a so-called cable of the type with cylindrical layers as opposed to the compact type of cables obtained when both p 2 and p 3 and the torsion directions are identical, are thus obtained. one layer to another.
• the volume of the channels or capillaries between these two layers is increased and optimized further. its performance in fatigue-fretting.
• the third or outer layer C3 is a saturated layer, that is to say that, by definition, there is not enough room in this layer to add at least one (P max + 1) th wire diameter d 2 , P max representing the maximum number of windable son in a layer around the second layer C2.
• P max + 1) th wire diameter d 2 P max representing the maximum number of windable son in a layer around the second layer C2.
• the number P of wires can vary to a very large extent according to the particular embodiment of the invention, it being understood that the maximum number of wires P will be increased if their diameter d 3 is reduced compared to the diameter d 2 of the son of the second layer, in order to preferentially keep the outer layer in a saturated state.
• the first layer comprises a single wire
• the second layer (C2) has 6 wires (N equal to 6)
• the third layer (C3) has 11 or 12 wires (P equal to 11 or 12 ).
• the cable of the invention has the preferred constructions 1 + 6 + 11 or 1 + 6 + 12.
• the two layers C2 and C3, as well as more preferably the layer C1 in the case where the latter consists of several son, are wound in the same direction of torsion, that is to say in the direction S ( "S / S" layout), in the Z direction ("Z / Z” arrangement).
• the winding in the same direction of these layers advantageously allows to minimize the friction between these two layers and therefore the wear of the son that constitute them.
• the construction of the cable of the invention advantageously allows the removal of the wire hoop, thanks to a better penetration of the rubber in its structure and self-frettage resulting therefrom.
• wire rope By wire rope, is meant by definition in the present application a cable formed of son constituted mainly (that is to say for more than 50% in number of these son) or integrally (for 100% son) a metallic material.
• the core wire or wires (C1), the wires of the second layer (C2) and the wires of the third layer (C3) are preferably made of steel, more preferably carbon steel. But it is of course possible to use other steels, for example a stainless steel, or other alloys.
• carbon steel When carbon steel is used, its carbon content (% by weight of steel) is preferably between 0.4% and 1.2%, especially between 0.5% and 1.1%; these levels represent a good compromise between the mechanical properties required for the tire and the feasibility of the wires. It should be noted that a carbon content of between 0.5% and 0.6% makes such steels ultimately less expensive because easier to draw.
• Another advantageous embodiment of the invention may also consist, depending on the applications concerned, of using steels with a low carbon content, for example between 0.2% and 0.5%, in particular because of a cost lower and easier to draw.
• the metal or steel used may itself be coated with a metal layer improving, for example, the properties of implementation of the wire rope and / or its constituent elements, or the properties of use of the cable and / or the tire themselves, such as adhesion properties, corrosion resistance or resistance to aging.
• the steel used is covered with a layer of brass (Zn-Cu alloy) or zinc; it is recalled that during the wire manufacturing process, the coating of brass or zinc facilitates the drawing of the wire, as well as the bonding of the wire with the rubber.
• the son could be covered with a thin metal layer other than brass or zinc, for example having the function of improving the resistance to corrosion of these son and / or their adhesion to rubber, for example a thin layer of Co, Ni, Al, an alloy of two or more compounds Cu, Zn, Al, Ni, Co, Sn.
• a thin metal layer other than brass or zinc for example having the function of improving the resistance to corrosion of these son and / or their adhesion to rubber, for example a thin layer of Co, Ni, Al, an alloy of two or more compounds Cu, Zn, Al, Ni, Co, Sn.
• the cables of the invention are preferably carbon steel and have a tensile strength (Rm) preferably greater than 2500 MPa, more preferably greater than 3000 MPa.
• the total elongation at break (At) of the cable, the sum of its structural, elastic and plastic elongations, is preferably greater than 2.0%, more preferably at least 2.5%.
• the elastomer (or indistinctly "rubber”, both of which are considered synonymous) of the filling rubber is preferably a diene elastomer, that is to say by definition an elastomer derived at least in part (ie a homopolymer or a copolymer) of monomer (s) diene (s) (ie, monomer (s) carrier (s) of two carbon-carbon double bonds, conjugated or not).
• the diene elastomer is more preferentially selected from the group consisting of polybutadienes (BR), natural rubber (NR), synthetic polyisoprenes (IR), various butadiene copolymers, the various isoprene copolymers, and mixtures
• Such copolymers are more preferably selected from the group consisting of butadiene-styrene copolymers (SBR), whether the latter are prepared by emulsion polymerization (ESBR) or in solution (SSBR), the isoprene copolymers.
• SBR butadiene-styrene copolymers
• BIR isoprene-styrene copolymers
• SBIR isoprene-butadiene-styrene copolymers
• a preferred embodiment consists in using an "isoprene” elastomer, that is to say a homopolymer or copolymer of isoprene, in other words a diene elastomer chosen from the group consisting of natural rubber (NR). , the synthetic polyisoprenes (IR), the various isoprene copolymers and the mixtures of these elastomers.
• isoprene elastomer
• NR natural rubber
• IR synthetic polyisoprenes
• the isoprene elastomer is preferably natural rubber or synthetic polyisoprene of the cis-1,4 type.
• synthetic polyisoprenes polyisoprenes having a content (mol%) of cis-1,4 bonds greater than 90%, more preferably are used. preferentially still greater than 98%.
• the isoprene elastomer may also be associated with another diene elastomer such as, for example, an SBR and / or BR elastomer.
• the filling rubber may contain one or more elastomer (s), especially diene (s), the latter or they may be used (s) in combination with any type of polymer other than elastomer.
• the filling rubber is of the crosslinkable type, that is to say that it comprises by definition a crosslinking system adapted to allow the crosslinking of the composition during its baking (i.e., its hardening and not its melting); thus, this rubber composition can be described as infusible, since it can not be melted by heating at any temperature.
• the system for crosslinking the rubber sheath is a so-called vulcanization system, that is to say based on sulfur (or a sulfur-donor agent). ) and at least one vulcanization accelerator.
• vulcanization system that is to say based on sulfur (or a sulfur-donor agent).
• at least one vulcanization accelerator may be added to this basic vulcanization system may be added various known vulcanization activators.
• Sulfur is used at a preferential rate of between 0.5 and 10 phr, more preferably between 1 and 8 phr
• the vulcanization accelerator for example a sulphenamide
• pce is used at a preferential rate of between 0.5 and 10.
• the filling rubber may also comprise, in addition to said crosslinking system, all or part of the additives normally used in rubber matrices intended for the manufacture of tires, such as, for example, reinforcing fillers such as carbon black or inorganic fillers such as silica, coupling agents, anti-aging agents, antioxidants, plasticizing agents or extension oils, whether the latter are of aromatic or non-aromatic nature, especially very low or non-aromatic oils, for example of naphthenic or paraffinic type, high or preferably low viscosity, MES or TDAE oils, plasticizing resins with high Tg greater than 30 0 C, agents facilitating the implementation (processability) of compositions in the raw state , tackifying resins, anti-eversion agents, methylene acceptors and donors such as, for example, HMT (hexamethyl) netétramine) or H3M (hexamethoxymethylmelamine), reinforcing resins (such as resorcinol or bismaleimide), known adhe
• the level of reinforcing filler for example carbon black or a reinforcing inorganic filler such as silica, is preferably greater than 50 phr, for example between
• carbon blacks for example, all carbon blacks, especially blacks of the HAF, ISAF, SAF type conventionally used in pneumatic (so-called pneumatic grade black). Among the latter, mention will be made more particularly of carbon blacks of (ASTM) grade 300, 600 or 700 (for example N326, N330, N347, N375, N683, N772).
• suitable mineral fillers of the silica (SiO 2) type in particular precipitated or fumed silica having a BET surface area of less than 450 m 2 / g, preferably from 30 to 400 m 2 / g.
• the formulation of the filling rubber can be chosen to be identical to the formulation of the rubber matrix that the cable of the invention is intended to reinforce; thus, there is no problem of compatibility between the respective materials of the filling rubber and said rubber matrix.
• the formulation of the filling gum may be chosen different from the formulation of the rubber matrix that the cable of the invention is intended to reinforce.
• the formulation of the filling gum may be adjusted by using a relatively high quantity of adhesion promoter, typically for example from 5 to 15 phr of a metal salt such as a salt of cobalt or nickel, and reducing advantageously the amount of said promoter (or even completely suppressing it) in the surrounding rubber matrix.
• adhesion promoter typically for example from 5 to 15 phr of a metal salt such as a salt of cobalt or nickel
• the filling rubber has, in the crosslinked state, a secant modulus in extension ElO (at 10% elongation) which is between 2 and 25 MPa, more preferably between 3 and 20 MPa, in particular included in a range of 3 to 15 MPa.
• a secant modulus in extension ElO at 10% elongation
• the invention relates of course to the previously described cable both in the green state (its filling rubber then being uncured) than in the cooked state (its filling rubber then being vulcanized).
• the cable of the invention with a filling gum in the green state until it is subsequently incorporated into the semi-finished product or finished product such as the tire for which it is intended, so as to promote the connection to the product. during the final vulcanization between the filling rubber and the surrounding rubber matrix (for example the calendering rubber).
• FIG. 1 shows schematically, in section perpendicular to the axis of the cable (assumed rectilinear and at rest), an example of a preferred cable 1 + 6 + 12 according to the invention.
• This cable (denoted CI) is of the type with cylindrical layers, that is to say that its second and third layers (C2 and C3) are wound at a different pitch (p 2 ⁇ P3), preferably in the same direction ( S / S or Z / Z).
• This type of construction has the consequence that the wires (11, 12) of these second and third layers (C2, C3) form around the core (10) or first layer (C1) two substantially concentric layers which each have a contour (E ) (shown in dotted lines) which is substantially cylindrical.
• the filling rubber (13) fills each capillary (14) (symbolized by a triangle) formed by the adjacent wires (taken three to three) of the various layers (C1, C2, C3) of the cable, spacing them very slightly.
• these capillaries or interstices are naturally formed either by the core wire (10) and the son (11) of the second layer (C2) surrounding it, or by two son (11) of the second layer (C2) and a wire (13) of the third layer (C3) which is immediately adjacent thereto, or else by each wire (11) of the second layer (C2) and the two wires (12) of the third layer (C3) which are immediately adjacent; a total of 24 capillaries or interstices (14) are thus present in this cable 1 + 6 + 12.
• the filling rubber extends in a continuous manner around the second layer (C2) that it covers.
• Figure 2 recalls the section of a cable 1 + 6 + 12 (noted C-2) conventional (i.e., not gummed in situ), also of the type with cylindrical layers.
• C-2 conventional (i.e., not gummed in situ), also of the type with cylindrical layers.
• the absence of a filling rubber makes practically all the threads (20, 21, 22) come into contact with one another, which leads to a more compact structure, more difficult to penetrate from the outside by rubber. .
• the cable of the invention could be provided with an outer hoop, constituted for example by a single wire, metallic or not, helically wound around the cable in a shorter pitch than that of the outer layer (C3), and a winding direction opposite or identical to that of this outer layer.
• an outer hoop constituted for example by a single wire, metallic or not, helically wound around the cable in a shorter pitch than that of the outer layer (C3), and a winding direction opposite or identical to that of this outer layer.
• the cable of the invention already self-shrinking, does not generally require the use of an external hoop wire, which advantageously solves the wear problems between the hoop and the wires. the outermost layer of the cable.
• a hoop wire in the general case where the son of the outer layer are carbon steel, then one can advantageously choose a stainless steel wire hoop to reduce the fretting wear of these son carbon steel in contact with the stainless steel hoop, as taught for example in the application WO-A-98/41682, the stainless steel wire possibly being replaced, in an equivalent manner, by a composite wire of which only the skin is made of stainless steel and the carbon steel core, as described for example in the document EP-A-976 541. may also use a hoop consisting of a polyester or a thermotropic aromatic polyester amide, as described in the application WO-A-03/048447.
• the cable of the invention described above is capable of being manufactured according to a method comprising the following steps (operated or not online):
• the wires are not twisted around their own axis, due to a synchronous rotation before and after the assembly point; or by twisting: in such a case, the son undergo both a collective twist and an individual twist around their own axis, which generates a torque of detorsion on each of the son and on the cable itself.
• An essential feature of the above method is to use a twisting step for each of the above assembly steps, particularly for both the second layer (C2) assembly around the core (Cl) and the assembling the third or outer layer (C3) around the second layer (C2).
• the above method also comprises a step of assembly by twisting these son kernel.
• the N son of the second layer (C2) are twisted together (direction S or Z) around the core (C1) for formation of the core strand (C1 + C2), in a manner known per se. ; the wires are delivered by feeding means such as coils, a distribution grid, coupled or not with a connecting grain, intended to converge around the core N son in a common point of torsion (or assembly point).
• the core strand (C1 + C2) thus formed is then sheathed with filling gum in the green state, provided by an extrusion screw at an appropriate temperature.
• the filling rubber can thus be delivered at a fixed point, unique and compact, by means of a single extrusion head.
• This method has the advantage of making possible the complete operation of initial twisting, scrubbing and final twisting in line and in one step, all this at high speed.
• the above method can be implemented at a speed (running speed of the cable on the twisting-scrub line) greater than 50 m / min, preferably greater than 70 m / min, especially greater than 100 m / min.
• the cable of the invention can also be manufactured in several separate operations, conducted separately in time.
• the intermediate cable or core strand (C1 + C2) can in particular be manufactured separately during the first assembly step, then stored on a reel before being subjected to the other successive operations of sheathing the core strand, assembly by twisting the P threads of the third layer around the wrapped strand, and finally final balancing of the twists.
• the tension stress exerted on the core strand is preferably between 10 and 25% of its breaking force.
• the extrusion head may comprise one or more dies, for example an upstream guide die and a downstream die calibration. It is possible to add continuous measurement and control means of the diameter of the cable connected to the extruder.
• the extrusion temperature of the filling rubber is between 50 ° C. and 120 ° C., more preferably between 50 ° C. and 100 ° C.
• the extrusion head thus defines a cladding zone having the shape of a cylinder of revolution whose diameter is preferably between 0.15 mm and 1.2 mm, more preferably between 0.2 and 1.0 mm, and whose length is preferably between 4 and 10 mm.
• the amount of filling gum delivered by the extrusion head can be adjusted easily so that, in the final cable, this amount is between 10 and 50 mg, preferably between 15 and 50 mg, more preferably between 20 and 45 mg per g of cable.
• the core of the cable or core strand (C1 + C2), at any point of its periphery is covered with a minimum thickness of filling compound which is preferably greater than 5 ⁇ m, more preferably greater than 10 ⁇ m, in particular between 10 and 80 ⁇ m.
• the final assembly is carried out, always by twisting (direction S or Z), P wires of the third layer or outer layer (C3) around the core strand (C1 + C2) and sheathed.
• twisting direction S or Z
• the P son come to rely on the eraser, to become embedded in the latter.
• the filling rubber moving under the pressure exerted by these external P, then naturally tends to fill, at least in part, each of the interstices or cavities left empty by the son, between the core strand (C1 + C2) and the outer layer (C3).
• the cable of the invention is not finished: the capillaries present inside the core, delimited by the core (Cl) and the N wires of the second layer (C2), are not still filled with filling rubber, in any case insufficiently to obtain a cable having an impervious to air that is optimal.
• the next essential step is to pass the cable through torsion balancing means to obtain a so-called torsionally balanced cable (i.e. substantially without residual torsion);
• Torsional balancing here means, in a known manner, the cancellation of the residual torsional torques (or of the detorsion springback) exerted on each wire of the cable, in the second inner layer (C2) as in the third outer layer (C3).
• Torsion balancing tools are known to those skilled in the art of twisting; they may consist for example of trainers and / or twisters and / or tweezers consisting of either pulleys for twisters, or small diameter rollers for trainers, pulleys or rollers through which the cable runs.
• the dressing function provided by the use of a trainer tool, would also have the advantage that the contact of the trainer rollers with the son of the third layer (C3) will exert additional pressure on the filling rubber further promoting its penetration into the capillaries present between the second layer (C2) and the third layer (C3) of the cable of the invention.
• the process described above exploits the twisting of the wires in the final stage of manufacture of the cable, in order to distribute the filling rubber naturally, evenly, inside the cable, while perfectly controlling the quantity of filling rubber provided.
• the manufacture of the cable of the invention is complete.
• the thickness of filling rubber between two adjacent wires of the cable, whatever they are, varies from 1 to 10 microns.
• This cable can be wound on a receiving reel, for storage, before being processed, for example, through a calendering installation, for preparing a metal-rubber composite fabric that can be used, for example, as a tire carcass reinforcement.
• An assembly and scrubbing device preferably used for the implementation of this method is a device comprising upstream downstream, according to the direction of advancement of a cable being formed:
• first joining means by twisting the N wires for placing the second layer (C2) around the first layer (Cl), at a point called said point of assembly, for forming an intermediate cable called " soul strand "; downstream of said assembly point, cladding means of the core strand;
• the above device also comprises means for assembling by twisting these core wires arranged between the supply means of these core wires and the assembly means N son of the second layer (C2).
• FIG. 3 shows an exemplary device (30) for twisting assembly, of the rotating feed and rotary receiving type, usable for the manufacture of a cable according to the invention (p 2 ⁇ p 3 ; torsion direction of layers C2 and C3).
• supply means (310) deliver, around a single core wire (Cl), N son (31) through a grid (32) distribution (axisymmetric splitter), coupled or not to a joining grain (33), beyond which converge the N (for example six) wires of the second layer at an assembly point (34), for formation of the core strand (C1 + C2) of construction 1 + N (eg 1 + 6).
• the core strand (C1 + C2) once formed, then passes through a cladding zone consisting for example of a single extrusion head (35).
• the distance between the point of convergence (34) and the sheathing point (35) is for example between 50 cm and 1 m.
• the final cable (C1 + C2 + C3) thus formed is finally collected on the rotary reception (39), after passing through the torsion balancing means (38) consisting for example of a trainer or a twister-trainer.
• the core strand (C1 + C2) of construction 1 + N could also be prepared separately and sent directly to the inlet of the cladding zone (35).
• Another possible variant, also not illustrated in FIG. 3, would be to first erase the single core wire (Cl) with filling rubber in a sufficient quantity, passing this core wire through the cladding zone (35). then reassemble the N son (31) around the first layer (Cl) and previously sheathed.
• the core strand (C1 + C2) thus obtained could itself be sheathed before introduction by twisting the third layer (C3).
• the cable of the invention is particularly intended for a tire carcass reinforcement for an industrial vehicle.
• FIG. 4 very schematically represents a radial section of a tire with a metal carcass reinforcement which may or may not be in conformity with the invention, in this general representation.
• This tire 1 has a crown 2 reinforced by a crown reinforcement or belt 6, two sidewalls 3 and two beads 4, each of these beads 4 being reinforced with a rod 5.
• the crown 2 is surmounted by a tread not shown in this schematic figure.
• a carcass reinforcement 7 is wound around the two rods 5 in each bead 4, the upturn 8 of this armature 7 being for example disposed towards the outside of the tire 1 which is shown here mounted on its rim 9.
• the carcass reinforcement 7 is in known manner constituted by at least one sheet reinforced by so-called "radial” metal cables, that is to say that these cables are arranged substantially parallel to each other and extend from a bead to the other so as to form an angle between 80 ° and 90 ° with the median circumferential plane (plane perpendicular to the axis of rotation of the tire which is located midway between the two beads 4 and passes through the middle of the crown frame 6).
• the tire according to the invention is characterized in that its carcass reinforcement 7 comprises at least, as reinforcing element of at least one carcass ply, a metal cable according to the invention.
• this tire 1 further comprises, in a known manner, a layer of rubber or inner elastomer (commonly known as
• Inner liner which defines the radially inner face of the tire and which is intended to protect the carcass ply from the diffusion of air from the interior of the tire.
• the density of the cables according to the invention is preferably between 30 and 160 cables per dm (decimetre) of carcass ply, more preferably between 50 and 100 cables per dm of ply, distance between two adjacent cables, axis to axis, being preferably between 0.6 and 3.5 mm, more preferably between 1, 25 and 2.2 mm.
• the cables according to the invention are preferably arranged in such a way that the width (denoted Lc) of the rubber bridge between two adjacent cables is between 0.25 and 1.5 mm.
• This width Lc represents, in known manner, the difference between the calendering pitch (no laying of the cable in the rubber fabric) and the diameter of the cable.
• the rubber bridge which is too narrow, risks being degraded mechanically during the working of the sheet, in particular during the deformations undergone in its own plane by extension or shearing. Beyond the maximum indicated, one is exposed to the risk of appearance of appearance defects on the sidewalls of the tires or penetration of objects, by perforation, between the cables. More preferably, for these same reasons, the width Lc is chosen between 0.35 and 1.25 mm.
• the rubber composition used for the fabric of the carcass reinforcement ply has, in the vulcanized state (ie, after curing), a secant modulus in extension ElO which is between 2 and 25 MPa, more preferably between 3 and 20 MPa, especially in a range of 3 to 15 MPa.
• the carbon steel wires are prepared in a known manner, for example starting from machine wires (diameter 5 to 6 mm) which are first cold-rolled, by rolling and / or drawing, to a neighboring intermediate diameter. of 1 mm.
• the steel used is a known carbon steel (USA AISI 1069 standard) with a carbon content of 0.70%.
• the intermediate diameter son undergo a degreasing treatment and / or pickling, before further processing.
• a brass coating on these intermediate son is carried on each wire a so-called “final” work hardening (ie, after the last patenting heat treatment), by cold drawing in a moist medium with a drawing lubricant which is for example in the form of an emulsion or an aqueous dispersion.
• the brass coating that surrounds the son has a very small thickness, significantly less than one micrometer, for example of the order of 0.15 to 0.30 microns, which is negligible compared to the diameter of the steel son.
• the steel wires thus drawn have the following diameter and mechanical properties:
• the cable of the invention 1 + 6 + 12 (C-I), as schematized in FIG. 1, is therefore formed of 19 wires in total, a core wire of diameter 0.20 mm and 18 wires around, all of diameter 0.18 mm, which have been wound in two concentric layers in the same direction of torsion (S / S).
• the rate of filling rubber measured according to the method indicated previously in paragraph 1-3, is equal to about 30 mg per g of cable.
• This filling rubber is present in each of the 24 capillaries formed by the various son taken three to three, that is to say that it fills all or at least part of each of these capillaries in such a way that it exists. at least, on any length of cable of length equal to 2 cm, a rubber stopper in each capillary.
• the filling rubber is a conventional rubber composition for tire carcass reinforcement for industrial vehicles, having the same formulation as that of the carcass rubber ply that the CI cable is intended to reinforce; this composition is based on natural rubber (peptized) and carbon black N330 (55 phr); it also comprises the following usual additives: sulfur (6 phr), sulfenamide accelerator (1 phr), ZnO (9 phr), stearic acid (0.7 phr), antioxidant (1.5 phr), cobalt naphthenate (1 phr) pce); the ElO modulus of the composition is about 6 MPa. This composition was extruded at a temperature of about 65 ° C. through a 0.580 mm calibration die.
• the CI cables of the invention were subjected to the air permeability test described in paragraph 1-2, by measuring the volume of air (in cm 3 ⁇ ) passing through the cables in 1 minute (average of 10 measurements per minute). each cable tested).
• control gummed cables in situ of the same construction as the CI compact cables of the invention, were prepared according to the method described in the aforementioned application WO 2005/071557, in several discontinuous steps, by sheathing via a extrusion head of intermediate core strand 1 + 6, then in a second time by wiring the remaining 12 son around the core thus sheathed, for formation of the outer layer. These control cables were then subjected to the air permeability test of section 1-2.
• the core (Cl) of the cables of the invention could consist of a non-circular section wire, for example plastically deformed, in particular a wire of substantially oval or polygonal section, for example triangular, square or rectangular; the core could also consist of a preformed wire, of circular section or not, for example a corrugated wire, twisted, twisted helical or zig-zag.
• the diameter di of the nucleus (Cl) represents the diameter of the imaginary revolution cylinder which surrounds the central wire (encumbrance diameter), and no longer the diameter (or any other transverse size). , if its section is not circular) of the central wire itself.
• the central wire is less stressed during the wiring operation than the other son, given its position in the cable, it is not necessary for this wire to use for example compositions of steel with high torsional ductility; advantageously any type of steel may be used, for example a stainless steel.
• a (at least one) linear yarn of one of the other two layers (C2 and / or C3) could also be replaced by a preformed or deformed yarn, or more generally by a yarn of section different from that of the other yarns of diameter d 2 and / or d 3 , so as to further improve the penetrability of the cable by the rubber or other material, the overall size of this replacement wire may be smaller, equal to or greater than the diameter ( d 2 and / or d 3 ) other constituent son of the layer (C2 and / or C3) concerned.
• part of the son constituting the cable according to the invention could be replaced by son other than son steel, metal or not, including son mineral or organic material to high mechanical strength, for example monofilaments organic polymers liquid crystal.
• the invention also relates to any multi-strand steel cable whose structure incorporates at least, as elementary strand, a layered cable according to the invention.
• multi-strand cables according to the invention which can be used, for example, in tires for industrial vehicles of the civil engineering type, in particular in their carcass or crown reinforcement, mention may be made of multi-strand cables with two layers of general construction known per se, for example:
• each elementary strand (or at least a part of them) is constituted by a three-layer cable 1 + N + P, in particular 1 + 6 + 11 or 1 + 6 + 12, which is according to the invention.
• Such multi-strand steel cables in particular of the type (l + 5) x (l + 6 + 11), (l + 6) x (l + 6 + 11), (2 + 7) x (l + 6 + 11), (2 + 8) x (1 + 6 + 11), (3 + 8) x (1 + 6 + 11), (3 + 9) x (1 + 6 + 11), (4+ 9) x (1 + 6 + 11), (4 + 10) x (1 + 6 + 11), (1 + 5) x (1 + 6 + 12), (1 + 6) x (1 + 6 + 12), (2 + 7) x (1 + 6 + 12), (2 + 8) x (1 + 6 + 12), (3 + 8) x (1 + 6 + 12), or (3 + 9) ) x (1 + 6 + 12), (4 + 9) x (1 + 6 + 12) or (4 + 10) x (1 + 6 + 12), could be themselves gummed in situ during their manufacture that is to say that in this case the central strand is itself, or the center strands if they are several themselves, sheathed

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• 2009
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• 2010
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