EP2392409B1 - Dispositif d'application de colle sur des zones de bandes de papier et de plastique ou des sections de bandes de papier et de plastique ainsi que son procédé de fabrication - Google Patents

Dispositif d'application de colle sur des zones de bandes de papier et de plastique ou des sections de bandes de papier et de plastique ainsi que son procédé de fabrication Download PDF

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Publication number
EP2392409B1
EP2392409B1 EP11168252.2A EP11168252A EP2392409B1 EP 2392409 B1 EP2392409 B1 EP 2392409B1 EP 11168252 A EP11168252 A EP 11168252A EP 2392409 B1 EP2392409 B1 EP 2392409B1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
glue
chamber
mating element
nozzle unit
valves
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Active
Application number
EP11168252.2A
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German (de)
English (en)
Other versions
EP2392409A1 (fr
Inventor
Andreas Lamkemeyer
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Windmoeller and Hoelscher KG
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Windmoeller and Hoelscher KG
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Windmoeller and Hoelscher KG filed Critical Windmoeller and Hoelscher KG
Publication of EP2392409A1 publication Critical patent/EP2392409A1/fr
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Publication of EP2392409B1 publication Critical patent/EP2392409B1/fr
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Classifications

    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B05SPRAYING OR ATOMISING IN GENERAL; APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
    • B05CAPPARATUS FOR APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
    • B05C5/00Apparatus in which liquid or other fluent material is projected, poured or allowed to flow on to the surface of the work
    • B05C5/02Apparatus in which liquid or other fluent material is projected, poured or allowed to flow on to the surface of the work the liquid or other fluent material being discharged through an outlet orifice by pressure, e.g. from an outlet device in contact or almost in contact, with the work
    • B05C5/027Coating heads with several outlets, e.g. aligned transversally to the moving direction of a web to be coated
    • B05C5/0275Coating heads with several outlets, e.g. aligned transversally to the moving direction of a web to be coated flow controlled, e.g. by a valve
    • B05C5/0279Coating heads with several outlets, e.g. aligned transversally to the moving direction of a web to be coated flow controlled, e.g. by a valve independently, e.g. individually, flow controlled
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B31MAKING ARTICLES OF PAPER, CARDBOARD OR MATERIAL WORKED IN A MANNER ANALOGOUS TO PAPER; WORKING PAPER, CARDBOARD OR MATERIAL WORKED IN A MANNER ANALOGOUS TO PAPER
    • B31BMAKING CONTAINERS OF PAPER, CARDBOARD OR MATERIAL WORKED IN A MANNER ANALOGOUS TO PAPER
    • B31B70/00Making flexible containers, e.g. envelopes or bags
    • B31B70/60Uniting opposed surfaces or edges; Taping
    • B31B70/62Uniting opposed surfaces or edges; Taping by adhesives
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B05SPRAYING OR ATOMISING IN GENERAL; APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
    • B05BSPRAYING APPARATUS; ATOMISING APPARATUS; NOZZLES
    • B05B1/00Nozzles, spray heads or other outlets, with or without auxiliary devices such as valves, heating means
    • B05B1/30Nozzles, spray heads or other outlets, with or without auxiliary devices such as valves, heating means designed to control volume of flow, e.g. with adjustable passages
    • B05B1/3013Nozzles, spray heads or other outlets, with or without auxiliary devices such as valves, heating means designed to control volume of flow, e.g. with adjustable passages the controlling element being a lift valve
    • B05B1/302Nozzles, spray heads or other outlets, with or without auxiliary devices such as valves, heating means designed to control volume of flow, e.g. with adjustable passages the controlling element being a lift valve with a ball-shaped valve member
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B05SPRAYING OR ATOMISING IN GENERAL; APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
    • B05CAPPARATUS FOR APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
    • B05C5/00Apparatus in which liquid or other fluent material is projected, poured or allowed to flow on to the surface of the work
    • B05C5/02Apparatus in which liquid or other fluent material is projected, poured or allowed to flow on to the surface of the work the liquid or other fluent material being discharged through an outlet orifice by pressure, e.g. from an outlet device in contact or almost in contact, with the work
    • B05C5/0208Apparatus in which liquid or other fluent material is projected, poured or allowed to flow on to the surface of the work the liquid or other fluent material being discharged through an outlet orifice by pressure, e.g. from an outlet device in contact or almost in contact, with the work for applying liquid or other fluent material to separate articles
    • B05C5/0212Apparatus in which liquid or other fluent material is projected, poured or allowed to flow on to the surface of the work the liquid or other fluent material being discharged through an outlet orifice by pressure, e.g. from an outlet device in contact or almost in contact, with the work for applying liquid or other fluent material to separate articles only at particular parts of the articles
    • B05C5/0216Apparatus in which liquid or other fluent material is projected, poured or allowed to flow on to the surface of the work the liquid or other fluent material being discharged through an outlet orifice by pressure, e.g. from an outlet device in contact or almost in contact, with the work for applying liquid or other fluent material to separate articles only at particular parts of the articles by relative movement of article and outlet according to a predetermined path
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B31MAKING ARTICLES OF PAPER, CARDBOARD OR MATERIAL WORKED IN A MANNER ANALOGOUS TO PAPER; WORKING PAPER, CARDBOARD OR MATERIAL WORKED IN A MANNER ANALOGOUS TO PAPER
    • B31BMAKING CONTAINERS OF PAPER, CARDBOARD OR MATERIAL WORKED IN A MANNER ANALOGOUS TO PAPER
    • B31B2150/00Flexible containers made from sheets or blanks, e.g. from flattened tubes
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B31MAKING ARTICLES OF PAPER, CARDBOARD OR MATERIAL WORKED IN A MANNER ANALOGOUS TO PAPER; WORKING PAPER, CARDBOARD OR MATERIAL WORKED IN A MANNER ANALOGOUS TO PAPER
    • B31BMAKING CONTAINERS OF PAPER, CARDBOARD OR MATERIAL WORKED IN A MANNER ANALOGOUS TO PAPER
    • B31B2160/00Shape of flexible containers
    • B31B2160/20Shape of flexible containers with structural provision for thickness of contents
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B31MAKING ARTICLES OF PAPER, CARDBOARD OR MATERIAL WORKED IN A MANNER ANALOGOUS TO PAPER; WORKING PAPER, CARDBOARD OR MATERIAL WORKED IN A MANNER ANALOGOUS TO PAPER
    • B31BMAKING CONTAINERS OF PAPER, CARDBOARD OR MATERIAL WORKED IN A MANNER ANALOGOUS TO PAPER
    • B31B70/00Making flexible containers, e.g. envelopes or bags
    • B31B70/60Uniting opposed surfaces or edges; Taping
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10TTECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T156/00Adhesive bonding and miscellaneous chemical manufacture
    • Y10T156/17Surface bonding means and/or assemblymeans with work feeding or handling means
    • Y10T156/1798Surface bonding means and/or assemblymeans with work feeding or handling means with liquid adhesive or adhesive activator applying means
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10TTECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T29/00Metal working
    • Y10T29/49Method of mechanical manufacture
    • Y10T29/494Fluidic or fluid actuated device making

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a device for applying glue to areas of paper or plastic webs or paper or plastic web sections according to the preamble of claim 1 and to a method for their production according to the preamble of claim 11.
  • a tube is formed from one or more webs which initially form a multilayer web, one or more glue tracks being applied longitudinally to the regions of the web which are subsequently overlapped with other regions of the web (so-called tube formation).
  • the webs may be made of paper and / or plastic. From the tube formed pieces of tubing are isolated, are molded to the later soils, in turn, for the bonding of the floors adhesive is applied to parts of these pieces of hose.
  • starch glue is often used. In the following parts of this application, therefore, the word glue is used instead of the word adhesive, without thereby limiting the subject matter of the invention.
  • Each glue valve in this case comprises at least one plunger with a sealing head, which can be changed in its position.
  • This sealing head cooperates with a counter element.
  • the sealing head can enter into a sealing contact with the counter element, so that no glue can pass past the sealing head through the counter element.
  • the glue valve is opened and the glue can enter the glue feed line.
  • the nozzle unit is often constructed in two parts, wherein in a nozzle plate usually the glue outlet openings and Leimzufilm Gustaven are introduced.
  • the nozzle head often carries the glue valves as well as the glue chamber.
  • a disadvantage of arrangements according to the prior art is that prefabricated glue valves are arranged on the nozzle unit.
  • the nozzle unit must be provided with different holes for each valve, which can first lead the glue from the glue chamber to the surface of the nozzle unit where the glue valve is located, and then the glue from the valve to the glue dispensing orifices concerned leads.
  • the object of the present invention is therefore to provide an apparatus and a method with which costs can be saved.
  • the counter element of a glue valve is arranged in or in the immediate vicinity of the glue chamber.
  • the counter-element can be arranged, for example, in the transition region between the glue chamber and the glue supply line or be formed by this transition region. Since the sealing head cooperates with the counter element, it is therefore possible to speak of a valve integrated in the glue chamber.
  • the glue lines which bring the glue from the glue chamber to the valves. This significantly reduces the number of holes in the nozzle unit, which has a cost-saving effect.
  • no separate housing with a separate chamber is needed for the valves themselves. By saving glue-carrying lines also reduces the maintenance, especially the cleaning effort.
  • the valves are now integrated in the nozzle unit, results in a smaller, more compact size of the entire nozzle unit.
  • the counter element is designed as an independent component and is introduced into the transition region between the glue chamber and the glue feed line.
  • the counter element can be easily replaced when it comes to leaks in the valve, for example, due to wear.
  • the counter element can be sealed against the glue supply line with a sealant, such as an O-ring.
  • the counter element is provided at one of its ends, preferably at the end facing the glue chamber, with a hexagon socket.
  • the bottom of this hexagonal recess can be provided the contact surface for the sealing head. Within the contact surface then the passage for the glue is provided.
  • the plunger extends at least partially through the glue chamber. This allows a space-saving arrangement of the ram moving drive.
  • the plunger is displaceable by means of an electromagnetic displacement drive.
  • the plunger may comprise magnetic or magnetizable elements which are surrounded by a coil, with which a switchable magnetic field can be generated.
  • the electromechanical displacement drive is arranged diametrically opposite the counter element.
  • the plunger cuts the axis of the glue chamber, if this has a round cross-section. In a different cross-section, the plunger cuts the axis of the cylinder, which can be inscribed in the glue chamber.
  • the extension directions of the plunger of two glue valves are arranged rotated against each other about the axis of the glue chamber.
  • this concerns two adjacent valves these can be placed close to each other despite the spatial extent, especially of the ram moving drives, so that the largest possible number of glue outlet openings per unit length can be provided.
  • two adjacent valves may be rotated 30 degrees from each other.
  • the nozzle unit may at least partially consist of plastic. This can on the one hand simplify the production, on the other hand, this material is inexpensive. Of particular advantage, however, is that such a material does not transmit the magnetic field generated by the electromagnetic displacement drive of a valve so much to an adjacent valve, as is the case for example in a metallic environment.
  • the nozzle unit may further comprise a plurality of individual segments. Such a segment may be associated with a small number of valves. It is advantageous to assign a single valve to each segment. However, it can also be advantageous to assign several valves to each segment. Thus, so many valves can be provided until the arrangement pattern repeats with respect to the mutual pivoting of the valves. For example, if three valves are pivoted against each other and corresponds to the Verschwenkungswinkel the fourth valve that of the first valve, so three valves per segment should be provided. In a segmentation of the nozzle unit, the segments can be produced very inexpensively, since they are identical. Depending on the desired size of the nozzle unit now only a corresponding number of segments needs to be strung together.
  • each segment comprises a component of the glue chamber, these glue chamber parts of the segments being congruent.
  • These glue chamber parts can then be designed as simple transverse bores within the segments. This has the consequence that between two segments each a sealing element should be provided.
  • the segments can be fastened to each other.
  • the segments may be provided with through holes through which threaded rods or other traction means are pluggable. With this traction means and corresponding fixatives such as nuts, the individual Segments pressed against each other.
  • the respective outer segments may be provided on their outer end faces with end elements for the glue chamber.
  • Fig. 1 shows a section through the nozzle unit 1 of a device according to the invention.
  • the central element of this nozzle unit 1 is the glue chamber 2, which extends transversely to the transport direction x of the workpieces, not shown.
  • From the glue chamber 2 branch off several glue supply lines 3, which open into glue outlet openings 4.
  • glue outlet openings are shown arranged at different positions in the direction x, but this essentially serves for a better overview.
  • the glue entry openings 4 may also be arranged deviating therefrom, for example on a line transverse to the direction x.
  • a valve 5, 6, 7 is assigned, with which the glue flow through the associated glue supply lines 3 can be produced or interrupted.
  • Each of these valves comprises for this purpose a plunger 8, 9, 10, which are movable by not shown drives in their extension directions.
  • Each plunger comprises a sealing head which cooperates with a counter-element 11, 12, 13 in the manner described below.
  • the individual valves can be rotated against each other.
  • the example of the valves 5 and 6 is the FIG. 1 can be seen that by this arrangement, the directions of extension of the plunger 8 and 9 assume an angle ⁇ to each other.
  • This angle ⁇ may, for example, assume a value of 30 to 60 degrees, especially 45 degrees.
  • the FIG. 2 shows a section through a section of the FIG. 1 , It shows the valve 6 with the plunger 9.
  • the valve 6 comprises a housing 14 which is fixedly connected to the nozzle unit 1, for example screwed. For this purpose, a bore 21 is introduced into the nozzle unit.
  • the valve can also be integrated without housing in the nozzle unit 1, which is not shown.
  • the plunger 9 carries a sealing head 15, which is spherical. This fits into a spherical shell-shaped recess 16 which is introduced into the counter-element 12. In this recess, an opening 17 is introduced, which represents a connection from the glue chamber 2 to the glue supply line 3.
  • the sealing head 15 - as it is in the FIG. 2 is shown - in contact with the recess, this opening 17 is closed, and it can not get any glue in the Leimzushelltechnisch 3.
  • the counter-element 12 is cylindrical or disc-shaped and carries on its outer surface an external thread 18, via which the counter-element 12 is screwed into the thread 19 of a bore 20.
  • This bore 20 is advantageously smaller in its diameter than the bore 21 through which the valve 6 extends.
  • an O-ring 22 may be provided which in the FIG. 3 is shown. Other sealing elements are also conceivable.
  • FIG. 3 now shows the valve 6 in the open state, wherein the plunger 9 has been moved away from the counter element 12, so that the opening 17 is now released and thus a glue flow from the glue chamber 1 was prepared in the glue supply 3.
  • a coil 23 is provided which encloses a guide 24, in which the plunger 9 is guided.
  • Another Guide 25 may be provided.
  • the guide 24 is closed relative to the interior of the housing 14, in which the coil is located, so that no glue from the glue chamber 2 or the bore 21 can enter the interior of the coil.
  • FIG. 4 shows the view IV - IV of FIG. 3 ,
  • the recess 16 is inserted into a recess 25, which in turn is formed in the plan view as a hexagon.
  • This recess thus forms a hexagon socket, which makes it possible to screw the counter element with commercially available tools in a simple manner in the bore 20.
  • FIG. 5 now shows the view VV FIG. 1 , It should be emphasized that it is only one of many possibilities for the design of the nozzle unit 1 of FIG. 1 is.
  • the valves 5, 6, 7 are arranged on a respective segment 26, 27 and 28.
  • This embodiment is advantageous because all segments are identical. Several segments can be assembled into a nozzle unit and, as described above, connected together. The nozzle unit is thus modular and can even be adapted later to the respective needs.
  • FIG. 6 shows another example of a segmented nozzle unit 1.
  • the segments 29 each carry only one valve, so that the length of the nozzle unit is variable in even smaller steps.
  • not all segments need to carry the same number of valves. This may vary as it is in the FIG. 6 is also shown.

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  • Coating Apparatus (AREA)

Claims (11)

  1. Dispositif pour l'application de colle sur des zones de bandes de papier ou de matière plastique ou des sections de bandes de papier ou de matière plastique en vue de la fabrication de sacs en papier, comprenant :
    - une unité de buses (1) présentant plusieurs orifices de sortie de colle (4) et plusieurs conduites d'arrivée de colle (3) ainsi que plusieurs soupapes à colle (5, 6, 7), par lesquelles les conduites d'arrivée de colle (3) peuvent être alimentées de façon sélective avec de la colle, dans lequel chaque soupape à colle (5, 6, 7) comprend au moins un poussoir (8, 9, 10) avec une tête étanche et au moins un contre-élément avec lequel la tête étanche peut venir en contact étanche,
    caractérisé en ce que le dispositif comprend une chambre à colle (2), avec laquelle la colle peut être préparée, dans lequel plusieurs conduites d'arrivée de colle partent de la chambre à colle et débouchent dans les orifices de sortie de colle, en ce que le contre-élément (11, 12, 13) est disposé dans ou à proximité immédiate de la chambre à colle (2), et en ce que le contre-élément (11, 12, 13) est réalisé sous la forme d'un composant autonome et est installé dans la zone de transition entre la chambre à colle (2) et la conduite d'arrivée de colle (3).
  2. Dispositif selon la revendication 1, caractérisé en ce que le contre-élément (11, 12, 13) est réalisé en forme de cylindre ou en forme de disque avec un filet sur sa surface extérieure et est vissé dans un alésage (20, 21) pratiqué dans la conduite d'arrivée de colle et muni d'un filet intérieur.
  3. Dispositif selon l'une des deux revendications précédentes, caractérisé en ce que le contre-élément (11, 12, 13) est muni de six pans creux à une de ses extrémités.
  4. Dispositif selon l'une quelconque des revendications précédentes, caractérisé en ce que le poussoir (8, 9, 10) pénètre au moins en partie à travers la chambre à colle (2).
  5. Dispositif selon l'une quelconque des revendications précédentes, caractérisé en ce que le poussoir (8, 9, 10) est déplaçable au moyen d'un entraînement de déplacement électromagnétique.
  6. Dispositif selon la revendication précédente, caractérisé en ce que l'entraînement de déplacement électromagnétique est disposé directement sur la chambre à colle (2).
  7. Dispositif selon l'une des deux revendications précédentes, caractérisé en ce que l'entraînement de déplacement électromagnétique est disposé diamétralement à l'opposé du contre-élément (12).
  8. Dispositif selon l'une quelconque des revendications précédentes, caractérisé en ce que les directions d'extension des poussoirs (8, 9, 10) de deux soupapes à colle (5, 6, 7) sont disposés de façon inclinée l'un par rapport à l'autre.
  9. Dispositif selon l'une quelconque des revendications précédentes, caractérisé en ce que l'unité de buses (1) est constituée au moins en partie de matière plastique.
  10. Dispositif selon l'une quelconque des revendications précédentes, caractérisé en ce que l'unité de buses (1) comprend plusieurs segments, qui peuvent être placés les uns contre les autres et fixés les uns aux autres dans la direction de la chambre à colle.
  11. Procédé, pour la fabrication d'un dispositif pour l'application de colle sur des zones de bandes de papier ou de matière plastique ou des sections de bandes de papier ou de matière plastique en vue de la fabrication de sacs en papier, dans lequel:
    - on prépare une unité de buses (1) présentant plusieurs orifices de sortie de colle (4) et plusieurs conduites d'arrivée de colle (3) ainsi que plusieurs soupapes à colle (5, 6, 7), dans lequel les conduites d'arrivée de colle (3) peuvent être alimentées de façon sélective avec de la colle via les soupapes à colle (5, 6, 7), dans lequel chaque soupape à colle (5, 6, 7) comprend au moins un poussoir (8, 9, 10) avec une tête étanche (15) et au moins un contre-élément (11, 12, 13) avec lequel la tête étanche (15) peut venir en contact étanche,
    caractérisé en ce que l'on prépare une chambre à colle (2), avec laquelle la colle peut être préparée, dans lequel plusieurs conduites d'arrivée de colle partent de la chambre à colle et débouchent dans les orifices de sortie de colle, en ce que le contre-élément (11, 12, 13) est disposé dans ou à proximité immédiate de la chambre à colle (2), et en ce que le contre-élément (11, 12, 13) est réalisé sous la forme d'un composant autonome et est installé dans la zone de transition entre la chambre à colle (2) et la conduite d'arrivée de colle (3).
EP11168252.2A 2010-06-02 2011-05-31 Dispositif d'application de colle sur des zones de bandes de papier et de plastique ou des sections de bandes de papier et de plastique ainsi que son procédé de fabrication Active EP2392409B1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE102010029678 2010-06-02

Publications (2)

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EP2392409A1 EP2392409A1 (fr) 2011-12-07
EP2392409B1 true EP2392409B1 (fr) 2013-07-17

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EP11168252.2A Active EP2392409B1 (fr) 2010-06-02 2011-05-31 Dispositif d'application de colle sur des zones de bandes de papier et de plastique ou des sections de bandes de papier et de plastique ainsi que son procédé de fabrication

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US (1) US8904953B2 (fr)
EP (1) EP2392409B1 (fr)

Families Citing this family (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN114871061B (zh) * 2022-05-19 2024-01-12 成都合达自动化设备有限公司 一种升降注胶机

Family Cites Families (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4488665A (en) * 1982-05-24 1984-12-18 Spraymation, Inc. Multiple-outlet adhesive applicator apparatus and method
US5875922A (en) * 1997-10-10 1999-03-02 Nordson Corporation Apparatus for dispensing an adhesive
GB2375978B (en) * 2001-05-29 2004-08-04 C B Kaymich & Company Ltd Adhesive applicator apparatus
DE10309893B4 (de) 2002-09-13 2019-05-23 Windmöller & Hölscher Kg Bodenlegevorrichtung für Papiersäcke sowie Verfahren zum Betrieb einer Bodenlegevorrichtung
DE10327646B4 (de) * 2002-09-13 2007-07-12 Windmöller & Hölscher Kg Vorrichtung zur Bildung eines Leimprofils für Kreuzbodensäcke
DE10330751A1 (de) 2003-07-07 2005-02-10 Windmöller & Hölscher Kg Bodenlegevorrichtung für Papiersäcke
US20090107398A1 (en) * 2007-10-31 2009-04-30 Nordson Corporation Fluid dispensers and methods for dispensing viscous fluids with improved edge definition

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US8904953B2 (en) 2014-12-09
US20110297079A1 (en) 2011-12-08
EP2392409A1 (fr) 2011-12-07

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