EP2379824A2 - Befestigungsanker zum befestigen einer fassade - Google Patents
Befestigungsanker zum befestigen einer fassadeInfo
- Publication number
- EP2379824A2 EP2379824A2 EP10703616A EP10703616A EP2379824A2 EP 2379824 A2 EP2379824 A2 EP 2379824A2 EP 10703616 A EP10703616 A EP 10703616A EP 10703616 A EP10703616 A EP 10703616A EP 2379824 A2 EP2379824 A2 EP 2379824A2
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- anchor
- deformation
- fastening
- base plate
- webs
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 11
- 238000010521 absorption reaction Methods 0.000 description 9
- 239000010410 layer Substances 0.000 description 7
- 230000006835 compression Effects 0.000 description 6
- 238000007906 compression Methods 0.000 description 6
- 230000003313 weakening effect Effects 0.000 description 5
- 238000004880 explosion Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 4
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000005452 bending Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000009435 building construction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000013016 damping Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000005553 drilling Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000000977 initiatory effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 241000239290 Araneae Species 0.000 description 1
- 238000004026 adhesive bonding Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011324 bead Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000002146 bilateral effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005253 cladding Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001419 dependent effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011161 development Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000018109 developmental process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000945 filler Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005242 forging Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011229 interlayer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000003801 milling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000007639 printing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004080 punching Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011347 resin Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920005989 resin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 238000005096 rolling process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005245 sintering Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011343 solid material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000003466 welding Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E04—BUILDING
- E04F—FINISHING WORK ON BUILDINGS, e.g. STAIRS, FLOORS
- E04F13/00—Coverings or linings, e.g. for walls or ceilings
- E04F13/07—Coverings or linings, e.g. for walls or ceilings composed of covering or lining elements; Sub-structures therefor; Fastening means therefor
- E04F13/08—Coverings or linings, e.g. for walls or ceilings composed of covering or lining elements; Sub-structures therefor; Fastening means therefor composed of a plurality of similar covering or lining elements
- E04F13/0801—Separate fastening elements
- E04F13/0832—Separate fastening elements without load-supporting elongated furring elements between wall and covering elements
- E04F13/0833—Separate fastening elements without load-supporting elongated furring elements between wall and covering elements not adjustable
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a fixing anchor for fixing a facade to a building.
- Fastening anchors are known and are fastened, for example via bolts on a concrete floor or a concrete floor, so that the building facade or its facade elements or panels or the like can be attached to a portion of the fastening anchor.
- a fastening anchor is designed to take loads such as dead load of the facade, wind, snow, etc., and initiate into the building.
- Usual wind load attachments consist essentially of a flat plate.
- bomb-load fasteners which can temporarily induce very high loads in the structure, such as occur in an impact or an explosion.
- the fastening anchor described in this patent comprises, as shown in FIG. 7, a prism 12 for pushing a block 14.
- the block 14 can be fastened to the prism 12 by means of screws 16 and has a dovetail-shaped groove 18 on a front side into which a dovetail-shaped prism 20 is inserted, which can be fixed by screws 22.
- a crosspiece 24 is arranged, on which a facade element, such as a panel, can be fastened.
- the anchor is bolted. 36 attached to the building, with toothed washers 38 are also used in toothed slots 28, 30 of a base 26 of the U-shaped mounting anchor.
- very high load peaks such as the occurrence of an impact or an explosion, can be recorded and introduced into the building without the fixing anchor deforming for a short time.
- the object of the invention is thus to provide a fastening anchor for preventing or minimizing damage to building components and / or facades.
- a fixing anchor for facades, cladding, panels, etc. has at least one deformation section which experiences a predetermined plastic deformation under tensile and / or compressive loading.
- the attachment anchor becomes much of the stress energy due to the plastic deformation of the attachment anchor absorbed to reduce the load on the building components.
- the deformation section is designed or configured or configurable in such a way that a predetermined or specifiable plastic deformation of the deformation section occurs in the case of a specific or determinable or predetermined or predefinable load or force introduction.
- a predetermined or specifiable or determinable energy is absorbed under load or force introduction into the fastening anchor by deforming the deformation section by a predetermined or specifiable amount.
- the fastening anchor is connected by means of a base plate to the building, in particular rigid.
- the façade is attached to a façade attachment to the fixing anchor.
- the deforming portion is in a mounted on a building state on the side facing away from the building or facing the base plate, i. on the weather side or room side, arranged.
- the deformation section is arranged between the base plate and the facade fastening.
- the deformation section has a macroscopic modulus of elasticity E m and / or a macroscopic shear modulus G m which is smaller than the macroscopic elasticity and / or shear modulus of the regions of the fastening anchor or the base plate or the facade fastening adjacent to the deformation section.
- the microscopic elastic modulus E and / or the microscopic shear modulus G of the deformation section may be greater than the macroscopic elastic modulus Em and / or the macroscopic shear modulus Gm.
- the microscopic elastic modulus E and / or the microscopic shear modulus G of the deformation section can be equal to the microscopic elasticity and / or shear modulus of the regions of the fastening anchor or the base plate or the facade fastening adjacent to the deformation section.
- F corresponds to the applied force
- A the cross-sectional area
- ⁇ l the change in length
- I the length.
- ⁇ 1 / E m x ⁇ .
- the size is therefore referred to as the macroscopic modulus of elasticity E m , because material distances from the deformation section or the base plate are also taken into account for the calculation for determining the macroscopic elastic modulus E m .
- the microscopic elastic modulus E of the deformation section or the base plate is understood to be the material constant of the solid material from which the deformation section or the base plate is made.
- the microscopic elasticity and / or shear modulus (E and / or G) can be within the fastening anchor be constant and at the same time vary the macroscopic elasticity and / or shear modulus (E m and / or G m ) within the attachment anchor.
- the macroscopic modulus of elasticity and / or shear (E m and / or G m ) of the deformation section is smaller than the macroscopic modulus of elasticity and / or shear (E m and / or G m ) of the base plate and smaller than the microscopic elasticity modulus. and / or shear modulus (E and / or G) of the deformation section.
- the fastening anchor can be designed such that the microscopic elasticity and / or shear modulus (E and / or G) of the deformation section is smaller than the microscopic elasticity and / or shear modulus of the base plate or of the remaining fastening anchor.
- This design can be achieved by changing the composition and / or structure of the material of the deformation section as opposed to the material of the attachment anchor adjacent to the deformation section.
- the deformation section can consist in particular of a different material and / or the areas of the attachment anchor not belonging to the deformation section can be partially hardened.
- a reduction of the macroscopic modulus of elasticity and / or shear of the deformation section can be achieved in particular by a different degree of sintering in the powder metallurgical production of the fastening anchor.
- the deformation section may have cross-sectional weakenings, recesses, depressions and / or deformation elements such as webs, rod-shaped elements, deformable layers between layered plates, etc.
- the deformation section can be plastically deformed upon application of a predetermined force or tension.
- the deformation portion upon application of a predetermined force or voltage is predetermined plastically deformable, while the surrounding deformation portion of the fastening anchor or the base plate by the application of the predetermined force or voltage is only elastically deformable, since the elastic limit of the material is not is exceeded.
- the plastic deformation of the deformation section leads to an absorption of the energy introduced by the application of force into the fastening anchor, wherein preferably the deformation section is solidified by the plastic deformation.
- the building construction, in particular the fastening point of the fastening anchor, ie the base plate, with the building construction, by the amount of the deformation by the section absorbed energy is relieved and can therefore be performed weaker.
- the elastically deformed regions of the fastening anchor essentially return to their original shape, while the deformation section remains deformed in a predeterminable or predetermined manner.
- the fastening anchor according to the invention for the arrangement of facade parts on a building advantageously by means of the deformation portion, which is deformed by a predeterminable amount at a predeterminable application of a mechanical stress in a predeterminable manner, causes a lower mechanical load on the supporting building structure, as the energy introduced into the fastening anchor is partially, in particular for the most part, converted into deformation energy for deformation of the deformation section, and thereby the energy introduced into the building structure is smaller than the energy introduced into the fastening anchor.
- the deformation portion has a plurality of webs separated by recesses or depressions or cross-sectional reductions.
- the deformation portion can be manufactured in a simple and inexpensive manner.
- a desired deformation behavior i. absorbed or absorbed work, deformation path, deformation direction, etc. by arrangement, number, cross section, etc. of the webs, recesses, depressions or cross-sectional reductions can be achieved.
- At least one first web is configured to act both under compressive load and tensile load, and at least one second web to act only under compressive or tensile loading only, ie, the first web deforms under both compressive and tensile loads. while the second web is deformed only in one loading direction and receives substantially no force in the other direction.
- webs and recesses are formed by bores in the deformation portion, so that the holes correspond to the recesses and the remaining material between adjacent holes form the webs.
- the attachment anchor has at least one intermediate member, which is preferably designed as substantially perpendicular to the webs beam portion and forms a connection of the webs with a base plate and wherein at least one web is fixedly connected to the intermediate member and at least one other web relative to the intermediate member is slidably disposed in one direction and abuts in the opposite direction to a stop element, wherein the stop element is preferably arranged on the intermediate member.
- a pair of intermediate links is preferably arranged as bar-shaped components on opposite sides of the webs.
- the stop element has a slope, which runs onto a displaceable web during the deformation. In this way, an introduced into the displaceable web force increases with increasing deformation, so that the web receives a continuously increasing load.
- a base plate of the fastening anchor via rod-shaped elements or pins or bolts with at least one, preferably a pair of anchor plate (s) is connected, wherein the rod-shaped elements are plastically deformable.
- the rod-shaped elements form a deformation section that can be combined with webs to provide two deformation sections.
- the rod-shaped elements can also be arranged without the provision of webs, if only one deformation section is to be formed.
- a desired deformation behavior of the deformation section can be achieved by the number and type of deformation elements (webs and / or rod-shaped elements) and their configuration.
- an intermediate layer in an intermediate space between the base plate and anchor plate (s) is arranged, which has metal and / or plastic.
- This intermediate layer can absorb further deformation forces, if, due to the introduction of force into the base plate, this shifts relative to the anchor plate (s).
- the invention further relates to a method for fixing a facade with the steps:
- the method of attaching a facade further comprises the step of forming recesses and lands.
- the method further comprises the step of forming first lands to act on both compressive and tensile loads, and the step of forming second lands to act only on compression or only tensile loading.
- the method preferably comprises the steps:
- FIG. 1 shows a perspective view of a first exemplary embodiment of a fastening anchor according to the invention.
- Figure 2 shows a second embodiment of a fastening anchor according to the invention in plan view.
- Figure 3 shows a third embodiment of a fastening anchor according to the invention in plan view.
- FIG. 4 shows a perspective view of a fastening anchor according to a fourth exemplary embodiment.
- FIG. 5 shows a top view of a fastening anchor according to a fifth exemplary embodiment.
- Figure 6 shows a sixth embodiment of a fastening anchor in the front view.
- FIG. 7 shows a seventh exemplary embodiment of a fastening anchor in a perspective view.
- Fig. 8 shows a perspective view of a fastening anchor according to the prior art.
- a fastening anchor 100 has a base plate 110 which is to be connected by screws, bolts or the like (not shown) to a concrete floor or a concrete floor, a concrete column or the like.
- the fastening anchor 100 has a facade fastening 130 to which an outer facade, a panel or the like can be fastened.
- the base plate 100 may have simple bores, or preferably elongated holes, which are preferably serrated to locate toothed washers in these slots and to connect the washers to a concrete component of the building via screws, bolts, or the like.
- a through hole of the washer is preferably arranged eccentrically to obtain by turning the washer by 90 degrees or 180 degrees, a further fine adjustment.
- the base plate 1 10 is not connected via a rigid or rigid portion or body with the facade attachment 130, but via a deformation portion 120, which undergoes a predetermined plastic deformation under load in the tensile and / or compressive direction, to absorb energy.
- the fastening anchor is rigid or elastically deformable only up to a load at the level of the wind load and deforms plastically or permanently at higher load values.
- the deformation section can also be set to other values than the wind load specified here.
- the values for compressive and tensile loading may be different if in one direction all the deformation elements (explained below) and in the other direction only predetermined deformation elements act, i. by, for example, one-sided and two-sided webs are arranged.
- the deformation portion may, for example, as shown in Figure 1, one or a plurality of two-sided webs 122 and one or more single-acting webs (not shown) as a deformation element (s) which bends / bend under load accordingly to increase the distance between the base plate 110 and the facade attachment 130 or to out.
- a (not shown) post of the facade may be appropriate.
- the deformation work for bending the at least one land 122 absorbs the energy under load of the fastening anchor 100.
- stresses on the building and / or the facade can be minimized.
- An example calculation has shown that the transverse forces, for example in the posts in the region of the fastening anchor 100 of 33OkN in the case of a fastening anchor according to the prior art can be minimized to about 20OkN in the case of a fastening anchor according to the invention.
- Minimizing the bearing load can thus prevent or minimize damage to the building.
- smaller fasteners, dowels, so-called Halfen rails, steel components, etc. can be used to save costs and labor during mounting.
- fastening anchor 100 can be installed or cast in itself or integrated into a steel component directly into the concrete or a concrete bag. Another possibility is to provide the fastening anchor integrated or integral as part of a post, frame support or the like.
- the attachment anchor 100 preferably has a plurality of lands 122, such as a pair of three lands 122 respectively disposed on opposite sides of the facade fixture 130 and providing a connection between the facade fixture 130 and an intermediate 126 .
- This intermediate member 126 is preferably a bar-shaped element and in turn provides a connection of the webs 122 with
- the webs 122 are arranged substantially transversely to a force introduction direction K or a direction L opposite thereto.
- bending of the lands 122 occurs when the facade fixture 130 is loaded in the K or L direction.
- the fastening anchor 100 can be made in a simple and inexpensive manner from a substantially flat plate, such as steel, by recesses or openings or depressions or cross-sectional weakenings 124 are formed by punching, sawing, forging, milling or the like to the webs 122 to build.
- the webs 122 act in the direction K and in the direction L in substantially the same manner, i.e., in the direction shown in FIG. Essentially, the same deformation work is required to bend the lands 122. Thus, under a compressive load in the direction K, substantially the same energy is absorbed as in a tensile load in the direction L.
- At least one web 123 may be configured as a single-acting (second) web that bends only upon initiation of the force in one direction, in FIG. 2 upon initiation in the compression direction K, while the web 123 in the opposite direction (direction L in Fig. 2) is freely movable or displaceable in order to absorb in this direction L no force or to absorb energy.
- the web 123 bends only in compression in the direction K by the web 123 abuts against a stop element 128.
- the fastening anchor is loaded in the opposite pulling direction L, the web 123 can move freely in order to absorb no force.
- the mounting anchor 110 may be configured to have a predetermined energy absorption in the pulling direction, which is different from an energy absorption in the printing direction.
- the fastening anchor 100 (although it is not shown here) can also be configured so that the energy absorption in the pulling direction is greater than in the direction of compression when the stop element 128 on the opposite side of the single-acting web 123 is arranged.
- the stop element 128 can also have a bevel 128a, onto which the single-acting web 123 runs.
- a force introduced into the land 123 in the deformation of the fixing anchor 100 continuously increases.
- the single-acting ridge 123 abut on one side on a flat side of a stopper member 128 and abut on the opposite side against a slope 128 a of the stopper member 128 and engage with the bevel 128 ,
- the stop member 128 may (although not shown here) also be provided on both sides with a slope 128a. In addition, the stopper member 128 may also have two flat sides to cause a direct abutment of the web 123.
- Fig. 4 shows another embodiment in which the recesses 124 are formed by bores.
- the bore edges between adjacent holes 124 serve as (two-sided acting) webs 122. It is understood that (although it is not shown here), the holes with the slot-shaped recesses 124 of the first to third embodiment of Figures 1 to 3 can be combined and (not shown) one-sided webs 123 can be arranged.
- FIG. 6 shows a further example of a deformation section 120.
- an anchor plate 140 is fastened to the building component and the base plate 110 is connected to the anchor plate 140 via rod-shaped elements 132.
- the rod-shaped members 132 may bend to absorb energy.
- a plurality of rod-shaped elements 132 is arranged.
- a pair of anchor plates 140, 140 are provided and the base plate 110 is sandwiched between the pair of anchor plates 140, 140, wherein the rod-shaped elements 132 connect the anchor plates 140, 140 to the base plate 110.
- the pair of anchor plates 140, 140 is preferably connected to each other via one or more connecting members 146 by the / the connecting members 146 is preferably connected via welds 144 with the anchor plates 140, 140.
- it can also be any other type of connection in the form of screws, bolts, gluing, rivets, etc. are used.
- Another possibility for energy absorption is to fill a gap between the anchor plates 140, 140 and the base plate 110 with an intermediate layer 150, which may be metallic, non-metallic or elastic, for example of a resin plastic or the like.
- This intermediate layer 150 can thus absorb further energy. It is also conceivable to dispense with placing the intermediate layer 150 on the vertical rod-shaped elements 132.
- deformation section shown in Fig. 6 with the rod-shaped elements 132 and / or the intermediate layer 150 may instead of the in Figs. 1-5 shown deforming portion 120 may be formed with the webs 122, 123 or in addition to the deformation portion 120, depending on the application.
- the inner tube 220 has the deformation portion 120 with the recesses 124 and two-sided webs 122 and the unilaterally acting webs 123 (not shown). Under compressive load, the inner tube 220 pushes into the outer tube 210, and under tensile load, it is pulled out to deform the deformation portion 120, respectively.
- the inner tube 220 can preferably be produced by rolling. In other words, the inner tube 220 has the deformation section 120 shown in FIGS. 2 and 3 with the two-sided webs 122 and the one-sided webs 123, but the deformation section 120 is rolled up into a tube 220.
- Fig. 7 The construction shown in Fig. 7 is preferably used for cable and Werstalllanaden, as described in DE 198 31 026 B4 and DE 198 31 025 C1. It is also possible to use the proposed attachment in a vertical arrangement for cable or Werstablanaden at the points of Seilabpressive to shell.
- the push rod of the seventh embodiment is preferably installed over the four connection points of the outer tube 210 in a cable system.
- a glass pane can be received via a so-called spider.
- the fastening anchor may also be formed integrally with a support post or frame element of a building.
- a single anchor may be cast into a concrete pavement.
- the webs and rod-shaped elements are not limited to the embodiments shown here, but may have any other shape to achieve a particular absorption behavior or energy absorption or damping.
- the slots for forming the recesses 124 may not always be longitudinal slots, but may be any other shape such as triangular, oval, sawtooth, wavy, meander, etc.
- the holes shown in Fig. 4 for forming the recesses 124th not all have the same diameter, but may be different. In addition, the holes do not have to be circular, but may also be oval, oblong or the like.
- the slope 128a need not be a straight line, but may also be curved or curved or serrated, wavy or the like.
- the webs 122, 123 need not have a rectangular cross-sectional shape, as shown in the embodiments, but may also have an oval round or any other cross-sectional shape. Such a deformation behavior or an energy absorption can be achieved arbitrarily.
- any filler materials can be introduced into the slots or holes or recesses or depressions or cross-sectional weakenings, in order to achieve additional damping or weakening of the bearing loads.
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Architecture (AREA)
- Civil Engineering (AREA)
- Structural Engineering (AREA)
- Joining Of Building Structures In Genera (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| DE200910005456 DE102009005456B4 (de) | 2009-01-21 | 2009-01-21 | Befestigungsanker zum Befestigen einer Fassade an einem Gebäude |
| PCT/EP2010/000334 WO2010083998A2 (de) | 2009-01-21 | 2010-01-20 | Befestigungsanker zum befestigen einer fassade |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| EP2379824A2 true EP2379824A2 (de) | 2011-10-26 |
| EP2379824B1 EP2379824B1 (de) | 2016-03-30 |
Family
ID=42282478
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP10703616.2A Not-in-force EP2379824B1 (de) | 2009-01-21 | 2010-01-20 | Befestigungsanker zum befestigen einer fassade |
Country Status (3)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| EP (1) | EP2379824B1 (de) |
| DE (1) | DE102009005456B4 (de) |
| WO (1) | WO2010083998A2 (de) |
Families Citing this family (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE202013104418U1 (de) | 2012-10-17 | 2013-10-16 | Josef Gartner Gmbh | Fassadenkonsole sowie Fassadenkonstruktion |
Family Cites Families (9)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US3649430A (en) * | 1965-10-21 | 1972-03-14 | American Cyanamid Co | Vibration damping laminates |
| DE3723755A1 (de) * | 1987-03-13 | 1988-11-03 | Gartner & Co J | Vorrichtung zur befestigung von fassadenelementen |
| DE29509726U1 (de) * | 1995-06-14 | 1996-10-17 | EJOT Verbindungstechnik GmbH & Co. KG, 57334 Bad Laasphe | Nietanker |
| DE19646668A1 (de) * | 1996-11-12 | 1998-05-14 | Sfs Ind Holding Ag | In ein Sackloch einsetzbares Befestigungselement |
| DE19831026B4 (de) | 1998-07-10 | 2005-09-01 | Josef Gartner Gmbh | Tragende Seilkonstruktion |
| DE19831025C1 (de) | 1998-07-10 | 2000-12-14 | Gartner & Co J | Seilspannglied |
| FR2847310B1 (fr) * | 2002-11-18 | 2008-12-05 | Saint Gobain | Inserts destines a equiper des plaques, notamment en verre, en vue de leur fixation et les plaques ainsi equipees |
| IL174280A (en) * | 2006-03-13 | 2010-11-30 | Arpal Aluminum Ltd | Energy absorbing element for wall openings and method of use therefor |
| DE202007004060U1 (de) * | 2007-03-15 | 2007-05-24 | Sälzer Sicherheitstechnik GmbH | Gebäudeabschluss in sprengwirkungshemmender Ausführung |
-
2009
- 2009-01-21 DE DE200910005456 patent/DE102009005456B4/de not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
2010
- 2010-01-20 WO PCT/EP2010/000334 patent/WO2010083998A2/de not_active Ceased
- 2010-01-20 EP EP10703616.2A patent/EP2379824B1/de not_active Not-in-force
Non-Patent Citations (1)
| Title |
|---|
| See references of WO2010083998A2 * |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| WO2010083998A2 (de) | 2010-07-29 |
| DE102009005456A1 (de) | 2010-07-29 |
| WO2010083998A3 (de) | 2010-10-21 |
| DE102009005456B4 (de) | 2011-02-24 |
| EP2379824B1 (de) | 2016-03-30 |
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| EP1589234B1 (de) | Befestigungseinheit |
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