Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
  • C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
  • C04B28/00—Compositions of mortars, concrete or artificial stone, containing inorganic binders or the reaction product of an inorganic and an organic binder, e.g. polycarboxylate cements
  • C04B28/18—Compositions of mortars, concrete or artificial stone, containing inorganic binders or the reaction product of an inorganic and an organic binder, e.g. polycarboxylate cements containing mixtures of the silica-lime type
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
  • F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
  • F17C11/00—Use of gas-solvents or gas-sorbents in vessels
  • F17C11/002—Use of gas-solvents or gas-sorbents in vessels for acetylene

Definitions

• the subject of the present invention is new packing structures and their manufacturing process, characterized in that the drying step is controlled by its operating parameters, namely the thermal drying cycle (rising and falling speeds, temperatures, times ). It is known to use pressurized containers containing gases, such as acetylene, dissolved in a solvent, such as acetone, in various medical and artisanal applications, and in particular for carrying out soldering and soldering operations. and heating in combination with a bottle of oxygen.
• gases such as acetylene
• a solvent such as acetone
• These containers are usually filled with solid filling materials, intended to stabilize the gases they contain, which are thermodynamically unstable under the effect of pressure or temperature variations and therefore likely to decompose during storage, transport and storage. / or their distribution.
• These materials must have sufficient porosity to facilitate the filling and release of the gases contained in the container. They must also be incombustible, inert vis-à-vis these gases and have good mechanical strength.
• These materials are conventionally made of porous silica-based ceramic masses, obtained for example from a homogeneous mixture in quicklime water or milk of lime and silica (in particular in the form of quartz flour), as described in FIGS. WO-A-93/16011, WO-A-98/29682, EP-A-262031, for forming a mash which is then subjected to hydrothermal synthesis.
• the mash is introduced into the container to be filled, under partial vacuum, which is then subjected to autoclaving pressure and temperature, and then drying in an oven to completely remove water and form a monolithic solid mass of composition Ca x Si y O z , w.H2 ⁇ _presenting crystalline structures of the tobermorite and xonotlite type, with a possible residual presence of quartz.
• Various additives can be introduced into these mixtures of the prior art to improve the dispersion of lime and silica and thus avoid the formation of structural inhomogeneities and shrinkage phenomena observed during hardening of the porous mass.
• EP-A-264550 further indicates that a porous mass containing at least
• the bottles do not always make it possible to withdraw the gas which they contain continuously, with a high flow rate, for the duration necessary for certain applications, including welding, with a maximum gas release rate, corresponding to the ratio of the amount of usable gas to the amount of gas initially stored.
• the container having a diameter / length ratio of between 0.2 and 0.7, preferably between 0.35 and 0.5, for a minimum water capacity of one liter and preferably between 3 and 50 liters.
• This deficiency is particularly related to the heat loss associated with the extraction of the gas out of the solvent which can be very detrimental to the withdrawal of the gas.
• This thermal loss is not related mainly to the intrinsic conductivity of the material silico-limestone (for memory the void ratio is between 87-92%) but the size of the crystals in the form of needles (dimensions) constituting the porous mass.
• the smaller the number of points of contact between them i) the higher the number of contact points between them, and ii) the lower the d50 of the pore size distribution (the d50 is defined as the average distribution of porous distribution).
• This then disadvantages the transfer of heat by conduction resulting in a longer or shorter "unavailability of the bottle".
• a solution of the invention is a container packing structure comprising a crystalline phase containing from 55 to 97% by weight of xonotlite crystallites and from 3 to 45% by weight of tobermorite crystallites, characterized in that it comprises less 15% by weight of intermediates of formula Ca x Si y O z , w.H 2 O with 1 ⁇ x ⁇ 16, 1 ⁇ y ⁇ 24, 4 ⁇ z ⁇ 60 and 1 ⁇ w ⁇ 18, of which less than 5% by weight of CaCO 3 , and less than 5% by weight of SiO 2 and in that said packing structure is homogeneous.
• homogeneous is meant that different samples taken locally at different points of the packing structure (for example axially above, in the center and bottom and radially in the center (heart of the mass) and close to the metal wall. .) give results of analysis (X-ray diffraction, porosity, pore size distribution) homogeneous, that is to say that each measured quantitative data does not differ by more than 10% from one zone to another.
• This "homogeneous" character is important because it conditions the homogeneity of the solvent-acetylene solution in the case of an acetylene bottle, and consequently the uniformity of the local loading rates over the entire volume of the container containing the packing structure. If the microstructure is not homogeneous within the mass, excessive pressure is created locally in areas where the loading rate is higher than the nominal loading rate of the bottle. For example, simulations have shown that at 35 ° C, the pressure of a cylinder could be shifted from 22.3 bar to 24 bar assuming a loading rate of 30% higher than the nominal loading rate for 1/3 the volume of the mass.
• Xonotlite is a calcium silicate of formula CaOSi 6 On (OH) 2 , which has repeating units consisting of three tetrahedra. Moreover, tobermorite is also a calcium silicate, of formula Ca 5 Si 6 (O 5 OH) Is-SH 2 O, crystallized in orthorhombic form.
• the most generally accepted xonotlite formation mechanism from the CaO and SiO 2 precursors in the CaO / SiO 2 molar ratio of about 1 in the presence of water is as follows:
• the set of intermediate phases preferably represents from 0 to 10% and more preferably from 0 to 5% by weight of the crystalline phase ultimately present in the packing structure.
• the calcium carbonate and the silica each preferably represent less than 3% of the total weight of these crystalline phases.
• the packing structure may have one of the following characteristics:
• the crystallites are in the form of entangled needles to each other.
• the needles have a width of between 1 and 10 ⁇ m, a length of between 1 and 20 ⁇ m and a thickness of less than 5 ⁇ m, preferably of 1 ⁇ m;
• said packing structure contains at least 70% by weight of crystalline phase; the crystallites are bonded to each other so as to form between them a pore diameter D95 (diameter at which 95% by volume of the pores have a smaller diameter) greater than or equal to 0.4 ⁇ m and less than 5 ⁇ m and a diameter pore means D50 (diameter at which 50% by volume of the pore has a smaller diameter) greater than or equal to 0.4 ⁇ m and less than 1.5 ⁇ m; said packing structure has a compressive strength greater than 15 kg / cm 2, ie 1.5 MPa. Its resistance is preferably greater than 20 kg / cm 2 MPa.
• the packing structure advantageously has a total open porosity of between 80% and 92%. These values can all be measured by mercury porosimetry. It should be noted that the porous distribution is the result of the size of the crystallites and their stacking and therefore largely hydrothermal synthesis conditions
• the mechanical resistance to compression can be measured by taking a cube of 100 x 100 mm 2 in the packing structure and application between two faces of a compressive force.
• the mechanical strength corresponds to the pressure (in kg / cm) 2 or MPa) from which the material begins to crack.
• the packing structure according to the invention may comprise fibers chosen from carbon-based synthetic fibers, as described in particular in US-A-3 454.362, alkaline glass fibers. resistant, as described in particular in US-A-4,349,643, partially delignified cellulose fibers, as described in particular in EP-A-262031, and mixtures thereof, without this list being limiting.
• These fibers are optionally useful as reinforcing materials, to improve the impact resistance of the packing structure, and also make it possible to avoid problems of drying cracking of the structure. Their role is also to present germination / nucleation sites on which the xonolite needles will begin to grow. These fibers can be used as is or after treatment of their surface.
• the packing structure may further include dispersing agents and / or binders, such as cellulose derivatives, in particular carboxymethylcellulose, hydroxypropylcellulose or ethylhydroxyethylcellulose, polyethers, such as polyethylene glycol, synthetic clays of the smectite type, amorphous silica with a specific surface area advantageously between 150 and 300 m 2 / g, and their mixtures, without this list being limiting.
• dispersing agents and / or binders such as cellulose derivatives, in particular carboxymethylcellulose, hydroxypropylcellulose or ethylhydroxyethylcellulose, polyethers, such as polyethylene glycol, synthetic clays of the smectite type, amorphous silica with a specific surface area advantageously between 150 and 300 m 2 / g, and their mixtures, without this list being limiting.
• the packing structure contains fibers, in particular carbon and / or glass and / or cellulose fibers.
• the amount of fibers is advantageously less than 55% by weight, relative to all the solid precursors used in the method of manufacturing the packing structure. It is preferably between 1 and 20% by weight.
• the present invention relates to a method of manufacturing the packing structure, characterized in that it comprises the following steps: a) a step of hydrothermal synthesis of the packing mass made from a mixture of quicklime and silica, and b) a step of drying the packing material resulting from step a) at a temperature T2 of between 110 ° C. and 500 ° C., with the possible existence of at least one intermediate stage which is carried out at a temperature of between 111 ° C. and 350 ° C., for a duration t 2 chosen such that the water content physisorbed of the packing material is less than 0 , 5%
• one or more bearings may be chosen to enable the kinetics of extraction of the water, in particular physisorbed, to be influenced, as well as on the porous structure contained within the container, with (i ) the release of the water, in particular physisorbed, still contained within the porous mass after the hydro-thermal synthesis step, and (ii) when necessary, to complete the primary role of the hydrothermal synthesis step which consists of obtaining a mass whose content of crystallographic constituents is maximum.
• at least one intermediate temperature stage T2 '(T2' ⁇ T2) can be chosen.
• T2 ' is between 111 ° C. and 350 ° C.
• Figure 1 shows schematically the influencing parameters of the drying step of the manufacturing process of the packing structure.
• “Physisorbed water” means free water released at a temperature from about 100 0 C ( ⁇ 150-200 ° C). This is residual water contained in the porous structure without being chemically linked to it. This is the amount of water released most important in the structure.
• the different water contents (physisorbed, chemisorbed, structure) of the packing mass are measurable from a differential thermal and gravimetric analysis apparatus (ATD-ATG).
• DTA Differential Thermal Analysis
• a material during physical or chemical transformations as a function of temperature.
• the temperature difference between the sample and a thermally inert reference body is recorded in the temperature range being explored.
• Any phase changes, crystallizations or chemical reactions, in particular the release of water from the characterized sample, which consume or release heat within the sample give rise to a temperature difference between it and its environment.
• the manufacturing process may have one of the following characteristics:
• the duration t2 is chosen such that the physisorized water content of the packing material from step a) is less than 0.3%;
• the duration t 2 is chosen such that the water content physicorbed and chemisorbed of the packing material is less than 0.5%, preferably less than 0.25%;
• step a) of hydro-thermal synthesis comprises: (i) a sub-step of raising the temperature, over a period of less than 10 h, of an initial mixture of quicklime and silica at a temperature T1 between 150 and 300 ° C., (ii) a substep of manufacture of the lining mass carried out:
• step (iii) a substep of cooling over a period of between 1 and 48 hours, of the packing mass resulting from step (ii) from the temperature T1 at ambient temperature.
• the quicklime is obtained by calcination at a temperature of at least 850 ° C. for at least one hour of limestone blocks such that at least 90% by weight have dimensions of 1 to 15 mm, said limestone having a purity at least 92% by weight and an open porosity ranging from 0 to 25%; the drying step is carried out at a temperature of 300 to 450 ° C. for the main stage;
• step b the rate of rise ⁇ TM2 at the temperature T2 is less than 25 ° C./h and the rate of descent ⁇ TR2 at the ambient temperature since T2 is greater than 25 ° C./h.
• the rise rate ⁇ TM2 at the temperature T2 is chosen such that the mechanical stresses generated by the departure of the water, in particular physisorbed, contained within the porous structure are not large enough to generate a degradation thereof. , in particular does not generate the appearance of cracks.
• ⁇ TR2 corresponds to a cooling of the containers at the same time. 'outdoors.
• purity is meant the percentage by weight of calcium carbonate in the limestone.
• the type of packing structure according to the invention is first of all the consequence of the preparation of a quicklime having a satisfactory reactivity and capable of forming, after hydrothermal synthesis and calcination, the desired acicular material.
• the next stage of the process consists in mixing the quicklime with silica, which can be amorphous or crystalline, in a molar ratio CaOiSiO 2 of 0.8 to 1.
• the ratio water / solid precursors (lime + silica ) is preferably between 2 and 60, more preferably between 3 and 25.
• the mixture is then introduced into the containers to be filled and subjected to hydro-thermal synthesis.
• the hydrothermal synthesis must be carried out:
• a hydro thermal synthesis temperature T1 which may be between 150 and 300 ° C., preferably between 180 and 250 ° C.,
• the synthesis can be carried out by introducing the mixture into the open container that it is intended to fill, and then placing it in an autoclave oven subjected to the pressure described above.
• the hydrothermal synthesis can be carried out by placing the mixture in the container which it is intended to fill, by closing it with a stopper equipped with a pressure regulation system (such as a valve), by pressurizing the container at a pressure ranging from atmospheric pressure to the previously described pressures, and then placing this container in a non-pressurized oven.
• a pressure regulation system such as a valve
• the rise in temperature At 1 Ti must be a period of less than 1OH, preferably less than 2 hours.
• this parameter takes into account the positioning of the bottles relative to each other. Indeed, the heating of the bottles is provided by a circulation of heated air inside the synthesis oven. This circulation of air will depend heavily on the number and position of the refilled bottles. It is necessary to limit the variations on the temperature rise time, since this parameter also directly affects the crystallization speed of the needles of the Ca x Si y O z , w.H 2 O formed compounds.
• the descent to room temperature from T 1 is between 1 and 48h, preferably between 1 and 25h, according to the rate of temperature fall ⁇ TRi.
• An optional additional step at this stage of the process may be to suddenly cool the bottles by a shower, at the end of the synthesis cycle (Tl, tl, Pl) or by quenching in water or a suitable coolant.
• the drying step (calcination) has the primary function not only to evacuate the physisorbed and / or chemisorbed residual water, but also (i) to confer on the porous mass treated a predominantly crystalline structure and thus perfect the stage hydrothermal synthesis, (ii) to remove all traces of water so as to maximize the dissolution of acetylene in acetone.
• the drying step can continue and terminate the crystallization of xonotlite.
• a container packed with a packing structure must indeed be made conformable by a normative ignition test (according to the ISO 3807 name for example), before being placed into service on the customer's premises.
• a normative ignition test accordinging to the ISO 3807 name for example
• This pressure depends both on the microstructure of the packing material, largely conditioned by the hydro-thermal synthesis step of the production process and to a lesser extent by the drying step, but also by the residual water that may be present in the mass, conditioned by the drying step of the production process; hence a control of the operating parameters of drying in the manufacturing method according to the invention.
• the residual water content conditions the ability of the fluid, for example acetylene, to dissolve in the solvent (eg dimethyl formamide or DMF), as shown in Figure 4.
• the solubility coefficient "s" of the Acetylene in acetone or DMF is defined as the ratio of the volume of acetylene dissolved in a unit volume of solvent to the pressure, at a temperature of 15 ° C.
• Figure 4 shows that the presence of 1% water in the solvent (in this case DMF), induces a variation of 2.8% "coefficient of solubility of acetylene. Accordingly and by way of example, at 35 ° C, the pressure of a bottle prepared for an ignition test would be 22.9 bar instead of 22.3 bar for a water content in the solvent of 1 wt%. It has been measured that this value of 1% is perfectly possible on packed bottles resulting from a standard packing process, in particular given the unsuccessful drying cycle closing the manufacturing process.
• solvent in this case DMF
• Figure 2 shows a residual moisture analysis curve at the drying outlet of a bottle from the standard production process.
• the curve characterized by two angles and a broad plot indicates the temperature rise cycle imposed on the characterized sample, from 100 to about 1000 ° C.
• the other curve reflects the speed of loss of mass represented by the outlets of water , physisorbed or chemisorbed, out of the sample during the temperature rise during the test.
• Figure 3 shows, for a bottle volume 5.8 liters from a standard development cycle and therefore including a drying step up to 370 0 C for a total duration of 88h, a residual water content of 1.27% , composed of 0.90% of physisorbed water (water released to a temperature of 125 ° C) and 0.37% of chemisorbed water (water released to about 350-400 0 C). It is precisely this quantity of water that is not bound to the packing structure that it is important to avoid at the end of the production cycle in order to increase the safety of the packed container.
• the peak corresponding to the loss of 1.99% of water in the sample corresponds to the degradation of the crystallographic constituents of the packing material (xonotlite, tobermorite, etc.) in wollastonite (CaSiC ⁇ ) (from ⁇ 700 ° C, as specified in the bibliography).
• the interests of the drying cycle is to minimize the amount of physisorbed and chemisorbed water to a total content of less than 0.5% of the total mass of the porous mass.
• the drying operation is carried out in a traditional electric oven, which may be the same or different from that used for the hydro-thermal synthesis operation.
• the drying operation (or calcination) is carried out at atmospheric pressure.
• the invention also relates to a container containing a packing structure as described above, which container is adapted to contain and distribute a fluid.
• the container usually comprises a metal shell enclosing the packing structure described above.
• the metal casing may consist of a metallic material such as steel, for example a standard carbon steel P265NB according to standard NF EN10120, the thickness of which makes it capable of withstanding at least the hydrothermal synthesis pressure without risk of accident and able to withstand a test pressure of 60 bar (6 MPa), normative value for the regulation of acetylene under the conditions described above.
• the container is also usually cylindrical and generally provided with closure means and a pressure regulator. This container preferably has a diameter / length ratio of between 0.2 and 0.7, more preferably between 0.35 and 0.5, and a minimum water capacity of one liter. Usually, such a container will be in the shape of a bottle.
• the fluids stored in the packing structure according to the invention may be gases or liquids.
• gas there may be mentioned pure compressed gases or mixtures in gaseous or liquid form, such as hydrogen, gaseous hydrocarbons (alkanes, alkynes, alkenes), nitrogen and acetylene, and gases dissolved in a gas.
• solvents such as acetylene and acetylene-ethylene or acetylene-ethylene-propylene mixtures, dissolved in a solvent such as acetone or dimethylformamide (DMF).
• organometallic precursors such as Ga and In precursors, used in particular in electronics, as well as nitroglycerine.
• the container according to the invention contains acetylene dissolved in DMF or acetone.
• the present invention makes it possible to overcome the disadvantages of the prior art mentioned above by using a specific porous structure (porous volume, shape and pore size distribution, tortuosity, homogeneity) and bonds or bridges between crystallites that can be obtained thanks to the control of the different stages of the process, in particular that of the drying following that of the hydro-thermal synthesis.
• a specific porous structure porous volume, shape and pore size distribution, tortuosity, homogeneity

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• 2008
  • 2008-07-02 FR FR0854498A patent/FR2933396B1/fr not_active Expired - Fee Related
• 2009
  • 2009-05-29 US US13/000,550 patent/US8628708B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
  • 2009-05-29 AU AU2009265463A patent/AU2009265463A1/en not_active Abandoned
  • 2009-05-29 EP EP09772682A patent/EP2300391A1/de not_active Withdrawn
  • 2009-05-29 CA CA2729178A patent/CA2729178A1/fr not_active Abandoned
  • 2009-05-29 WO PCT/FR2009/051016 patent/WO2010000999A1/fr active Application Filing
  • 2009-05-29 JP JP2011515534A patent/JP2011526826A/ja active Pending
  • 2009-05-29 CN CN2009801338722A patent/CN102137825A/zh active Pending

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