EP2244833B1 - Device for electrostatic filtering using optimised emissive sites - Google Patents
Device for electrostatic filtering using optimised emissive sites Download PDFInfo
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- EP2244833B1 EP2244833B1 EP09712928A EP09712928A EP2244833B1 EP 2244833 B1 EP2244833 B1 EP 2244833B1 EP 09712928 A EP09712928 A EP 09712928A EP 09712928 A EP09712928 A EP 09712928A EP 2244833 B1 EP2244833 B1 EP 2244833B1
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B03—SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS USING LIQUIDS OR USING PNEUMATIC TABLES OR JIGS; MAGNETIC OR ELECTROSTATIC SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS FROM SOLID MATERIALS OR FLUIDS; SEPARATION BY HIGH-VOLTAGE ELECTRIC FIELDS
- B03C—MAGNETIC OR ELECTROSTATIC SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS FROM SOLID MATERIALS OR FLUIDS; SEPARATION BY HIGH-VOLTAGE ELECTRIC FIELDS
- B03C3/00—Separating dispersed particles from gases or vapour, e.g. air, by electrostatic effect
- B03C3/34—Constructional details or accessories or operation thereof
- B03C3/40—Electrode constructions
- B03C3/41—Ionising-electrodes
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B03—SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS USING LIQUIDS OR USING PNEUMATIC TABLES OR JIGS; MAGNETIC OR ELECTROSTATIC SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS FROM SOLID MATERIALS OR FLUIDS; SEPARATION BY HIGH-VOLTAGE ELECTRIC FIELDS
- B03C—MAGNETIC OR ELECTROSTATIC SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS FROM SOLID MATERIALS OR FLUIDS; SEPARATION BY HIGH-VOLTAGE ELECTRIC FIELDS
- B03C3/00—Separating dispersed particles from gases or vapour, e.g. air, by electrostatic effect
- B03C3/02—Plant or installations having external electricity supply
- B03C3/04—Plant or installations having external electricity supply dry type
- B03C3/08—Plant or installations having external electricity supply dry type characterised by presence of stationary flat electrodes arranged with their flat surfaces parallel to the gas stream
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B03—SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS USING LIQUIDS OR USING PNEUMATIC TABLES OR JIGS; MAGNETIC OR ELECTROSTATIC SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS FROM SOLID MATERIALS OR FLUIDS; SEPARATION BY HIGH-VOLTAGE ELECTRIC FIELDS
- B03C—MAGNETIC OR ELECTROSTATIC SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS FROM SOLID MATERIALS OR FLUIDS; SEPARATION BY HIGH-VOLTAGE ELECTRIC FIELDS
- B03C3/00—Separating dispersed particles from gases or vapour, e.g. air, by electrostatic effect
- B03C3/34—Constructional details or accessories or operation thereof
- B03C3/40—Electrode constructions
- B03C3/45—Collecting-electrodes
- B03C3/49—Collecting-electrodes tubular
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B03—SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS USING LIQUIDS OR USING PNEUMATIC TABLES OR JIGS; MAGNETIC OR ELECTROSTATIC SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS FROM SOLID MATERIALS OR FLUIDS; SEPARATION BY HIGH-VOLTAGE ELECTRIC FIELDS
- B03C—MAGNETIC OR ELECTROSTATIC SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS FROM SOLID MATERIALS OR FLUIDS; SEPARATION BY HIGH-VOLTAGE ELECTRIC FIELDS
- B03C3/00—Separating dispersed particles from gases or vapour, e.g. air, by electrostatic effect
- B03C3/34—Constructional details or accessories or operation thereof
- B03C3/66—Applications of electricity supply techniques
- B03C3/68—Control systems therefor
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B03—SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS USING LIQUIDS OR USING PNEUMATIC TABLES OR JIGS; MAGNETIC OR ELECTROSTATIC SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS FROM SOLID MATERIALS OR FLUIDS; SEPARATION BY HIGH-VOLTAGE ELECTRIC FIELDS
- B03C—MAGNETIC OR ELECTROSTATIC SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS FROM SOLID MATERIALS OR FLUIDS; SEPARATION BY HIGH-VOLTAGE ELECTRIC FIELDS
- B03C2201/00—Details of magnetic or electrostatic separation
- B03C2201/10—Ionising electrode has multiple serrated ends or parts
Definitions
- the invention relates to the field of industrial installations generating toxic or non-toxic dusts, such as particles suspended in a fluid. This is the case for processes for heat treatment of hazardous materials, such as organic nuclear waste, toxic industrial waste or hazardous raw materials.
- the invention relates to the field of electrostatic filtration devices, whether they are plate or tubular structures. It may also relate to any gas ionization device.
- the major advantage of this type of equipment is that, on the one hand, it does not generate pressure drop in the processing units and, on the other hand, that it does not require the implementation of media filtering, often causing additional costs and secondary waste for which it is necessary to find outlets.
- the production of secondary waste is often responsible for a significant reduction in the financial profitability of the installation.
- electrostatic filters are based on the electrical charge of the particles contained in a gas and which then migrate to a collection wall, under the action of an electrostatic field. Ionization is usually performed by a cathode and the collection is an anode. The distance between the two electrodes ensures the flow of gases without generating a pressure drop.
- the geometries most commonly used to form these electrodes are of the "wire-plane” type, in which the cathodes are characterized by axially symmetrical wire structures placed between collecting plates being brought to potentials. anodic. "Wire-cylinder” type geometries are less commonly used, although just as effective and can be easier to maintain.
- the nature of the voltage applied to the cathode and the geometry of the cathode are two fundamental parameters that drive the operation and endurance of an electrostatic filter.
- the geometries commonly used are tungsten wire or barbed wire, whose tips are randomly distributed and provide better emissivity of the electrode.
- the applied voltages are of continuous type and limited to breakdown voltages in the spaces between the electrodes.
- the figure 1 presents the results of an experiment conducted on a tubular type filter about 300 mm in diameter and whose tungsten wire electrode was maintained at 67 kV. For a little more than 5 hours, it is visible, between points 1 and 4, that the associated efficiency gradually decreases from 99.6% to 93.6%. A gradual increase of the voltage to 80 kV, visible by the points 5 and 6, allows a return of the efficiency to 99%, but which will remain only a few minutes, before decreasing again. The level of tension is then maximal and becomes generator of untimely arcs, the appearance of which causes a decrease of efficiency. In order to maintain efficiency levels at their optimum, operators and users of this type of technology are required to undertake relatively repetitive cleaning cycles, which are often provided by mechanical threshing of the structures, thus leading to more or less retraining. less important particles in the gas streams.
- FIGS. 2A, 2B and 2C illustrate this point. Indeed, with reference to the Figure 2A when the filter is clean, the dust is loaded upon entry and migrates to the wall to form a layer on the anode. When the dust is removed from the diaper, they have the opportunity to migrate again to get trapped a little higher. Thus, the layer, referenced 1 on the Figure 2B , is limited to the lower zone of the filter, with a more diffuse part on the upper zone.
- safety zone 3 collects the dust possibly emitted back into the gaseous fluid. In fact, this zone is inefficient and could be limited by optimizing the geometry of the cathode and its piloting.
- the object of the invention is therefore to overcome these disadvantages, by proposing another type of electrostatic filter and emitting electrodes. More specifically, the object of the invention is to extend the useful area of the device to the entire length of the electrodes and, on the other hand, to delay the passages to the arc responsible for efficiency decreases, then necessary stops to clean the device.
- the latter is based on the use of a cathode coupled to a supply that can be hybrid, that is to say continuous and / or pulse. This makes it possible, on the one hand, to extend the useful zone to the entire length of the electrostatic filter and, on the other hand, to delay the passages to the arc, which are responsible for the efficiency decreases, then stops for cleaning.
- a cathode is more effective than it is likely to easily load particles in a gas stream.
- the main object of the invention is an electrostatic filtration device having at least one emitting cathode placed in a filtration channel.
- the cathode has points distributed in a plurality of planes and offset in angular orientation from one plane to another, the voltage having at least one DC component.
- the voltage also has a pulsed component added to the DC component, and provided by a generator which provides a very steep cut-off edge, that is to say a rise time of the order of 150 ns.
- the cathode is sectorized by a succession of N isolated sectors comprising several planes of points.
- the channel of the device is tubular, in particular its collecting anode.
- the cathode is unique and has several points per plane, the tips being angularly offset from one plane to the other.
- a preferred embodiment provides that there are eight points per plane, offset from each other by 45 °, an offset of 22.5 ° being provided from a plane relative to the other.
- the number n of planes P is equal to 30 L / D.Lnd, L being the height of the tube, D being its diameter, lnd being the natural logarithm of d which is the distance between the end of the tips and the wall of the collecting anode.
- the filtration channel is defined by two plates constituting two parallel anodes, several cathodes, having two points per plane disposed perpendicular to the anodes, parallel to each other, the planes of a cathode being offset from the plane of the adjacent cathodes.
- the planes of the adjacent cathodes are shifted by a height of h / 2 relative to the plane of the cathode considered.
- the space between two cathodes is equal to about the distance separating them from the two anode plates.
- a first way of carrying out the power supply is to switch on the entire cathode at a first voltage U 1 which is continuous and equal to a function (for example 70%) of the breakdown voltage U c and increased by one second continuous voltage U 2 smaller than or equal to the breakdown voltage U c minus the first voltage U 1 .
- This second voltage U 2 is applied to each of the sectors, this voltage being suppressed as soon as breakdowns appear in the first sector and successively in the following sectors, if necessary, until no more arcs appear.
- the first and second voltages U 1 and U 2 are therefore continuous.
- the second way of supplying the device according to the invention is that the first voltage U 1 is equal to a fraction (for example 50%) of the voltage U c of breakdown, U 1 being continuous, and increased by a second voltage determined U P pulsed, such that the sum of the first voltage U 1 and the second voltage U P is greater than or equal to the breakdown voltage U c .
- the second determined voltage U P is removed in each sector as soon as arcs appear at the same.
- the cathode is composed of a central core 10 on which has been fixed a large number of points 11 which extend radially, perpendicular to the axis of the central core 10.
- the tips 11 appear angularly offset from each other by 22.5 °.
- this figure 3A is a view from above and the tips 11, which appear successively offset from each other with respect to others, are those of two different planes, a plane of order P and a plane of order P + 1.
- all the points 11P of the plane of order P are angularly spaced by 45 ° relative to each other , as well as all 11P tips.
- the figure 3B shows the same cathode with its central core 10, these different tips 11P and 11N + 1, placed inside a cylindrical and hollow anode 12 whose diameter D is greater than twice the length of the tips 11P and 11P + 1
- the ends of these points 11, 11P + 1 therefore constitute emissive sites regularly distributed in space.
- N L / D.
- the second main embodiment of the filtration device according to the invention consists in using a filter of the type with plates.
- the Figure 4B shows this device in top view.
- There are two parallel anodes 22 each consisting of a plate and between which is a row of cathode 20.
- Each of these has several pairs of tips 21, fixed to the core of the cathode 20, radially relative to this last and perpendicular to the two anodes 22.
- the tips 21 of the cathodes 20 are distributed in several planes.
- the figure 4C allows to see the distribution of these points 21R and 21R + 1. on the height H of the set. It will be noted that, for a cathode of rank R, the tips 21R are located in separate planes of a given height h.
- the cathode R + 1 has points 21R + 1, which are also placed in planes distant from the height h, these planes being offset by a distance h / 2 with respect to the planes of the adjacent cathode of rank R .
- the distance between these tips could be 70 mm. This distance varies according to the length of the tips, which itself also varies the voltage used in this cathode, including the breakdown voltage U c .
- the distance between the two collecting anodes 22 is of 400 mm, the cathodes 20 being placed midway between these two anodes 22, that is to say 200 mm from each of the two.
- the flow of gas is perpendicular to the cathodes, since it penetrates laterally into the filter, as shown by the arrows on the Figures 4A and 4B . In this case, it is at the level of the first cathodes 20 that the maximum of filtrations takes place.
- the sectorization of the cathode power supply can be done by sectors of two or three cathodes.
- An important feature of the invention consists in providing the filtration device with at least two kinds of power supplies, that is to say a completely continuous power supply or a power supply consisting of a continuous part and an impulse part. . This makes it possible to extend the useful zone over the entire length of the filtration device and to delay the arc passages.
- a first case consists in using a first DC voltage U 1 of a level equal to a fraction (for example 70%) of the breakdown voltage U c at which the arcs occur.
- a first DC voltage U 1 is supplemented with a second DC voltage U 2 defined by the following formula U 2 ⁇ U VS - U 1 .
- a second way of supplying this electrostatic filtration device consists in using a first DC voltage U 1 of a level equal to a fraction (for example 50%) of the breakdown voltage U c , increased a pulsed voltage U P of maximum value defined by the following formula: U 1 + U P ⁇ U VS .
- the pulsed voltage is delivered by a generator that provides a rise time of the order of 150 ns, that is to say a very steep cutoff edge, with a frequency of the order of kHz . It is provided, in the mode of use of the filtration device according to the invention, to employ supply means suppressing the second voltage U 2 or U P in the cathode sectors (s), as and when that electric arcs appear in these areas.
- the cathode or cathodes is or are divided electrically into a given number N of sectors.
- the supply of the second voltage is stopped in this sector, while the first is maintained.
- This sector is then powered only by the first voltage U 1 .
- the conduct of filtration throughout the device is then until the last sector sees its number of arcs exceed the limit. At this time, a cleaning of the entire structure must be performed.
- the figure 5 clearly illustrates the result obtained after several experimental tests on tubular cathodes, as shown in FIG. figure 3 . More precisely, it shows the evolution of the yield of the cathode in a different form cathode, that is to say a tubular cathode (curve 31), a cathode consisting of a threaded rod (curve 32), a cathode according to the invention, fed continuously (curve 33) and a cathode according to the invention. invention powered by a DC voltage and thrust (curve 34). The maximum value of the voltage depends on the distance between the cathode (s) and the anode (s).
- the figure 6 shows us all the advantages of cathode + DC and pulsed voltage coupling, for a given structure. It makes it possible to operate over much longer periods than with other electrodes, with experimental durations limited to 8 hours, no decrease in efficiency has been observed. The implementation of such a voltage coupling on a sectorized cathode ensures a very long endurance. More precisely, this figure 6 shows the evolution of the cathode efficiency, as a function of the operating time, according to the geometries and the applied voltages.
- the curve 41 relates to a geometry of cathodes made by a notched tube
- the curve 42 is relative to a cathode according to the invention, supplied with DC voltage
- the curve 43 is relative to a cathode according to the invention powered by a voltage continuous and pulsed.
- the breakdown voltage value U c depends on the distance between the anode (s) and the cathode (s).
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Abstract
Description
L'invention concerne le domaine des installations industrielles générant des poussières toxiques ou non, telles que des particules en suspension dans un fluide. C'est le cas des procédés de traitement thermique de matières dangereuses, telles que des déchets nucléaires organiques, des déchets industriels toxiques ou des matières premières dangereuses. D'autre part, l'invention concerne le domaine des dispositifs de filtration électrostatique, qu'il s'agisse de structures à plaques ou tubulaires. Il peut également concerner tout dispositif de ionisation de gaz.The invention relates to the field of industrial installations generating toxic or non-toxic dusts, such as particles suspended in a fluid. This is the case for processes for heat treatment of hazardous materials, such as organic nuclear waste, toxic industrial waste or hazardous raw materials. On the other hand, the invention relates to the field of electrostatic filtration devices, whether they are plate or tubular structures. It may also relate to any gas ionization device.
Dans de nombreuses installations, ci-dessus mentionnées, on éprouve la nécessité de disposer de systèmes de filtration extrêmement efficaces pour intervenir dans les installations traitant les fluides dans lesquels se trouvent des particules ou poussières en suspension. Les systèmes de filtration existant, comme par exemple cités dans le document
L'intérêt majeur de ce type d'équipement est que, d'une part, il ne génère pas de perte de charge dans les unités de traitement et, d'autre part, qu'il ne nécessite pas la mise en oeuvre de média filtrant, souvent à l'origine de surcoûts et de déchets secondaires pour lesquels il est nécessaire de trouver des exutoires. Par exemple, dans le cas du traitement de déchets dangereux, tels que des déchets radioactifs, la production de déchets secondaires est souvent responsable d'une diminution sensible de la rentabilité financière de l'installation.The major advantage of this type of equipment is that, on the one hand, it does not generate pressure drop in the processing units and, on the other hand, that it does not require the implementation of media filtering, often causing additional costs and secondary waste for which it is necessary to find outlets. For example, in the case of the treatment of hazardous waste, such as radioactive waste, the production of secondary waste is often responsible for a significant reduction in the financial profitability of the installation.
La technologie des filtres électrostatiques repose sur la charge électrique des particules contenues dans un gaz et qui migrent ensuite vers une paroi de collecte, sous l'action d'un champ électrostatique. L'ionisation est généralement réalisée par une cathode et la collecte se fait une anode. La distance entre les deux électrodes assure l'écoulement des gaz sans engendrer de perte de charge. Les géométries les plus couramment utilisées, pour constituer ces électrodes, sont de type « fil-plan », dans lesquelles les cathodes sont caractérisées par des structures filaires à symétrie axiale, placées entre des plaques collectrices étant portées à des potentiels anodiques. Les géométries de type « fil-cylindre » sont moins couramment utilisées, bien que tout aussi efficaces et peut être plus aisées de maintenance. La nature de la tension appliquée à la cathode, ainsi que la géométrie de cette dernière sont deux paramètres fondamentaux qui pilotent le fonctionnement et l'endurance d'un filtre électrostatique. En ce qui concerne les cathodes, les géométries couramment utilisées sont les fils de tungstène ou les fils de type barbelé, dont les pointes sont réparties de manière aléatoire et assurent une meilleure émissivité de l'électrode. Les tensions appliquées sont de type continues et limitées aux tensions de claquage dans les espaces entre les électrodes.The technology of electrostatic filters is based on the electrical charge of the particles contained in a gas and which then migrate to a collection wall, under the action of an electrostatic field. Ionization is usually performed by a cathode and the collection is an anode. The distance between the two electrodes ensures the flow of gases without generating a pressure drop. The geometries most commonly used to form these electrodes are of the "wire-plane" type, in which the cathodes are characterized by axially symmetrical wire structures placed between collecting plates being brought to potentials. anodic. "Wire-cylinder" type geometries are less commonly used, although just as effective and can be easier to maintain. The nature of the voltage applied to the cathode and the geometry of the cathode are two fundamental parameters that drive the operation and endurance of an electrostatic filter. As regards the cathodes, the geometries commonly used are tungsten wire or barbed wire, whose tips are randomly distributed and provide better emissivity of the electrode. The applied voltages are of continuous type and limited to breakdown voltages in the spaces between the electrodes.
Quelles que soient les structures utilisées, les efficacités enregistrées peuvent être excellentes et supérieures à 99 %. Cependant, l'expérience montre qu'il n'est pas possible de les maintenir durablement à ce niveau. La
Or, il a été clairement démontré, au cours des études expérimentales, que la diminution des performances d'un type filtre électrostatique est lié à la modification des phénomènes de décharges, au fur et à mesure que les poussières s'accumulent sur les surfaces des deux électrodes, pour former des couches ayant des propriétés plus ou moins isolantes. Ainsi, l'accumulation de nouvelles charges sur cette couche aboutit, d'une part, à la diminution de l'effet du champ électrique entre les deux électrodes, ce qui a pour conséquence de diminuer la migration des poussières chargées, et, d'autre part, au renforcement local du champ électrique au niveau du dépôt anodique, donnant ainsi naissance à des décharges de polarité positive. Ces décharges, appelées « contre-émissions anodiques », ont pour conséquence d'augmenter le courant moyen injecté dans le filtre, tout en diminuant son efficacité de filtration. De plus, des décharges de polarisation positives se développent principalement à l'entrée du filtre qui est encrassée en premier. La conséquence directe de ces phénomènes est que la zone efficace d'un tel filtre électrostatique se limite à une faible longueur par rapport à une structure communément implantée.However, it has been clearly demonstrated, in experimental studies, that the reduction in performance of an electrostatic filter type is related to the modification of the discharge phenomena, as dust accumulates on the surfaces of the electrostatic precipitators. two electrodes, to form layers having more or less insulating properties. Thus, the accumulation of new charges on this layer results, on the one hand, in the reduction of the effect of the electric field between the two electrodes, which has the consequence of reducing the migration of the charged dusts, and, of on the other hand, the local reinforcement of the electric field at the level of the anode deposit, thus giving rise to positive polarity discharges. These discharges, called "anodic counter-emissions", have the effect of increasing the average current injected into the filter, while decreasing its filtration efficiency. In addition, positive bias discharges mainly develop at the input of the filter which is fouled first. The direct consequence of these phenomena is that the effective area of such an electrostatic filter is limited to a short length compared to a commonly implanted structure.
Les
En référence à la
Le but de l'invention est donc de remédier à ces inconvénients, en proposant un autre type de filtre électrostatique et d'électrodes émissives. Plus précisément, le but de l'invention est d'étendre la zone utile du dispositif à toute la longueur des électrodes et, d'autres part, de retarder les passages à l'arc responsable de baisses d'efficacité, puis des arrêts nécessaires pour nettoyer le dispositif.The object of the invention is therefore to overcome these disadvantages, by proposing another type of electrostatic filter and emitting electrodes. More specifically, the object of the invention is to extend the useful area of the device to the entire length of the electrodes and, on the other hand, to delay the passages to the arc responsible for efficiency decreases, then necessary stops to clean the device.
Cette dernière est basée sur l'utilisation d'une cathode couplée à une alimentation qui peut être hybride, c'est-à-dire continue et/ou impulsionnelle. Ceci permet, d'une part, d'étendre la zone utile à toute la longueur du filtre électrostatique et, d'autre part, de retarder les passages à l'arc, qui sont responsables des baisses d'efficacité, puis des arrêts pour nettoyage. Une telle cathode est d'autant plus efficace qu'elle est susceptible de charger facilement des particules dans un flux gazeux.The latter is based on the use of a cathode coupled to a supply that can be hybrid, that is to say continuous and / or pulse. This makes it possible, on the one hand, to extend the useful zone to the entire length of the electrostatic filter and, on the other hand, to delay the passages to the arc, which are responsible for the efficiency decreases, then stops for cleaning. Such a cathode is more effective than it is likely to easily load particles in a gas stream.
A cet effet, l'objet principal de l'invention est un dispositif de filtration électrostatique possédant au moins une cathode émissive placée dans un canal de filtration. La cathode possède des pointes réparties de façon décalée sur plusieurs plans, et décalées en orientation angulaire d'un plan à l'autre, la tension électrique ayant au moins une composante continue.For this purpose, the main object of the invention is an electrostatic filtration device having at least one emitting cathode placed in a filtration channel. The cathode has points distributed in a plurality of planes and offset in angular orientation from one plane to another, the voltage having at least one DC component.
Selon l'invention, la tension a également une composante pulsée ajoutée à la composante continue, et fournie par un générateur qui assure un front de coupure très raide, c'est-à-dire un temps de montée de l'ordre de 150 ns, et la cathode est sectorisée par une succession de N secteurs isolés comportant plusieurs plans de pointes.According to the invention, the voltage also has a pulsed component added to the DC component, and provided by a generator which provides a very steep cut-off edge, that is to say a rise time of the order of 150 ns. , and the cathode is sectorized by a succession of N isolated sectors comprising several planes of points.
Dans un premier type de réalisation de l'invention, le canal du dispositif est tubulaire, notamment son anode collectrice. La cathode est unique et comporte plusieurs pointes par plan, les pointes étant décalées angulairement d'un plan par rapport à l'autre.In a first embodiment of the invention, the channel of the device is tubular, in particular its collecting anode. The cathode is unique and has several points per plane, the tips being angularly offset from one plane to the other.
Dans ce cas, une réalisation préférentielle prévoit qu'il y ait huit pointes par plan, décalées l'une par rapport à l'autre de 45°, un décalage de 22,5° étant prévu d'un plan par rapport à l'autre. Dans ce cas, on peut prévoir que le nombre n de plans P est égal à 30 L/D.Lnd, L étant la hauteur du tube, D étant son diamètre, lnd étant le logarithme népérien de d qui est la distance entre l'extrémité des pointes et la paroi de l'anode collectrice.In this case, a preferred embodiment provides that there are eight points per plane, offset from each other by 45 °, an offset of 22.5 ° being provided from a plane relative to the other. In this case, we can predict that the number n of planes P is equal to 30 L / D.Lnd, L being the height of the tube, D being its diameter, lnd being the natural logarithm of d which is the distance between the end of the tips and the wall of the collecting anode.
Dans un deuxième type de réalisation de l'invention, le canal de filtration est défini par deux plaques constituant deux anodes, parallèles, plusieurs cathodes, comportant deux pointes par plan disposées perpendiculairement aux anodes, parallèles entre elles, les plans d'une cathode étant décalés par rapport au plan des cathodes adjacentes.In a second embodiment of the invention, the filtration channel is defined by two plates constituting two parallel anodes, several cathodes, having two points per plane disposed perpendicular to the anodes, parallel to each other, the planes of a cathode being offset from the plane of the adjacent cathodes.
Dans ce cas, si la hauteur entre les plans d'une même cathode est égale à h, les plans des cathodes adjacentes sont décalées d'une hauteur de h/2 par rapport au plan de la cathode considérée.In this case, if the height between the planes of the same cathode is equal to h, the planes of the adjacent cathodes are shifted by a height of h / 2 relative to the plane of the cathode considered.
Dans ce type de réalisation, l'espace entre deux cathodes est égal à environ la distance les séparant des deux plaques anodiques.In this type of embodiment, the space between two cathodes is equal to about the distance separating them from the two anode plates.
Une première manière d'effectuer l'alimentation électrique consiste à la mise sous tension de toute la cathode a une première tension U1 continue et égale à une fonction (par exemple 70 %) de la tension de claquage Uc et augmentée d'une deuxième tension U2 continue plus petite ou égale à la tension de claquage Uc moins la première tension U1. Cette deuxième tension U2 est appliquée à chacun des secteurs, cette tension étant supprimée dès que des claquages apparaissent au premier secteur et successivement aux secteurs suivants, le cas échéant, jusqu'à ce qu'il n'apparaisse plus d'arcs. Dans ce premier cas, la première et la deuxième tensions U1 et U2 sont donc continues.A first way of carrying out the power supply is to switch on the entire cathode at a first voltage U 1 which is continuous and equal to a function (for example 70%) of the breakdown voltage U c and increased by one second continuous voltage U 2 smaller than or equal to the breakdown voltage U c minus the first voltage U 1 . This second voltage U 2 is applied to each of the sectors, this voltage being suppressed as soon as breakdowns appear in the first sector and successively in the following sectors, if necessary, until no more arcs appear. In this first case, the first and second voltages U 1 and U 2 are therefore continuous.
La deuxième manière d'alimenter le dispositif selon l'invention est que la première tension U1 soit égale à une fraction (par exemple 50 %) de la tension Uc de claquage, U1 étant continue, et augmentée d'une deuxième tension déterminée UP pulsée, telle que la somme de la première tension U1 et de la deuxième tension UP soit supérieure ou égale à la tension de claquage Uc. La deuxième tension déterminée UP est supprimée dans chaque secteur dès l'instant que des arcs apparaissent au niveau de ceux-ci.The second way of supplying the device according to the invention is that the first voltage U 1 is equal to a fraction (for example 50%) of the voltage U c of breakdown, U 1 being continuous, and increased by a second voltage determined U P pulsed, such that the sum of the first voltage U 1 and the second voltage U P is greater than or equal to the breakdown voltage U c . The second determined voltage U P is removed in each sector as soon as arcs appear at the same.
L'invention et ses différentes caractéristiques techniques seront mieux comprises à la lecture de la description suivante, accompagnée de plusieurs figures représentant respectivement :
-
figure 1 , déjà décrite, l'efficacité de certains dispositifs de filtration selon l'art antérieur ; -
figures 2A, 2B et 2C , déjà décrites, des schémas relatifs aux phénomènes apparaissant dans les dispositifs de l'art antérieur ; -
figures 3A et 3B , deux schémas relatifs à une première réalisation du dispositif selon l'invention ; -
figures 4A, 4B et 4C , des schémas relatifs à une deuxième réalisation du dispositif selon l'invention ; -
figure 5 , un graphe représentant le résultat d'essais faits sur le dispositif selon l'invention ; et -
figure 6 , un graphe représentant le rendement de plusieurs types de dispositifs selon l'invention.
-
figure 1 , already described, the effectiveness of certain filtration devices according to the prior art; -
FIGS. 2A, 2B and 2C , already described, diagrams relating to the phenomena appearing in the devices of the prior art; -
Figures 3A and 3B two diagrams relating to a first embodiment of the device according to the invention; -
Figures 4A, 4B and 4C , diagrams relating to a second embodiment of the device according to the invention; -
figure 5 a graph representing the result of tests made on the device according to the invention; and -
figure 6 , a graph representing the efficiency of several types of devices according to the invention.
Il a été décidé de concevoir une cathode susceptible de se charger des particules le plus facilement possible dans un flux gazeux.It was decided to design a cathode capable of loading particles as easily as possible into a gas stream.
Comme le montre la
La
Dans une réalisation plus concrète, d'une structure moyenne, la distance entre les deux plans P et P + 1 peut être d'environ 40 mm, ce qui permet d'avoir environ 25 plans par mètre. Il est possible de définir le nombre n de plans P à mettre en oeuvre dans un tel dispositif de filtration de hauteur L et de diamètre D d'anodes par la relation suivante :
- n = 30 L/D.Lnd, d étant la distance entre l'extrémité des pointes
11P et 11P + 1 et la paroi interne de l'anode 12 qui est collectrice.
- n = 30 L / D.Lnd, d being the distance between the end of the
11P and 11P + 1 and the inner wall of thetips anode 12 which is collector.
On précise que l'alimentation de la cathode est divisée en N secteurs 13 isolés, N = L/D.It is specified that the supply of the cathode is divided into N isolated
En référence à la
La
De plus, la cathode R + 1 possède des pointes 21R + 1, qui sont également placées dans des plans distants de la hauteur h, ces plans étant décalés d'une distance h/2 par rapport aux plans de la cathode adjacente de rang R.In addition, the cathode R + 1 has
Concrètement, pour un filtre d'une hauteur de 10 m de cathode, ayant des pointes de 2 cm, la distance entre ces pointes pourrait être de 70 mm. Cette distance varie en fonction de la longueur des pointes, qui fait elle-même également varier la tension utilisée dans cette cathode, notamment la tension de claquage Uc. A titre indicatif, on peut envisager que la distance entre les deux anodes collectrices 22 soit de 400 mm, les cathodes 20 étant placées à mi-chemin entre ces deux anodes 22, c'est-à-dire à 200 mm de chacune des deux. Bien entendu, le flux de gaz est perpendiculaire aux cathodes, puisqu'il pénètre latéralement dans le filtre, comme le montrent les flèches sur les
Une caractéristique importante de l'invention consiste à doter le dispositif de filtration d'au moins deux sortes d'alimentations, c'est-à-dire une alimentation entièrement continue ou une alimentation constituée d'une partie continue et d'une partie impulsionnelle. Ceci permet d'étendre la zone utile sur toute la longueur du dispositif de filtration et de retarder les passages à l'arc.An important feature of the invention consists in providing the filtration device with at least two kinds of power supplies, that is to say a completely continuous power supply or a power supply consisting of a continuous part and an impulse part. . This makes it possible to extend the useful zone over the entire length of the filtration device and to delay the arc passages.
Un premier cas consiste à utiliser une première tension continue U1 d'un niveau égal à une fraction (par exemple 70 %) de la tension de claquage Uc, à laquelle se produisent les arcs. Une première tension continue U1 est complétée d'une deuxième tension continue U2 définit par la formule suivant
Une deuxième manière d'alimenter ce dispositif de filtration électrostatique selon l'invention consiste à utiliser une première tension continue U1 d'un niveau égal à une fraction (par exemple 50 %) de la tension de claquage Uc, augmentée d'une tension pulsée UP de valeur maximale définie par la formule suivante :
Dans ce second cas, la tension pulsée est délivrée par un générateur qui assure un temps de montée de l'ordre de 150 ns, c'est-à-dire un front de coupure très raide, avec une fréquence de l'ordre du kHz. Il est prévu, dans le mode d'utilisation du dispositif de filtration selon l'invention, d'employer des moyens d'alimentation supprimant la deuxième tension U2 ou UP dans les secteurs de cathode (s), au fur et à mesure que des arcs électriques apparaissent dans ces secteurs. Pour cela, la ou les cathodes est ou sont divisée(s) électriquement en un nombre déterminé N de secteurs.In this second case, the pulsed voltage is delivered by a generator that provides a rise time of the order of 150 ns, that is to say a very steep cutoff edge, with a frequency of the order of kHz . It is provided, in the mode of use of the filtration device according to the invention, to employ supply means suppressing the second voltage U 2 or U P in the cathode sectors (s), as and when that electric arcs appear in these areas. For this, the cathode or cathodes is or are divided electrically into a given number N of sectors.
Lorsque le nombre d'arcs se déclenchant dans le premier secteur du dispositif de filtration devient trop important, par exemple un arc par seconde, l'alimentation de la seconde tension est arrêtée dans ce secteur, alors que la première est maintenue. Ce secteur n'est donc alors alimenté que par la première tension U1. Ainsi, la conduite de la filtration dans l'ensemble du dispositif se fait alors jusqu'à ce que le dernier secteur voit son nombre d'arcs dépasser la limite fixée. A ce moment, un nettoyage de l'ensemble de la structure doit être réalisé.When the number of arcs triggering in the first sector of the filter device becomes too large, for example one arc per second, the supply of the second voltage is stopped in this sector, while the first is maintained. This sector is then powered only by the first voltage U 1 . Thus, the conduct of filtration throughout the device is then until the last sector sees its number of arcs exceed the limit. At this time, a cleaning of the entire structure must be performed.
La
La
Claims (9)
- Electrostatic filtering device, equipped with at least one cathode which is emissive, positioned in a filtering channel, having points (11, 11P, 11P + 1, 21, 21R, 21R +1) distributed staggered fashion over several planes P, angularly offset from one plane to another and placed under a first direct voltage (U1),
characterized in that a pulsed component UPC is added to the first direct voltage (U1), this pulsed component being delivered by a generator which ensures very sharp cut-off i.e. a rise time in the order of 150 ns, and in that the at least one cathode is divided into a determined number N of insulated sectors. - Filtering device according to claim 1, characterized in that the filtering channel is of tubular type, i.e. made of a tubular anode (12), the cathode being a single cathode and having several points (11, 11P or 11P + 1) per plane, these points being offset at an angle from one plane to another.
- Filtering device according to claim 2, characterized in that the cathode has eight points (11, 11P) or (11, 11P + 1) per plane, each offset from the other by 45°, the staggering of the points of one plane P relative to the other plane P + 1 being 22.5°.
- filtering device according to claim 2, characterized in that the number n of planes is equal to 30.N/D/Lgnd, L being the length of the filter, D being the diameter of the anode (12), d being the distance separating the tip of the points (11, 11 P, 11P + 1) from the inner wall of the anode (12) which is tubular.
- Device according to clam 1, characterized in that the channel is defined by two plates forming anodes (22) parallel to each other, the device using several cathodes (20), and comprising two points (11, 11P, 11 P + 1) per plane and arranged perpendicular to the anodes parallel to each other, the planes of one cathode of row R being offset from the plane of an adjacent cathode of row R + 1.
- Filtering device according to claim 5, characterized in that h being the height separating two planes of points of one same cathode (20), the staggering of the planes between two electrodes of rows and of rows R + 1 is h/2.
- Filtering device according to claim 6, characterized in that the different cathodes (20) are separated from each other by a distance equal to the distance separating the cathodes (20) from the anodes (22).
- Filtering device according to claim 1, characterized in that the N insulated sectors are individually supplied by a first voltage (U1,) equal to a fraction of the breakdown voltage (UC), (U1) being direct, and by a second voltage U2 ≤ the breakdown voltage (UC) less the first voltage (U1), (U2) also being direct on the sectors separately, (U2) being withdrawn as and when arcing occurs in the successive sectors, and in that it has means to withdraw the second voltage U2 or UP successively in each of the sectors of the at least one cathode (20) when electric arcing occurs in each of the sectors.
- Filtering device according to claim 1, characterized in that the at least one cathode (20) is supplied with a first direct voltage (U1) that is equal to a fraction of the breakdown voltage (Uc), increased by a pulsed voltage UP defined by the formula:
and in that it hats means to withdraw the second voltage U2 or UP successively in each of the sectors of the at least one cathode (20) when electric arcing occurs in each of the sectors.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
FR0851037A FR2927550B1 (en) | 2008-02-19 | 2008-02-19 | ELECTROSTATIC FILTRATION DEVICE USING OPTIMIZED EMISSIVE SITES. |
PCT/EP2009/051863 WO2009103704A2 (en) | 2008-02-19 | 2009-02-17 | Device for electrostatic filtering using optimised emissive sites |
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EP2244833A2 EP2244833A2 (en) | 2010-11-03 |
EP2244833B1 true EP2244833B1 (en) | 2012-02-29 |
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EP09712928A Active EP2244833B1 (en) | 2008-02-19 | 2009-02-17 | Device for electrostatic filtering using optimised emissive sites |
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US (1) | US8518163B2 (en) |
EP (1) | EP2244833B1 (en) |
JP (1) | JP5430585B2 (en) |
CN (1) | CN101952041B (en) |
AT (1) | ATE547178T1 (en) |
FR (1) | FR2927550B1 (en) |
WO (1) | WO2009103704A2 (en) |
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CA2772390C (en) * | 2011-04-05 | 2015-01-06 | Alstom Technology Ltd. | Method and system for discharging an electrostatic precipitator |
CN105396696B (en) * | 2015-12-07 | 2019-04-16 | 北京国能中电节能环保技术股份有限公司 | A kind of staggered founds the cathode line in tooth wet electrical dust precipitator |
US11772103B2 (en) * | 2020-03-27 | 2023-10-03 | Praan Inc. | Filter-less intelligent air purification device |
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2008
- 2008-02-19 FR FR0851037A patent/FR2927550B1/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
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- 2009-02-17 JP JP2010546363A patent/JP5430585B2/en active Active
- 2009-02-17 CN CN200980105105.0A patent/CN101952041B/en active Active
- 2009-02-17 WO PCT/EP2009/051863 patent/WO2009103704A2/en active Application Filing
- 2009-02-17 EP EP09712928A patent/EP2244833B1/en active Active
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FR2927550B1 (en) | 2011-04-22 |
FR2927550A1 (en) | 2009-08-21 |
JP5430585B2 (en) | 2014-03-05 |
ATE547178T1 (en) | 2012-03-15 |
WO2009103704A3 (en) | 2009-11-12 |
EP2244833A2 (en) | 2010-11-03 |
CN101952041B (en) | 2014-08-13 |
WO2009103704A2 (en) | 2009-08-27 |
CN101952041A (en) | 2011-01-19 |
US20110017067A1 (en) | 2011-01-27 |
US8518163B2 (en) | 2013-08-27 |
JP2011512248A (en) | 2011-04-21 |
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