Classifications

• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
  • A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
  • A01N33/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing organic nitrogen compounds
  • A01N33/02—Amines; Quaternary ammonium compounds
  • A01N33/08—Amines; Quaternary ammonium compounds containing oxygen or sulfur
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  • C10L1/222—Organic compounds containing nitrogen containing at least one carbon-to-nitrogen single bond
  • C10L1/2222—(cyclo)aliphatic amines; polyamines (no macromolecular substituent 30C); quaternair ammonium compounds; carbamates
  • C10L1/2225—(cyclo)aliphatic amines; polyamines (no macromolecular substituent 30C); quaternair ammonium compounds; carbamates hydroxy containing
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  • C10L10/00—Use of additives to fuels or fires for particular purposes
  • C10L10/04—Use of additives to fuels or fires for particular purposes for minimising corrosion or incrustation
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  • C10L1/18—Organic compounds containing oxygen
  • C10L1/182—Organic compounds containing oxygen containing hydroxy groups; Salts thereof
  • C10L1/1822—Organic compounds containing oxygen containing hydroxy groups; Salts thereof hydroxy group directly attached to (cyclo)aliphatic carbon atoms
  • C10L1/1824—Organic compounds containing oxygen containing hydroxy groups; Salts thereof hydroxy group directly attached to (cyclo)aliphatic carbon atoms mono-hydroxy
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  • C10L1/182—Organic compounds containing oxygen containing hydroxy groups; Salts thereof
  • C10L1/183—Organic compounds containing oxygen containing hydroxy groups; Salts thereof at least one hydroxy group bound to an aromatic carbon atom
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  • C10L1/185—Ethers; Acetals; Ketals; Aldehydes; Ketones
  • C10L1/1852—Ethers; Acetals; Ketals; Orthoesters
  • C10L1/1855—Cyclic ethers, e.g. epoxides, lactides, lactones
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  • C10L1/224—Amides; Imides carboxylic acid amides, imides
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  • C10L1/22—Organic compounds containing nitrogen
  • C10L1/23—Organic compounds containing nitrogen containing at least one nitrogen-to-oxygen bond, e.g. nitro-compounds, nitrates, nitrites
  • C10L1/231—Organic compounds containing nitrogen containing at least one nitrogen-to-oxygen bond, e.g. nitro-compounds, nitrates, nitrites nitro compounds; nitrates; nitrites
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  • C10L1/233—Organic compounds containing nitrogen containing nitrogen in a heterocyclic ring containing nitrogen and oxygen in the ring, e.g. oxazoles
  • C10L1/2335—Organic compounds containing nitrogen containing nitrogen in a heterocyclic ring containing nitrogen and oxygen in the ring, e.g. oxazoles morpholino, and derivatives thereof
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  • C10L1/2431—Organic compounds containing sulfur, selenium and/or tellurium sulfur bond to oxygen, e.g. sulfones, sulfoxides
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Definitions

• the invention relates to additives for hydrocarbonaceous compositions. More specifically, the invention relates to aminoalcohol additives that improve the corrosion properties and microbial resistance of hydrocarbonaceous compositions, such as petroleum and fuels. The aminoalcohol additives also enhance the efficacy of biocidal agents typically used in such compositions.
• Hydrocarbonaceous compositions such as petroleum (crude oil) and fuels, almost always contain moisture. Additional water can accumulate in tanks as atmospheric moisture condenses. Moisture accumulates in diesel tanks, for example, as condensate droplets on exposed tank surfaces, as dissolved water in the fuel and as water bottoms beneath the fuel. Similarly for petroleum, water can condense and accumulate in pipelines. Alcohol/fuel mixtures, such as "gasohol,” tend to absorb and retain higher concentrations of water than does alcohol-free petroleum-based fuel. In addition, more recently, water has begun to be deliberately incorporated into fuel for environmental benefits. It has been found that internal combustion engines, especially diesel engines, that employ water-fuel emulsions can produce lower nitrogen oxides, hydrocarbons and particulate emissions. Reducing emissions from vehicles has been driven by governmental and environmental concerns and so it is expected that the use of aqueous hydrocarbon fuel emulsions will increase.
• hydrocarbonaceous compositions can, however, lead to problems.
• microbes depend on water for survival, water in the hydrocarbonaceous compositions can cause microbial contamination.
• Microbes depend on the organic molecules in these compositions for nutrition and growth. Consequently, some species attack the compositions directly, growing at the expense of hydrocarbon and non-hydrocarbon components.
• the biodegradation of fuel, in support of microbial growth, is a direct cause of fuel contamination. Color, heat of combustion, pour point, cloud point, thermal stability, detergent and anti-corrosive properties adversely change as microbes selectively attack fuel components.
• Corrosion issues can also be influenced by the presence of water and acids in hydrocarbonaceous compositions.
• Biodiesel fuel in particular, contains free fatty acids and petroleum-derived fuels typically contain residual naphthenic acids and sulfur which can react with water vapor during combustion to form sulfuric acid. While removal of sulfur and acids from fuel is possible, this introduces additional process costs for the fuel manufacturer.
• lubricants that are based on phosphoric and carboxylic acids are deliberately added to some fuels (e.g. fuel emulsions) to improve performance.
• fuel e.g. fuel emulsions In crude oil, in addition to microbiologically influenced corrosion, the presence of dissolved carbon dioxide (carbonic acid) and/or hydrogen sulfide can also lead to corrosion issues.
• the invention provides a blend comprising: a hydrocarbonaceous composition; and an aminoalcohol of formula (I)
• R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , and R are as defined below.
• the invention also provides a blend comprising a hydrocarbonaceous composition, an aminoalcohol of formula I, and a biocide.
• the invention further provides a method of providing microbial resistance to a biodiesel fuel, the method comprising including in the biodiesel fuel an effective amount of an aminoalcohol of formula I.
• Fig. 1 is a chart depicting the synergistic effect of 3-amino-4-octanol with the biocide FUELSAVERTM in a diesel fuel.
• Fig. 2 is a chart depicting the synergistic effect of 3-amino-4-octanol with the biocide KathonTM FP in a diesel fuel.
• Fig. 3 is a chart depicting the effect of 3-amino-4-octanol with the biocide BIOBANTM BIT 20 DPG in a diesel fuel.
• the invention provides aminoalcohol additives for hydrocarbonaceous compositions.
• hydrocarbonaceous composition is meant petroleum (crude oil), or liquid fuels such as gasoline, diesel, biodiesel, water-fuel emulsions, ethanol-based fuels, and ether-based fuels.
• Preferred fuels include those that contain a high level of acid content, such as biodiesels.
• the additives inhibit the corrosion of systems in contact with the hydrocarbonaceous compositions, such as storage tanks, pipelines, and engines.
• the improved corrosion resistance is believed to result, in part, from the ability of the aminoalcohols to control the pH of the compositions.
• the additives of the invention are aminoalcohol compounds of the formula I:
• R 1 and R 3 are each independently H, linear or branched alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, or aryl (preferably phenyl), or R 1 , R 3 and the carbon to which they are attached form a cycloalkyl ring,
• R 2 and R 4 are each independently H or alkyl, provided that R 2 and R 4 together contain 2 or fewer carbon atoms; and R 5 is absent or is a C 1 -C 1O alkylene (bridging alkyl), arylene (preferably phenyl), arylene-alkylene-, or -alkylene- arylene- (e.g., benzyl, phenethyl, and the like); wherein the aminoalcohol of formula (I) contains at least 5 carbon atoms, and wherein the alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkylene, aryl, and arylene groups of R 1 , R 3 , and R are optionally substituted with alkyl or phenyl.
• R 5 is absent or is a C 1 -C 1O alkylene (bridging alkyl), arylene (preferably phenyl), arylene-alkylene-, or -alkylene- arylene- (e.g., benzyl,
• Preferred aminoalcohols of formula I include compounds of formula 1-1, which are compounds of formula I in which R 1 is Ci-C 6 alkyl, more preferably straight chain or branched propyl, butyl, pentyl, or hexyl, and particularly preferably n-butyl.
• Preferred aminoalcohols of formula I and 1-1 include compounds of formula 1-2, which are compounds of formula I or 1-1 in which R 2 is H, methyl, or ethyl.
• Preferred aminoalcohols of formulae 1, 1-1, and 1-2 also include compounds of formula 1-3, which are compounds of formula 1, 1-1, or 1-2 in which R 3 is hydrogen and R 4 is hydrogen.
• Preferred aminoalcohols of formulae 1, 1-1, 1-2 and 1-3 further include compounds of formula 1-4, which are compounds of formula 1, 1-1, 1-2 or 1-3 in which R 5 is a bond or is a methylene or ethylene bridge.
• Further preferred aminoalcohols of formula I include compounds of formula II:
• R 1 is C 2 -C 6 alkyl
• R 2 and R 4 are each independently H or C]-C 2 alkyl, wherein R 2 and R 4 together contain 2 or fewer carbon atoms.
• Particularly preferred primary aminoalcohols for use in the invention include: 2- amino-3-hexanol, 2-amino-2-methyl-3-hexanol, 3-amino-4-octanol, 2-amino-2-methyl-3- heptanol, 2-amino-4-ethyl-3-octanol, 2-amino-3-heptanol, 2-amino-l-phenylbutanol, and mixtures thereof.
• 3-amino-4-octanol is especially preferred.
• aminoalcohol compounds of the invention may be readily prepared by a person of ordinary skill in the art using techniques well known in the art.
• such compounds may be prepared by the reaction of nitroalkanes with an aldehyde to form a nitroalcohol, followed by catalytic hydrogenation of the nitro group to the amine. More detailed descriptions of exemplary aminoalcohol syntheses are provided in the Examples.
• the aminoalcohols may be used in the form of acid salts.
• Suitable salts include, but are not limited to, boric acid, lactic acid, pelargonic acid, nonanoic acid, neodecanoic acid, sebacic acid, azelaic acid, citric acid, benzoic acid, undecylenic acid, lauric acid, myristic acid, stearic acid, oleic acid, tall oil fatty acid, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid and like materials.
• the aminoalcohol is generally used in the hydrocarbonaceous composition at a concentration sufficient to provide corrosion stability and/or to increases microbial resistance (in the latter case, when used with biodiesel).
• the amount required to provide these beneficial effects can be readily determined by a person of ordinary skill in the art. By way of example, it is generally preferred that between about 0.001 and about 5 weight percent, more preferably between about 0.001 and about 2 weight percent, based on the total weight of the composition, be used.
• the aminoalcohol can also be used in combination with other primary, secondary, and tertiary aminoalcohols, as well as with other corrosion inhibitors.
• the hydrocarbonaceous composition can contain other optional additives. For instance, where the composition is a fuel, typical additives include, without limitation, lubricants, cetane enhancers, combustion promoters, antioxidants/thermal stabilizers, and/or detergents/deposit control additives.
• the invention provides a blend comprising a hydrocarbonaceous composition, an aminoalcohol of formula I, and a biocide.
• This aspect of the invention is particularly applicable to compositions that contain water which, as discussed above, is a characteristic of most petroleum and fuels, whether the water is added deliberately (e.g., fuel emulsions) or not.
• Such compositions typically contain at least 0.01 % by weight of water and no more than about 50 %.
• Preferred hydrocarbonaceous compositions for this second aspect of the invention include petroleum and liquid fuels.
• Preferred liquid fuels include gasoline, diesel, biodiesel, water-fuel emulsions, ethanol-based fuels, and ether-based fuels. More preferred liquid fuels include gasoline, diesel, water-fuel emulsions, ethanol-based fuels, and ether-based fuels.
• a particularly preferred liquid fuel for this aspect is diesel fuel.
• the aminoalcohols of formula I are themselves non-biocidal in diesel fuel, thus the discovery that they are able to synergistically enhance the efficacy of biocide compounds in diesel is surprising.
• biocide that is compatible with hydrocarbonaceous compositions may be utilized in the blends of the invention.
• Preferred biocides include: triazines such as 1,3,5- tris-(2-hydroxyethyl)-s-triazine and trimethyl-l,3,5-triazine-l,3,5-triethanol, an example being GROTAN by Troy Corporation, iodopropynylbutylcarbamate, such as POLYPHASE supplied by Troy Corporation, l,2-benzisothiazolin-3-one, such as BIOBAN BIT marketed by The Dow Chemical Company, 4,4-dimethyloxazolidine, an example being BIOBAN CS- 1135 from The Dow Chemical Company, 7-ethyl bicyclooxazolidine, marketed as BIOBAN CS- 1246 by The Dow Chemical Co., a combination of 4-(2-nitrobutyl)-morpholine with 4,4'-(2-ethyl-2-nitrotrimethylene) dimorpholine, marketed as FU
• Troyshield B7 phenoxyethanol, (e.g. Comtram 121), tetramethylol acetylenediurea (e.g. Protectol TD), dithiocarbamates, 2,6-Dimethyl-m-dioxan-4-ol acetate (e.g Bioban DXN), dimethylol- dimethyl-hydantoin, tris(hydroxymethyl)nitromethane, bicyclic oxazolidines (e.g.
• Nuospet 95 (thiocyanomethylthio)-benzothiazole (TCMTB), methylene bis(thiocyanate (MBT), substituted dioxaborinanes such as BIOBOR JF from Hammonds Fuel Additives, tetrakis (hydroxymethyl) phosphonium sulfate (THPS) such as AQUCAR THPS 75 from The Dow Chemical Company, quaternary ammonium compounds such as alkyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride (ADBAC), cocodiamine, dazomet such as Protectol DZ from BASF, and mixtures of two or more thereof.
• TCMTB thiocyanomethylthio)-benzothiazole
• MTT methylene bis(thiocyanate
• substituted dioxaborinanes such as BIOBOR JF from Hammonds Fuel Additives, tetrakis (hydroxymethyl) phosphonium sulfate (THPS) such as AQUCAR THPS
• biocides particularly where the hydrocarbonaceous composition is a liquid fuel, are a combination of 4-(2-nitrobutyl)-morpholine with 4,4'-(2-ethyl-2- nitrotrimethylene) dimorpholine (available as FUELSAVERTM from The Dow Chemical Company), a combination of 5-chloro-2-methyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one with 2-methyl-4- isothiazolin-3-one (CMIT/MIT), a combination of (thiocyanomethylthio)-benzothiazole (TCMTB) and methylene bis(thiocyanate) (MBT), substituted dioxaborinanes, and mixture of two or more thereof.
• 4-(2-nitrobutyl)-morpholine with 4,4'-(2-ethyl-2- nitrotrimethylene) dimorpholine available as FUELSAVERTM from The Dow Chemical Company
• CMIT/MIT 2-methyl-4- isothiazolin-3-one
• TCMTB thiocyanomethylthi
• biocides particularly where the hydrocarbonaceous composition is petroleum, include glutaraldehyde, 2-bromo-2-nitro-l,3-propanediol, isothiazolinones such as BIT and CMIT/MIT, 2,2-dibromo-3-nitrilopropionamide (DBNPA), tetrakis(hydroxymethyl) phosphonium sulfate (THPS), oxazolidines such as 4,4- dimethyloxazolidine and 7-ethyl bicyclooxazolidine, quaternary ammonium compounds such as alkyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride (ADBAC), cocodiamine, dazomet, and mixtures of two or more thereof.
• glutaraldehyde 2-bromo-2-nitro-l,3-propanediol
• isothiazolinones such as BIT and CMIT/MIT
• DBNPA 2,2-dibromo-3-nitril
• the biocide (or combination of biocides) is preferably present in the blend at a concentration of between about 0.001 and 2 weight percent based on the total weight of the blend.
• concentration of between about 0.001 and 2 weight percent based on the total weight of the blend.
• the aminoalcohols described herein permit less biocide to be used than could be achieved without the aminoalcohol.
• the concentration of aminoalcohol of formula I relative to biocide in the blend is not critical, but in some preferred embodiments corresponds to a weight ratio of aminoalcohol to biocide between about 5000: 1 and about 1:2. In further preferred embodiments, the weight ratio of aminoalcohol to biocide is between about 100: 1 and 1:2. In still further preferred embodiments, the weight ratio is between about 60:1 and 1:1.
• a preferred fuel based blend according to the invention comprises: (a) a liquid fuel; (b) an aminoalcohol of formula (I) as defined above: and
• biocide selected from the group consisting of:
• the weight ratio of aminoalcohol to biocide (i) is preferably between about 30:1 and 1: 1, more preferably between about 25:1 and 1.5:1. Further, the weight ratio of aminoalcohol to biocide (ii) is preferably between about 70:1 and 3:1.
• a more preferred fuel based blend according to the invention comprises: (a) a liquid fuel; (b) an aminoalcohol of formula II:
• R 1 is C 2 -C 6 alkyl
• R 2 and R 4 are each independently H or C 1 -C 2 alkyl provided that R 2 and R 4 together contain 2 or fewer carbon atoms;
• a biocide selected from the group consisting of: (i) a mixture of 4-(2-nitrobutyl)-morpholine with 4,4'-(2-ethyl-2- nitrotrimethylene) dimorpholine;
• the weight ratio of aminoalcohol to biocide (i) is preferably between about 30:1 and 1: 1, more preferably between about 25:1 and 1.5:1. Further, the weight ratio of aminoalcohol to biocide (ii) is preferably between about 70:1 and 3:1.
• a particularly preferred fuel based blend according to the invention comprises:
• biocide selected from the group consisting of:
• the weight ratio of aminoalcohol to biocide (i) is preferably between about 30:1 and 1: 1, more preferably between about 25:1 and 1.5:1. Further, the weight ratio of aminoalcohol to biocide (ii) is preferably between about 70:1 and 3:1.
• a preferred petroleum based blend according to the invention comprises:
• a biocide selected from the group consisting of: glutaraldehyde, 2-bromo-2- nitro- 1,3 -propanediol, tetrakis(hydroxymethyl) phosphonium sulphate (THPS), 2,2- dibromo-3-nitrilopropionamide (DBNPA), an isothiazolinone compound, a quaternary ammonium compound, cocodiamine; and, dazomet.
• a more preferred petroleum blend according to the invention comprises:
• an aminoalcohol of formula II as defined above (b) an aminoalcohol of formula II as defined above; and (c) a biocide selected from the group consisting of: glutaraldehyde, 2-bromo-2- nitro-l,3-propanediol, tetrakis(hydroxymethyl) phosphonium sulphate (THPS), 2,2- dibromo-3-nitrilopropionamide (DBNPA), an isothiazolinone compound, quaternary ammonium compounds, cocodiamine, and dazomet.
• a biocide selected from the group consisting of: glutaraldehyde, 2-bromo-2- nitro-l,3-propanediol, tetrakis(hydroxymethyl) phosphonium sulphate (THPS), 2,2- dibromo-3-nitrilopropionamide (DBNPA), an isothiazolinone compound, quaternary ammonium compounds, cocodi
• a particularly preferred petroleum blend according to the invention comprises: (a) petroleum
• a biocide selected from the group consisting of: glutaraldehyde, 2-bromo-2- nitro-l,3-propanediol, tetrakis(hydroxymethyl) phosphonium sulphate (THPS), 2,2- dibromo-3-nitrilopropionamide (DBNPA), an isothiazolinone compound, quaternary ammonium compounds, cocodiamine, and dazomet.
• Alkyl encompasses straight and branched chain aliphatic groups having from 1-8 carbon atoms, more preferably 1-6 carbon atoms.
• Preferred alkyl groups include, without limitation, methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, pentyl, and hexyl.
• alkenyl as used herein means an unsaturated straight or branched chain aliphatic group with one or more carbon-carbon double bonds, having from 2-8 carbon atoms, and preferably 2-6 carbon atoms.
• Preferred alkenyl groups include, without limitation, ethenyl, propenyl, butenyl, pentenyl, and hexenyl.
• alkynyl as used herein means an unsaturated straight or branched chain aliphatic group with one or more carbon-carbon triple bonds, having from 2-8 carbon atoms, and preferably 2-6 carbon atoms.
• Preferred alkynyl groups include, without limitation, ethynyl, propynyl, butynyl, pentynyl, and hexynyl.
• alkylene is an alkyl as defined hereinabove, that is positioned between and serves to connect two other chemical groups.
• Preferred alkylene groups include, without limitation, methylene, ethylene, propylene, and butylene.
• cycloalkyl as employed herein includes saturated and partially unsaturated cyclic hydrocarbon groups having 3 to 12 carbons, preferably 3 to 8 carbons, and more preferably 3 to 7 carbons.
• Preferred cycloalkyl groups include, without limitation, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclopentenyl, cyclohexyl, cyclohexenyl, cycloheptyl, and cyclooctyl.
• aryl is a C6-C12 aromatic moiety comprising one to three aromatic rings.
• the aryl group is a C6-C10 aryl group.
• Preferred aryl groups include, without limitation, phenyl, naphthyl, anthracenyl, and fluorenyl. More preferred is phenyl.
• Alkyl, cycloalkyl, and aryl (and their bridging derivatives alkylene, cycloalkylene, and arylene) are optionally substituted with one or more other alkyl (e.g., methyl, ethyl, butyl), phenyl, or both. When substituted, the number of carbons in the substituent are counted towards the 6-12 carbons of the compound.
• alkyl e.g., methyl, ethyl, butyl
• phenyl or both.
• 3-nitro-4-octanol is synthesized by the addition of 1-nitropropane (1-NP, 300 g, 3.37 mols) into a 1 liter 3-necked round-bottomed flask (RBF, 24/40, 29/42, 24/40) equipped with a thermocouple, a magnetic stirrer, a 500 ml addition funnel, a nitrogen inlet, and a glass stopper.
• This light yellow liquid is diluted by the addition of methanol (MeOH, 150 g) that results in an endotherm.
• the caustic catalyst is added (16 g of a 10 % aqueous solution and 0.60 g of a 50 % aqueous caustic solution, 1.9 g total, 1.4 mole %). This changes the reaction color to orange and results in a slight exotherm.
• the valeraldehyde (258 g, 3.00 mols, 0.89 equivalents) is charged to the addition funnel and slowly added to the 1-NP over 3 h. The heat of reaction raises the temperature to 40-45 C. Once the valeraldehyde addition is complete, the contents of the RBF are transferred into a 1 liter glass bottle, purged with nitrogen, and stored at ambient temperature. The reaction progress is monitored by gas chromatography.
• the nitro- alcohol (491 g) is diluted with absolute ethanol (EtOH, 150 g) and pumped into the autoclave (4 ml/min). After 3.5 h the addition is complete and after 4 h the reaction is judged complete as no hydrogen uptake is observed.
• the autoclave is cooled, stirring stopped, vented, and purged with nitrogen.
• the autoclave is disassembled and the contents are vacuum filtered to remove the RaNi catalyst. This results in the isolation of a light yellow liquid (92 area %) that is concentrated in vacuo (55 0 C / full vacuum) before product is taken overhead (57 - 62 0 C / full vacuum). This results in the isolation of a clear, colorless, semi-solid (344 g, 95.3 area %, 75 % overall yield) that contains some oxazolidine (2.2 area %) and some secondary amines (0.5 area %).
• the caustic catalyst is added (10 g of a 10 % aqueous solution, 0.68 mole %) changing the reaction color to yellow and resulting in a slight exotherm.
• the valeraldehyde (258 g, 3.00 mols, 0.89 equivalents) is charged to the addition funnel and slowly added to the NE over 4 h. The heat of reaction raises the temperature to 40-45 0 C.
• the contents of the RBF are transferred into a 1 liter glass bottle, purged with nitrogen, and stored at ambient temperature at night and 5O 0 C during the day. The reaction progress is monitored by gas chromatography.
• the nitro- alcohol (491 g) is diluted with absolute ethanol (EtOH, 150 g) and pumped into the autoclave (4 ml/min). After 3 h the addition is complete and after 3.5 h the reaction is judged complete as no hydrogen uptake is observed.
• the autoclave is cooled, stirring stopped, vented, and purged with nitrogen.
• the autoclave is disassembled and the contents are vacuumed filtered to remove the RaNi catalyst. This results in the isolation of a yellow liquid (82 area %) that is concentrated in vacuo (55 0 C / full vacuum) before product is taken overhead (40-50 0 C / full vacuum). This results in the isolation of a clear, colorless, solid (302 g, 91.2 area %, 64 % overall yield) that contains some oxazolidine (3.4 area %).
• the caustic catalyst is added (16 g of a 10 % aqueous solution and 0.6 g of a 50 % aqueous solution, 1.4 mole %) changing the reaction color to light yellow and resulting in a slight exotherm.
• the valeraldehyde (258 g, 3.00 mols, 0.89 equivalents) is charged to the addition funnel and slowly added to the 2-NP over 3 h. The heat of reaction raises the temperature to 40-45 0 C.
• the contents of the RBF are transferred into a 1 liter glass bottle, purged with nitrogen, and stored at ambient temperature.
• the reaction progress is monitored by gas chromatography and reaches 72 % completion after 3 weeks and the reaction is stopped by the addition of a 10 % aqueous hydrochloric acid solution (16 ml).
• the resulting green solution (422 g, 90 area % corrected purity, 80 % yield) is diluted with absolute ethanol (150 g), filtered (0.5 micron), purged with nitrogen, and stored in the refrigerator until needed.
• the yellow nitro-alcohol (422 g) is diluted with absolute ethanol (EtOH, 150 g) and is pumped into the autoclave (4 ml/min). After 3 h the addition is complete and after 3.5 h the reaction is judged complete as no hydrogen uptake is observed.
• the autoclave is cooled, stirring stopped, vented, and purged with nitrogen.
• the autoclave is disassembled and the contents are vacuum filtered to remove the RaNi catalyst. This results in the isolation of a light yellow liquid (80 area %) that is concentrated in vacuo (55 0 C / full vacuum) before product is taken overhead (50 - 52 0 C / full vacuum). This results in the isolation of a clear, colorless, solid (268 g, 91.9 area %, 57 % overall yield) that contains some oxazolidine (4.9 area %).
• Example 4 Preparation of 2-amino-4-ethyl-3-octanol
• 2-nitro-4-ethyl-3-octanol is synthesized by the addition of nitroethane (NE, 200 g, 2.67 mols) into a 1 liter 3-necked round-bottomed flask (RBF, 24/40, 29/42, 24/40) equipped with a thermocouple, a magnetic stirrer, a 500 ml addition funnel, a nitrogen inlet, and a glass stopper.
• nitroethane NE, 200 g, 2.67 mols
• RBF 1 liter 3-necked round-bottomed flask
• the autoclave is sealed, assembled, purged with nitrogen then hydrogen, pressurized with hydrogen (750 psig), stirred at 600 RPM, and warmed to 4O 0 C.
• the nitro-alcohol (362 g) is diluted with methanol MeOH, 380 ml) and pumped into the autoclave (5 ml/min). After 2 h the addition is complete and after another 15 min the reaction is judged complete as no hydrogen uptake is observed.
• the autoclave is cooled, stirring stopped, vented, and purged with nitrogen.
• the autoclave is disassembled and the contents are vacuum filtered to remove the RaNi catalyst.
• Examples 5-16 illustrate the effect of the aminoalcohols of the invention on the corrosion of metals in contact with fuels.
• Mild carbon steel (MCS), low carbon fine grain steel (LCFGS) and cast iron (CI) coupons from Metaspec Co are used. Each coupon measures 1" x 2" x 1/8". All coupons are cleaned with acetone prior to total immersion in diesel or biodiesel fuel. Each coupon is weighed before testing and again after testing and cleaning. Fuels and water are placed into 4oz wide-mouth flint glass jars and one coupon is totally submerged in the fuel in each jar. The test system consists of 80% fuel and 20% deionized water (weight basis). For test samples, the aminoalcohol is added at 0.427% on the total weight of fuel plus water (56 grams of fuel + 14 grams of DI water + 0.30 grams aminoalcohol).
• 3-amino-4-octanol reduces mass loss for all metals tested in contact with the diesel fuel/water mixtures.
• visual corrosion is eliminated with mild carbon steel and low carbon fine grain steel.
• a reduction in weight loss is not observed with the presence of 3-amino-4-octanol, however, a visual reduction in corrosion is observed with the low carbon fine grain steel sample.
• MCS Mild Carbon Steel
• LCFGS Low Carbon Fine Grain Steel
• CI cast iron
• 3A4O 3-amino-4-octanol.
• Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC# 33988, Yeast: Yarrowia tropicalis ATCC# 48138, and Mold: Hormoconis resinae ATCC# 20495, are sub cultured in Bushnell-Haas broth, and used for the mixed inoculum.
• the organism concentrations in the mixed inoculum are as follows: Ps. aeruginosa- 4.8 x 10 8 cfu/mL; Y. tropicalis- 2.2 x 10 7 cfu/mL; H. resinae- 6.3 x 10 7 cfu/mL
• Biodiesel fuel Biodiesel fuel. Biodiesel for these examples is obtained from Stepan Company (Northfield, Illinois)
• Biocides The biocides chosen for this evaluation include biocides already registered and frequently used in fuels because of their solubility and effectiveness (e.g. Kathon FP 1.5 and FUELSAVERTM). BIOBAN BIT 20 DPG is also tested. Compositional and supplier information are provided below.
• KathonTM FP 1.5 (Rohm and Haas): 1.15% 5- chloro-2-methyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one and 0.35% 2-methyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one (CMIT/MIT).
• FUELSAVERTM (Dow): 90% Morpholine dimorpholine blend. 4-( 2-nitrobutyl ) morpholine and 4,4'- ( 2-ethyl-2-nitrotrimethylene ) - dimorpholine (FS).
• Biocide Loadings For the registered biocides, the lower and upper label limits are used - KathonTM FP: 50 and 400 ppm; FUELSAVERTM: 135 and 1000 ppm. BIOBANTM BIT 20 DPG is currently not registered for use in fuel, therefore, the label limits for "oil in water emulsions" are applied: 400 and 1800 ppm.
• 2-Amino-2-methyl-l-propanol (a 95 % aqueous solution, obtained as AMP-95 from ANGUS Chemical Company). This aminoalcohol is used for comparison to the aminoalcohols of the invention.
• Aminoalcohol Loadings Both aminoalcohols are evaluated with and without biocides at loadings of 1500 and 3000 ppm.
• Tryptic soy agar is used for Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Sabouraud dextrose agar with 0.5 ug/ml gentamycin for Yarrowia tropicalis, and bacteriological grade agar 1.5%, with 0.01% potassium tellurite for Hormoconis resinae. Bacteria are incubated at 37 0 C for 48 hours, and fungi at 25 0 C for 5-7 days.
• the data collected from the evaluation of the aminoalcohols in diesel fuel is represented by Figs. 1-3 and Tables 2-4. As can be seen from the data, in diesel fuel, none of the aminoalcohols are able to increase the microbial resistance of the fuel by themselves.

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