EP2235157A1 - Procédé et dispositif pour la désagrégation de cellules biologiques - Google Patents

Procédé et dispositif pour la désagrégation de cellules biologiques

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Publication number
EP2235157A1
EP2235157A1 EP09703275A EP09703275A EP2235157A1 EP 2235157 A1 EP2235157 A1 EP 2235157A1 EP 09703275 A EP09703275 A EP 09703275A EP 09703275 A EP09703275 A EP 09703275A EP 2235157 A1 EP2235157 A1 EP 2235157A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
vessel
cells
stirring
liquid
digestion
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Withdrawn
Application number
EP09703275A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
Inventor
Ralf Himmelreich
Thomas Rothmann
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Qiagen GmbH
Original Assignee
Qiagen GmbH
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Qiagen GmbH filed Critical Qiagen GmbH
Priority to EP09703275A priority Critical patent/EP2235157A1/fr
Publication of EP2235157A1 publication Critical patent/EP2235157A1/fr
Withdrawn legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
    • C12N1/00—Microorganisms, e.g. protozoa; Compositions thereof; Processes of propagating, maintaining or preserving microorganisms or compositions thereof; Processes of preparing or isolating a composition containing a microorganism; Culture media therefor
    • C12N1/06—Lysis of microorganisms
    • C12N1/066—Lysis of microorganisms by physical methods

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a method and a device for the disruption of biological cells, for example, known from the publications "Huh Yun Suk et al, Microfluidic cell disruption system employing a magnetically actuated diaphragm, Electrophoresis December 2007, Vol. 28, No. 24, pp. 4748-4757 and Haugland et al., Evaluation of different methods on the extraction of DNA from fungal coninia by quantitative competitive PCR analysis, Journal of Microbiological Methods, Elsevier, Amsterdam, NL, Vol. 37 , 1 January 1 999, pages 1 65 - 1 76.
  • disrupting cells it is meant the breaking of cells so that genetic information can be taken.
  • the present invention is intended in particular to be able to remove nucleic acids from cells, including RNA and DNA Furthermore, proteins are released from the cell interior with the present invention.
  • Cultivated cell cultures can usually be easily digested with comparatively gentle genetic information. Spores are comparatively difficult to catch up with. The means needed to exclude such cells not only break cells but also fragment extensively genetic information.
  • white blood cells An example of easy-to-open cells is white blood cells. These can be digested relatively gently, for example by the enzyme proteinase K in the presence of a detergent (for example sodium dodecyl sulfate or Triton X-1 00). With each cell disruption, nucleic acids are sheared and fragmented by double-strand breaks in the genetic material. However, the fragmentation of the
  • cells that are difficult to break up are to be disrupted, this is done, for example, by supplying heat. Then, cells that are difficult to break up are treated for 1 0 minutes at 95 ° C, for example. Typically, many bacteria are released by heat.
  • Another method is the digestion by means of ultrasound, which is used in the case of difficult to break up cells. Ultrasound fragmented genetic information, however, particularly extensive. Therefore, ultrasound is usually used only when other methods fail. With the help of ultrasound spores are opened up, for example, which are particularly resistant.
  • a third method for the digestion of difficult réelleden cells is the grinding by means of glass spheres. With the help of glass spheres bacteria and fungi are digested. The digestion by means of glass spheres (also known as "bead beating" in professional circles) is relatively gentle compared to ultrasound and heat. In all three cases, however, genetic information is fragmented to varying degrees.
  • a vibrating or shaking apparatus such as a so-called Vortex ® shaker is used.
  • One or more tubes made of plastic are filled with an aqueous solution comprising a lysis buffer, the cell material and glass beads, sealed and placed in the shaking or shaking apparatus and shaken by the apparatus, for example, for five minutes.
  • Such a method is also referred to as "vortexing with glass beads" or as "bead beating".
  • the tube or tubes are removed, the tubes are centrifuged as needed to separate glass particles from the liquid, and the liquid contents are transferred to another tube given.
  • the digested cell material is treated with further buffer solutions in order to process the nucleic acid.
  • a disruption by means of glass beads is described for example in the publication DE 1 0 2004 032 888 B4.
  • the object of the invention is to provide a method and a device for the efficient disruption of cells.
  • vibrations should be avoided during the digestion of a vessel in which the digestion is carried out.
  • cells are digested in a vessel, which can be connected to a line and thus be part of an overall device.
  • liquid can flow out of the vessel via the line or be pumped into the vessel.
  • the vessel are the known means for performing a mechanical exclusion, so in particular beads and a buffer solution.
  • beads and a buffer solution As an alternative to glass beads, spheres or silicon carbide particles of suitable size may also be used.
  • the vessel is not shaken, so exposed to vibration. Instead, it is stirred by means of a stirring element, in particular by means of a magnetic stirrer, which preferably comprises a stirring rod located in the vessel. Strong vibrations are avoided in principle.
  • a vessel for carrying out digestion of cells can therefore be easily integrated into an overall device or system.
  • a magnetic stirrer in the prior art therefore serves to mix contents in a vessel, but not as a means to induce mechanical disruption of cells. Therefore, it is not known from the prior art, in particular, to move particles or beads with the aid of a magnetic stirrer or similarly acting stirrers in order to mechanically open cells.
  • the use of the magnetic stirrer ensures that the vessel is not shaken. It is therefore no problem to integrate the vessel into a mechanically sensitive overall device. Otherwise, shaking will easily cause damage, such as leaking transitions between lines, as tests have shown. In addition, delicate parts of an overall apparatus for automatic or semi-automatic processing can be easily damaged by jarring.
  • the magnetic stirrer in one embodiment comprises a magnetic stir bar.
  • the length of the stirring rod is chosen so that it is not horizontal on the bottom of the
  • the stir bar is then usually at rest with one end at the bottom of the vessel - which may be a vessel bottom, a filter or a frit - and abuts the other end to a vessel wall.
  • the length of the stirring rod is thus depending on the embodiment longer than the diameter of the bottom of the vessel or the diameter of a frit stored horizontally in the intended container. It has been found that in this embodiment, the effectiveness of the digestion can be significantly improved regularly. Although a small imbalance occurs. However, this regularly leads only to low vibration. An integration of the vessel into a sensitive overall device is basically still possible. If an unbalance proves to be too large, it is sufficient to choose the length of the stirring rod a little shorter so as to reduce the tilt and thus the resulting imbalance sufficient. A great technical effort does not have to be operated in order to keep vibrations sufficiently low.
  • liquid volume is very small, it may also be sufficient to use a stirring rod of a magnetic stirrer lying horizontally, without having to accept appreciable restrictions with regard to the effectiveness of the method. In this embodiment, any imbalance is avoided, so that particularly good vibrations are avoided.
  • the vessel for example, on
  • the filter or the frit is used to filter out particles or globules, if the liquid content is sucked off, for example via a line. It eliminates the known from the prior art centrifugation to separate glass beads from the liquid. In addition, it is prevented that a conduit is clogged by the particles or globules.
  • the diameter of the particles or beads which are preferably made of glass, is typically about 600 ⁇ m.
  • the diameter of the pores of the filter or the frit is therefore preferably up to 1 00 .mu.m and in particular 50 to 1 00 .mu.m in order to reliably separate the liquid together with the cell material located therein from the particles.
  • a frit made of polypropylene is suitable.
  • the liquid level in the vessel should be low. Although this succeeds with a large base of the vessel. But then it is difficult to suck the liquid content as completely as possible, for example via a line attached to the ground. Therefore, a conical shape of the vessel has been found to be advantageous, wherein the diameter of the vessel increases upward. Flat rising or flat surfaces in the vessel are advantageously avoided or minimized.
  • the base of the vessel can be small, without having to accept a high level of fluid in the vessel.
  • the vessel is preferably closed as described in the prior art during the opening by a corresponding lid.
  • a magnetic stirrer has proven to be particularly suitable. Because then no wave must reach, for example, through a lid into the vessel, which can result in unwanted vibrations, which are avoided by using a magnetic stirrer. Furthermore, a magnetic stirrer operates without contact in terms of actuators. The vessel is closed during the process whereby no sample material can escape. This is particularly advantageous when it is potentially infectious sample material.
  • a stirring element used for stirring can perform various stirring movements. In particular, circular stirring operations are performed.
  • a stirring element located in the vessel is driven without contact.
  • the stirring element may have different lengths relative to the diameter of the vessel.
  • the stirring element may have different geometries and preferably has the geometry of a rod.
  • the vessel and in particular the vessel inner wall can be designed differently. Preferably It has a smooth inner wall and it is a conical vessel.
  • An in-vessel solution may additionally contain enzymes for cell disruption.
  • FIG. 1 shows schematically the structure of the device for automated processing of biological samples.
  • a conical vessel 1 is closed with a lid 2, so as to prevent unwanted leakage of liquid and other material from the vessel - hereinafter also called lysis chamber.
  • a magnetic stirring bar 3 which is stirred during the disruption of cells.
  • the vessel 1 contains glass beads 4 which rest on a polypropylene frit 5.
  • the diameter of the frit is 7 mm.
  • the frit 5 is 1, 5 mm thick and is provided with through pores with a diameter of 50 to 1 00 microns.
  • the magnetic rod 3 Since the magnetic rod 3 is longer than the diameter of the frit 5, it can not rest horizontally on the frit, which forms the bottom of the vessel.
  • the vessel 1 is located on a substrate 6, which is provided below the frit with a funnel-shaped depression. The lower end of the funnel-shaped depression opens into a channel 7. Below the substrate 6 and the vessel 1, a magnet 8 is mounted horizontally aligned on the axis of an electric motor. The direction of rotation of the electric motor can be changed with a Umpolschalter 1 0.
  • the device shown in FIG. 1 is part of a microfluidic system which comprises further devices or is connected to devices in order to be able to process automatically or semi-automatically.
  • This includes in particular a pump with which a lysis buffer solution can be pumped out.
  • the system includes a container having a lysis buffer solution contained therein for pumping the buffer solution into the vessel 1.
  • the inner diameters of the channels of the microfluidic system are not greater than 1 mm, and in particular also the inner diameter of the channel 7 shown in FIG.
  • both the substrate 6 on which the vessel 1 is placed and the vessel 1 are parts which have been or can be produced by injection molding, in order to enable inexpensive production. These parts are properly assembled so that an opening at the bottom of the vessel 1 is connected to an opening of a microchannel 7. Subsequently, the parts 1 and 6 are preferred
  • the material of the vessel 1 is typically polypropylene.
  • polypropylene As the material for the substrate, polycarbonate or cyclo-olefin copolymers (COC) are preferable. Polycarbonate and COC are transparent, hard and dimensionally stable. These are thus able to cope with the demands placed on a substrate for automatic processes, and above all dimensional accuracy.
  • COC cyclo-olefin copolymers
  • Polycarbonate and COC are transparent, hard and dimensionally stable. These are thus able to cope with the demands placed on a substrate for automatic processes, and above all dimensional accuracy.
  • the person skilled in the art can also use alternative polymers with the same requirements for injection molding. The requirements for the dimensional accuracy of the lysis vessel 1 are lower. Therefore, polypropylene is sufficient as the material for the vessel 1.
  • the vessel 1 is usually exposed to a maximum temperature of 80 0 C.
  • the substrate 6 may be exposed to temperatures of up to 100 ° C. within the scope of an automatic processing. For this reason, a relatively thermostable material is preferred as the substrate material.
  • the channel 7, to which the vessel 1 is connected, can be opened and closed via a corresponding valve. During the disruption of cells, the channel 7 is closed.
  • the sample containing the cells filled, and a lysis buffer and glass beads.
  • a first series of experiments relates to the nucleic acid preparation of Corynebacterium glutamicum. The results obtained are shown in FIGS. 2a and 2b.
  • the preparations were made according to the following, the prior art protocol for nucleic acid preparation from liquid cultures of microorganisms.
  • Reagent DX sicone antifoam emulsion, Wacker Chemie AG
  • Nucleic acid was also processed according to the invention according to the following protocol (protocol according to the invention):
  • the nucleic acids were separated by electrophoresis on an agarose gel. After separation, the nucleic acid fragments were stained in an ethidium bromide-containing water bath, illuminated on a UV light panel and scanned through a photo documentation system. The genomic DNA can be seen as a bright band in the upper third of FIG. 2a.
  • Fig. 2a relates to the nucleic acid preparation of Corynebacterium glutamicum, 0, 7% agarose gel (order 1 5 ⁇ l eluate).
  • a solution of 0.7% w / v agarose is heated until the agarose particles melt, and after homogenization, they are allowed to solidify in a gel form.
  • the gel contains pockets into which the nucleic acid-containing solution is pipetted and was separated by electrophoresis. In this case, 1 5 ⁇ l of the eluate was "applied" to nucleic acid prep, wherein
  • Kl reference protocol with vortex mixer without lysozyme in lysis buffer
  • K2 reference protocol with vortex mixer with lysozyme in lysis buffer
  • the intensity in other words the luminous intensity (number and area of white pixels) of a band in FIG. 1A, is a measure of the quality of the cell digestion.
  • the light band at the 1/3 to 2/3 border of the image vertical is decisive.
  • the bands Kl and K2 or the bands resulting from the experiments Kl and K2 are light and broad in comparison to the bands K3 and K4, ie the bands obtained in the experiments K3 and K4.
  • Bands K3 and K4, unlike bands Kl and K2, were obtained without vortex mixing. This shows that mechanical digestion is indispensable in order to catch up with useful results.
  • the bands K1 and K2 correspond to the band M1 obtained by the method according to the invention with the device shown in FIG. It follows that the mechanical digestion according to the present invention is qualitatively indistinguishable from the mechanical digestion of the prior art.
  • Lysozyme is a hydrolase that attacks the cell wall of bacteria.
  • the comparison of band K3 (lysozyme was not used) with K4 (lysozyme was used) shows a noticeable effect in the case of otherwise less useful digestion, as the band K4 in difference to the band K3 in the representation is still weakly recognizable.
  • an influence in FIG. 2a can no longer be recognized, as the comparison of the band Kl (lysozyme was not used) with the band K2 (lysozyme was used) shows. The use of lysozyme is therefore not noticeable in qualitative terms.
  • Fig. 2b also relates to said nucleic acid preparation of Corynebacterium glutamicum. Shown are the measured optical densities (OD) relative to the optical density achieved in trial Kl. The optical density was determined in each case with a wavelength of the light of 260 nm. The optical density is a measure of the efficiency of cell disruption in quantitative terms. The comparison of the optical densities in the case of tests Kl and K2 shows that the use of lysozyme has a quantitative effect, since the optical density of experiment K2 is considerably higher at 1 28% compared to the optical density of experiment Kl, although also mechanically digested according to the prior art, but just unlike the experiment K2 no lysozyme was used. The digestion M 1 carried out according to the invention, in which no lysozyme was used, resulted in an optical density which reaches 93% of the optical density of the test K 1. In quantitative terms, therefore, a result of the same order of magnitude was achieved.
  • a second series of experiments relates to the nucleic acid preparation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (yeast), 0, 7% agarose gel (order 1 5 ⁇ l eluate). The above protocols have been applied. The results obtained are shown in FIGS. 3a and 3b.
  • Kl reference protocol with vortex mixer without zymolase in lysis buffer
  • K2 reference protocol with vortex mixer with zymolase in lysis buffer
  • K3 reference protocol without vortex mixing and without zymolase in lysis buffer
  • K4 reference protocol without vortex mixing but with zymolase in lysis buffer
  • M l protocol in the context of the invention without zymolase in the lysis buffer
  • M2 protocol according to the invention with zymolase in the lysis buffer.
  • FIG. 3 a shows, in accordance with FIG. 2 a, the qualitatively achieved result of the nucleic acid preparation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, 0. 7% agarose gel (order 1 5 ⁇ l eluate).
  • FIG. 3b relates to the nucleic acid preparation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
  • the results of the quantitative real-time PCR are shown for the detection of genomic Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Shown is the so-called “Threshold Cycle” (Ct).
  • the polymerase chain reaction is a method to amplify the DNA in vitro, d. H . without using a living organism such as the bacterium Escherichia coli or the baker's yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
  • the Rea ltime - PCR (short RTD-PCR) is a amplification method for nucleic acids, based on the principle of conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and additionally offers the possibility of quantification.
  • the quantification is carried out with the aid of fluorescence measurements at the end or during a PCR cycle (hence the name "real time") and thus differs from other quantitative PCR methods (qPCR), which were evaluated quantitatively only after the end of the PCR Fluorescence increases proportionally with the amount of PCR products, allowing for quantification, no gel electrophoretic separation of the fragments is needed, the data is readily available and the risk of contamination is low.
  • the amount of template is limited and the likelihood of template, primer and polymerase suboptimal, whereas in the third phase of amplification, the amount of products (DNA, pyrophosphate, monophosphate nucleotides) increases to inhibit them, hybridize more frequently product fragments with each other, the substrates are slowly consumed and ultimately the polymerases and nucleotides are slowly destroyed by the heat.
  • An exponential and therefore quantifiable increase can only be found in the intermediate phase. Exponentially a PCR remains at 1 2 to 400 output copies for approx. 30 cycles, at 200 to 3200 for 25 cycles and initially 3200 to 51 200 for a maximum of 20 cycles.
  • the CT value Threshold Cycle
  • Cp value Cross Point
  • FIG. 2a shows that, even in the case of yeast, ie in the case of a fungus, the qualitatively best result was obtained with the aid of the method according to the invention, since in the case of M2, in contrast to the other experiments in the region of the pockets, a further band is clearly recognizable.
  • the use of the enzyme zymolase clearly affects the quality of the test results, as the comparison of the cases Kl K3, M l with the cases K2, K4 and M2 shows. In the first three cases, unlike the last three cases, the enzyme was not used. From a qualitative point of view, the influence due to mechanical mixing is comparatively low, as illustrated in particular by the comparison between K2 and K4.
  • the stirring direction can be carried out either unidirectionally or bidirectionally.
  • the protocol was carried out according to the first series of experiments. A constant stirring and a bidirectional stirring by polarity reversal (during the ten minute digestion the direction of rotation was changed by polarity reversal every 20 seconds) with and without glass particles was examined.
  • FIG. 4 compares the results of the ct results obtained quantitatively, which resulted from a real-time PCR for the detection of genomic Corynebacterium glutamicum DNA. Shown is the relative yield normalized to the value "M l”.
  • M2U protocol according to the invention with reversal of the stirring direction and with lysozyme in the lysis buffer
  • a comparison of the results of M l with M l U or M 2 with M2U shows that a reversal of the stirring direction is not required in order to obtain good yields.
  • the vortex reference protocol is used in addition to the application for the isolation of nucleic acids from liquid cultures of difficult-to-lyse microorganisms even in the study of patient blood suspected of sepsis. For this reason, human blood (stored blood) was treated with Corynebacterium glutamicum in this experiment. The nucleic acids were isolated with different protocols and detected by quantitative PCR.
  • Microcentrifugation tubes 1 0. Addition of 600 ⁇ l ethanol 1 1. Mixture on QIAamp MinElute Spin Column (several times)
  • Buffer AW2 3min at max. g-number 1 4. * "Dry spin for 1 min maximum g-number 1 5. * Elute the nucleic acids with 80 ⁇ l buffer TE, 1 min at 6000 x g
  • Reagent DX sicone antifoam emulsion, Wacker Chemie AG
  • Microcentrifugation tubes 1 0. Addition of 600 ⁇ l ethanol 1 1. Mixture on QIAamp MinElute Spin Column (several times)
  • Buffer AW2 3min at max. g-number 1 4. * "Dry spin for 1 min maximum g-number 1 5. * Elute the nucleic acids with 80 ⁇ l buffer TE, 1 min at 6000 x g
  • Kl reference protocol with vortex mixer without lysozyme in lysis buffer
  • K2 reference protocol with vortex mixer with lysozyme in lysis buffer
  • K3 Reference protocol without vortex mixing and without lysozyme in lysis buffer
  • K4 Reference protocol without vortex mixing but with lysozyme in lysis buffer
  • M l Protocol according to the invention without lysozyme in lysis buffer
  • M2 Protocol according to the invention with lysozyme in lysis buffer
  • Fig. 5a illustrates the qualitatively obtained results of a nucleic acid preparation of a mixture of human blood and Corynebacterium glutamicum agarose gel of the entire nucleic acid.
  • Fig. 5b shows the quantitative result of the nucleic acid preparation of a mixture of human blood and Corynebacterium glutamicum - results of quantitative PCR for the detection of genomic Corynebacterium glutamicum DNA; relative yields normalized to the reference protocol Kl.

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  • Biotechnology (AREA)
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Abstract

L'invention concerne un procédé et un dispositif pour la désagrégation de cellules biologiques. Par désagrégation de cellules, on entend l'éclatement de cellules en vue du prélèvement d'informations génétiques. La présente invention doit permettre en particulier de prélever des acides nucléiques sur des cellules, notamment l'ARN et l'ADN. Selon l'invention, des cellules sont désagrégées dans un récipient qui peut être raccordé à une conduite et faire ainsi partie d'un dispositif général. Par cette conduite, un liquide peut par exemple sortir du contenant ou être pompé dans le contenant. Le récipient contient les moyens habituels pour la mise en oeuvre d'une exclusion mécanique, notamment des billes et une solution tampon. Contrairement à la technique antérieure, le récipient n'est pas secoué, c'est-à-dire soumis à des vibrations. Il est en revanche agité au moyen d'un agitateur magnétique, ce qui permet d'éviter de fortes vibrations. Un récipient pour réaliser une désagrégation de cellules peut ainsi être intégré sans problème dans un dispositif général.
EP09703275A 2008-01-24 2009-01-15 Procédé et dispositif pour la désagrégation de cellules biologiques Withdrawn EP2235157A1 (fr)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
EP09703275A EP2235157A1 (fr) 2008-01-24 2009-01-15 Procédé et dispositif pour la désagrégation de cellules biologiques

Applications Claiming Priority (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
EP08150595A EP2083069A1 (fr) 2008-01-24 2008-01-24 Procédé et dispositif de dissolution de cellules biologiques
EP09703275A EP2235157A1 (fr) 2008-01-24 2009-01-15 Procédé et dispositif pour la désagrégation de cellules biologiques
PCT/EP2009/050440 WO2009092662A1 (fr) 2008-01-24 2009-01-15 Procédé et dispositif pour la désagrégation de cellules biologiques

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EP2235157A1 true EP2235157A1 (fr) 2010-10-06

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EP09703275A Withdrawn EP2235157A1 (fr) 2008-01-24 2009-01-15 Procédé et dispositif pour la désagrégation de cellules biologiques

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US10125388B2 (en) 2007-10-31 2018-11-13 Akonni Biosystems, Inc. Integrated sample processing system
CN105969761B (zh) * 2009-09-21 2020-04-07 阿科尼生物系统公司 磁力裂解方法和装置
WO2012031156A1 (fr) 2010-09-01 2012-03-08 Life Technologies Corporation Dispositif de capture et de lyse de micro-organismes dans des liquides et ses procédés d'utilisation
RU2519144C1 (ru) * 2013-03-12 2014-06-10 Открытое акционерное общество "Татнефть" имени В.Д. Шашина Способ приготовления состава для получения кислоторастворимого тампонажного камня
US20160304828A1 (en) * 2015-04-16 2016-10-20 Terumo Bct, Inc. Automated Protein Production And Cell Lysing
WO2019014545A1 (fr) * 2017-07-14 2019-01-17 Mbio Diagnostics, Inc. Appareil et méthode de lyse mécanique
GB2574046B (en) * 2018-05-24 2022-12-07 Oxford Nanopore Tech Plc Improved Container
CN109971646A (zh) * 2019-04-16 2019-07-05 武汉华裕新美菌业有限公司 一种灵芝孢子粉的破壁方法

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FR2781500B1 (fr) 1998-07-23 2000-09-08 Bio Merieux Dispositif perfectionne et procede de lyse de micro-organismes
DE102004032888B4 (de) 2004-07-07 2006-12-28 Universität des Saarlandes Rekombinante ScV-Partikel, ihre kodierenden Nukleinsäuren und ihre Verwendungen

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EP2083069A1 (fr) 2009-07-29
WO2009092662A1 (fr) 2009-07-30

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