EP2230652A1 - Système d'appel d'urgence - Google Patents

Système d'appel d'urgence Download PDF

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Publication number
EP2230652A1
EP2230652A1 EP10002831A EP10002831A EP2230652A1 EP 2230652 A1 EP2230652 A1 EP 2230652A1 EP 10002831 A EP10002831 A EP 10002831A EP 10002831 A EP10002831 A EP 10002831A EP 2230652 A1 EP2230652 A1 EP 2230652A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
emergency call
communication device
signal
emergency
alarm
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Withdrawn
Application number
EP10002831A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
Inventor
Heiko Fuchs
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Schwembauer Thomas
Telio AG
Original Assignee
Schwembauer Thomas
Telio AG
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Schwembauer Thomas, Telio AG filed Critical Schwembauer Thomas
Publication of EP2230652A1 publication Critical patent/EP2230652A1/fr
Withdrawn legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • G—PHYSICS
    • G08—SIGNALLING
    • G08B—SIGNALLING OR CALLING SYSTEMS; ORDER TELEGRAPHS; ALARM SYSTEMS
    • G08B25/00—Alarm systems in which the location of the alarm condition is signalled to a central station, e.g. fire or police telegraphic systems
    • G08B25/01—Alarm systems in which the location of the alarm condition is signalled to a central station, e.g. fire or police telegraphic systems characterised by the transmission medium
    • G08B25/016—Personal emergency signalling and security systems
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G08—SIGNALLING
    • G08B—SIGNALLING OR CALLING SYSTEMS; ORDER TELEGRAPHS; ALARM SYSTEMS
    • G08B25/00—Alarm systems in which the location of the alarm condition is signalled to a central station, e.g. fire or police telegraphic systems
    • G08B25/01—Alarm systems in which the location of the alarm condition is signalled to a central station, e.g. fire or police telegraphic systems characterised by the transmission medium
    • G08B25/06—Alarm systems in which the location of the alarm condition is signalled to a central station, e.g. fire or police telegraphic systems characterised by the transmission medium using power transmission lines
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G08—SIGNALLING
    • G08B—SIGNALLING OR CALLING SYSTEMS; ORDER TELEGRAPHS; ALARM SYSTEMS
    • G08B25/00—Alarm systems in which the location of the alarm condition is signalled to a central station, e.g. fire or police telegraphic systems
    • G08B25/01—Alarm systems in which the location of the alarm condition is signalled to a central station, e.g. fire or police telegraphic systems characterised by the transmission medium
    • G08B25/08—Alarm systems in which the location of the alarm condition is signalled to a central station, e.g. fire or police telegraphic systems characterised by the transmission medium using communication transmission lines
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G08—SIGNALLING
    • G08B—SIGNALLING OR CALLING SYSTEMS; ORDER TELEGRAPHS; ALARM SYSTEMS
    • G08B29/00—Checking or monitoring of signalling or alarm systems; Prevention or correction of operating errors, e.g. preventing unauthorised operation
    • G08B29/02—Monitoring continuously signalling or alarm systems
    • G08B29/04—Monitoring of the detection circuits
    • G08B29/046—Monitoring of the detection circuits prevention of tampering with detection circuits
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G08—SIGNALLING
    • G08B—SIGNALLING OR CALLING SYSTEMS; ORDER TELEGRAPHS; ALARM SYSTEMS
    • G08B29/00—Checking or monitoring of signalling or alarm systems; Prevention or correction of operating errors, e.g. preventing unauthorised operation
    • G08B29/12—Checking intermittently signalling or alarm systems
    • G08B29/123—Checking intermittently signalling or alarm systems of line circuits
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G08—SIGNALLING
    • G08B—SIGNALLING OR CALLING SYSTEMS; ORDER TELEGRAPHS; ALARM SYSTEMS
    • G08B29/00—Checking or monitoring of signalling or alarm systems; Prevention or correction of operating errors, e.g. preventing unauthorised operation
    • G08B29/12—Checking intermittently signalling or alarm systems
    • G08B29/14—Checking intermittently signalling or alarm systems checking the detection circuits
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G08—SIGNALLING
    • G08B—SIGNALLING OR CALLING SYSTEMS; ORDER TELEGRAPHS; ALARM SYSTEMS
    • G08B29/00—Checking or monitoring of signalling or alarm systems; Prevention or correction of operating errors, e.g. preventing unauthorised operation
    • G08B29/16—Security signalling or alarm systems, e.g. redundant systems

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to an emergency call device interacting with a communication device.
  • Such emergency call devices are mainly used where single or multiple persons or changing groups of people are under increased security requirements, such.
  • company premises or in penal institutions At these locations, those responsible on the ground must also assume that there is a high potential for violence.
  • a disadvantage of this solution is that it is not ensured that in an emergency the emergency call can actually be placed.
  • an emergency call device in particular an emergency caller, comprising an emergency call activation element, suitable for manually activating an emergency call signal, two redundant message paths for sending the message signal, wherein a first reporting path is wired and a second reporting path is wireless and wherein the emergency call signal on both Because at the same time both to one in the closer environment local communication device, as well as to a location located at another location emergency call forwarding is transmitted.
  • an emergency caller comprising an emergency call activation element suitable for manually activating an emergency call signal causes a person in distress to be able to quickly reach that signaler and to operate it in an uncomplicated manner.
  • the emergency call signal is transmitted in both ways at the same time both to a located in the immediate vicinity communication device, as well as to a location located at another location emergency call, this signal is not only transmitted in two ways, but also transmitted to two different destinations, which further increases the security of the reporting route and the cancellation of the emergency call.
  • An emergency call system includes at least one emergency call indicator and at least one communication device that may be located separately from the emergency call indicator.
  • the emergency call field generates and transmits the emergency call signal and the communication device is able to process it.
  • the emergency call system can also include a workstation of security personnel, at which these sent and / or processed emergency calls are received.
  • the emergency call system preferably emits the emergency call at short, irregular intervals.
  • the radio module therefore preferably sends only short messages, which contain the reason for the alarm and the unambiguous identification of the alarming emergency call system.
  • the associated antenna is preferably also within the housing.
  • the security concept of the alarm device provided in the event of an alarm has the effect that several simultaneously alarming emergency call systems or emergency callers do not interfere with one another when placing their respective alarm signals.
  • the alarm device can also trigger different alarms, which all sound and / or sound differently.
  • This most important alarm is triggered when an operator, such as a prisoner presses the emergency call button of the emergency call device of the emergency call system.
  • the emergency call system sends the alarm e.g. via Bluetooth to the communication device, which in turn forwards the alarm via network.
  • the FM radio or the next workstations will also be alerted. In the normal case, therefore, the workstations receive the alarm message with a clear identification of the triggering emergency call system.
  • This unidirectional radio path with the aid of FM digital radio transmission enables the transmission of alarm signals to the nearest workstation (s) of the emergency call supervisor.
  • This alarm triggering is sent to the emergency call system, e.g. by a slow flashing (2 Hz) of a red high-power LED and by a clock-like signal from the piezo signal generator.
  • Test alarm This alarm to be triggered by the operator via network is a check option for both reporting channels.
  • the emergency call system is suitable as an alarm system, especially for detention rooms, as it particularly fulfills specifications such as: Reliable emergency call notification via at least two redundant message paths; a robust connection without additional cable routes within the detention rooms (with the exception of the Power supply); a network failure safety for at least six hours; a constant monitoring of the operating status and the power failure protection, as follows; an optional control option for an internal auxiliary device within an emergency call system, as also to be carried out subsequently.
  • An emergency caller which, moreover, also has the features that the wireless connection exists to the communication device located in the immediate vicinity and the wired connection to the emergency call office located elsewhere, causes the highest possible through the two paths and through the two different transmission methods conceivable transmission security was created.
  • An emergency caller which also has the features that the wireless connection is a Bluetooth connection and / or the wired connection is the power line, with the power line high sabotage security, since the likelihood that power lines are cut, is low and it makes it possible to use proven transmission methods. So that a really reliable alarm signaling is possible, the emergency call system has 2 redundant reporting paths, namely a reporting path which is covered in particular via a Bluetooth connection and a digital FM connection to the next available workplace of supervisors who monitor the emergency call receiver, or which monitor the communication devices, which in turn receive the emergency signals in addition or alternatively.
  • the Bluetooth module used is in particular Bluetooth 2.0 compatible and preferably has a Qualified Design ID.
  • the pairing is triggered by the configuration PC connected via the external serial port and stored non-volatile in the flash memory.
  • connection between the communication device and the emergency call device as a leased line is thus maintained without interruptions.
  • the communication device it is immediately possible for the communication device to recognize and report a failed or sabotaged emergency call notification system and report this failure to the supervisory staff.
  • the function monitoring contained anyway in the communication device can be forwarded in the context of sabotage protection or the transmission of a hard beat for alarm forwarding of the communication device to the room of the supervisory staff and located there reception facility for emergency signals.
  • the necessary for radio transmission antenna is preferably located inside the emergency call system itself.
  • each alarm cause may preferably have a different manifestation of the alarm, e.g. in sound and / or visual appearance and / or in the form of a remote written alarm message:
  • Bluetooth Lost Alarm If the communication device no longer receives heartbeat from the emergency call system or the Bluetooth connection as a whole collapses, the communication device reports this alarm over the network.
  • the rating for this alarm should be the same as for the intrusion alarm and should result in immediate control.
  • An emergency caller which, moreover, also has the features that the wireless connection is a digital FM connection, causes data to be transmitted bidirectionally over this digital FM connection in both directions.
  • the radio module used is preferably license-free, complies with RTTE EN 300-220 / EN 301-489 and operates in the 869 MHz band.
  • the radiation power is 500mW.
  • the transmitted range outdoors is preferably 4,000 meters. Within the walls, a distance of emergency call receivers of 300-500m as the crow flies is preferably realized.
  • FM Lost Alarm If the workstation configured to monitor an emergency call system has not received a heartbeat via FM for a long time (this will be described below), this alarm will be triggered. In this case, the security guards should trigger a test alarm for this emergency call system and check that both reporting channels are working. If this is not the case, the emergency call system must be checked. If several emergency call systems report this error, the receiver must be exchanged at the workplace by supervisors, unless 2 receivers are connected anyway for redundancy reasons.
  • An emergency caller which, moreover, also has the features that the connection to the communication device is a standing connection, causes independent status signals of the emergency caller which can also be transmitted from the emergency call signal, which permit continuous monitoring of the status of the emergency caller.
  • An emergency caller which, moreover, also has the features that in the case of an activated emergency call constantly sends a status signal to the communication device (heartbeat), or to the point that receives the emergency calls, causes the state of the emergency call with help This signal can be permanently monitored.
  • the received alarm signal then forwards the communication device, for example via the network connection, to the desired workstations for further initiation.
  • the alarm will be safely triggered via the second reporting path in the event the first reporting path is disturbed or interrupted.
  • An emergency caller which also has the additional features that the status signal additionally transmits the state of charge of the power failure battery causes the proper functional condition can be reliably monitored even in case of power failure.
  • An emergency caller which, moreover, also has the features that the wireless and / or the wired connection are suitable for transmitting bidirectional information, not only enables signals to be transmitted by the emergency caller, but also signals can be received in the emergency caller to be received this can be processed and output in a separate processing unit, or can be output directly, such as a visual confirmation that the remote emergency signal has arrived at the security staff, or was confirmed by this.
  • the construction of a voice transmission to the emergency call or the communication device is conceivable, which is why in such a case this includes a speaker and / or a microphone.
  • the emergency call system may also receive commands from the communication device, such as e.g. the switching on or off of an integrated in the emergency call device accessory, such. an amplifier for voice output.
  • commands may in turn be triggered by the communication device in response to a signal from an authorized party over the network connection.
  • An emergency caller which also has the features that emits an emergency signal in the event of sabotage of the emergency call, causes the emergency call can not fail unnoticed.
  • the button is bridged by means of a resistor connected in parallel with the switching contact (optionally: parallel to the switching contacts).
  • the evaluation of the probe signal takes place in place of a digital input via ADC. As a result, the removal of a cable can be reliably detected (intrusion alarm is triggered).
  • a built-in light sensor in the housing evaluates a sudden change in light (for example, when the housing is broken) also as an alarm reason (intrusion alarm).
  • the heartbeat broadcast is interrupted or the complete Bluetooth connection to the communication device. After a security interval, the communication device sends the alarm (Bluetooth Lost Alarm).
  • the emergency call system has a power reserve of at least six hours in the event of a power failure by installing appropriate batteries. Operation in power reserve is signaled by the low priority "Power Lost Alarm". If the residual capacity of the power reserve battery becomes critical, the critical power alarm will be triggered.
  • An emergency caller which also has the features that the communication device after receiving the alarm signal automatically and independent of the emergency caller can send out a separate, independent of the first alarm signal, causes on the one hand the emergency caller and on the other hand the communication device with which the emergency caller can communicate with your own emergency signals. This is advantageous if it is not desired that the communication device only forwards the alarm signal of the emergency call device and thus does not send out its own signal in addition to the forwarded emergency call signal.
  • An emergency call indicator which, moreover, also has the features that in the operating state, when an alarm signal is emitted, a status signal (hard beat) transmits causes the functional state of the emergency call transmitter to be permanently monitored.
  • the emergency call system transmits so-called "heartbeat signals” at longer intervals, as a result of which its function can be monitored. If the emergency call system is therefore activated, a status signal is constantly sent to the communication device (heartbeat). In this signal, the state of charge of the power failure battery can be continuously transmitted.
  • this Hartbeatfunktion can also the operability of the Fernkommunikationsberichten itself, such. monitor the radio connection regularly.
  • An emergency caller which, moreover, also has the features that the status signal in the operating state of an emergency call is different from the status signal in the operating state without an emergency call, causes this status to be used and evaluated as an additional information carrier.
  • An emergency caller which, moreover, also has the features that an additional second alarm signal is triggered in the absence of the status signal over a predefined period of time, which is different from the first alarm signal, can already be seen by the properties of the alarm, if Functional defect is present, or an alarm was triggered purely manually.
  • Such an emergency caller which is part of an emergency call system, comprising not only the emergency call system but also a communication device,
  • a communication device comprising or containing at least one.
  • Previously described emergency call device means for inputting speech to the communication device, means for outputting speech from the communication device, means for routing and / or receiving speech by means of the communication device from and / or to a location beyond the communication device, means for input text in the communication device, means for outputting text from the communication device, means for forwarding and / or receiving text by means of the communication device from and / or to a location beyond the communication device, means for inputting images, means for outputting Pictures.
  • Such a communication device in which the emergency call function additionally transmits an acoustic and / or visual notification to a receiving point located outside the communication device, causes the communication device to have an emergency call function that functions independently of all other functions of the communication device, but nevertheless to the complex structures of the communication system can fall back.
  • an emergency call station in such an emergency call system interacts comprehensively with such a communication device by being able to use its forwarding options for the forwarding of the emergency call and by being able to access the output options for issuing the emergency call.
  • Such a communication device which also automatically establishes a communication link between the communication device and the receiving station when the emergency call signal is issued, causes the emergency call function to operate regardless of whether an occupant is in possession of e.g. some of the means of the communication device e.g. for disciplinary reasons, nevertheless by means of these means at the communication device e.g. can be made to initiate a speech contact, although just e.g. the output of media content via the speaker of the communication device was previously turned off.
  • the emergency call function can still be used e.g. be operated by speech contact, when all other means, such as. Picture display and / or telephony should be switched off or out of function.
  • the emergency call function can restore this disconnected speech connection and / or image representation of the communication device in the direction of the supervisors.
  • Such a communication device in which also occurs after discontinuation of the emergency call signal from the existence of a power supply to the communication device independently causes the emergency call function can be operated even in case of power failure.
  • An alarm signal can also be forwarded by the communication device via the network connection to the desired workstations of the supervisor for further action.
  • the object is also achieved by a correctional facility, a hospital, a hotel, comprising a described communication device and / or a described emergency call system.
  • FIG. 1 Particular embodiments are characterized by the Fig. 1 displayed.
  • Fig. 1 shows a housing of an emergency call alarm according to the invention:
  • the emergency call system is delivered in a plastic housing.
  • the housing is preferably made of 2 half-shells, which are held together in snap-in technique.
  • the material used is polycarbonate / ABS blend or optionally glass fiber reinforced polyamide for an even higher mechanical load capacity.
  • a housing which acts as an electrical shielding is in the event that antennas are to be installed in the housing radio signals not advantageous, but can be considered if the antennas are mounted outside the housing.
  • Preferred dimensions of the housing are: 215 mm x 155 mm x 50 mm (L x W x H).
  • the bottom of the housing is preferably fixed to the masonry with screws and dowels.
  • the push-button connections and the control lamp connections are plugged onto the board and the housing is closed.
  • the mains voltage is connected via screw terminals on the outer edge of the board.
  • the distance to any other circuit is at least 30mm. There is no non-galvanic connection to the SELV circuits, neither from the neutral conductor nor from the phase.
  • Power supply It is a TÜV-certified, fully enclosed module of insulation class II.
  • the secondary voltage is 5V with a continuous power of 5W. If the option with a separate consumer is desired within the emergency call system, then a 20W variant of the module used. This consumer is switched on or off via relay via the communication device. In battery mode, the load is switched off.
  • the switch mode power supply has UL60601-1, IEC60601-1, TÜV EN60601-1, medical device approval.
  • the large input voltage range of 90-260 VAC or alternatively 120-350 VDC allows use in almost all environments.
  • the power supply is protected against overloads and overvoltages and automatically returns to the operating state after the fault has been eliminated.
  • Charging circuit and battery Depending on your desire for the power reserve, a Li-ion, Li-polymer or a NiMH battery is used.
  • the charging circuit detects the applied supply voltage and charges the battery immediately when the mains voltage according to the invention.
  • the charge curve is optimized for Li-Ion or Li-Polymer batteries, but NiMH can also be charged with different parameters.
  • the typical charge time is two and a half hours, a full battery is kept at the optimum level with trickle charge.
  • the power supply is connected via hardwiring via the line terminals on the product board.
  • the housing has a mechanical strain relief.
  • Configuration after installation takes place with the housing closed by means of a PC connected via a serial interface.
  • An RJ 14 socket accessible from the bottom of the housing allows connection. There are no levels above 5V DC at this port, so further protection is not required.
  • a PC is advantageous for making a configuration change or decommissioning. As part of the configuration, intrusion monitoring can then be activated.
  • Control units / displays The emergency call system naturally has only one emergency call button. The operating state is visible via LEDs even without the evaluation of the signal lines. An integrated piezo buzzer gives an acoustic signal when an alarm is triggered.
  • the emergency call button is preferably a red push-button, whose collar does not permit disassembly from the outside.
  • the probe is preferably less than 20mm above the housing cover to provide only a small mechanical surface to attack.
  • the emergency call button has a switching contact (optionally 2 parallel switching contacts).
  • the connection to the motherboard is made by flexible strands with a connector.
  • a green LED indicates the operating state "Ready for operation, mains supply available” when the light is steady.
  • a flashing green LED indicates "Ready for operation, emergency power operation”.
  • Alarm display Preferably a red high-power LED indicates the alarm is flashing.
  • a slow blink (of, for example, 2 Hz) signals a desired alarm, a quick blink (of, for example, 10 Hz) signals intrusion alarm.
  • Piezo signal generator The piezo signal generator located in the housing is activated in parallel with the "Alarm" display and provides acoustic information about the various alarm states.
  • Microcontroller A low-power microcontroller from Tl is used. This controller has a built-in watchdog, which ensures reliable operation.
  • the applied mains voltage and the current state of charge is transmitted to a microcontroller so that it can report the appropriate condition to the alarm center and possibly switch off additional consumers.
  • converter inputs available, which can be used for the detection of sabotage fuses (button, light) and the battery condition.
  • the Bluetooth module and the FSK transmitter can be controlled via serial interfaces.
  • the serial interface to the configuration PC is preferably protected by suitable measures against static discharges on the external socket.
  • the operating system can be updated via the serial interface in a secure protocol.
  • the configuration software also performs the Bluetooth pairing with the associated communication device and sets the unique identifier for the alarm center.
  • the configuration alarm is triggered. This ensures that nobody can be manipulated on the emergency call system.
  • This alarm message is issued when the power reserve battery allows only a short time to operate the emergency call system (below 10% battery capacity). In this case, the staff must be prepared for the fact that no reliable alarm triggering can be expected from this emergency call system.

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  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Computer Security & Cryptography (AREA)
  • Business, Economics & Management (AREA)
  • Emergency Management (AREA)
  • Alarm Systems (AREA)
EP10002831A 2009-03-17 2010-03-17 Système d'appel d'urgence Withdrawn EP2230652A1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE202009003759 2009-03-17

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP2230652A1 true EP2230652A1 (fr) 2010-09-22

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EP10002831A Withdrawn EP2230652A1 (fr) 2009-03-17 2010-03-17 Système d'appel d'urgence

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EP (1) EP2230652A1 (fr)

Cited By (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
ITAN20110017A1 (it) * 2011-02-09 2012-08-10 Infomobility It S P A Dispositivo di sicurezza per veicolo.
DE102012008382A1 (de) * 2012-04-26 2013-10-31 Volkswagen Aktiengesellschaft Vorrichtung und Verfahren zur Auslösung eines Notrufs in einem Kraftfahrzeug

Citations (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
GB2060965A (en) * 1979-09-25 1981-05-07 Standard Telephones Cables Ltd Portable alarm system
FR2584217A1 (fr) * 1985-06-27 1987-01-02 Fayette Claude Centrale de telesurveillance et de telealarme discrete et de haute securite.
US20040124976A1 (en) * 2002-09-12 2004-07-01 Nambi Seshadri Detecting communications disconnect and enabling wireless emergency call
US20070222578A1 (en) * 2006-03-16 2007-09-27 Sony Corporation Power line communication network security system
US20070285258A1 (en) * 2006-06-13 2007-12-13 Hartman Kevin L Device for Tethering a Person Wirelessly with a Cellular Telephone
US20080020747A1 (en) * 2006-07-18 2008-01-24 Mcquaide Arnold Chester Alarm systems having multiple communication alternatives for contacting a monitoring service and methods of operating the same

Patent Citations (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
GB2060965A (en) * 1979-09-25 1981-05-07 Standard Telephones Cables Ltd Portable alarm system
FR2584217A1 (fr) * 1985-06-27 1987-01-02 Fayette Claude Centrale de telesurveillance et de telealarme discrete et de haute securite.
US20040124976A1 (en) * 2002-09-12 2004-07-01 Nambi Seshadri Detecting communications disconnect and enabling wireless emergency call
US20070222578A1 (en) * 2006-03-16 2007-09-27 Sony Corporation Power line communication network security system
US20070285258A1 (en) * 2006-06-13 2007-12-13 Hartman Kevin L Device for Tethering a Person Wirelessly with a Cellular Telephone
US20080020747A1 (en) * 2006-07-18 2008-01-24 Mcquaide Arnold Chester Alarm systems having multiple communication alternatives for contacting a monitoring service and methods of operating the same

Cited By (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
ITAN20110017A1 (it) * 2011-02-09 2012-08-10 Infomobility It S P A Dispositivo di sicurezza per veicolo.
DE102012008382A1 (de) * 2012-04-26 2013-10-31 Volkswagen Aktiengesellschaft Vorrichtung und Verfahren zur Auslösung eines Notrufs in einem Kraftfahrzeug
US9497608B2 (en) 2012-04-26 2016-11-15 Volkswagen Aktiengesellschaft Apparatus and method for triggering an emergency call in a motor vehicle

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