EP2214813A2 - Reacteur chimique avec superstructure nanometrique - Google Patents
Reacteur chimique avec superstructure nanometriqueInfo
- Publication number
- EP2214813A2 EP2214813A2 EP08872202A EP08872202A EP2214813A2 EP 2214813 A2 EP2214813 A2 EP 2214813A2 EP 08872202 A EP08872202 A EP 08872202A EP 08872202 A EP08872202 A EP 08872202A EP 2214813 A2 EP2214813 A2 EP 2214813A2
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- reactor
- nanofibers
- nanotubes
- sic
- carbon
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Withdrawn
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Classifications
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J19/00—Chemical, physical or physico-chemical processes in general; Their relevant apparatus
- B01J19/0093—Microreactors, e.g. miniaturised or microfabricated reactors
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J21/00—Catalysts comprising the elements, oxides, or hydroxides of magnesium, boron, aluminium, carbon, silicon, titanium, zirconium, or hafnium
- B01J21/06—Silicon, titanium, zirconium or hafnium; Oxides or hydroxides thereof
- B01J21/063—Titanium; Oxides or hydroxides thereof
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J21/00—Catalysts comprising the elements, oxides, or hydroxides of magnesium, boron, aluminium, carbon, silicon, titanium, zirconium, or hafnium
- B01J21/06—Silicon, titanium, zirconium or hafnium; Oxides or hydroxides thereof
- B01J21/08—Silica
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J21/00—Catalysts comprising the elements, oxides, or hydroxides of magnesium, boron, aluminium, carbon, silicon, titanium, zirconium, or hafnium
- B01J21/18—Carbon
- B01J21/185—Carbon nanotubes
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J23/00—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00
- B01J23/70—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of the iron group metals or copper
- B01J23/74—Iron group metals
- B01J23/755—Nickel
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J29/00—Catalysts comprising molecular sieves
- B01J29/04—Catalysts comprising molecular sieves having base-exchange properties, e.g. crystalline zeolites
- B01J29/06—Crystalline aluminosilicate zeolites; Isomorphous compounds thereof
- B01J29/40—Crystalline aluminosilicate zeolites; Isomorphous compounds thereof of the pentasil type, e.g. types ZSM-5, ZSM-8 or ZSM-11, as exemplified by patent documents US3702886, GB1334243 and US3709979, respectively
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B82—NANOTECHNOLOGY
- B82Y—SPECIFIC USES OR APPLICATIONS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MEASUREMENT OR ANALYSIS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MANUFACTURE OR TREATMENT OF NANOSTRUCTURES
- B82Y30/00—Nanotechnology for materials or surface science, e.g. nanocomposites
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
- C01B32/00—Carbon; Compounds thereof
- C01B32/50—Carbon dioxide
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J2219/00—Chemical, physical or physico-chemical processes in general; Their relevant apparatus
- B01J2219/00781—Aspects relating to microreactors
- B01J2219/00819—Materials of construction
- B01J2219/00846—Materials of construction comprising nanostructures, e.g. nanotubes
Definitions
- the present invention relates to the field of chemical reactors, and more particularly to the field of catalytic or photocatalytic reactors.
- the homogenization of the temperature within the catalytic bed, and in particular the absence of hot spots, makes it possible to reduce the parasitic reactions and thus improves the overall selectivity of the process.
- microreactors are flexible and can be easily implemented. Indeed, to increase production, we can easily parallel a plurality of reactors whose behavior is identical, thereby reducing the cost of intermediate process validation steps which are generally expensive and sometimes difficult to predict.
- microreactors for example those of the mixer, filter, heat exchanger or catalysis type.
- the deposition of the active phase in the microreactor channels is carried out according to the state of the art in several ways:
- a porous intermediate layer commonly called a "washcoat” layer, based on oxide, usually alumina, silica, or any other binary mixture of these two oxides, is first deposited. , on the inner walls of the channel or channels constituting the microreactor. Prior surface treatment of the walls is often necessary to ensure a good wetting and anchoring of the washcoat layer on this wall.
- the washcoat layer generally has a very large BET surface area, of the order of 100 to 500 m 2 g -1 , allowing good dispersion of the active phase over the entire effective surface of the microreactor.
- metal, oxide, silico-aluminates is then deposited on the washcoat layer, and then heat-treated to convert the precursors of the active phase into its active counterparts for the reaction under study.
- the active phase is mixed directly with the precursors of the support (washcoat) in the form of a sol, and then the deposition is carried out by dipping the microreactor in said solution.
- the microreactor thus charged then undergoes different thermal steps in order to obtain the appropriate catalyst for the reaction studied.
- a solution containing the support and the dispersed active phase is passed through the reactor channels, followed by heat treatments to form a solid layer acting as a catalyst.
- the thickness of the layer and its anchoring on the surface of the reactor can be adjusted by varying the viscosity of the solution and the concentration of the elements to be deposited.
- a first aspect is the cost of machining microreactors, because of the use of relatively sophisticated techniques, such as photolithography or direct laser beam machining.
- a second aspect is the low thermal conductivity of the washcoat layer (layer necessary to ensure good dispersion of the active phase); this layer can come off during climbs or descents in brutal temperature, because of the difference in expansion coefficients between the washcoat layer and the metal or substrate component microreactor. The detachment of the washcoat layer can degrade the proper functioning of the microreactor, in particular by the gradual clogging of the channels generating a pressure drop, and by the loss of activity.
- Microreactors whose walls are lined with carbon nanotubes are also known, see FR 2 885 898 (Atomic Energy Commission), or which contain carbon nanotubes deposited on a porous support (US 2005/0040090). These nanotubes, however, do not withstand a high temperature oxidizing environment well, and can be altered by certain products in the liquid phase.
- the problem to which the present invention attempts to respond is therefore to propose a new chemical reactor, and especially a small volume reactor, usable for applications in catalysis and as mixers / exchangers, which is simpler to manufacture, more flexible in terms of assembly, more robust, more compact and cheaper than known microreactors, because manufactured using machining techniques accessible with conventional machine tools, and which has good resistance to an aggressive chemical environment, including oxidizing, even to high temperature.
- a chemical reactor with a nanoscale superstructure comprising at least one element in which at least one reaction chamber is provided, and said reaction chamber being at least partially filled with a material having a high surface area.
- a material having a high surface area specific having a specific surface greater than 5 m 2 / g, and characterized in that said high surface area material is selected from nanotubes or nanofibers of SiC (preferably ⁇ -SiC) or TiO 2 . They can be dropped
- reactor directly on a wall of the reaction chamber of said reactor, said reactor being able to be a capillary reactor, (ii) on the wall of a channel formed in at least one wall of the reaction chamber of said reactor,
- the specific surface area of said high surface area material is at least 15 m 2 / g, and even more preferably between 30 m 2 / g and 300 m 2 / g.
- Another object of the present invention is the use of this reactor for catalytic or photocatalytic reactions, in particular the oxidation of CO 2 , the oxidation of alcohols, the hydrogenation of hydrocarbons, the dehydrogenation of hydrocarbons, the hydrogenation of organic compounds.
- Another object of the invention is the use of the reactor as a filter for filtering dissolved ions in liquid phases or bacteria or viruses in liquid or gaseous phases.
- Another object of the present invention is to manufacture a reactor as described above, in which:
- said substrate coated with nanotubes or nanofibers of ⁇ -SiC is calcined at a temperature of between 800 ° C. and 1100 ° C., and an aluminosilicate or zeolite layer is deposited;
- Yet another object of the present invention is a regeneration method of a reactor according to the invention, in which said reactor or one of its elements comprising nanotubes or nanofibers of SiC or TiO 2 is calcined at a temperature greater than 500 ° C. C, and advantageously between 500 0 C and
- Figure 1 shows a block diagram of an embodiment of a reactor according to the invention.
- the base plate 1 there are aligned nanotubes 2 formed from the lower surface 3 of the reaction chamber 4 constituting the multistage reactor with a hierarchical structure.
- FIG. 2 shows optical micrographs of a ⁇ -SiC-based cellular foam with a connection in three dimensions. This foam may form the substrate for depositing nanotubes or nanofibers in another embodiment of a reactor according to the invention.
- FIG. 3 shows diagrams of the different modes of assembly of the reactors according to the invention for applications in pressure and / or temperature.
- FIG. 4 shows scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images of aligned carbon nanotubes with an approximate diameter of 100 nm obtained in the channel of the steel plate serving as a host structure of the reactor, the diagram of which is shown in FIG. According to the invention, these nanotubes can then be converted into ⁇ -SiC nanotubes or nanofibers.
- Figure 5 shows SEM images of carbon nanofibers on glass fibers of millimeter / micrometer size located in the channels of a microreactor according to another embodiment of the invention. According to the invention, these carbon nanotubes or nanofibers can then be converted into ⁇ -SiC.
- FIG. 4 shows scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images of aligned carbon nanotubes with an approximate diameter of 100 nm obtained in the channel of the steel plate serving as a host structure of the reactor, the diagram of which is shown in FIG. According to the invention, these nanotubes can then be converted into ⁇ -SiC nanotubes or nanofibers.
- SEM scanning electron microscopy
- FIG. 6 shows SEM images (two different magnifications) of TiO 2 nanotubes on micrometric glass fibers located in the channels of a microreactor according to another embodiment of the invention.
- FIG. 7 shows SEM images of a homogeneous coating of TiO 2 particles obtained on glass microfibers deposited in the channel of the steel plate of a reactor according to another embodiment of the invention.
- FIG. 8 shows SEM images of a TiO 2 deposition on SiC nanofibers deposited on an alveolar ⁇ -SiC foam located in the channels of a reactor according to another embodiment of the invention.
- FIG. 9 shows the results of a test aimed at determining the mixing efficiency between toluene and the water of a microreactor according to the invention, expressed by the average size of the toluene droplets in ⁇ m (bars) and by the demixing time of the system (points on the curve).
- Point A corresponds to a ⁇ -SiC foam without nanotubes
- point B to a carbon fiber without nanotubes
- point C to a system of nanotubes or nanofibers of SiC deposited on a ⁇ -SiC foam.
- FIG. 10 shows the conversion efficiency of methanol in a dehydration reaction of methanol with dimethyl ether on catalysts based on zeolite H-ZSM5 supported on a ⁇ -SiC-based cellular foam, covered by a network of SiC nanofibers. (curve B) or not (curve A).
- the reactor according to the invention has a macroscopic host structure, represented by a reaction chamber whose smallest dimension is advantageously between about 0.5 mm and about 20 cm.
- this macroscopic host structure is formed one or more superstructures whose smallest dimension is nanometric, that is to say less than one micrometer.
- This nanoscale superstructure which is an essential element of the present invention, greatly increases the surface-to-volume ratio of the reaction chamber, without leading to significantly increase the pressure drop.
- this nanoscale superstructure can be functionalized by various methods to ensure proper anchoring of the active phase on its surface.
- the reactor according to the invention comprises a macroscopic host structure, namely a reaction chamber, the free space of which is at least partially filled with nanomaterials in the form of nanofibres or nanotubes of SiC (in particular ⁇ -SiC ) or TiO 2 fixed on a support, said support being able to be constituted by the wall of the reaction chamber itself, on which has been deposited a high surface area material consisting of nanofibers or nanotubes.
- Nanofibers or nanotubes can be doped; for example, SiC can be doped with nitrogen in order to modify the acid-base characteristics of their surface.
- the nanofibers or nanotubes are at least partially aligned or comprise zones in which they are aligned.
- the nanomaterials may include a catalytically active phase, or a catalytically active phase precursor, if the reactor is for use in catalysis.
- the nanomaterials are deposited on a cellular foam support, preferably cellular foam of carbon or ⁇ -SiC. It is thus possible to use a superstructure comprising TiO 2 or ⁇ -SiC nanofibers or nanotubes deposited on a cellular foam of carbon or ⁇ -SiC, which is typically in the form of plates.
- the coupling of a nanoscopic superstructure (nanofibres or nanotubes of SiC or TiO 2 ) with a cellular foam has the objective of increasing the specific surface area of the reactor core (surface necessary for optimum deposition of a metallic active phase) without damaging the remarkable properties of foams in terms of fluid flow (low pressure drop, see reference [1]), heat transfers and masses, see references [2], [3] and [5].
- the honeycomb structure may be prepared by the techniques known to those skilled in the art prior to assembly of the reactor.
- a reactor with a hierarchical structure with improved mass, heat and light transfer is thus obtained for use in catalysis and / or photocatalytic applications as simple mixers and / or heat exchanger.
- an active phase or an active phase precursor or a metal oxide may be deposited hydrothermally or from a gaseous phase.
- these metal oxides can be used directly as a catalyst or photocatalyst, or an active phase can be deposited on it.
- these nanofibers or nanotubes are aligned on at least one zone.
- the SiC or TiO 2 nanofibers or nanotubes formed have a mean diameter of between 40 and 200 nm, more particularly between 50 and 150 nm and more especially between 60 and 120 nm.
- the ⁇ -SiC nanofibers or nanotubes formed have an average length of between 50 and 4000 ⁇ m, more particularly between 100 and 3000 ⁇ m and more especially between 500 and 2000 ⁇ m.
- the nanofibers or nanotubes of SiC can be obtained by conversion of nanofibres or nanotubes of SiC, as explained below, or by any other suitable method.
- carbon nanotubes or nanofibers and “carbon-based nanostructured compounds” denote here tubes or fibers of highly ordered atomic structure, composed of hexagons of graphitic type, which can be synthesized under certain conditions (see the articles “Carbon nanotubes” of S. lijima, published in the journal MRS Bulletin, p 43 -
- the macroscopic host structure can be machined into materials, most often presented in the form of plates, silicon, glass, quartz, ceramic, aluminum, titanium, steel, plastic, or other suitable materials. Different elements in different materials can be combined.
- a macroscopic host structure such as a metal plate
- a reaction chamber in the form of a cavity, a plurality of at least partially interconnected cavities, a channel or a plurality of at least partially interconnected channels is machined.
- the plate may be of any material compatible with the intended use of the reactor, and in particular of metallic or non-metallic material, for example of ceramic or plastic material.
- the material of the plate must also be compatible with the process for preparing the nanotubes or nanofibers.
- a metallic material is used.
- the machining can be achieved by conventional mechanical tools reducing the cost of manufacture.
- This host structure can be made in several parts, for example in several elements or plates intended to be superimposed.
- the reaction chamber thus formed is connected to reagent inlet systems on either side of the host structure.
- the plate (or plates) in which (are) machined (s) the reaction chamber can (may) also be connected (s) to a heating element (for example a hot plate), which provides the heat to the reactor, or to a coolant or coolant element that removes heat from the reactor (for example by passing a heat transfer stream against the flow of the reaction stream).
- a heating element for example a hot plate
- a coolant or coolant element that removes heat from the reactor (for example by passing a heat transfer stream against the flow of the reaction stream).
- the dimensions of the plate constituting the macroscopic host structure depend on the targeted applications and can range typically from a few centimeters to a few tens or even hundreds of centimeters.
- the diameter of the channels can be between about half a millimeter and a few tens of centimeters.
- the deposition of the nanotubes or nanofibers on the host structure can be carried out either in situ, ie in the reactor according to the invention, or ex situ, ie in another reactor.
- the host structure for example a metal plate
- the intermediate structure for example an SiC foam plate incorporating a SiC nanofibers network thus prepared, is then assembled in the channel or in the reaction chamber. of the reactor.
- the preparation of carbon nanotubes or nanofibers, and their conversion to nanotubes or nanofibers of SiC can be carried out either in situ, or (preferably, considering the high temperatures required) ex situ.
- the deposition of the active phase, as well as its activation can be performed in situ or ex situ.
- Method A Reaction chamber filled with a network of aligned B-SiC nanofibers or nanotubes.
- the macroscopic host structure is prepared, for example by machining in a metal plate, typically made of steel.
- the smallest dimension of the cavity or channel forming the reaction chamber is between about 0.5 mm and about 20 mm.
- the cavity of the steel plate (or other metal) can then be covered by a thin layer of SiO 2 acting as a nucleation and growth layer of the superstructures that fill the section of the channel.
- carbon nanotubes or nanofibers are grown in this cavity or channel; these carbon nanotubes or nanofibers are then converted into ⁇ -SiC nanotubes or nanofibers by a reaction that exposes them in situ to SiO molecules. As indicated above, this conversion can be performed in situ or ex situ.
- the growth of the aligned carbon nanotubes in the channel is advantageously carried out by passing a mixture containing ferrocene (Fe (C 5 H 5 ) 2, acting as a growth catalyst) diluted in toluene (playing the role of carbon source) or another hydrocarbon.
- ferrocene Fe (C 5 H 5 ) 2
- the volume concentration between ferrocene and hydrocarbon is between 0.1% and 40%, advantageously between 0.5% and 30%, and even more advantageously between 1% and 25%.
- the catalyst and the carbon source are in turn diluted in a stream of argon that plays the role of carrier gas, and whose speed of passage allows to play on the dimensions and spacing of the nanoscopic superstructure.
- the growth temperature is between 75O 0 C and 1100 0 C, more preferably between 780 0 C and 950 ° C; even more advantageously it is at a temperature of between 750 ° C. and 900 ° C.
- the reaction time is between 30 minutes and 10 hours, more particularly between 1 and 6 hours, and more especially between 3 hours and 4 hours. , depending on the thickness of the channel to be filled (see Figure 1). It is noted that during the growth, the carbon nanotubes penetrate deeply into the SiO 2 layer thus allowing better anchoring in the reactor channel.
- the strength of this hybrid system was evaluated by subjecting it to ultrasonic treatment in an ethanol solution for several hours. No losses were found confirming the strong anchoring strength of the system.
- Step (c) of “Method B”
- the carbon nanotubes or nanofibers can be converted into ⁇ -SiC nanotubes or nanofibers.
- the material of the macroscopic host structure can withstand the temperature of this conversion step, which can be chosen between 1200 0 C to 1600 0 C, without unacceptable deformation.
- ⁇ -SiC foam is preferred as an intermediate structure.
- the same process which has just been described, mutatis mutandis can be used to deposit nanotubes or nanofibers of SiC on an intermediate structure.
- the arrangement of nanofibers or nanotubes, and in particular of aligned nanofibers and nanotubes makes it possible to considerably increase the volume-to-volume ratio of the reactor.
- the specific surface area of these nanofibers or nanotubes is relatively high, of the order of 50 m 2 g -1 to more than 200 m 2 g -1 , depending on the synthesis conditions, and it is essentially external and free of pores in the form of of ink ("ink-bottled pore”) means a pore whose entry is not the widest place.)
- the high axial thermal conductivity of ⁇ -SiC nanofibers or nanotubes allow rapid heat transfer from the reaction site to the base wall (wall of the reaction chamber) of the reactor, thus reducing the problems of formation of hot spots which are detrimental for example for the selectivity of the process or which are likely to present a safety risk when starting the process.
- growth catalysts that can be used for the deposition of carbon nanotubes or nanofibers include Ni, Fe, Co metals, which can be deposited by known methods, such as sputtering or spin coating. .
- the growth is then carried out by passing a hydrocarbon, preferably diluted, on this catalyst; growth conditions are similar to those used in the case of ferrocene.
- the conversion and the selectivity of the reaction can be influenced essentially by two factors: (i) Diffusion reactants from the gas phase to the active sites: the more the localization of the active phase is deep in the matrix of the support, the greater the diffusion of the reagents will be important and could limit the speed of the reaction and lead to a decrease in the conversion relative to to that, intrinsic, expected in the absence of diffusion phenomena. This phenomenon is accentuated when the rate of passage of reagents is high as in the case of microreactors.
- nanotubes or nanofibers are aligned makes it possible to increase their length, which can reach one or even several millimeters. This has an advantage especially for the filtration application.
- Process B reaction chamber filled with an SiC-based cellular foam covered by a network of nanofibers or SiC nanotubes.
- the manufacture of the reactor is divided into two distinct stages: the first consists in the machining of the channel (s) receiving the superstructure, as in method A, the second stage consists in the manufacture a plate mimicking the dimensions of the channel or channels of the host structure consisting of a cellular foam composed of a micrometric size skeleton (between about 100 microns and about 4000 microns) based on silicon carbide ( ⁇ -SiC).
- the cellular foam bed has a connected and continuous structure in three dimensions ( Figure 2) and a high open porosity (greater than 0.7).
- the foam of ⁇ -SiC is known per se. It can be obtained for example by the Prin process, which comprises the impregnation of a polyurethane foam with a suspension of a silicon powder in an organic resin (see EP 0 624 560 B1, EP 0 836 882 B1 or EP 1 007 207 A1).
- the ⁇ -SiC foam, prepared according to the Prin method referenced above or by any other method, with a specific surface area greater than 10 m 2 / g constitutes a particularly preferred intermediate structure for carrying out the present invention.
- a nanotube or nanofiber growth catalyst into the ⁇ -SiC foam.
- This growth catalyst is intended to promote the growth of carbon nanotubes or nanofibers.
- nickel is used, in particular to manufacture carbon nanofibers, or iron, cobalt or a mixture of iron and cobalt to make carbon nanotubes. Any other binary or ternary mixture of these three elements may also be used.
- the porous SiC support is impregnated with a solution of an active phase precursor.
- An aqueous or alcoholic solution is suitable.
- the precursor may be a salt of a transition metal, for example Ni (NOa) 2 .
- the metal filler is advantageously between 0.4% by mass and 3% by mass, and preferably between 0.5% and 2%.
- it is dried in an oven, preferably at a temperature of between 80 ° C. and 120 ° C. for 1 to 10 hours, and then calcined under air or under an inert atmosphere at a temperature of between 250 ° C. and 500 ° C.
- the active phase precursor is then converted into the active phase, preferably by reduction under a reducing gas to a suitable temperature, for example between 250 ° C. and 500 ° C. under hydrogen. The duration of this reduction is typically between 0.2 hours and 3 hours.
- the hydrocarbon is an aliphatic, olefinic, acetylenic or aromatic C1 to C10 hydrocarbon.
- the aliphatic, olefinic or acetylenic hydrocarbons may be linear or branched. Aliphatic or olefinic hydrocarbons having 1 to 4 carbon atoms, and especially those containing C 2 or C 3, are preferred. Acetylene is also suitable.
- aromatic hydrocarbons that can be used is toluene which, mixed with ferrocene, leads, according to the findings of the present inventors, to the formation of carbon nanotubes aligned on an SiC substrate. It is known from the article "Evidence of Sequential Lift in Growth of Aligned Multiwalled Carbon Nanotube Multilayers" by M.
- a gaseous mixture comprising at least one hydrocarbon and hydrogen is used.
- the temperature of the reaction must be between 300 ° C. and 1000 ° C., and is preferably between 600 ° C. and 800 ° C.
- a good embodiment uses C 2 H 6 at a temperature of between 650 ° C and 750 ° C for a period of about 1 to 6 hours.
- the amount of nanofibers or carbon nanotubes formed varies between 10 and 70% by weight relative to the weight of the starting foam support.
- the carbon nanotubes or nanofibers are reacted with an SiO vapor in a heat treatment chamber.
- the SiO vapor can be produced in the heat treatment chamber, as close as possible to the carbon structures to be converted into SiC.
- the generation of SiO can be ensured by heating a mixture of Si and SiO 2 placed in the vicinity of carbon nanotubes or nanofibers.
- the carbon nanotubes or nanofibers may be embedded in an SiC precursor matrix (this term is explained below) containing, for example, a mixture of Si and phenolic resin.
- the reaction temperature is advantageously between 1000 ° C. and 1600 ° C., preferably between 1200 ° C.
- ⁇ -SiC is obtained.
- a partial or complete conversion of carbon nanotubes or nanofibers into SiC nanofibers, and in particular ⁇ -SiC can be obtained.
- These nanotubes or nanofibers may be aligned, using as hydrocarbon in step (b) a mixture formed (i) of at least one aromatic hydrocarbon, preferably toluene, and (ii) ferrocene.
- a particularly preferred product is a ⁇ -SiC foam with a specific surface area of at least 10 m 2 / g comprising nanofibers or nanotubes of SiC.
- the specific surface area of this product is at least 15 m 2 / g, and more especially between 30 m 2 / g and 300 m 2 / g.
- This composite product can be used in a reactor according to the invention as catalyst or catalyst support.
- the nanotubes or nanofibers are deposited not on a porous SiC substrate, but on a precursor of such a porous SiC substrate, referred to herein as "SiC precursor".
- SiC precursor a precursor of such a porous SiC substrate
- carbon nanotubes or nanofibers are grown on a porous substrate containing carbon and silicon; this substrate is for example in the form of an extruded form or a foam. Then, this substrate is transformed and the nanotubes or nanofibers into SiC.
- step (a) comprises the preparation of a precursor of a porous SiC substrate by infiltration of a carbonizable polymer foam with a liquid mixture comprising a thermosetting resin and the silicon powder, followed by drying of the infiltrated foam, followed by the polymerization of the resin, and monitoring the carbonization of the resin and the foam.
- the thermosetting resin may be pure or diluted in a suitable solvent, such as ethanol, acetone or other suitable organic solvent. This allows to adjust its viscosity, which promotes its mixing with the silicon powder and its infiltration into the polymer foam.
- a suitable solvent such as ethanol, acetone or other suitable organic solvent.
- the thermosetting resin it is possible to use, for example, phenolic or furfuryl resins.
- the polymer foam a foam of polyurethane is advantageously used. This foam may for example have an open macroscopic structure whose average diameter is selected between about 600 microns and 4500 microns.
- the foam can be dried in ambient air.
- the polymerization temperature is typically between 130 ° C. and 200 ° C.
- the carbonization temperature is between 500 ° C. and 900 ° C.
- a temperature of about 800 0 C is particularly advantageous. It is preferred to carry out this treatment under an inert atmosphere (argon for example).
- argon for example
- this precursor of SiC of a growth catalyst of nanotubes or nanofibers can be done by impregnation with an aqueous solution (possibly mixed with an alcohol, such as ethanol) of a salt of nickel, iron, cobalt, or a binary or ternary mixture of these three elements; this salt is an active phase precursor.
- a nickel salt typically Ni (NO 3 ) 2
- a metal charge of between 0.1% and 10%, and preferably between 0.2% and 5% (mass percent) is advantageous.
- the active phase precursor is dried, calcined and converted to the active phase as described above.
- step (b) carbon nanotubes or nanofibers are grown in step (b) as described above.
- step (c) both the carbon nanotubes or nanofibers and the SiC precursor are converted into ⁇ -SiC by heat treatment at a temperature between 1200 0 C and 1600 ° C, and preferably between 1300 0 C and 1400 0 C.
- the silicon powder reacts with the carbon of the carbon skeleton; this reaction probably involves in situ generated SiO vapors, which diffuse from the heart of the carbon foam to the outside.
- the oxygen of the SiO comes mainly from the silicon passivation layers (layer oxide) as well as resin. It is also possible to use an extrinsic source of SiO, as described above. It is also possible to add, as described above, the SiC precursor.
- This variant of the process has the advantage of deactivating the active phase particles (for example nickel) having served as growth catalyst for nanofibres or carbon nanotubes, since said particles are carburized or silicided under the conditions of step (c). ). These deactivated particles will not interfere with the subsequent use of the composite as a catalyst or catalyst support.
- active phase particles for example nickel
- the deposition of nanotubes or nanofibers on the intermediate structure can be carried out either in situ, i.e. in the reactor according to the invention, or ex situ, i.e. in another reactor.
- the intermediate structure for example an SiC foam plate incorporating a SiC nanofibers network thus prepared, is then assembled in the channel or in the reaction chamber of the reactor.
- a system with several plates could be mounted.
- Process C channel filled with a hierarchical fibrous structure (fibrous substrate covered by a network of nanofibers or nanotubes).
- a third method the manufacture of the reactor is also divided into two distinct stages, the first (identical to processes A or B) consists of machining the host channel or channels and the second consists in the manufacture of the hierarchized fibrous host structure.
- This hierarchical fibrous structure is at two scales, the first consisting of a network of glass fibers, silica or millimetric optical fibers is covered by a nanometric superstructure of carbon nanofibers or TiO 2 nanotubes or nanofibers, said nanofibers or nanotubes of carbon which can be converted into SiC by any suitable method, and in particular that described above ("Method B", "step (c)").
- Quartz fibers for example optical fibers
- nanofibers or carbon nanotubes which can be converted into ⁇ -SiC nanotubes or nanofibers by a SiO 2 treatment
- nanofibres or nanotubes of TiO 2 The growth of the carbon nanofibers is carried out by CCVD (Catalytic Chemical Vapor Deposition) as described in Method B by passing a flow containing C 2 H 6 and hydrogen on the fibers previously impregnated with a nickel salt.
- CCVD Catalytic Chemical Vapor Deposition
- TiO 2 nanotubes or nanofibers The growth of TiO 2 nanotubes or nanofibers is carried out by hydrothermal treatment of a TiO 2 powder in concentrated sodium hydroxide. After a certain period of autoclaving at 130 ° C. (varying between a few hours and 72 hours, this duration will influence the obtaining of either nanofibers or TiO 2 nanotubes), the solid obtained is neutralized, washed, dried and then calcined ( between 150 and 450 ° C.). The specific surface area obtained varies between 250 and 350 m 2 / g. The final material consists of a network of nanofibers or TiO 2 nanotubes on the microfibrous host structure.
- the contact between the ceramic foam plate or plates covered by a network of nanofibers or nanotubes of SiC, or TiO 2 on the one hand, and the walls of the metal host structure on the other hand can be achieved by forming a skin around the plate thus ensuring the points of contact with the walls, and more particularly with the base wall (the wall of the reaction chamber).
- Adhesion between the ceramic plate, eg. SiC, and the walls of the metal host structure or the like can also be provided by the incorporation of a thin layer of enamel which ensures contact between said catalyst plate and the metal structure which constitutes the reactor system.
- the assembly of the various elements of the reactor can be achieved by the various techniques known to those skilled in the art, such as assembly by elastomeric seals, assembly by metal joints, assembly by welding or soldering.
- the assembly may be achieved either by means of a Viton TM or Calrez TM gasket (if the operating temperature does not exceed 30O 0 C) 1 or through a joint crushing copper base, either via a weld, eg. anodic diffusion in the case where the cover is a Pyrex TM plate (photocatalyst application) or solder by soldering.
- the operating temperature depends on the melting temperature of the brazed mixture, which is often less than 250 ° C.
- the reactor according to the invention (consisting for example of a plate provided with a channel filled with carbon nanotubes or nanofibers) described in Example 1 (process A) described below is used. and is closed on two sides (below and above) with two rectangular plates of the same size and material (eg the same grade of steel) as the reactor. These two plates closing the reactor each have an opening in opposition to each other (for example of diameter 5 mm) allowing the entry of reagents, their passage through the reactor, and then their exit through the other opening.
- the three plates are ground and glued by an insulating graphite tape.
- the assembly can also be done by stirring with an appropriate cream at a temperature between 200 0 C and 230 0 C.
- a rectangular brass plate is machined. Two openings in length of this plate are arranged in which heating resistors and a thermocouple are respectively placed. This hot plate can be installed under the main plate of the reactor.
- the structure of this reactor is illustrated in the diagram of Figure 4.
- the assembly in the case of a reactor working under pressure and at high temperature, eg. > 400 0 C, can be achieved in several ways: by brazing as already described in the preceding paragraph (reaction under pressure), by assembly in groove with welding or clamping directly on a copper joint (diagrams in Figure 4).
- a rectangular brass plate is machined. Two openings in length of this plate are manufactured in which heating resistances and a thermocouple are respectively placed. This hot plate is installed under the main plate (microreactor).
- Example 2 Aa steel plate
- Example 2 Ab brass
- a rectangular quartz plate of the same diameter as the ⁇ -reactor is glued on it.
- a UV or visible source is installed.
- the intermediate host structure consists of optical fibers, the latter can also serve as a light source.
- the active phase precursor preferably a metal compound
- the metal compound is advantageously selected from the group consisting of elements Fe, Ni, Co, Cu, Pt, Pd 1 Rh, Ru, Ir, Ti.
- the metal compound is preferably a salt or an organometallic compound.
- other active phases such as aluminosilicates (zeolites for example) can also be deposited.
- the SiC substrate is oxidized in air between 800 and 1100 0 C, more particularly between 850 and 1000 ° C and more especially between 900 and 950 0 C.
- the duration of treatment varies between 2 and 10 hours, more particularly between 3 and 8 hours and more especially between 4 and 6 hours.
- the ⁇ -SiC composite - nanofibers or nanotubes (and preferably with ⁇ -SiC nanofibers or nanotubes) thus treated is then immersed in a gel solution precursor of the zeolite to be deposited.
- the synthesis and the thermal and chemical treatments are those known from the state of the art. They can be done in situ or ex situ.
- the photocatalytic function is provided by the nature of the deposited active phase, whether it is the manufacturing process A or B.
- semiconductor material is understood to mean a material in which the electronic states have a band spectrum comprising a valence band and a conduction band separated by a forbidden band, and where the energy required to make passing an electron from said valence band to said conduction band is preferably between 1.5 eV and 4 eV.
- semiconductor materials there may be mentioned titanium oxide, or else other metal oxides such as WO 3 , ZnO or SnO 2 or metal sulfides such as CdS, ZnS or WS 2 or still other compounds such as GaAs, GaP, CdSe or SiC. According to the present invention, it is preferable to use titanium oxide which leads to particularly satisfactory results.
- photoactivated semiconductor material refers to a semiconductor material of the aforementioned type which has been subjected to a radiation comprising photons of energy greater than or equal to the energy necessary to promote the electrons of the valence band towards the conduction band (energy called gap between the valence and conduction bands).
- the term "photoactivated titanium oxide” is understood to mean a titanium oxide subjected to radiation comprising photons of energy greater than or equal to the energy necessary to promote the electrons of the band of valence towards the conduction band, typically a radiation containing photons of energy greater than 3 eV, preferably 3.2 eV, and in particular radiation comprising wavelengths of less than or equal to 400 nm, for example less than or equal to at 380 nm. Visible light can also be used if it activates the semiconductor material. This is the case of TiO 2 in the rutile form, for example.
- the TiO 2 anatase for example, one can graft charge transfer elements on the semiconductor; it can be chromophores and / or nanoparticles ("quantum dots"), a second semiconductor material absorb in the visible spectrum and can transfer the charge on the first semiconductor.
- quantum dots a second semiconductor material absorb in the visible spectrum and can transfer the charge on the first semiconductor.
- nanoparticles with a typical dimension of between 2 and 10 nm
- Another possibility for using TiO 2 of anatase form is to modify it by doping; the anatase leads to a quantum yield better than the rutile form.
- UV light lamps of the type of so-called black light lamps, or those supplied by electroluminescent diodes (LEDs in French, LEDs in English).
- LEDs electroluminescent diodes
- the deposition of photocatalytic particles on nanoscale superstructures in the microreactor channels may be a discontinuous deposition of photocatalytic particles isolated on the surface of the superstructure, or may consist of a more or less uniform coating covering the surface of the superstructure.
- the photocatalytic particles may preferably be TiO 2 (titanium dioxide), a reference photocatalyst, but without exclusion. Otherwise, the photocatalytic particles may be composed of a single semiconductor, or consist of a mixture of phases, at least one of which is photocatalytic.
- the deposit can be obtained by impregnating a solution containing a product TiO 2 of commercial nature or at least already crystallized, followed by drying to remove the solvent used during the impregnation.
- a preferred embodiment consists in introducing, via the gas phase onto the nanostructures, at least one of the precursors used during the preparation of the photocatalytic deposit.
- TiO 2 can also be carried out directly on the superstructure, by impregnating the nanoscale superstructure with a solution containing the TiO 2 precursor, according to a synthesis method called sol-gel synthesis.
- This precursor may be preferably a titanium alkoxide, and preferably titanium isopropoxide. It will then follow a drying step and calci ⁇ ation to crystallize the material in its TiO 2 form.
- the synthesis of TiO 2 can also be carried out directly on the superstructure, by passing a gas stream containing a TiO 2 precursor. In a given embodiment, this gaseous precursor may be by a titanium alkoxide vapor or a titanium chloride vapor.
- the active phase used according to the invention to develop photocatalytic properties insofar as it comprises at least one material activated by the light radiation, is, as a rule, not critical to implement a reaction or a photocatalytic process within the channel (s) of the microreactor.
- titanium oxide for example, any titanium oxide developing photocatalytic properties and which can be anchored in the form of particles or coating on the nanometric superstructures within the hierarchical microstructure in the channel or channels of the nanoparticles. microreactor, can be used effectively in the process of the invention, which is still an advantage of the process.
- the titanium oxide used according to the process of the invention contains TiO 2 anatase form, preferably at least 50%.
- the titanium oxide used may, for example, be essentially constituted (ie in general for at least 99% by weight, and preferably for at least 99.5% by weight, or even for at least 99.9% by weight) of TiO 2 of anatase form.
- the use of TiO 2 in rutile form also reveals interesting insofar as the TiO 2 in this form is photoactivated by the spectrum of visible light.
- the titanium oxide used comprises a mixture of TiO 2 of anatase form and TiO 2 of rutile form, with a proportion by weight of anatase / rutile preferably between 50/50 and 99/1 for example between 70/30 and 90/10, and typically of the order of 80/20.
- the semiconductor material used in particular to optimize the exchanges between the titanium oxide semiconductor material and the reaction flow, it is most often advantageous for the semiconductor material used to have a specific surface area of between 2 and 500 m 2 / g, preferably greater than or equal to 20m 2 / g, and still more preferably at least 50 m 2 / g, and this, especially when it is titanium oxide.
- the specific surface to which reference is made here is the BET specific surface area measured by nitrogen adsorption according to the so-called Brunauer-Emmet-Teller technique, well known to those skilled in the art.
- the photoactivated semiconductor material that is used according to the invention can be in various physical forms, depending on the medium treated, and in particular depending on the volume of the medium and the rate at which it is desired to implement the method.
- the titanium oxide semiconductor material may be used in any form adapted to its irradiation by radiation of wavelength permitting its photoactivation and allowing the contact of the titanium oxide in the photoactivated state. with the molecules of the reaction stream, provided that it is accessible.
- the reactor according to the invention can be used to catalyze chemical reactions, such as CO 2 oxidation to CO 2 , hydrogenation and / or dehydrogenation of hydrocarbons or organic compounds, oxidation of alcohols, photocatalysis in the purpose of hydrogen production.
- chemical reactions such as CO 2 oxidation to CO 2 , hydrogenation and / or dehydrogenation of hydrocarbons or organic compounds, oxidation of alcohols, photocatalysis in the purpose of hydrogen production.
- the reactor according to the invention can also be used as a gas-gas and / or gas-liquid and / or liquid-liquid mixer where the microstructure makes it possible to reach quickly a good homogeneity of the mixture through turbulence generated by the nanoscopic structure of said system.
- the high effective conductivity of the cellular support allows a better homogenization of the temperature with a view to optimizing the heat exchange.
- the reactor according to the invention can also be used as a filter for filtering ions dissolved in liquid phases or for filtering bacteria, viruses or any other assimilated compounds in a liquid or gaseous phase. Advantages of the reactor according to the invention
- a first advantage the selectivity of the chemical reactions, has already been mentioned: on the one hand, the absence of ink-like pores leads to a better selectivity, on the other hand the excellent thermal conductivity of the nanometric superstructure towards the macroscopic host structure avoids the formation of hot spots, which decrease the selectivity.
- Another advantage is that the nanoscale superstructure does not lead to a significant loss of load.
- Another advantage is the best surface-to-volume ratio of the reaction chamber.
- the active surface which appears to the reactant streams is generally confined to the walls and a significant part of the channel is not effective for the reaction studied.
- the increase of the surface-to-volume ratio could only be done by reducing the size of the channel passing to the detriment of the cost of manufacture and pressure loss.
- microreactors whose channels are dotted with micrometric-sized pads have been studied and used in the literature. These pads are intended to increase the volume ratio of the reactor volume thus promoting a better mixing reagents and a better contact surface reagents / catalyst.
- V L x I xh
- S effe c t i ve (I x L) + 2 (hx L).
- the S / V ratio is increased by 6.3 ⁇ 10 3 times, ie 17 times more than in the case of filling the same channel by the stud system.
- reactors with a hierarchical multi-scale structure have the advantage of being able to couple in the same tool the "chemical generators or reactors" (set of nanometric superstructures) and the heat exchanger (the cellular foam bed).
- the consequences of this in-situ coupling are the obtaining of a single, compact tool without discontinuity in the metric scale (millimeter-sized host structure, micro-metric foam bed, micrometric fibers and nanometric reactor), which therefore allows for remarkable integration. heat exchange functions and the catalytic reaction with high thermicity.
- Another advantage of the reactor according to the invention is the high resistance of the SiC nanotubes (in particular ⁇ -SiC) and TiO 2 in an oxidizing medium, in an acid medium and in a basic medium.
- the resistance in an oxidizing medium at high temperature is of particular interest for regenerating the catalyst. Indeed, it is observed that during operation of the reactor, various carbonaceous products and residues are deposited on the nanotubes or nanofibers, and block access to the active phase. This results in particular a decrease in the catalytic yield. During regeneration (calcination) in an oxidizing medium, these products and carbonaceous residues can be eliminated.
- the oxidation resistance of the catalyst support of a reactor according to the invention is such that such a reactor or support can be regenerated by a calcination treatment without damaging or altering the nanotubes or nanofibers.
- This process is carried out at a temperature greater than 500 ° C., and advantageously at a temperature of between 500 ° C. and 700 ° C. It can be carried out in air.
- the nanotubes or nanofibers be deposited either directly on the reactor wall or on a ⁇ -SiC foam.
- This regeneration can be carried out directly in the reactor, but in the case where the nanotubes or nanofibers are on an intermediate structure or on a removable element, it is preferable (in order not to overheat the reactor seals) to remove said structure intermediate or said removable element of the reactor and perform the regeneration of the catalyst in an enclosure dedicated to this operation.
- Example 1 Manufacture of Reactors with Hierarchical Structures Method A
- a stainless steel and heat-resistant piece of size 50 ⁇ 40 ⁇ 5 mm is first cut on which a channel of 34 ⁇ 28 ⁇ 2 mm is machined.
- a channel of 34 ⁇ 28 ⁇ 2 mm is machined.
- two rectangular shaped openings are made and then used as the gas mixing space and for an inlet and outlet gases.
- the channels are connected to reagent inlet systems on either side of the plate.
- the channel of the steel plate is then covered by spin coating or with a pipette by a thin layer of HSQ (hydrogen silsesquioxane) which is then converted into SiO 2 by heat treatment for 4 hours at 400 ° C.
- HSQ hydrogen silsesquioxane
- the layer SiO 2 of 200 nm thickness is a support for nucleation and growth of carbon nanotubes.
- the growth of the carbon nanotubes aligned in the channel is carried out by CCVD (Chemical Catalytic Vapor Deposition) in the tubular reactor by passing a mixture containing ferrocene (purity: 99%, Strem Chemicals) in toluene (purity: 99, 5%, Alfa Aesar) (15 g (Fe (C 5 H 5) 2/1 l of toluene), assayed by argon (Linde) at speed 1, 5 l / min. the synthesis is carried out at 85O 0 C for 2 hours ultimately giving a channel filled by aligned carbon nanotubes
- the carbon nanotubes are well attached to the steel surface as there is no loss after ultrasound treatment of the plate for 10 min.
- purified carbon nanotubes obtained by transforming the residual iron (after synthesis) of iron oxide by heat treatment between 200 and 300 ° C, preferably between 220 and 260 0 C and more especially between 230 and 260 0 C, for at least 1 hour and then washing in the presence of a solution aq. citric acid (10%), (Merck).
- the carbon nanotube plate After cleaning in water, the carbon nanotube plate is dried at room temperature for 24 hours and then at 100 ° C. for 1 hour.
- the morphology of the carbon nanotubes thus obtained is characterized by scanning electron microscopy (Jeol 6700-FEG, working with a voltage acceleration of 3 kV) and transmission electron microscopy (Topcon 002B-UHR, working with a voltage acceleration of 200 kV).
- Carbon nanotubes are homogeneous with an approximate outer diameter of 100 nm ( Figure 4).
- the specific surface area obtained from nitrogen absorption isotherms is 60 m 2 ⁇ g -1 and was measured with an automatic device (TRISTAR, Micromeritics) .
- the carbon nanotubes or nanofibers resulting from this process can then be converted to SiC.
- Method B A cellular foam based on ⁇ -SiC is impregnated with 1% by weight of nickel. Growth of the carbon nanofibers on the surface of the foam is carried out with a mixture containing C 2 H 6 and hydrogen (volume ratio of 40:60) at a temperature of 680 ° C for 2 hours. The formation of carbon nanofibers is homogeneous over the entire surface of the foam. The observation to strong Magnification shows that the nanofibers are highly entangled with an average diameter of 60 nm and a length often exceeding several hundred micrometers (4). The incorporation of the carbon nanofibers in the foam structure has allowed a significant increase in the surface area of the final composite, which increases from 25 m 2 .g -1 to more than 120 m 2 .g -1 . This increase in surface area is attributed to the large outer surface of carbon nanofibers.
- the nanofiber carbon / SiC composite is then converted to silicon carbide in the presence of SiO 2 vapor at a temperature of 1280 ° C.
- the transformation of carbon nanofibers into SiC nanofibers resulted in a specific surface area drop of the final composite from 120 m 2 . g '1 to 50 m 2 . g '1 because of sintering problems during carburation giving rise to larger dimension SiC nanofibers.
- the transformation of carbon nanofibers into SiC nanofibers has made it possible to significantly increase the oxidation resistance of the composite. Heating in air at 1000 ° C. only causes an oxidation rate of 5% by weight of the composite, whereas for carbon nanofibers the total combustion starts at a significantly lower temperature, namely 650 ° C.
- the fibrous host structure for the growth of carbon nanofibers or TiO 2 nanotubes is a woven glass fiber (Sinto, Aubagne, France) with a low specific surface area (less than 1 m 2 / g) and a mean fiber diameter of 10 ⁇ m.
- 1% by weight of nickel was deposited by impregnation of these macroscopic fibers with a nickel salt Ni (NO 3 ) 2 .6H 2 O (Merck) in an ethanolic solution (0.9 mL of ethanol at 0.19 mol / l). Nickel for 0.5 g of glass fibers). Evaporation of the solvent was carried out overnight at ambient temperature, followed by drying at 110 ° C. for 10 hours and calcining at 350 ° C. for 2 hours.
- the synthesis of the carbon nanofibers was obtained by CCVD (Chemical Catalytic Vapor Deposition) in an ethane / hydrogen mixture (molar ratio of 1: 5 for a total flow rate of 120 mL / min) at 700 ° C. for 1 h using 0.5 of the Ni / glass microfibers substrate (FIG. 5).
- CCVD Chemical Catalytic Vapor Deposition
- ethane / hydrogen mixture molar ratio of 1: 5 for a total flow rate of 120 mL / min
- the growth of nanofibres and nanotubes of TiO 2 (also called nanotubes of titanates) (FIG. 6) is carried out by hydrothermal treatment at 130 ° C. of a TiO 2 powder in concentrated NaOH (10 M).
- TiO 2 nanofibers or nanotubes can also be deposited by CVD (Chemical Vapor Deposition) process from a titanium-containing vapor (such as TiCl 4 ), the presence of an oxygen source, such as 'water.
- CVD Chemical Vapor Deposition
- the TiO 2 nanoparticles completely cover the superstructure of SiC nanofibers with excellent mechanical strength demonstrated by the absence of loss of TiO 2 after 30 minutes of sonication.
- the deposition of the TiO 2 particles was carried out directly during the synthesis of TiO 2 by sol-gel route.
- the SiC / SiC foam nanofiber composite is impregnated with an ethanol solution (1.4 mL / g SiC) / titanium tetraisopropoxide (0.65 mL / g SiC).
- the synthesis of the sol-gel, directly on the composite, is then carried out by passing water vapor (obtained by bubbling air in a saturator containing liquid water at room temperature) at a flow rate of 100 mL / min. .
- water vapor obtained by bubbling air in a saturator containing liquid water at room temperature
- gelling was performed to form a titanium hydroxide.
- the whole is then calcined at 350 ° C. for 2 hours to obtain the final hierarchized material with active phase, composed of TiO 2 nanoparticles / SiC nanofibers / SiC foam, deposited in the microreactor channels.
- Example 3 Catalytic Applications A reactor according to the invention was used for the dehydration reaction of methanol to dimethyl ether.
- the catalyst used in this reaction is zeolite ZSM-5 (of the MFI family) directly deposited on the surface of the supports by hydrothermal synthesis at 170 ° C. for 48 hours.
- the supports were: A: ⁇ -SiC foam;
- Example 4 Application as a Liquid-Liquid Mixer
- the flow rate of the two solutions at the inlet of the reactor is set at 20 ml. min "1.
- the water is colored by adding a known amount of cobalt nitrate (red) to allow a better distinction of the quality of the mixture.
- the mixture after passing through the reactor is recovered and the time demixing is measured.
- a packed ⁇ -SiC cellular foam (plate a) and the same ⁇ -SiC cellular foam filled with SiC nanofibers (plate b) were used.
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Abstract
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| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| FR0708411A FR2924362B1 (fr) | 2007-11-30 | 2007-11-30 | Reacteur chimique avec superstructure nanometrique |
| PCT/FR2008/001643 WO2009098393A2 (fr) | 2007-11-30 | 2008-11-26 | Reacteur chimique avec superstructure nanometrique |
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| EP2214813A2 true EP2214813A2 (fr) | 2010-08-11 |
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| EP08872202A Withdrawn EP2214813A2 (fr) | 2007-11-30 | 2008-11-26 | Reacteur chimique avec superstructure nanometrique |
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| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US8574419B2 (fr) |
| EP (1) | EP2214813A2 (fr) |
| FR (1) | FR2924362B1 (fr) |
| WO (1) | WO2009098393A2 (fr) |
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| CN109847734A (zh) * | 2018-11-30 | 2019-06-07 | 黄山学院 | 一种碳纤维负载二氧化钛纳米管复合材料的制备方法 |
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| FR2935909B1 (fr) * | 2008-09-12 | 2011-01-14 | Centre Nat Rech Scient | Photocatalyseurs a base de mousses tridimentionnelles structurees en carbone ou materiau carbone |
| WO2015031794A2 (fr) * | 2013-08-30 | 2015-03-05 | The Regents Of The University Of California | Réacteurs pour la croissance ammonothermique et basée sur des flux de cristaux de nitrure du groupe iii |
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| CN106925320B (zh) * | 2015-12-31 | 2019-08-16 | 中国石油化工股份有限公司 | 一种含金属原子纳米碳材料及其制备方法和应用以及一种烃脱氢反应方法 |
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| CN107213903B (zh) * | 2016-03-21 | 2019-08-02 | 中国石油化工股份有限公司 | 一种co2加氢制低碳醇整体式催化剂及其制备方法 |
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| CN107213902B (zh) * | 2016-03-21 | 2019-08-02 | 中国石油化工股份有限公司 | 一种co2加氢制甲醇整体式催化剂及其制备方法 |
| CN107325326B (zh) * | 2017-06-28 | 2023-02-10 | 南京航空航天大学 | 一种碳纤维复合材料微反应器及其制备方法 |
| DE102018100681A1 (de) * | 2018-01-12 | 2019-07-18 | Universität Paderborn | Verfahren zum Herstellen von Siliziumcarbid |
| CN110885087B (zh) * | 2018-09-10 | 2023-01-03 | 佛山市农芯智能科技有限公司 | 一种制备纳米二氧化硅的方法 |
| CN110385128B (zh) * | 2019-06-28 | 2022-03-18 | 浙江工业大学 | 铁掺杂TiO2-SiO2复合气凝胶及其制备方法与应用 |
| WO2022031951A2 (fr) * | 2020-08-05 | 2022-02-10 | Georgia Tech Research Corporation | Nanotubes de zéolithe et leurs procédés de fabrication et d'utilisation |
| CN115784748B (zh) * | 2023-02-06 | 2023-04-21 | 南通三责精密陶瓷有限公司 | 一种块孔式碳化硅陶瓷微反应器凝胶注模的制备方法 |
| CN119361662B (zh) * | 2024-12-25 | 2025-02-25 | 江西应用技术职业学院 | 一种锂电池用碳基复合材料及其制备方法和应用 |
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Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| FR2924362A1 (fr) | 2009-06-05 |
| US8574419B2 (en) | 2013-11-05 |
| FR2924362B1 (fr) | 2012-07-13 |
| WO2009098393A3 (fr) | 2009-11-05 |
| US20110123409A1 (en) | 2011-05-26 |
| WO2009098393A2 (fr) | 2009-08-13 |
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