EP2160925A1 - Dispositif de chauffage - Google Patents

Dispositif de chauffage

Info

Publication number
EP2160925A1
EP2160925A1 EP07748451A EP07748451A EP2160925A1 EP 2160925 A1 EP2160925 A1 EP 2160925A1 EP 07748451 A EP07748451 A EP 07748451A EP 07748451 A EP07748451 A EP 07748451A EP 2160925 A1 EP2160925 A1 EP 2160925A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
heating device
ptc
electrodes
heat generating
generating member
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Withdrawn
Application number
EP07748451A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
Other versions
EP2160925A4 (fr
Inventor
Claes-Goran Gustafsson
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
MOLDED HEATING AB
Original Assignee
IntelliOhm AB
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by IntelliOhm AB filed Critical IntelliOhm AB
Publication of EP2160925A1 publication Critical patent/EP2160925A1/fr
Publication of EP2160925A4 publication Critical patent/EP2160925A4/fr
Withdrawn legal-status Critical Current

Links

Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
    • H05B3/00—Ohmic-resistance heating
    • H05B3/10—Heating elements characterised by the composition or nature of the materials or by the arrangement of the conductor
    • H05B3/12—Heating elements characterised by the composition or nature of the materials or by the arrangement of the conductor characterised by the composition or nature of the conductive material
    • H05B3/14—Heating elements characterised by the composition or nature of the materials or by the arrangement of the conductor characterised by the composition or nature of the conductive material the material being non-metallic
    • H05B3/146—Conductive polymers, e.g. polyethylene, thermoplastics
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
    • H05B3/00—Ohmic-resistance heating
    • H05B3/20—Heating elements having extended surface area substantially in a two-dimensional plane, e.g. plate-heater
    • H05B3/34—Heating elements having extended surface area substantially in a two-dimensional plane, e.g. plate-heater flexible, e.g. heating nets or webs
    • H05B3/36—Heating elements having extended surface area substantially in a two-dimensional plane, e.g. plate-heater flexible, e.g. heating nets or webs heating conductor embedded in insulating material
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
    • H05B2203/00—Aspects relating to Ohmic resistive heating covered by group H05B3/00
    • H05B2203/011—Heaters using laterally extending conductive material as connecting means
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
    • H05B2203/00—Aspects relating to Ohmic resistive heating covered by group H05B3/00
    • H05B2203/017—Manufacturing methods or apparatus for heaters
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
    • H05B2203/00—Aspects relating to Ohmic resistive heating covered by group H05B3/00
    • H05B2203/02—Heaters using heating elements having a positive temperature coefficient
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
    • H05B2203/00—Aspects relating to Ohmic resistive heating covered by group H05B3/00
    • H05B2203/026—Heaters specially adapted for floor heating
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
    • H05B2203/00—Aspects relating to Ohmic resistive heating covered by group H05B3/00
    • H05B2203/037—Heaters with zones of different power density

Definitions

  • the present invention concerns an improved heating device comprising a wide bendable, electrically conductive, polymeric mat, adapted for division into lengths and mounting of these lengths solely or side by side in contact with the object to be heated and provided with electrodes arranged along each side edge of the mat, to which electrodes a current is con- nectable, whereby the current is conducted through the device, which heats up and emits heat and whereby the mat partly comprises a material composition whose volume resistivity increases when the temperature of the material composition increases.
  • the mat is electrically insulated by the use of a co- extruded outer layer(s) of a non-conducting polymer.
  • the heat mat is cut into preferred lengths, connected electrically to each other and mounted side by side underneath at least a surface layer of a floor.
  • Such a mat can be manufactured using coextrusion, lamination techniques or combinations thereof.
  • a so called semiconductive compound is melted and pressurised in an extruder and thereafter fed into a so called coat-hanger die, shaping the melt of semiconductive material into a thin sheet or film like shape.
  • the electrodes are at the same time drawn through channels in the die and becomes surrounded and in fact partly impregnated with the melted semiconductive material and thereafter in the same tool covered by an insulating layer of a non-conducting polymer delivered by a second extruder through corresponding coat-hanger shaped distribution channels.
  • Sheet coextrusion using so called coat-hanger dies is thoroughly described by the book: "Extrusion dies for plastics and rubber: design and engineering computations / Walter Michaeli; with contributions by Ulrich Dombrowski et al. Hanser 2003".
  • the sheet like extrudate is thereafter conveyed onto chill rollers where it solidifies and is cooled down to a temperature where it can be printed with information and finally coiled and cut into required lengths.
  • heating mats of this type are shown to have poor long time stability. Occasionally a hot zone is developed at the very contact between the electrode and the PTC-material. In other circumstances a hot zone develops at a distance within approximately 15 - 20 mm from the electrode. In both cases, the appearing hot zones together with the PTC- characteristic of the material gives a localised increase in the volume resistivity, rendering the mat a total lower heat generating power. This localized heating will spread along the length of the mat and the floor heating mat will not work as intended.
  • Figs. 1 and 2 show cross sections of the heat mat of the regions near the electrodes. The distance between the electrodes is about 380 mm. As can be seen from the figures are that the mat is not exactly of the same thickness over the width.
  • the conducting layer the PTC-material
  • the electrode has a certain thickness and has to be surrounded by conductive material.
  • the coextrusion process together with the shaping and cooling of the of the mat imposes also a localised thinning of the mat in a region extending approximately 15 mm inside of the electrodes.
  • the same region inside of the electrodes are subjected to shear deformation during the time from it leaves the die and until it contacts the chill roller(s).
  • the localised shear will to some extent disrupt the formation of the electrical connections between the conducting particles and thereby rendering that particular part a higher volume resistivity.
  • That waviness may impose deformation of the semiconductive material in the vicinity of the electrode. Such a deformation will also increase the material volume resistivity. As mentioned earlier, where the mat can not transfer heat by direct contact to the floor surfaces a temperature increase will result and in case of the original design this will also lead to localized overheating in the vicinity of the electrode.
  • the object of the present invention is to provide an improved heating mat compared to the prior art, e.g. as disclosed in US 6,737,611 and WO 0156333. However it should be considered to applicable to any design of any wide self limiting heating mat. Objectives of the present invention are:
  • additives such as fillers of ATH and/or MgOH.
  • Fig. 1 illustrates a cross section of the device according to the present invention.
  • Fig. 2 illustrates in cross section the difference between the prior art design and the improved design.
  • Fig. 3 shows in graphical form the PTC-charcteristic of PTC-material 1.
  • Fig. 4 illustrates the addition of a soft flexible cellular plastic sheet placed under the heat mat.
  • Fig. 5 illustrates one example of the way the heat mats are installed for a floor heating application.
  • Fig. 6 illustrates an exploded view of one example of how the heat mats are installed for wall mounted heating panels.
  • a heating device 20 comprising two elongated electrodes 4 arranged at a distance and being inter- connected by a semi conducting heat generating member 1,2 of a polymer based material having positive temperature coefficient regarding resistivity (PTC-material), wherein the heat generating member comprises electrode interconnection sections 2 of a low resistivity PTC material compared with the PTC material of intermediate section 1.
  • PTC-material positive temperature coefficient regarding resistivity
  • one solution to the local over-heating for a co-extruded heating device 20 in the form of a heat-mat is achieved by widening the channel in the coextrusion die containing the electrode and increasing the feeding rate of material from the third extruder (PTC-material 2) by a substantial amount, giving a volume of higher conductivity around the electrode and occupying a region reaching as long as up to 20 mm inside of the electrodes.
  • This solution also avoided the problem of a localized heating zone appearing in the part where the mat is thinner.
  • Figure 2 is illustrative.
  • the left hand side shows the original design and showing the regions of risk of localised overheating.
  • the right hand side shows the improved solution. As is shown in figs.
  • the electrode interconnection sections 2 may be arranged to surround the electrodes 4. However, the electrode interconnection sections may not completely surround the electrodes 4, as long as a sufficient electrical contact area is established. In one embodiment, the electrodes are laminated to one or both sides of the electrode interconnection sections 2 of a flat heating member 1, 2. As is indicated above, the problem of localized overheating a short distance from the electrodes can be avoided by letting the electrode interconnection sections extend an inward distance relative to the electrodes 4. In order to achieve a flexible heating mat, the electrodes 4 may be flexible.
  • the low resistivity PTC-material of the electrode interconnection sections preferably has a shallower PTC-curve compared with the PTC material of intermediate section.
  • the heating device must be electrically insulated and therefore it comprising one or more electrically insulating outer layers 5 enclosing the electrodes and the heat generating member.
  • one or more fillers may be added into the insulating layer or layers 5.
  • the PTC-material of the intermediate section 1 and said low resistivity PTC-material 2 consists of a semicrystalline polymer and electrically conductive fillers, and the insulating layers or layers may be comprised of a semicrystalline polymer compatible with said two PTC-materials.
  • the electrically conductive filler material in the PTC materials may be carbon black, and the insulating layers 5 may be filled with flame and smoke suppressing additives like aluminium-tri- hydrate (ATH) and magnesium- hydroxide (MgOH). Exfoliated nanosized clay particles may also be added in order to improve fire resistance of the insulating layers 5.
  • the heat generating member may be manufactured by a thermoplastic processing method such as extrusion and coextrusion and the insulating layers may be co-extruded in the same extrusion die or separately laminated to the heat generating member.
  • a free space is introduced between two objects, adapted to clamp said insulation outer layers 5 allowing the outer portions, including the electrode means 4 to flex more or less freely.
  • One or more heating devices of this type may be comprised in a heating arrangement wherein the electrodes in the heating devices are connected to electrical current feeder means.
  • the heating arrangement may comprise a foamed sheet 6 of a cellular polymer placed on one side of each heating device 20, the sheet having a width that is less than the distance between the electrodes in the heating device and are arranged to not overlap the electrodes.
  • a metal foil may be arranged on a major side of the cellular foamed sheet and is electrically connected to earth potential.
  • an earth fault breaker may be connected to and arranged to break the power supply to the electrical feeder means upon detection of a fault.
  • the foamed sheet 6 comprises flame and smoke suppressing additives, as described above.
  • the step of providing the elongated semiconducting heat generating member may be performed by co extrusion of two PTC materials of different characteristics. Moreover, the steps of providing the elongated semiconducting heat generating member and attaching the electrodes may be performed in one single coextrusion step. In one embodiment, the thermoplastic materials used are cross-linked after a forming operation. Alternatively, the step of attaching the electrodes may be performed by lamination of the electrodes to the elongated semiconducting heat-generating member.
  • the semicrystalline material may be any flexible semicrystalline polymer or a copolymer for example an ethylene-ethyl acrylate polymer (EEA), ethylene-butyl acrylate polymer (EBA), ethylene-methyl acrylate polymer (EMA), ethylene-vinyl acetate polymer (EVA) or a so called plastomer.
  • EVA ethylene-ethyl acrylate polymer
  • EBA ethylene-butyl acrylate polymer
  • EMA ethylene-methyl acrylate polymer
  • EVA ethylene-vinyl acetate polymer
  • Plastomers is a family name for a family of homogeneous, ethylene alpha- olefin polymers prepared with metallocene catalysts.
  • the crystalline melting point should be in the range of 75-99 0 C or rather in the range of 80-96 0 C and the electrically conductive filler material should be carbon black.
  • the preferred electrically conductive filler is carbon black.
  • the mat may be provided with fully covering electrically insulating layers so that the device is ready to be used without further insulation or any risks of electric flash-over.
  • the electrically insulating layer is co-extruded with the electrically conductive mat, but may also be provided in other ways, such as foliating.
  • the electrically insulating layer may, for example, be a low density polyethylene (LDPE), linear low density polyethylene (LLDPE), polypropylene (PP), polyester or any of the previously mentioned copolymers, which preferably should have a higher melting point than the semicrystalline PTC-materials of the mat. Also some plastomers are conceivable.
  • the electrically insulating layer may comprise a plurality of layers of different materials, and an outer layer for better scratch resistance, for example, firmly attached to each other.
  • electrically insulating filler material and flame retarding materials such as aluminium tri-hydrate (ATH) and/or magnesium hydroxide (MgOH) and/or exfoliated nanoclay, may be added.
  • FIG. 1 the heat mat according to a first embodiment of the present invention is illustrated in cross section, which comprises an electrically conducting core of a semicrystalline polymer with an electrically conducting filler material, such as carbon black. Such material is called a semiconductive compound.
  • Semiconductive compounds based on semicrystalline polymers exhibite a Positive Temperature Coefficient (PTC) regarding volume resistivity as a function of temperature and are therefore denoteted PTC-materials.
  • Fig. 2 shows the difference between the prior art design using only one kind of semiconductive material exhibiting a positive temperature coefficient, here denoted PTC-material 1 and the improved design with electrode interconnection sections of a second PTC-material 2.
  • PTC-material 2 has a much lower volume resistivity compared to that of PTC-material 1.
  • This difference in volume resistivity can easily be conceived by using more carbon black in PTC-material 2. In that case also the lower volume resistivity renders PTC-material 2 a shallower PTC characteristic. Another possibility is to use a so called conductive carbon black.
  • the semicrystal- line polymer is any of the previously mentioned.
  • the electrodes 4 are placed along the edges 3 of the mat and enclosed by PTC-material 2.
  • PTC material 2 occupies a region containing the said electrodes and stretches inwards at a distance of typically 10 - 20 mm.
  • the electrode 4 is a tin coated copper thread or copper wire.
  • Exterior of the electrically conducting entity comprised of the heat generating member of- core materials 1, 2 and electrodes 4 fully covering electrically insulating layers 5 are provided.
  • Different countries may have different requirements of the minimum thickness and number of insulating layers around electrically conducting products. From the graph in fig. 3 it is shown that the volume resistivity in PTC-material 1 for 60W/m 2 at a temperature of 20 0 C is about 700 Ohmcm but as high as about 1200 Ohmcm at a temperature of 30 0 C.
  • PTC- material 2 can be formulated in such a way that it preferably has a volume resistivity of only 10 Ohmcm at 20 0 C.
  • the thickness of the core ought to be within the range 0,3-1 mm.
  • a soft foamed plastic sheet between the mat and the base floor and so arranged that the soft foam occupies only a certain width of the mat inside of the electrodes as depicted in fig. 4.
  • This foamed sheet can be laid separately before the installation of the floor heating mat or preferably attached to the floor heating mat during fabrication.
  • the foamed plastic sheet has preferably a thickness of 2 - 4 mm.
  • the distance between the electrodes and the edges of foamed mat is preferably in the range of 5 - 30 mm. Now the inherent waviness of the mat will be superseded by shorter waves. The mat can still move a bit in the horizontal direction.
  • the embodiment incorporates, as shown in fig. 4, a flexible foamed plastic sheet 6 which is symmetrically placed under the heat mat. If the distance between the electrodes 4 is denoted s, the width w of the sheet 6 should preferably be in the interval [s - 10, w, s - 60]. The thickness of the sheet 6 should preferably be in range of 2.0 to 4,0 mm. Most conveniently for installation purposes the sheet 6 is adhered to the heat mat at the time of manufacture. In this embodiment suitable for floor heating, this sheet is made of closed cell PE- foam.
  • the sub- floor 11 is measured and a number of lengths of the mat 10 is cut so that the sub floor will be substantially covered when the lengths of mat are mounted side by side. See figs. 1 and 5.
  • the cut end edges 7 are insulated by means of insulating tape 8 or the like over the cut end surfaces 7.
  • the ends 9 of the electrodes are laid open, whereafter the mat lengths are mounted side by side, not overlapping, on top of the preferably insulated subfloor.
  • Each mat lengths is connected in parallel to mains voltage, whereby each connection of the ends (9) of the electrodes of course must be insulated.
  • a conceivable floor heating device comprises an electrically conductive core of semicrystalline polymer, ethylene- butyl- aery late (EBA) with 17 % (by weight) butyl acrylate (BA) as a matrix, which polymer has a crystalline melting point at about 90 0 C.
  • EBA ethylene- butyl- aery late
  • BA butyl acrylate
  • a carbon black of the type N774 about 36 % by weight, is mixed to achieve proper electrically conductive properties in PTC- material 1 and a carbon black of the type N550 with about 35 % per weight for obtaining the proper PTC-characteristics for PTC-material 2.
  • the electrically conductive core has a thickness of approximately 0,4 mm and a width of 380 mm.
  • Two exterior electrically insulating layers are coextruded around the electrically conductive core to a total thickness exceeding 0,4 mm each side.
  • the electrically insulating layer comprises an inner layer of ethylene-butyl acrylate polymer (EBA) with a butyl acry- late percentage of 14 -29 %.
  • EBA ethylene-butyl acrylate polymer
  • the insulating layers will in this embodiment be filled with smoke and flame retardants such as aluminium trihydrate (ATH) and/or magnesium hydroxide (MgOH) in order to achieve a limiting oxygen index (LOI) higher than 40 %.
  • smoke and flame retardants such as aluminium trihydrate (ATH) and/or magnesium hydroxide (MgOH) in order to achieve a limiting oxygen index (LOI) higher than 40 %.
  • LOI limiting oxygen index
  • Two threadlike electrodes, one along each side edge of the mat, are embedded in the electrically conductive core. Depending on the applied mains voltage the cross sectional area of the electrodes will be in the range of 0,5 to 1,5 mm 2 . Antioxidants are also added.
  • the heat mat can also be used in wall mounted electric heating panels.
  • Such heating panels use electric resistance threads for heating.
  • the heating thread is connected to the mains voltage in series with a thermostat or a thermo-regulator.
  • the heating panels are provided with a visible warning text explaining the risk of overheating and fire hazard if the heating panel is covered with a towel or similar.
  • the present invention properly used, will remove the risk of overheating. Since one wants to minimise the total area of the wall occupied by heating panels, the temperatures need to be higher than those for the large area floor heating application. However the temperatures should not in any circumstance be too high creating a risk of overheating even if the panel heater is covered with a blanket or similar. For that application a semicrystalline polymer or co-polymer with a melting point in the range of 95 to 130 0 C is appropriate. In order to ensure long time stability of the heating mat one needs to use two PTC-materials as described earlier.
  • a second embodiment is depicted in fig. 6 and concerns the use of heating elements for use as wall mounted panel heater.
  • the heat mats 10 are placed side by side in the vertical direction inside an encasement made of sheet metal.
  • the electrical connections are in principle the same as for the floor heating application, however with tape 8 having a higher tempera- ture resistance.
  • the figure is more or less self explanatory.
  • the mat 10 with included sheets of cellular foam is firmly mounted between the back 12 and front 13 plates. Due to the higher temperatures the cellular foam may in this case be comprised of a closed cell PP- foam.
  • This application requires much higher power and therefore a higher operating temperature than the floor heating application. That will in turn require the use of a polymer with higher crystalline melting point.
  • a conceivable wall mounted panel heater according to the present innovation comprises a core of semicrystalline ethylene-butyl-acrylate-polymer (EBA) with 7 % butyl acrylate, which polymer has a crystalline melting point of about 107 0 C .
  • EBA semicrystalline ethylene-butyl-acrylate-polymer
  • N 472 a more con- tuctive carbon black as N 472 is mixed to achieve the proper conductivity levels of PTC- material 2.
  • the insulting layers can be made from a LDPE and will also in this embodiment be filled with sufficient amounts of ATH and/or MgOH to achieve a limiting oxygen index higher than 35 %.

Landscapes

  • Resistance Heating (AREA)
  • Surface Heating Bodies (AREA)

Abstract

L'invention concerne un dispositif de chauffage comprenant deux électrodes allongées agencées à une distance et étant interconnectées par un élément de génération de chaleur semi-conducteur d'un matériau à base de polymère ayant un coefficient de température positif concernant la résistivité (matériau PTC), l'élément de génération de chaleur comprenant des sections d'interconnexion d'électrode d'un matériau PTC à résistivité faible par rapport au matériau PTC de la section intermédiaire. L'invention concerne également un procédé de fabrication d'un dispositif de chauffage.
EP07748451A 2007-04-30 2007-04-30 Dispositif de chauffage Withdrawn EP2160925A4 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
PCT/SE2007/050290 WO2008133562A1 (fr) 2007-04-30 2007-04-30 Dispositif de chauffage

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP2160925A1 true EP2160925A1 (fr) 2010-03-10
EP2160925A4 EP2160925A4 (fr) 2012-03-28

Family

ID=39925909

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP07748451A Withdrawn EP2160925A4 (fr) 2007-04-30 2007-04-30 Dispositif de chauffage

Country Status (2)

Country Link
EP (1) EP2160925A4 (fr)
WO (1) WO2008133562A1 (fr)

Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN111757563A (zh) * 2019-03-28 2020-10-09 埃贝赫卡腾有限两合公司 Ptc加热元件和包括该ptc加热元件的电加热装置

Families Citing this family (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE102019112528A1 (de) * 2019-05-14 2020-11-19 Michael Steidle Flächenheizelement
US20240314889A1 (en) 2020-12-15 2024-09-19 Borealis Ag Self-regulating heater
EP4294122A1 (fr) 2022-06-14 2023-12-20 Borealis AG Stratifié durable de chauffage à régulation automatique
EP4450879A1 (fr) * 2023-04-17 2024-10-23 R.B.M. S.p.A. Panneau mural radiant électrique

Citations (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4761541A (en) * 1984-01-23 1988-08-02 Raychem Corporation Devices comprising conductive polymer compositions
EP1009196A1 (fr) * 1997-01-13 2000-06-14 Idemitsu Kosan Co., Ltd. Element chauffant planar

Family Cites Families (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
SE518872C2 (sv) * 2000-01-28 2002-12-03 Polyohm Ab Anordning för golvuppvärmning
SE529543C2 (sv) * 2005-11-06 2007-09-11 Claes-Goeran Gustafsson Bred självreglerande värmematta process

Patent Citations (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4761541A (en) * 1984-01-23 1988-08-02 Raychem Corporation Devices comprising conductive polymer compositions
EP1009196A1 (fr) * 1997-01-13 2000-06-14 Idemitsu Kosan Co., Ltd. Element chauffant planar

Non-Patent Citations (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Title
See also references of WO2008133562A1 *

Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN111757563A (zh) * 2019-03-28 2020-10-09 埃贝赫卡腾有限两合公司 Ptc加热元件和包括该ptc加热元件的电加热装置

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
WO2008133562A1 (fr) 2008-11-06
EP2160925A4 (fr) 2012-03-28

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