EP2148915A1 - Composition d'huile moteur à longue durée de vie avec une teneur en zinc faible ou nulle - Google Patents

Composition d'huile moteur à longue durée de vie avec une teneur en zinc faible ou nulle

Info

Publication number
EP2148915A1
EP2148915A1 EP08743081A EP08743081A EP2148915A1 EP 2148915 A1 EP2148915 A1 EP 2148915A1 EP 08743081 A EP08743081 A EP 08743081A EP 08743081 A EP08743081 A EP 08743081A EP 2148915 A1 EP2148915 A1 EP 2148915A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
mass
composition
metallic
detergent
neutral
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Withdrawn
Application number
EP08743081A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
Inventor
Stanley James Cartwright
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
ExxonMobil Technology and Engineering Co
Original Assignee
ExxonMobil Research and Engineering Co
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by ExxonMobil Research and Engineering Co filed Critical ExxonMobil Research and Engineering Co
Publication of EP2148915A1 publication Critical patent/EP2148915A1/fr
Withdrawn legal-status Critical Current

Links

Classifications

    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
    • C10M169/00—Lubricating compositions characterised by containing as components a mixture of at least two types of ingredient selected from base-materials, thickeners or additives, covered by the preceding groups, each of these compounds being essential
    • C10M169/04—Mixtures of base-materials and additives
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
    • C10M157/00—Lubricating compositions characterised by the additive being a mixture of two or more macromolecular compounds covered by more than one of the main groups C10M143/00 - C10M155/00, each of these compounds being essential
    • C10M157/06—Lubricating compositions characterised by the additive being a mixture of two or more macromolecular compounds covered by more than one of the main groups C10M143/00 - C10M155/00, each of these compounds being essential at least one of them being a sulfur-, selenium- or tellurium-containing compound
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
    • C10M163/00—Lubricating compositions characterised by the additive being a mixture of a compound of unknown or incompletely defined constitution and a non-macromolecular compound, each of these compounds being essential
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
    • C10M169/00—Lubricating compositions characterised by containing as components a mixture of at least two types of ingredient selected from base-materials, thickeners or additives, covered by the preceding groups, each of these compounds being essential
    • C10M169/04—Mixtures of base-materials and additives
    • C10M169/045—Mixtures of base-materials and additives the additives being a mixture of compounds of unknown or incompletely defined constitution and non-macromolecular compounds
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
    • C10M2207/00—Organic non-macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds containing hydrogen, carbon and oxygen as ingredients in lubricant compositions
    • C10M2207/02—Hydroxy compounds
    • C10M2207/023—Hydroxy compounds having hydroxy groups bound to carbon atoms of six-membered aromatic rings
    • C10M2207/027—Neutral salts thereof
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
    • C10M2207/00—Organic non-macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds containing hydrogen, carbon and oxygen as ingredients in lubricant compositions
    • C10M2207/02—Hydroxy compounds
    • C10M2207/023—Hydroxy compounds having hydroxy groups bound to carbon atoms of six-membered aromatic rings
    • C10M2207/028—Overbased salts thereof
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
    • C10M2207/00—Organic non-macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds containing hydrogen, carbon and oxygen as ingredients in lubricant compositions
    • C10M2207/10—Carboxylix acids; Neutral salts thereof
    • C10M2207/14—Carboxylix acids; Neutral salts thereof having carboxyl groups bound to carbon atoms of six-membered aromatic rings
    • C10M2207/144—Carboxylix acids; Neutral salts thereof having carboxyl groups bound to carbon atoms of six-membered aromatic rings containing hydroxy groups
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
    • C10M2207/00—Organic non-macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds containing hydrogen, carbon and oxygen as ingredients in lubricant compositions
    • C10M2207/26—Overbased carboxylic acid salts
    • C10M2207/262—Overbased carboxylic acid salts derived from hydroxy substituted aromatic acids, e.g. salicylates
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
    • C10M2219/00—Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing sulfur, selenium or tellurium as ingredients in lubricant compositions
    • C10M2219/04—Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing sulfur, selenium or tellurium as ingredients in lubricant compositions containing sulfur-to-oxygen bonds, i.e. sulfones, sulfoxides
    • C10M2219/044—Sulfonic acids, Derivatives thereof, e.g. neutral salts
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
    • C10M2219/00—Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing sulfur, selenium or tellurium as ingredients in lubricant compositions
    • C10M2219/04—Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing sulfur, selenium or tellurium as ingredients in lubricant compositions containing sulfur-to-oxygen bonds, i.e. sulfones, sulfoxides
    • C10M2219/046—Overbasedsulfonic acid salts
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
    • C10M2223/00—Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing phosphorus as ingredients in lubricant compositions
    • C10M2223/02—Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing phosphorus as ingredients in lubricant compositions having no phosphorus-to-carbon bonds
    • C10M2223/04—Phosphate esters
    • C10M2223/045—Metal containing thio derivatives
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
    • C10N2030/00—Specified physical or chemical properties which is improved by the additive characterising the lubricating composition, e.g. multifunctional additives
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
    • C10N2030/00—Specified physical or chemical properties which is improved by the additive characterising the lubricating composition, e.g. multifunctional additives
    • C10N2030/10—Inhibition of oxidation, e.g. anti-oxidants
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
    • C10N2040/00—Specified use or application for which the lubricating composition is intended
    • C10N2040/25—Internal-combustion engines

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to lubricating compositions for use in natural gas fired internal combustion engines.
  • the oil In addition to controlling oxidation and nitration susceptibility of gas engine oils, the oil must also be formulated to have an ash content appropriate for correct operation of a given engine because the ash acts as a solid lubricant, protecting the valve-seat interface of the engine. For this reason, gas engine oils are classified according to their ash content. The classifications are: Ash Designation Ash level, mass% (ASTM D874)
  • a gas engine oil having a low sulfated ash content is the subject of US 5,726,135.
  • the oil contains a mixture of detergents, one of which has a total base number (TBN) of 250 or less and a second having a TBN of about half or less than the first.
  • US 6,191,081 discloses a gas engine oil having a medium or high sulfated ash content.
  • the oil contains three groups of metal detergents.
  • the first group is selected from metal salicylates, sulfonates, phenates and other metal salts having a TBN of 150 or higher.
  • the second group is selected from similar groups as the first but having a TBN of 50 to 150.
  • the third group is selected from metal sulfonates and salicylates having a TBN of about 10 to 50.
  • one of the low or medium TBN detergents is a metal salicylate.
  • the components of a gas engine lubricant need to be selected to meet the specified ash level and to provide, among other functions, a high level of oxidation and nitration resistance. Whether selected components and their amounts can be balanced to meet desired specifications is not a priori predictable.
  • the present invention relates to a lubricating oil of extended life as evidenced by reductions in viscosity increase oxidation and nitration relative to current commercial and reference oils.
  • the oil especially useful as a natural gas engine lubricating oil, comprises a major amount of a base oil of lubricating viscosity and a mixture of certain metallic detergents in an amount sufficient to provide a sulfated ash in the range of about 0.3 mass % to about 2.2 mass % based on the total mass of the composition, the ash level being determined by ASTM D874.
  • the oil of the invention is further characterized as having less than about 0.1 mass %, based on the total mass of the composition, of a zinc dialkyldithiophosphate.
  • the lubricating composition of the invention may also include other standard additives used in formulating commercial lubricating compositions other than trinuclear molybdenum friction reducing additives.
  • the lubricating compositions of the present invention include a major amount of a base oil of lubricating viscosity .
  • the base may be any oil used in ordinary lubricating compositions. Suitable base oils include natural and synthetic oils and mixtures thereof in API categories I, II and III.
  • the base oil will have a kinematic viscosity in the range of about 9 to about 16 cSt at 100 0 C, and preferably from about 10 to about 13 cSt at 100 0 C. As used herein, the kinematic viscosity is determined by method ASTM D445.
  • the metallic detergents included in the lubricating compositions of the invention are: (i) a first neutral calcium alkylsalicylate detergent, and (ii) a second neutral or overbased metallic detergent or mixture of detergents other than neutral calcium alkylsalicylate, selected from the group consisting of calcium and barium sulfonates, phenates, and alkylsalicylates.
  • the alkylsalicylates will have from about 4 to about 30 carbon atoms in the alkyl group, which may be linear or branched.
  • the mass ratio of (i):(ii) will be from about 0.1 :1.0 to about 3: 1, preferably from 0.2:1 to 2:1, and more preferably from 0.3:1 to 1 :1.
  • the neutral calcium alkylsalicylate (i) typically has a TBN in the range of about 150 or less. If metal detergent (ii) includes a neutral metallic detergent, such neutral metallic detergent will also typically have a TBN in the range of about 150 or less. If metal detergent (ii) includes an overbased metallic detergent, such overbased metallic detergent will typically have a TBN of about 160 to about 400. As used herein, TBN is determined by the method ASTM 2896-98. If both neutral and overbased metallic detergents are present, the ratio of neutral to overbased metallic detergent is in the range of about 10: 1 to about 0.1 to 1.
  • the total amount of metallic detergents (i) and (ii) is in an amount sufficient to provide the complete lubricant composition with a sulfated ash, as determined by ASTM method D874 in the range of about 0.3 mass % to about 2.2 mass %.
  • the person skilled in the art will appreciate that the amounts of metallic detergents suitable to achieve this property may vary depending on the type of metallic detergents (i) and (ii) used.
  • the neutral calcium alkylsalicylate (i) is present in the range of about 0.1 mass% to about 2.1 mass%, based on the mass of the total composition.
  • metallic detergent (ii) is conveniently present in the range of from about 0.5 mass% to about 10 mass %, preferably in the range of from about 0.6 mass % to about 8 mass%, more preferably in the range of from about 0.7 mass % to about 7 mass%.
  • composition of the invention may include a zinc dialkyldithiophosphate in an amount of about 0.1 mass % and less, for example, between about 0.1 mass % and 0.0 mass %, and preferably 0.0 mass %, based on the mass of the total composition.
  • compositions of the invention also include one or more additives typically used in standard additive packages such as ashless dispersants (about 0.5 to 8 vol%), ashless antioxidants (about 0.05 to 15 vol%), metal passivators (about 0.01 to 0.2 vol%), pour point depressants (about 0.05 to 0.6 vol%), viscosity index improvers, dyes, and antifoamants (about 0.001 to 0.2 vol%) with the proviso that such additives will not include a trinuclear molybdenum compound.
  • additives typically used in standard additive packages such as ashless dispersants (about 0.5 to 8 vol%), ashless antioxidants (about 0.05 to 15 vol%), metal passivators (about 0.01 to 0.2 vol%), pour point depressants (about 0.05 to 0.6 vol%), viscosity index improvers, dyes, and antifoamants (about 0.001 to 0.2 vol%) with the proviso that such additives will not include a trinuclear molybdenum
  • the fully formulated oil may contain ashless dispersants such as succinimide dispersants, ester dispersants, ester-amide dispersants and the like.
  • the dispersant is a succinimide dispersant, especially a polybutenyl succinimide.
  • the molecular weight of the polybutenyl group may range from about 800 to about 4,000 and preferably from about 1,300 to about 2,500.
  • the dispersant may be head capped or borated or both.
  • Suitable antioxidants include aminic antioxidants and phenolic antioxidants.
  • Typical aminic antioxidants include alkylated aromatic amines, especially those in which the alkyl group contains no more than 14 carbon atoms.
  • Typical phenolic antioxidants include derivatives of dialkylhydroxy aryl compounds in which the alkyl groups are in the o- and/or p- position. Such additives may be used in an amount of about 0.02 to 5 mass % based on the total mass of the composition.
  • metal deactivators include arylthiazole, triazoles or alkyl substituted dimercaptothiadiazoles .
  • Pour point depressants that may be included are exemplified by poly (meth) acrylates, dialkylfumarates and alkylaromatic polymers.
  • Viscosity index improvers may be any polymer which imparts multiviscosity properties to the finished oil such as olefin copolymers, styrene- diene block copolymers, star copolymers and the like used in amounts up to about 15 vol%.
  • Lubricating oil additives are described generally in “Lubricants and Related Products” by Dieter Klamann, Verlag Chemie, Deerfield, FIa., 1984, and also in “Lubricant Additives” by C. V. Smalheer and R. Kennedy Smith, 1967, pages 1 to 11, the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference.
  • a lab nitration screener test was used to assess the oil life performance of various oil compositions.
  • the test results identify a number of parameters, including oil viscosity increase, oxidation, and nitration.
  • the oils are evaluated by maintaining them at a fixed elevated temperature while subjecting them to oxidizing conditions.
  • the oil performance is evaluated by measuring the viscosity increase, oxidation and nitration throughout the test.
  • a Reference Oil is always tested, and all results are reported as a ratio of the result for the test oil divided by the result for the Reference Oil so that large values represent greater levels of lubricant degradation and lower values represent a measure of longer oil life. For example, if the test oil has an oxidation result less than 1, then the test oil demonstrates performance superior to that of the Reference Oil.
  • Reference Oil 1 is a premium, zinc-free, commercial gas engine oil, and Comparative Oils 1 and 2 are commercial zinc-free oils.
  • Example Oils 1, 2 and 3 and Comparative Oils 3, 4 and 5 the balance of the additive system was the same for each and was kept constant.
  • This additive system included an ashless dispersant, ashless antioxidant, pour point depressant, metal passivator and antifoamant.
  • Comparative Oils 3, 4 and 5 were identical to Example Oils 1, 2 and 3, respectively, but with inclusion of 0.29 vol % (0.36 mass %) of zinc dialkyldithiophosphate, ZDDP, an amount used in most modern commercial gas engine oils.

Abstract

L'invention porte sur une huile lubrifiante particulièrement utile comme huile lubrifiante pour moteur à gaz naturel qui a une durée de vie prolongée telle que mise en évidence par des réductions de l'augmentation de viscosité, de l'oxydation et de la nitration par rapport à des huiles courantes du commerce et de référence. L'huile comprend une quantité majeure d'une huile de base de viscosité lubrifiante et un mélange de détergents métalliques comprenant: (i) un détergent d'akylsalicylate de calcium neutre et (ii) un second détergent métallique neutre ou surbasé ou un mélange de détergents autres que l'alkylsalicylate de calcium neutre choisi dans le groupe constitué par les sulfonates, les phénates et les alkylsalicylates de calcium et de baryum. La composition est encore caractérisée comme ayant une teneur en zinc faible ou nulle.
EP08743081A 2007-04-24 2008-04-18 Composition d'huile moteur à longue durée de vie avec une teneur en zinc faible ou nulle Withdrawn EP2148915A1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US92597907P 2007-04-24 2007-04-24
PCT/US2008/005052 WO2008133853A1 (fr) 2007-04-24 2008-04-18 Composition d'huile moteur à longue durée de vie avec une teneur en zinc faible ou nulle

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP2148915A1 true EP2148915A1 (fr) 2010-02-03

Family

ID=39580068

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP08743081A Withdrawn EP2148915A1 (fr) 2007-04-24 2008-04-18 Composition d'huile moteur à longue durée de vie avec une teneur en zinc faible ou nulle

Country Status (5)

Country Link
US (1) US20080269089A1 (fr)
EP (1) EP2148915A1 (fr)
CA (1) CA2688659A1 (fr)
SG (1) SG10201702644TA (fr)
WO (1) WO2008133853A1 (fr)

Families Citing this family (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP2326703B1 (fr) * 2008-07-16 2017-11-22 The Lubrizol Corporation Procédé de lubrification de moteur alimenté au gaz naturel
US8841243B2 (en) 2010-03-31 2014-09-23 Chevron Oronite Company Llc Natural gas engine lubricating oil compositions
JP4949509B2 (ja) * 2010-09-08 2012-06-13 シェブロンジャパン株式会社 潤滑油組成物
CN106566596B (zh) * 2015-10-08 2021-04-09 英菲诺姆国际有限公司 润滑油组合物
CN108949293A (zh) * 2017-12-08 2018-12-07 锦州新兴石油添加剂有限责任公司 一种sm级别汽油机油复合剂及应用

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
AU662595B2 (en) * 1991-08-09 1995-09-07 Lubrizol Corporation, The Functional fluid with triglycerides, detergent-inhibitor additives and viscosity modifying additives
US5427700A (en) * 1991-08-09 1995-06-27 The Lubrizol Corporation Functional fluid with triglycerides, detergent-inhibitor additives and viscosity modifying additives
JPH05331481A (ja) * 1992-05-29 1993-12-14 Tonen Corp ２サイクルエンジン用潤滑油組成物
JPH0693281A (ja) * 1992-09-14 1994-04-05 Oronaito Japan Kk エンジン油組成物
US5726133A (en) * 1996-02-27 1998-03-10 Exxon Research And Engineering Company Low ash natural gas engine oil and additive system
US6191081B1 (en) * 1999-12-15 2001-02-20 Exxonmobil Research And Engineering Company Long life medium and high ash oils with enhanced nitration resistance
US6140281A (en) * 1999-12-15 2000-10-31 Exxonmobil Research And Engineering Company Long life lubricating oil using detergent mixture
US6140282A (en) * 1999-12-15 2000-10-31 Exxonmobil Research And Engineering Company Long life lubricating oil composition using particular detergent mixture
US6500786B1 (en) * 2001-11-26 2002-12-31 Infineum International Ltd. Lubricating oil composition
US20050043191A1 (en) * 2003-08-22 2005-02-24 Farng L. Oscar High performance non-zinc, zero phosphorus engine oils for internal combustion engines
US7419940B2 (en) * 2003-12-19 2008-09-02 Exxonmobil Research And Engineering Company Borated-epoxidized polybutenes as low-ash anti-wear additives for lubricants

Non-Patent Citations (1)

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Title
See references of WO2008133853A1 *

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
WO2008133853A1 (fr) 2008-11-06
CA2688659A1 (fr) 2008-11-06
US20080269089A1 (en) 2008-10-30
SG10201702644TA (en) 2017-05-30

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