Classifications

• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
  • F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
  • F25B9/00—Compression machines, plants or systems, in which the refrigerant is air or other gas of low boiling point
  • F25B9/002—Compression machines, plants or systems, in which the refrigerant is air or other gas of low boiling point characterised by the refrigerant
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
  • F25D—REFRIGERATORS; COLD ROOMS; ICE-BOXES; COOLING OR FREEZING APPARATUS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • F25D19/00—Arrangement or mounting of refrigeration units with respect to devices or objects to be refrigerated, e.g. infrared detectors
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
  • F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
  • F25J1/00—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures
  • F25J1/0002—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures characterised by the fluid to be liquefied
  • F25J1/0005—Light or noble gases
  • F25J1/001—Hydrogen
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
  • F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
  • F25J1/00—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures
  • F25J1/02—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures requiring the use of refrigeration, e.g. of helium or hydrogen ; Details and kind of the refrigeration system used; Integration with other units or processes; Controlling aspects of the process
  • F25J1/0221—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures requiring the use of refrigeration, e.g. of helium or hydrogen ; Details and kind of the refrigeration system used; Integration with other units or processes; Controlling aspects of the process using the cold stored in an external cryogenic component in an open refrigeration loop
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
  • F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
  • F25J1/00—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures
  • F25J1/02—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures requiring the use of refrigeration, e.g. of helium or hydrogen ; Details and kind of the refrigeration system used; Integration with other units or processes; Controlling aspects of the process
  • F25J1/0243—Start-up or control of the process; Details of the apparatus used; Details of the refrigerant compression system used
  • F25J1/0257—Construction and layout of liquefaction equipments, e.g. valves, machines
  • F25J1/0275—Construction and layout of liquefaction equipments, e.g. valves, machines adapted for special use of the liquefaction unit, e.g. portable or transportable devices
  • F25J1/0276—Laboratory or other miniature devices
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G21—NUCLEAR PHYSICS; NUCLEAR ENGINEERING
  • G21B—FUSION REACTORS
  • G21B1/00—Thermonuclear fusion reactors
  • G21B1/11—Details
  • G21B1/19—Targets for producing thermonuclear fusion reactions, e.g. pellets for irradiation by laser or charged particle beams
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
  • F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
  • F25B2400/00—General features or devices for refrigeration machines, plants or systems, combined heating and refrigeration systems or heat-pump systems, i.e. not limited to a particular subgroup of F25B
  • F25B2400/17—Re-condensers
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
  • F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
  • F25J2205/00—Processes or apparatus using other separation and/or other processing means
  • F25J2205/20—Processes or apparatus using other separation and/or other processing means using solidification of components
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
  • F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
  • F25J2210/00—Processes characterised by the type or other details of the feed stream
  • F25J2210/42—Nitrogen
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
  • F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
  • F25J2240/00—Processes or apparatus involving steps for expanding of process streams
  • F25J2240/40—Expansion without extracting work, i.e. isenthalpic throttling, e.g. JT valve, regulating valve or venturi, or isentropic nozzle, e.g. Laval
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
  • F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
  • F25J2290/00—Other details not covered by groups F25J2200/00 - F25J2280/00
  • F25J2290/12—Particular process parameters like pressure, temperature, ratios
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
  • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
  • Y02E30/00—Energy generation of nuclear origin
  • Y02E30/10—Nuclear fusion reactors

Definitions

• the invention relates to a method and a device for cooling, in particular for liquefaction, of a gas.
• a plasma can be generated by bombardment with intense laser light.
• a plasma emits, among other things, X-radiation as well as extreme ultraviolet (EUV) light. It can also accelerate charged particles, such as electrons or protons.
• EUV extreme ultraviolet
• the irradiated material is locally destroyed at the location of the irradiation.
• a source is needed that provides a continuous supply of unconsumed target material.
• a method for cooling a gas has been developed.
• the gas is passed in a first cooling step through a conduit which is in thermal contact with a first cooling medium.
• a cooling medium is in principle any medium suitable which has a lower temperature than the gas, wherein the temperature is preferably both spatially homogeneous over the medium and time constant.
• it may be a cooled solid through which the conduit passes. It can also be a bath of liquid through which the pipe passes. This liquid can in particular a liquefied cryogenic gas.
• a liquefied cryogenic gas which is able to exchange steam with the environment, selected as the first cooling medium. Since with the escaping vapor and the vaporization received during its formation is released to the environment, the temperature of the liquefied cryogenic gas does not rise above its boiling point, as it is not completely evaporated.
• the gas is passed through a condenser which is in thermal contact with a second cooling medium.
• the second cooling medium is usually colder than the first. However, it may also have the same temperature as the first cooling medium and in particular be identical to this.
• the gas is cooled in the second cooling step by not more than twice, preferably not more than 1.5 times, and most preferably not more than 1 times the temperature difference between its melting and boiling points.
• the temperature difference between the melting and boiling points is a material property inherent in the gas. It is for example for H 2 6 K, for N 2 14 K and for Ar, Kr and Xe 4 K. This measure has the effect that the flow of the gas in and behind the condenser is particularly homogeneous and particularly laminar.
• the quality of the liquefied gas is best when there is a constant amount of this gas in the condenser.
• This can advantageously be achieved by supplying the gas to the condenser exclusively in the gas phase.
• the gas must not be cooled so much before the condenser, that here the temperature falls below the boiling point.
• the gas is supplied to the condenser with a temperature just above its boiling point, so that its temperature in the condenser must be changed only by a small amount.
• the liquefier then substantially absorbs the energy difference between the gas phase and the liquid phase of the gas.
• the gas should not freeze in the condenser, as this may otherwise clog.
• the condenser may be, for example, a cooled solid in which a conduit for the gas is introduced.
• the second cooling medium is passed through the condenser. This transfers less vibration to the gas than, for example, cooling the condenser with a chiller. It has been recognized that vibrations transmitted through the condenser affect homogeneity and laminarity of the gas flow in the condenser and therefore have to be prevented.
• the condenser and thus the gas passed through it can be cooled particularly low vibration when a gaseous second cooling medium is selected.
• a single gas particle will not have enough momentum to cause a measurable deflection of the massive condenser.
• the momentum transfers through the entirety of the particles are statistically distributed so that they almost completely cancel each other out and the condenser is not measurably deflected.
• gaseous second cooling medium for example, the vapor phase over a liquefied cryogas is suitable.
• the steam dissipates heat of vaporization.
• the evaporation rate and thus the temperature of both the remaining liquefied gas supply and the vapor phase is almost constant.
• the pressure in the reservoir the evaporation rate and thus the temperature of the vapor phase of the second cooling medium can be roughly regulated.
• the pressure determines the flow of the second cooling medium, which is decisive for the cooling capacity in the condenser and thus for the amount of gas that can be cooled per unit of time.
• the gas and the second cooling medium are guided in opposite directions through the condenser. This limits the maximum occurring temperature difference between the two flows, which can cause turbulence in the flow of the gas, especially if it is liquefied in the second cooling step.
• the gas is brought into thermal contact with the emerging from the condenser second cooling medium in an intercooler before entering the condenser, for example by a heat exchanger. This reduces the temperature difference which is still to be bridged in the second cooling step in the condenser. At the same time, the residual cold of the second cooling medium emerging from the condenser is utilized, so that less of this cooling medium is consumed.
• the gas is heated between the first cooling step and the intercooler, for example with an electric heater.
• the inlet temperature of the gas into the condenser can be regulated particularly sensitively and also quickly.
• the temperature of the gas immediately after the first cooling step is only comparatively slow to change, because this would require the entire stock of the first cooling medium heated or cooled.
• the cooling effected in the intercooler depends on the outlet temperature of the second cooling medium from the condenser and therefore can not be directly influenced without simultaneously changing the temperature conditions in the condenser.
• the temperature of the second cooling medium can be roughly regulated by the pressure in the Reservoir of this cryogenic gas, which in turn determines its evaporation rate.
• the second cooling medium is heated before entering the condenser, for example with an electric heater. This heating can be carried out both sensitively and faster than an indirect temperature change by changing the pressure in the reservoir.
• a particularly advantageous embodiment of the invention provides for it to be passed through a vibrating nozzle in the liquefied state.
• This nozzle preferably vibrates parallel to the direction of flow of the liquefied gas, and preferably with an amplitude between 100 and 1000 nm.
• the velocity of the effluent liquefied gas is determined by the pressure at which the gas is supplied to the first cooling step and can be regulated by varying this pressure.
• vibration-free cooling avoids such disturbances and thus allows the production of drops in not only higher, but also consistent quality (especially size) than was possible in the prior art.
• a plasma can be generated by bombardment with intense laser pulses, which emits X-rays and / or extreme ultraviolet (EUV) light.
• intense laser pulses which emits X-rays and / or extreme ultraviolet (EUV) light.
• EUV extreme ultraviolet
• the liquefied gas is transferred in a particularly advantageous embodiment of the invention from the vibrating nozzle in a vacuum. It is particularly advantageous to consolidate the liquefied gas divided by the vibration of the nozzle into drops of uniform shape and size. This is done by surface evaporation, which causes additional cooling to below freezing. The result is a homogeneous stream of solid pellets, which can be transported in a vacuum over longer distances. This is particularly advantageous for bombardment with intense laser pulses. Since the plasma generated in this process has considerable emit energy and high-energy radiation, the bombardment should take place at a distance from the source of the pellets, so as not to damage this source.
• the transfer into the vacuum takes place at a distance from the vibrating nozzle; in particular, the liquefied gas may be transferred to the vacuum through a chamber in which the same gas is in a gaseous state, the gas in the chamber preferably being in the vicinity of the triple point.
• This is to be understood in particular as the combination of a pressure between 0.2 times and 3 times the triple point pressure with a temperature between 1 times and 1.2 times the triple point temperature. In this way, the homogeneity and direction of flow of the stream of liquefied gas or of the resulting droplets upon passage into the vacuum are maintained as far as possible.
• the inner diameter of the nozzle when entering the gas by a factor of at most 10, preferably by a factor between 3 and 4, should be greater than on the vacuum side. Then, the velocities of the liquid droplets or pellets are distributed homogeneously, and the pellet stream is collimated closely around the target flight direction.
• This homogeneity and collimation become maximal when the pressure gradient along the nozzle becomes minimal. This can be achieved if the diameter of the nozzle decreases exponentially along its length and the nozzle is also advantageously at least ten times longer than its exit diameter.
• the gas is transferred to the vacuum in at least two stages.
• a pressure of 10 "5 mbar or more, preferably 10 -4 mbar or more so that the shape of the gas drops during freezing is retained into pellets.
• the pellets which are each connected to one another by openings or nozzles passable by the pellets, are arranged one behind the other in the direction of flight of the pellets. difference between the chambers can be used. If a triple point chamber is present, the transition from the triple point chamber into the first vacuum chamber gives the pellets a much greater acceleration than the transitions between the remaining chambers. If the chambers are arranged one below the other, however, the gravitational field of the earth can also be used as a further propulsion force, whereby this effect is comparatively small (about 15 m / s speed increase to 10 m fall distance).
• the pellets After being transferred to the vacuum, the pellets advantageously have a speed of at least 50 m / s, preferably of at least 100 m / s.
• the pellets When plasma is generated from the pellets by means of laser bombardment, the pellets are vaporized and thus used up. The speed of the pellet flow and the distances between the pellets in the pellet stream determine the possible repetition rate.
• He, N 2 , Ar, Kr and Xe in gaseous and liquid form are suitable as coolants.
• liquid droplets and solid pellets of H 2 , N 2 , Ar, Kr and Xe can be produced.
• a device for cooling a gas has also been developed, which is particularly suitable for carrying out the method according to the invention.
• This device is characterized by a condenser, comprising at least two of the gas and a main cooling medium in opposite directions through which are in thermal contact with each other.
• This measure has the effect that during operation of the condenser on the entire length of the two lines, a small temperature difference between these two lines is adjustable. If the gas is in its warmest or coldest state, it is also the second cooling medium. As a result, a small temperature gradient across the cross section of the first conduit can be achieved, which improves the homogeneity and laminarity of the flow in this first conduit.
• the condenser is preceded by a pre-cooling medium, which can be brought into thermal contact with the gas.
• a pre-cooling medium which can be brought into thermal contact with the gas.
• the pre-cooling medium is arranged in a container through which a line through which the gas can flow extends. Such an arrangement maximizes thermal contact between the gas and the pre-cooling medium.
• the container advantageously has a ring shape.
• a ring shape is understood as meaning any closed shape 2 x 1 which delimits an area in its interior. This area does not have to be circular, but may also have an oval or even angular shape; it is protected from heat radiation from the environment by the pre-cooling medium.
• the supply of the main cooling medium is arranged in this bounded area. Then it is avoided that it heats up excessively fast.
• the pre-cooling medium may be inexpensive liquid nitrogen and the main cooling medium may be the much more expensive liquid helium. Heat radiation from the environment consumes additional nitrogen in such an arrangement, but not additional helium.
• the device comprises a condenser downstream nozzle, which has means for generating a vibration.
• means for generating the vibration in particular piezoelectric means are suitable.
• a laminar flow of liquefied gas generated in the liquefier can be broken up into droplets by means of this nozzle, with a suitable choice of the vibration amplitude.
• the device includes at least one nozzle downstream vacuum chamber. Then, drops of liquefied gas emerging from the nozzle can freeze to form pellets when they pass into the vacuum chamber. It has been recognized that solid pellets can travel a longer distance between the place of their production and the place of their use than drops of liquefied gas. The pellets can then form a pellet target, for example, which interacts with radiation from a radiation source in a defined interaction zone. Such a pellet target has the advantage that the target material replenishes continuously into the interaction zone can be.
• a plurality of vacuum chambers can be arranged with stepped pressures one behind the other.
• the vacuum chamber is spatially spaced from the nozzle, such as by a triple point chamber in which conditions are close to the triple point of the gas. Then the liquid droplets, after exiting the die, have the opportunity to stabilize before solidifying 2x1 pellets.
• the inlet into the vacuum chamber is designed as a further nozzle whose inner diameter decreases steadily towards the vacuum.
• the inner diameter of the other nozzle on the inlet side should be greater by a factor of at most 10 than on the negative pressure side.
• a plasma source was found. This contains a directed to an interaction zone radiation source and the inventive device for cooling a gas. The device is arranged to emit cooled gas into the interaction zone.
• a radiation source in particular a laser is suitable.
• the gas as target material which is consumed when bombarded with the beam from the radiation source, can be supplied continuously, regardless of its state of aggregation. If it is emitted by the device in the form of pellets, the device may advantageously be arranged at a great distance (order of magnitude 1 m and more) from the interaction zone. Then it is not damaged by the heat and radioactive radiation of the plasma.
• the plasma source comprises a cold trap which receives the portion of the gas which does not interact with the beam from the radiation source.
• the cold trap is preferably arranged in the flow direction of the gas or in the direction of flight of the solid pellets behind the zone in which the gas or the pellets interact with the jet. Capture excess residual gas and unused pellets in the cold trap. It reduces the vacuum in the plasma source and reduces the pump power required to maintain this vacuum.
• the plasma generated by the plasma source can produce X-ray and extreme ultraviolet (EUV) radiation.
• EUV extreme ultraviolet
• the plasma source may serve as a source of EUV radiation. But it can also be used for example in a particle accelerator.
• the zone in which the cooled gas (preferably in the form of pellets) and the accelerator beam interact is then extremely compact to build.
• FIG. 2 Hydrogen drops produced by the process according to the invention.
• FIG. 3 Local distribution of hydrogen pellets with a diameter of 20 ⁇ m at a distance of about 1.2 m from the triple point chamber.
• Figure 4 exemplary embodiment of the device according to the invention with a plurality of vacuum chambers.
• FIG. 1 shows an exemplary embodiment of the device according to the invention and of the method according to the invention in sectional drawing.
• a container 1 for the liquid pre-cooling medium (first cooling medium) 2 a coiled line 3, in which the gas to be cooled 4 is cooled in a first cooling step.
• a container 1 for the liquid pre-cooling medium (first cooling medium) 2 a coiled line 3, in which the gas to be cooled 4 is cooled in a first cooling step.
• second cooling medium main cooling medium
• the gas 4 can optionally be heated by a heater 7 before it is in thermal contact with the main cooling system leaving the condenser 9 through a heat exchanger 8. medium 6 is brought. Subsequently, the gas enters the condenser 9. From the main cooling medium 6, the vapor phase is fed via a line 10 to the condenser. The condenser 9 converts the gas 4 into a liquid stream which is broken up into droplets by a vibrating nozzle 11. These drops can then be solidified by surface evaporation upon passage into vacuum.
• hydrogen is used as the gas 4.
• the pre-cooling medium 2 is liquid nitrogen
• the main cooling medium 6 is liquid helium.
• the hydrogen is cooled down from room temperature (293 K) to 81 K in the first cooling step.
• the heater 7 is not used in this embodiment.
• the vapor phase of the helium has a temperature of 4.5 K at the outlet from the reservoir of liquid helium and a temperature of 5.05 K. when it enters the condenser 9.
• it When it enters the heat exchanger 8, it is 16.2 K and cools the incoming hydrogen to 21 K, before it is cooled in the condenser to 16.9 K and thus liquefied.
• the jet of liquid hydrogen is broken up into drops 12 of the same size, which are introduced into a triple-point chamber (70 mbar, 14 K) filled with gaseous hydrogen.
• Two different types of vibrating nozzles were used: brass nozzles with inside diameters between 12 and 40 ⁇ m and stainless steel nozzles with inside diameters between 16 and 40 ⁇ m.
• Glass nozzles have smoother inner surfaces and, being transparent, allow optical control of their function during operation.
• Stainless steel nozzles are more reproducible to make and their exit ports have a better (i.e., smaller) length to diameter ratio. Thus, a lower pressure is needed to drive liquefied gas through stainless steel nozzles.
• FIG. 2 shows the hydrogen droplets emerging from the vibrating nozzle 11 into the triple point chamber.
• These pass from the chamber through a further nozzle with 600 ⁇ m vaku- um chandelieren inner diameter in a first vacuum of 10 '2 mbar and thereby freeze to pellets.
• the droplets or pellets are accelerated by the gas flow from the triple point chamber in the direction of vacuum.
• the pellets pass into a second vacuum of 10 "4 mbar and from there through a tube of 2 cm diameter into an interaction zone where they are bombarded with laser light, which can be several meters from the triple point chamber could of constant quality with diameters between 18 and 60 ⁇ m at a distance of 1.2 m from the triple tube chamber.
• the pellet diameter corresponds essentially to the final diameter of the vibrating nozzle 11 between condenser and triple-point chamber.
• pellets of 30 ⁇ m size After passing into the first vacuum, pellets of 30 ⁇ m size have an average velocity of about 70 m / s. Over a period of a few seconds, the size of the pellets is stable down to 1%, over a period of several hours up to 10%.
• ⁇ is a free rejuvenation parameter and R 1 and R 2 depend on the radius R max on the inlet side and on the vacuum side radius R m j n as follows:
• FIG. 3 shows the local distribution of 20 ⁇ m diameter hydrogen pellets in a plane perpendicular to the direction of flight approximately 1.2 m from the triple tube chamber. Plotted is the relative abundance n in arbitrary units over the deviation ⁇ x of the pellets from the main flight direction.
• the pellet jet is very well collimated; by far the majority of pellets deviate by less than 200 ⁇ m from the main flight direction. This is due to the fact that the liquid hydrogen jet is broken up into drops very regularly. The reason for this in turn is that the vibrating nozzle 11 is supplied with such a homogeneous and laminar hydrogen flow. Currently, about 30% of all pellets produced at the vibrating nozzle 11 reach the interaction zone.
• FIG. 4 shows an exemplary embodiment of the device according to the invention.
• the nozzle 11 opens into a Tripelpunlcthunt 20.
• the temperature is between 1 times and 1.2 times the triple point temperature.
• vacuum chambers 21, 22 and 23 are arranged, through which the drops 12 can be gradually transferred into the vacuum.
• the drops 12 in the triple point chamber 20 are still liquid and freeze upon passage into the chamber 21.
• the chambers 21, 22 and 23 are separated from one another and from the triple point chamber 20 by nozzles 24 which are permeable to the pellets.
• In the first chamber 21 during operation there is a pressure of the order of 10 "4 mbar, in the last chamber 23, a pressure of the order of 10 -7 mbar.
• the device comprises a laser (not shown) whose beam 25 interacts with the droplets 12 frozen in pellets in an interaction zone. Unused pellets are collected in a cold trap 27.

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• Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
• Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
• General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
• Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
• Thermal Sciences (AREA)
• Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
• Plasma & Fusion (AREA)
• Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
• Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
• High Energy & Nuclear Physics (AREA)
• Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
• Clinical Laboratory Science (AREA)
• X-Ray Techniques (AREA)
• Exposure And Positioning Against Photoresist Photosensitive Materials (AREA)
• Particle Accelerators (AREA)
• Separation By Low-Temperature Treatments (AREA)
• Exposure Of Semiconductors, Excluding Electron Or Ion Beam Exposure (AREA)
• Physical Or Chemical Processes And Apparatus (AREA)

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• 2007
  • 2007-04-12 DE DE102007017212A patent/DE102007017212A1/de not_active Withdrawn
• 2008
  • 2008-04-02 CN CN2008800111030A patent/CN102066860A/zh active Pending
  • 2008-04-02 WO PCT/DE2008/000557 patent/WO2008125078A2/de active Application Filing
  • 2008-04-02 JP JP2010502411A patent/JP2010533964A/ja not_active Withdrawn
  • 2008-04-02 US US12/450,219 patent/US20100140510A1/en not_active Abandoned
  • 2008-04-02 DE DE112008000917T patent/DE112008000917A5/de not_active Withdrawn
  • 2008-04-02 EP EP08734447A patent/EP2132507A2/de not_active Withdrawn

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