JP2010533964A - ガスの冷却のための方法および装置 - Google Patents
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- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 35
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- 230000005855 radiation Effects 0.000 claims description 22
- 230000003993 interaction Effects 0.000 claims description 12
- 238000009835 boiling Methods 0.000 claims description 7
- 229910052734 helium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000002826 coolant Substances 0.000 claims description 5
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- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 claims description 4
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- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 description 15
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 15
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
- F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
- F25B9/00—Compression machines, plants or systems, in which the refrigerant is air or other gas of low boiling point
- F25B9/002—Compression machines, plants or systems, in which the refrigerant is air or other gas of low boiling point characterised by the refrigerant
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
- F25D—REFRIGERATORS; COLD ROOMS; ICE-BOXES; COOLING OR FREEZING APPARATUS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- F25D19/00—Arrangement or mounting of refrigeration units with respect to devices or objects to be refrigerated, e.g. infrared detectors
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
- F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
- F25J1/00—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures
- F25J1/0002—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures characterised by the fluid to be liquefied
- F25J1/0005—Light or noble gases
- F25J1/001—Hydrogen
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
- F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
- F25J1/00—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures
- F25J1/02—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures requiring the use of refrigeration, e.g. of helium or hydrogen ; Details and kind of the refrigeration system used; Integration with other units or processes; Controlling aspects of the process
- F25J1/0221—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures requiring the use of refrigeration, e.g. of helium or hydrogen ; Details and kind of the refrigeration system used; Integration with other units or processes; Controlling aspects of the process using the cold stored in an external cryogenic component in an open refrigeration loop
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
- F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
- F25J1/00—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures
- F25J1/02—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures requiring the use of refrigeration, e.g. of helium or hydrogen ; Details and kind of the refrigeration system used; Integration with other units or processes; Controlling aspects of the process
- F25J1/0243—Start-up or control of the process; Details of the apparatus used; Details of the refrigerant compression system used
- F25J1/0257—Construction and layout of liquefaction equipments, e.g. valves, machines
- F25J1/0275—Construction and layout of liquefaction equipments, e.g. valves, machines adapted for special use of the liquefaction unit, e.g. portable or transportable devices
- F25J1/0276—Laboratory or other miniature devices
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- G—PHYSICS
- G21—NUCLEAR PHYSICS; NUCLEAR ENGINEERING
- G21B—FUSION REACTORS
- G21B1/00—Thermonuclear fusion reactors
- G21B1/11—Details
- G21B1/19—Targets for producing thermonuclear fusion reactions, e.g. pellets for irradiation by laser or charged particle beams
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
- F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
- F25B2400/00—General features or devices for refrigeration machines, plants or systems, combined heating and refrigeration systems or heat-pump systems, i.e. not limited to a particular subgroup of F25B
- F25B2400/17—Re-condensers
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
- F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
- F25J2205/00—Processes or apparatus using other separation and/or other processing means
- F25J2205/20—Processes or apparatus using other separation and/or other processing means using solidification of components
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
- F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
- F25J2210/00—Processes characterised by the type or other details of the feed stream
- F25J2210/42—Nitrogen
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
- F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
- F25J2240/00—Processes or apparatus involving steps for expanding of process streams
- F25J2240/40—Expansion without extracting work, i.e. isenthalpic throttling, e.g. JT valve, regulating valve or venturi, or isentropic nozzle, e.g. Laval
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
- F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
- F25J2290/00—Other details not covered by groups F25J2200/00 - F25J2280/00
- F25J2290/12—Particular process parameters like pressure, temperature, ratios
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E30/00—Energy generation of nuclear origin
- Y02E30/10—Nuclear fusion reactors
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- Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
- Clinical Laboratory Science (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Plasma & Fusion (AREA)
- High Energy & Nuclear Physics (AREA)
- X-Ray Techniques (AREA)
- Exposure And Positioning Against Photoresist Photosensitive Materials (AREA)
- Physical Or Chemical Processes And Apparatus (AREA)
- Separation By Low-Temperature Treatments (AREA)
- Exposure Of Semiconductors, Excluding Electron Or Ion Beam Exposure (AREA)
- Particle Accelerators (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Rc=R1+R2・exp(−δ・χ)
式中でδは独立な先細りパラメータであり、R1およびR2は以下のように、入口側の半径Rmaxおよび真空側の半径Rminに依存している。すなわち
Claims (45)
- ガスが、第1の冷却ステップにおいて、第1の冷媒と熱接触している導管を通って案内されるステップと、
前記ガスが、第2の冷却ステップにおいて、第2の冷媒と熱接触している液化器を通って案内され、その際に、前記ガスの融点と沸点の温度差の2倍以下だけ冷却されるステップと
を含む、ガスを冷却するための方法。 - 前記ガスが、前記第2のステップにおいて、前記ガスの融点と沸点の温度差の1.5倍以下だけ冷却されることを特徴とする請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記第2の冷媒が前記第1の冷媒より冷たいことを特徴とする請求項1〜2のいずれか一つに記載の方法。
- 蒸気を周囲と交換できる液化クライオガスが第1の冷媒として選択されることを特徴とする請求項1〜3のいずれか一つに記載の方法。
- 前記第2の冷媒が、前記液化器を通って案内されることを特徴とする請求項1〜4のいずれか一つに記載の方法。
- 前記ガスと前記第2の冷媒が、前記液化器を通って逆方向に案内されることを特徴とする請求項5に記載の方法。
- 気体状の第2の冷媒が選択されることを特徴とする請求項1〜6のいずれか一つに記載の方法。
- 前記ガスが、前記液化器内に入る前に、前記液化器から出てくる前記第2の冷媒と、中間冷却器内で熱接触することを特徴とする請求項5〜7のいずれか一つに記載の方法。
- 前記ガスが、前記第1の冷却ステップと前記中間冷却器の間で加熱されることを特徴とする請求項1〜8のいずれか一つに記載の方法。
- 前記ガスが、前記第2の冷却ステップにおいて液化されることを特徴とする請求項1〜9のいずれか一つに記載の方法。
- 前記液化ガスが、振動ノズルを通って導かれることを特徴とする請求項10に記載の方法。
- 前記ノズルが、前記液化ガスの流れる方向と平行に振動することを特徴とする請求項11に記載の方法。
- 前記ノズルが、100〜1000nmの振幅で振動することを特徴とする請求項12に記載の方法。
- 前記液化ガスが、前記振動ノズルから真空中に移送されることを特徴とする請求項11〜13のいずれか一つに記載の方法。
- 前記液化ガスが、前記真空中に移送される際に凝固することを特徴とする請求項14に記載の方法。
- 前記真空中への移送が、前記振動ノズルから間隔をあけて行われることを特徴とする請求項14〜15のいずれか一つに記載の方法。
- 前記液化ガスが、同じガスが気体状態で充満しているチャンバを通って前記真空中に移送されることを特徴とする請求項14〜16のいずれか一つに記載の方法。
- 前記ガスが、前記チャンバ内で3重点付近において存在することを特徴とする請求項17に記載の方法。
- 前記液化ガスが、内径が前記真空に向かって減少し続けるノズルを通って前記真空中に移送されることを特徴とする請求項14〜18のいずれか一つに記載の方法。
- 前記ノズルの内径が、前記ガスの入口では前記真空側のせいぜい10倍の大きさであることを特徴とする請求項19に記載の方法。
- 前記ガスが、少なくとも2段階で前記真空中に移送されることを特徴とする請求項14〜20のいずれか一つに記載の方法。
- 前記第1の段階で、圧力が10−5mbar以上、好ましくは10−4mbar以上に保たれることを特徴とする請求項21に記載の方法。
- 前記最後の段階で、圧力が10−6mbar以下、好ましくは10−7mbar以下に保たれることを特徴とする請求項21〜22のいずれか一つに記載の方法。
- 前記ガスが、前記真空中に移送された後、少なくとも50m/s、好ましくは少なくとも100m/sの速度を有することを特徴とする請求項14〜23のいずれか一つに記載の方法。
- 群(He、N2、Ar、Kr、Xe)からの少なくとも1つのガスが冷媒として選択されることを特徴とする請求項1〜24のいずれか一つに記載の方法。
- 互いに熱接触しており、ガスと主冷媒がその中を逆方向に貫流できる、少なくとも2つの導管を含む液化器を特徴とするガスを冷却するための装置。
- 互いに平行に配置された2つの導管を含む液化器を特徴とする請求項26に記載の装置。
- 互いに同軸に配置された2つの導管を含む液化器を特徴とする請求項26〜27のいずれか一つに記載の装置。
- 前記液化器の前に接続された、前記ガスと熱接触し得る前冷媒を含む請求項26〜28のいずれか一つに記載の装置。
- 前記前冷媒が容器内に配置されており、前記ガスがその中を貫流できる導管が前記容器を通って延びることを特徴とする請求項29に記載の装置。
- リング状の容器を特徴とする請求項30に記載の装置。
- 前記容器によって囲まれた領域内に配置された前記第2の冷媒のストックを特徴とする請求項30〜31のいずれか一つに記載の装置。
- 前記液化器の後ろに接続された、振動を生成する手段を有するノズルを特徴とする請求項26〜32のいずれか一つに記載の装置。
- 前記振動を生成するための圧電式の手段を特徴とする請求項33に記載の装置。
- 前記ノズルの後ろに接続された少なくとも1つの低圧チャンバを特徴とする請求項33〜34のいずれか一つに記載の装置。
- 前後に並んで配置され、段階的に差を付けた圧力を有する、複数の低圧チャンバを特徴とする請求項35に記載の装置。
- 前記低圧チャンバが、前記ノズルから空間的に間隔をあけて配置されることを特徴とする請求項35〜36のいずれか一つに記載の装置。
- 前記低圧チャンバを前記ノズルからの間隔をあけて配置する手段としての3重点チャンバを特徴とする請求項37に記載の装置。
- 前記低圧チャンバ内への入口がさらなるノズルとして形成されており、前記ノズルの内径が前記真空に向かって減少し続けることを特徴とする請求項35〜38のいずれか一つに記載の装置。
- 前記さらなるノズルの入口側の内径が、低圧側のせいぜい10倍の大きさであることを特徴とする請求項39に記載の装置。
- 冷却されたガスを相互作用ゾーン内に放出できるように配置されている請求項26〜40のいずれか一つに記載の装置を特徴とする、前記相互作用ゾーンに向けられた放射源を有するプラズマ源。
- 放射源としてのレーザを特徴とする請求項41に記載のプラズマ源。
- 前記放射源からの放射と相互作用しないガスを受け止めるための冷却トラップを特徴とする請求項41〜42のいずれか一つに記載のプラズマ源。
- 請求項41〜43のいずれか一つに記載のプラズマ源を特徴とする、半導体をフォトリソグラフィによって構造化するための装置。
- 請求項41〜43のいずれか一つに記載のプラズマ源を特徴とする粒子加速器。
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Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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DE102007017212A DE102007017212A1 (de) | 2007-04-12 | 2007-04-12 | Verfahren und Vorrichtung zur Kühlung eines Gases |
PCT/DE2008/000557 WO2008125078A2 (de) | 2007-04-12 | 2008-04-02 | Verfahren und vorrichtung zur kühlung eines gases |
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JP2010533964A true JP2010533964A (ja) | 2010-10-28 |
JP2010533964A5 JP2010533964A5 (ja) | 2011-05-26 |
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JP2010502411A Withdrawn JP2010533964A (ja) | 2007-04-12 | 2008-04-02 | ガスの冷却のための方法および装置 |
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US (1) | US20100140510A1 (ja) |
EP (1) | EP2132507A2 (ja) |
JP (1) | JP2010533964A (ja) |
CN (1) | CN102066860A (ja) |
DE (2) | DE102007017212A1 (ja) |
WO (1) | WO2008125078A2 (ja) |
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CN103621189A (zh) * | 2011-06-17 | 2014-03-05 | 通用电气公司 | 一种用于放射性同位素生产系统的靶设备 |
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JP5864165B2 (ja) * | 2011-08-31 | 2016-02-17 | ギガフォトン株式会社 | ターゲット供給装置 |
WO2015086258A1 (en) | 2013-12-13 | 2015-06-18 | Asml Netherlands B.V. | Radiation source, metrology apparatus, lithographic system and device manufacturing method |
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US3237416A (en) * | 1962-12-04 | 1966-03-01 | Petrocarbon Dev Ltd | Liquefaction of gases |
US5249424A (en) * | 1992-06-05 | 1993-10-05 | Astronautics Corporation Of America | Active magnetic regenerator method and apparatus |
JPH0882413A (ja) * | 1994-09-13 | 1996-03-26 | Toshiba Corp | 凝縮装置 |
JP2004134363A (ja) * | 2002-10-11 | 2004-04-30 | Northrop Grumman Corp | 極紫外(euv)線を発生するeuv線源 |
JP2005274127A (ja) * | 2004-03-24 | 2005-10-06 | Air Products & Chemicals Inc | 水素を液化する方法及び装置 |
Family Cites Families (5)
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CH527398A (fr) * | 1966-04-01 | 1972-08-31 | Nautchno Izsledovatelski Sekto | Procédé de liquéfaction de néon, installation pour sa mise en oeuvre et application du procédé |
US4765813A (en) * | 1987-01-07 | 1988-08-23 | Air Products And Chemicals, Inc. | Hydrogen liquefaction using a dense fluid expander and neon as a precoolant refrigerant |
US5105305A (en) * | 1991-01-10 | 1992-04-14 | At&T Bell Laboratories | Near-field scanning optical microscope using a fluorescent probe |
US5512106A (en) * | 1993-01-27 | 1996-04-30 | Sumitomo Heavy Industries, Ltd. | Surface cleaning with argon |
JP5100990B2 (ja) * | 2004-10-07 | 2012-12-19 | ギガフォトン株式会社 | 極端紫外光源装置用ドライバーレーザ及びlpp型極端紫外光源装置 |
-
2007
- 2007-04-12 DE DE102007017212A patent/DE102007017212A1/de not_active Withdrawn
-
2008
- 2008-04-02 EP EP08734447A patent/EP2132507A2/de not_active Withdrawn
- 2008-04-02 WO PCT/DE2008/000557 patent/WO2008125078A2/de active Application Filing
- 2008-04-02 US US12/450,219 patent/US20100140510A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2008-04-02 CN CN2008800111030A patent/CN102066860A/zh active Pending
- 2008-04-02 JP JP2010502411A patent/JP2010533964A/ja not_active Withdrawn
- 2008-04-02 DE DE112008000917T patent/DE112008000917A5/de not_active Withdrawn
Patent Citations (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US3237416A (en) * | 1962-12-04 | 1966-03-01 | Petrocarbon Dev Ltd | Liquefaction of gases |
US5249424A (en) * | 1992-06-05 | 1993-10-05 | Astronautics Corporation Of America | Active magnetic regenerator method and apparatus |
JPH0882413A (ja) * | 1994-09-13 | 1996-03-26 | Toshiba Corp | 凝縮装置 |
JP2004134363A (ja) * | 2002-10-11 | 2004-04-30 | Northrop Grumman Corp | 極紫外(euv)線を発生するeuv線源 |
JP2005274127A (ja) * | 2004-03-24 | 2005-10-06 | Air Products & Chemicals Inc | 水素を液化する方法及び装置 |
Cited By (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
CN103621189A (zh) * | 2011-06-17 | 2014-03-05 | 通用电气公司 | 一种用于放射性同位素生产系统的靶设备 |
US9269466B2 (en) | 2011-06-17 | 2016-02-23 | General Electric Company | Target apparatus and isotope production systems and methods using the same |
US9336915B2 (en) | 2011-06-17 | 2016-05-10 | General Electric Company | Target apparatus and isotope production systems and methods using the same |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
WO2008125078A2 (de) | 2008-10-23 |
EP2132507A2 (de) | 2009-12-16 |
US20100140510A1 (en) | 2010-06-10 |
WO2008125078A3 (de) | 2012-01-26 |
CN102066860A (zh) | 2011-05-18 |
DE102007017212A1 (de) | 2008-10-16 |
DE112008000917A5 (de) | 2010-01-07 |
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