EP2027910A1 - Auswechselbare Filterpatrone - Google Patents

Auswechselbare Filterpatrone Download PDF

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Publication number
EP2027910A1
EP2027910A1 EP08019480A EP08019480A EP2027910A1 EP 2027910 A1 EP2027910 A1 EP 2027910A1 EP 08019480 A EP08019480 A EP 08019480A EP 08019480 A EP08019480 A EP 08019480A EP 2027910 A1 EP2027910 A1 EP 2027910A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
filter
cartridge
retaining
filter cartridge
ring
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Granted
Application number
EP08019480A
Other languages
English (en)
French (fr)
Other versions
EP2027910B1 (de
Inventor
Gerhard Strohm
Georg Schnieder
Wilfried Kaul
Reinhold Rohr
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Pall Corp
Original Assignee
Pall Corp
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Pall Corp filed Critical Pall Corp
Publication of EP2027910A1 publication Critical patent/EP2027910A1/de
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP2027910B1 publication Critical patent/EP2027910B1/de
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D63/00—Apparatus in general for separation processes using semi-permeable membranes
    • B01D63/02—Hollow fibre modules
    • B01D63/021—Manufacturing thereof
    • B01D63/0233—Manufacturing thereof forming the bundle
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D63/00—Apparatus in general for separation processes using semi-permeable membranes
    • B01D63/02—Hollow fibre modules
    • B01D63/021—Manufacturing thereof
    • B01D63/022—Encapsulating hollow fibres
    • B01D63/0221—Encapsulating hollow fibres using a mould
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D63/00—Apparatus in general for separation processes using semi-permeable membranes
    • B01D63/08—Flat membrane modules
    • B01D63/081—Manufacturing thereof
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D63/00—Apparatus in general for separation processes using semi-permeable membranes
    • B01D63/08—Flat membrane modules
    • B01D63/089—Modules where the membrane is in the form of a bag, membrane cushion or pad
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D63/00—Apparatus in general for separation processes using semi-permeable membranes
    • B01D63/10—Spiral-wound membrane modules
    • B01D63/101—Spiral winding
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D65/00—Accessories or auxiliary operations, in general, for separation processes or apparatus using semi-permeable membranes
    • B01D65/02—Membrane cleaning or sterilisation ; Membrane regeneration
    • B01D65/022—Membrane sterilisation
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D2313/00—Details relating to membrane modules or apparatus
    • B01D2313/02—Specific tightening or locking mechanisms
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D2313/00—Details relating to membrane modules or apparatus
    • B01D2313/04—Specific sealing means
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D2313/00—Details relating to membrane modules or apparatus
    • B01D2313/06—External membrane module supporting or fixing means
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D2313/00—Details relating to membrane modules or apparatus
    • B01D2313/44—Cartridge types

Definitions

  • the at least one non-filtrate inlet is often provided on the filter head, whereas the at least one filtrate outlet is arranged on the filter cartridge housing.
  • the non-filtrate inlet and the filtrate outlet may be interchanged so that the filtrate outlet may be interchanged so that the filtrate outlet is disposed on the filter head and the non-filtrate inlet on the filter cartridge housing.
  • the assignment of the connections as filtrate inlet or non-filtrate outlet depends on the mode of operation of the filtering device.
  • the filter element may comprise a plurality of tubular, capillary, or hollow fiber membranes. Furthermore the filter element may comprise flat tubular filter media disposed parallel to the longitudinal axis of the cartridge, such as filter membranes or woven or non-woven filter fabrics or filter membranes wound spirally around the longitudinal axis of the filter cartridge. In the case of a flat tubular filter element or a flat tubular spirally wound filter element, the membrane walls of the filter element are separated from each other by a spacer forming a non-filtrate chamber or a filtrate chamber, depending on the direction of flow through the filtering device. The filter elements are embedded with their end portions in a casting material in such a manner that their end portion is open to the non-filtrate chamber or filtrate chamber, respectively.
  • DE 39 16 511 A1 discloses a filtering device in which the bundle of capillary or hollow fiber membranes is embedded at both ends in end pieces made of a casting material or sealing compound, which are in turn fixed to an inner collar or a retaining ring of the filter housing. The pressures occurring during filtration and acting on the bundle are absorbed by this inner collar. The end pieces project beyond the filter cartridge housing and sealing is effected within the filter head by means of O-rings.
  • the filter head possesses a non-filtrate inlet and a filtrate outlet, which makes it necessary for the inner collar, which is connected to the the filter cartridge housing via fins, to be surrounded by the filtrate, which flows back into the filter head. This leads to contamination, which must be avoided.
  • This device consists substantially of a tubular housing, of which both ends are closed by caps. In the housing itself there is formed an interior chamber, in which a membranous element is removably installed.
  • This membranous element which corresponds to the slide-in cartridge, consists substantially of a plurality of hollow fiber membranes, which surround a grating tube, which is provided with openings over its entire surface and length. Both ends of the filter cartridge have a closing member, which consists of a sealing compound, in which the hollow fiber membranes are embedded.
  • a second embodiment of a slide-in cartridge provides for the end pieces of casting material or sealing compound to be bounded into a ring, which transmits the forces occurring during filtration directly to the housing via another divided ring.
  • the slide-in cartridge has no middle portion and is thus cheap compared with the previously described embodiment.
  • an adhesive joint involving associated drawbacks is present.
  • a third embodiment substantially corresponding to the first variant having an independent cartridge housing, no adhesive joint is provided, but instead the elements are jammed by means of an axial sealing ring between the slide-in cartridge and the closing cap of the filter housing.
  • the elaborate design of the slide-in cartridge is a drawback, for the independent housing for the slide-in cartridge must absorb all forces. Between the sealing compound and the terminating element of the housing there is formed a slit which is open toward the filtrate side and can thus form a source of contamination.
  • the object of the invention is to provide a filtering device in which the filter cartridge is held in the housing in a simple manner without strains or leaks occurring by reason of temperature fluctuations.
  • the flat tubular membranes comprise a spacer sheet which holds the membrane walls apart from each other.
  • substantially form-determined retaining means are provided which permit restricted mobility of the filter cartridge in at least one direction as caused, for example, by changes in length resulting from thermal influences.
  • the retaining device secures the cartridge and exerts its retaining function only when the retaining device bears against the retaining structure due to displacement or to a change in length of the cartridge.
  • Radial play is important when the sealing compound itself undergoes strong material expansion relatively to the housing.
  • Axial mobility of the filter cartridge should be permissible with regard to increases in length of the filter elements.
  • the design of the filter and the materials used for the filtering device dictate whether both radial and axial mobility should be allowed for by the retaining device and the retaining structure.
  • Axial movement may be permitted in both axial directions or in only one axial direction, this depending on the arrangement of the sealing elements.
  • at least one sealing element can be disposed on the peripheral surface of the sealing compound (end piece) on each side of the retaining structure.
  • the sealing elements used may be sealing rings, particularly O-rings. In this embodiment, axial displacement of the filter cartridge does not impair the seal provided by the sealing elements so that axial shifts in both axial directions are permissible.
  • a second sealing element can be disposed in a sealing ring carrier, this bearing against a housing part.
  • a suitable retaining structure and retaining device is, for example, a retaining ring divided in ring segments and an annular groove, respectively.
  • a retaining ring divided in ring segments and an annular groove are, for example, a retaining ring divided in ring segments and an annular groove, respectively.
  • the annular groove exhibits a trapeziform cross-section
  • the divided retaining ring should also exhibit a trapeziform cross-section so that, on the one hand, assembly of the parts is facilitated and, on the other hand, centering of the filter cartridge is possible.
  • Such a divided retaining ring can, for example, be jammed in between the filter head and filter cartridge housing.
  • the replaceable filter cartridge of the invention as defined in claim 16 is characterized in that a retaining structure is integrally formed on the sealing compound end pieces.
  • the present invention further relates to a process for manufacturing a filter cartridge as defined in claim 17.
  • Both end portions of the filter element may be positioned simultaneously to extend into the moulds for forming the respective end pieces of the filter cartridge or only one mould may be used to sequentionally cast the end pieces of the cartridge.
  • the end portions of the filter element are embedded in the casting material (sealing compound).
  • the end portions of the filter element are openly accessible at the end piece faces and the filter element then provides a fluid flow path from one end piece to the other.
  • the filter element need not be positioned very precisely in lengthwise direction with their end portions in the mould cavity which facilitates production of the end pieces.
  • the retaining structure surface quality is not critical since the surface does not have a sealing function.
  • the surface marks resulting from the use of a divided ring in the area of the retaining structure are very well tolerable.
  • Fig. 1 shows a filtering device having a cylindrical filter housing 1 in which a filter cartridge 20 is disposed.
  • the filter cartridge 20 comprises a filter element in the form of a bundle 28 of capillary or hollow fiber membranes, which is embedded at both ends in a sealing compound forming end pieces 21, 21'. Between the two end pieces 21, 21' the bundle 28 is surrounded by a net 25 as protection during transportation, this net 25 also being embedded in the sealing compound of end pieces 21, 21'.
  • the end pieces have on their peripheral surfaces a sealing face 23, 23', against which an O-ring 50, 50' bears which is locked in position in a groove 5, 5' of the filter housing 1.
  • the filter housing 1 possesses annular outflow channels 6, 6' and two filtrate outlets 3, 3'.
  • the filtrate chamber 41 is disposed between the filter cartridge 20 and the housing wall 2.
  • the filter housing 1 comprises a filter cartridge housing 1a the faces of which are formed by annular securing flanges 4, 4', against which filter heads 10, 10' bear with their securing flanges 14, 14', where they are connected to the filter cartridge housing 1a.
  • the securing flange 14, 14' is moulded on to a collar 11, 11', which is connected to the non-filtrate inlet 13, 13' via the head wall 12, 12', which is at right angles to the longitudinal axis of the filtering device.
  • the faces 24, 24' of the filter cartridge 20 are associated with the non-filtrate inlets 13, 13' so that the space in front to the end faces 24, 24' forms in each case the non-filtrate chamber 40, 40'.
  • the filter head 10, 10' possesses an annular recess 15, 15' in which a split retaining ring 27, 27' can be fitted in between the filter head 10, 10' and the filter cartridge housing 1.
  • This retaining ring 27, 27' engages a retaining structure in the form of a groove 22, 22' in the peripheral surface of the end piece 21,21' by which means the filter cartridge 20 is secured.
  • the groove 22, 22' possesses a trapeziform cross-section corresponding to the trapeziform cross-section of the retaining ring 27, 27'.
  • the width and depth of the groove 22, 22' are slightly greater than the width of the trapeziform inside contour of the retaining ring so that an interspace 43 (shown on an enlarged scale) is formed, which allows for radial expansion and axial displacement of the filter cartridge in the direction of the arrows 60 if the dimensions of the filter cartridge 20 should change on account of temperature variations.
  • an interspace 43 is disposed on the side of the retaining ring 27, 27' remote from the end face 24, 24', while on the opposite side the retaining ring 27, 27' bears against the sidewall of the groove 22, 22'. This ensures that the O-ring 51 situated on the end face always sealingly bears against the head wall 12, 12'.
  • the wedge-shaped surfaces of the groove 22, 22' and of the retaining ring 27, 27' allow for simple assembly and alignment of the filter cartridge 20.
  • the retaining ring 27, 27' is thus encased and is disposed in an annular securing chamber 42, 42' which is sealed off from both the filtrate chamber 41 and the non-filtrate chamber 40, 40'. This prevents the retaining ring 27, 27' from contaminating the filtrate.
  • groove 22, 22' and retaining ring 27, 27' is such that the O-ring 51, 51' is kept under pressure and thus sealingly bears against the head wall. Even in the case of axial displacement of the filter cartridge the seal holds and the O-ring 51, 51' is at most additionally compressed.
  • Fig. 2 illustrates another embodiment, which differs from the embodiment shown in Fig. 1 in that both O-rings 50 and 51 bear against the peripheral surface 23 of the sealing compound of end piece 21.
  • the retaining ring 27 is encased and sealed off and contacts neither the non-filtrate nor the filtrate.
  • the width of the groove 22 and the arrangement of the retaining ring 27 can be such that on both sides of the retaining ring 27 an interspace 43a, b, is formed which allows for displacement of the filter cartridge in both directions, as indicated by the arrows 61.
  • Fig. 3 is a partial side view of the filter cartridges shown in Figures 1 and 2 .
  • the groove 22 can show a bulged portion 120, which extends in the axial direction and acts as an anti-twist stop.
  • the axial displaceability of the filter cartridge 20 is not hindered by this means. It merely prevents twisting or turning of the filter cartridge during operation.
  • Fig. 4 illustrates another embodiment, in which the retaining structure consists of blind holes 122 distributed around the periphery of the sealing compound 21. These blind holes 122 are engaged by pins or bolts, which can be removeably secured between the end pieces 21, 21' and the filter housing 1 like the retaining ring 27.
  • the diameter of the blind bores 122 can be greater than the diameter of the pins engaging said blind bores 122.
  • Fig. 5 illustrates another embodiment, in which the retaining structure is in the form of a male thread 222.
  • the filter cartridge housing or the filter head has a corresponding female thread so that the filter cartridge can be screwed in.
  • Fig. 6 illustrates another embodiment, which exhibits bayonet-like structures 322 as retaining structures.
  • corresponding structures are provided in the filter cartridge housing or in the filter head or filter heads, which structures engage the bayonet-like structure.
  • Figure 7 is a longitudinal cross-section through a mould 90 for the production of the end piece 21.
  • the mould 90 comprises a unitary cap 91, a divided retainer ring 92, and a cylindrical insert 93.
  • the axially symmetrical inner wall portion adjacent the closed end of the cap 91 and the axially symmetrical cylindrical insert 93 form the surfaces of the end piece 21 serving as sealing surfaces for the seals. Mold release is carried out in the axial direction, while the divided retainer ring 92 is removed radially from the moulded end piece.
  • FIG. 7 shows a divided ring, from the retaining structure of the end piece as shown in Fig. 1 and 2 , it is easily conceivable that other types of structures of the divided ring that radically projects inwards from the cylindrical wall portion of cap 91 will give rise to retaining structures as shown in Fig. 3 to 6 .
  • Figure 8 illustrates another embodiment, which exhibits a modified head 30' having, on its external surface, a male thread 55 which cooperates with a female thread 56 in the cartridge housing 2.
  • the securing flange 4 possesses two steps 400, 401 and an annular wall 403 provided with the female thread 56. In the step there is disposed an inwardly extending annular slanted groove 402.
  • the retaining ring 27 is extended radially outwardly in the form of a fin 270, at the outer end of which slanted fins 271 are disposed, these being distributed around the entire periphery of said ring.
  • the retaining ring 27 moves toward the slanted groove 402 such that the fins 271 engage the slanted groove 402. This leads to arrestment of the retaining ring 27.
  • the divided retaining ring 27 is drawn back. Due to the fins 271 cooperating with the groove 402, axial motion of the head 30' is transformed to radial motion of the parts of the retainer ring 27.
  • FIG. 8 shows the arrangement when head 30' is partially screwed off.
  • the lower half shows the locked filter cartridge with head 30' screwed on.
  • a screw construction there may be provided a flange-like connection comprising stay bolts and nuts.
  • Figure 9 illustrates another embodiment, which exhibits a head 30", which, together with an annular groove 53, makes it possible for all of the O-rings 50, 51, and 52 to be disposed in the axial direction and to be compressed in the axial direction.
  • the end piece 21 possesses a radial projection 21a at its end remote from face 24.
  • This projection 21a extends right up to the securing flange 4 of the housing and forms a bearing surface for the sealing ring 50.
  • the sealing ring 50 is disposed in a sealing ring carrier 53, whose two grooves are annular, the inner groove being opposite to projection 21a and the outer groove being opposite to flange 4.
  • This sealing ring carrier 53 is installed between the projection 21a or the flange 4 and the filter head 30" or the retaining ring 27, respectively.
  • the head 30" possesses a male thread and the filter housing has a wall 403 having a female thread so that the head 30" can be screwed into position.
  • This embodiment possesses advantages for setting-up, since the cartridge need not be pushed out under high expenditure of energy. The energy requirements are in this respect less than in the case of the embodiment shown in Figure 2 .
  • Figure 10 illustrates another embodiment, which exhibits a modified sealing ring carrier 53 and retaining ring 27.
  • the sealing ring carrier 53 carries, on its inner surface, the sealing ring 50 and, on its external surface, the sealing ring 52, and closes the annular filtrate channel 6.
  • the retaining ring 27 possesses an inclined surface 27a so that when the filter head is screwed on, the retaining ring 27 is pressed against the sealing ring carrier 53 and is compressed against the housing. During assembly, the slide-in cartridge is simultaneously pushed into its optimum position.
  • Fig. 11 shows a front view of the front face of an end piece 140 of a filter cartridge which includes a plurality of flat tubular membranes 142 arranged in parallel to one another which form the filter element 141.
  • the width of the flat tubular membranes 142 varies so as to make maximum use of the width of the end piece, maximizing the membrane surface area of the filter element.
  • a spacer 143 in sheet form is inserted in each of the membranes 142. The spacer 143 prevents the tubular membrane 142 from collapsing which would make the individual memrane 142 inoperative but does not hinder fluid flow in the lengthwise direction of the tubular membrane 142.
  • the tubular membranes 142 are sealingly embedded in a casting material 144 made of a sealing compound which forms the end piece 140 and are kept at a predefined distance from each other.
  • Fig. 12 again shows a front view of the front face of an end piece 160 of a filter cartridge which comprises a flat tubular membrane 162 which forms a filter element 164.
  • the flat tubular membrane 162 is spirally wound around a longitudinal axis while the windings of the tubular membrane 162 are kept at a certain distance from one another.
  • the coextensive walls 166, 167 of the flat tubular membrane 162 are kept apart from each other by a spacer sheet 168.
  • the end portion of filter element 164 is embedded in a casting material 170 fixing the windings of the flat tubular membrane 162 at a predefined distance.
  • the tubular membranes or their windings may be kept apart from each other by spacer elements which are also embedded in the casting material (not shown in Fig. 11 and 12 ) and which have no more function once the end portion of the filter element 141 and 164 is fixedly held by the casting material 144 and 170, respectively.
  • sealing surfaces and the retaining structure can be selected independently of the type of filter element used and therefore any of the embodiments of Fig. 1 to 6 and 8 to 10 may be used in connection with the specific filter elements used in Fig. 11 and 12 .

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
  • Separation Using Semi-Permeable Membranes (AREA)
  • Liquid Developers In Electrophotography (AREA)
  • Filtration Of Liquid (AREA)
  • Centrifugal Separators (AREA)
  • Separation By Low-Temperature Treatments (AREA)
  • Harvester Elements (AREA)
  • Lubrication Details And Ventilation Of Internal Combustion Engines (AREA)
  • Filtering Of Dispersed Particles In Gases (AREA)
  • Electrical Discharge Machining, Electrochemical Machining, And Combined Machining (AREA)
  • Liquid Crystal Substances (AREA)
  • Surgical Instruments (AREA)
EP08019480A 2003-08-25 2004-07-15 Auswechselbare Filterpatrone Expired - Lifetime EP2027910B1 (de)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE10340145 2003-08-25
EP04763231A EP1656196B1 (de) 2003-08-25 2004-07-15 Filtervorrichtung

Related Parent Applications (2)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP04763231A Division EP1656196B1 (de) 2003-08-25 2004-07-15 Filtervorrichtung
EP04763231.0 Division 2004-07-15

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP2027910A1 true EP2027910A1 (de) 2009-02-25
EP2027910B1 EP2027910B1 (de) 2010-12-22

Family

ID=34202284

Family Applications (2)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP04763231A Expired - Lifetime EP1656196B1 (de) 2003-08-25 2004-07-15 Filtervorrichtung
EP08019480A Expired - Lifetime EP2027910B1 (de) 2003-08-25 2004-07-15 Auswechselbare Filterpatrone

Family Applications Before (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP04763231A Expired - Lifetime EP1656196B1 (de) 2003-08-25 2004-07-15 Filtervorrichtung

Country Status (12)

Country Link
US (1) US20060113235A1 (de)
EP (2) EP1656196B1 (de)
JP (2) JP4791962B2 (de)
KR (1) KR20060080582A (de)
CN (1) CN100435914C (de)
AT (1) ATE443564T1 (de)
AU (1) AU2004266445B2 (de)
BR (1) BRPI0414034B1 (de)
CA (1) CA2532143A1 (de)
DE (2) DE602004030731D1 (de)
DK (2) DK1656196T3 (de)
WO (1) WO2005018783A1 (de)

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JP6907612B2 (ja) * 2017-03-10 2021-07-21 三菱ケミカル株式会社 分離膜モジュール及び膜分離システム
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CN112752601B (zh) * 2018-08-16 2023-11-07 Emd密理博公司 封闭生物加工装置
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JP2009136875A (ja) 2009-06-25
DE602004023304D1 (de) 2009-11-05
JP4808261B2 (ja) 2011-11-02
DE602004030731D1 (de) 2011-02-03
JP2007503298A (ja) 2007-02-22
CN100435914C (zh) 2008-11-26
EP1656196B1 (de) 2009-09-23
BRPI0414034B1 (pt) 2014-04-15
CA2532143A1 (en) 2005-03-03
AU2004266445B2 (en) 2010-04-22
US20060113235A1 (en) 2006-06-01
AU2004266445A1 (en) 2005-03-03
EP1656196A1 (de) 2006-05-17
BRPI0414034A (pt) 2006-10-24
DK1656196T3 (da) 2010-01-04
DK2027910T3 (da) 2011-04-11
JP4791962B2 (ja) 2011-10-12
EP2027910B1 (de) 2010-12-22
KR20060080582A (ko) 2006-07-10
ATE443564T1 (de) 2009-10-15
CN1835788A (zh) 2006-09-20

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