EP1930497A2 - Synthetic fibre rope - Google Patents

Synthetic fibre rope Download PDF

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Publication number
EP1930497A2
EP1930497A2 EP07120990A EP07120990A EP1930497A2 EP 1930497 A2 EP1930497 A2 EP 1930497A2 EP 07120990 A EP07120990 A EP 07120990A EP 07120990 A EP07120990 A EP 07120990A EP 1930497 A2 EP1930497 A2 EP 1930497A2
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
indicator
fibers
strand
strands
yarn
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Granted
Application number
EP07120990A
Other languages
German (de)
French (fr)
Other versions
EP1930497B1 (en
EP1930497A3 (en
Inventor
Claudio De Angelis
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Inventio AG
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Inventio AG
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Publication date
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Priority to EP07120990A priority Critical patent/EP1930497B1/en
Publication of EP1930497A2 publication Critical patent/EP1930497A2/en
Publication of EP1930497A3 publication Critical patent/EP1930497A3/en
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP1930497B1 publication Critical patent/EP1930497B1/en
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Classifications

    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D07—ROPES; CABLES OTHER THAN ELECTRIC
    • D07B—ROPES OR CABLES IN GENERAL
    • D07B1/00—Constructional features of ropes or cables
    • D07B1/02—Ropes built-up from fibrous or filamentary material, e.g. of vegetable origin, of animal origin, regenerated cellulose, plastics
    • D07B1/025—Ropes built-up from fibrous or filamentary material, e.g. of vegetable origin, of animal origin, regenerated cellulose, plastics comprising high modulus, or high tenacity, polymer filaments or fibres, e.g. liquid-crystal polymers
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D07—ROPES; CABLES OTHER THAN ELECTRIC
    • D07B—ROPES OR CABLES IN GENERAL
    • D07B1/00—Constructional features of ropes or cables
    • D07B1/14—Ropes or cables with incorporated auxiliary elements, e.g. for marking, extending throughout the length of the rope or cable
    • D07B1/145—Ropes or cables with incorporated auxiliary elements, e.g. for marking, extending throughout the length of the rope or cable comprising elements for indicating or detecting the rope or cable status
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B66—HOISTING; LIFTING; HAULING
    • B66B—ELEVATORS; ESCALATORS OR MOVING WALKWAYS
    • B66B7/00—Other common features of elevators
    • B66B7/06—Arrangements of ropes or cables
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B66—HOISTING; LIFTING; HAULING
    • B66B—ELEVATORS; ESCALATORS OR MOVING WALKWAYS
    • B66B7/00—Other common features of elevators
    • B66B7/12—Checking, lubricating, or cleaning means for ropes, cables or guides
    • B66B7/1207—Checking means
    • B66B7/1215—Checking means specially adapted for ropes or cables
    • B66B7/1223—Checking means specially adapted for ropes or cables by analysing electric variables
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D07—ROPES; CABLES OTHER THAN ELECTRIC
    • D07B—ROPES OR CABLES IN GENERAL
    • D07B1/00—Constructional features of ropes or cables
    • D07B1/24—Ropes or cables with a prematurely failing element
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D07—ROPES; CABLES OTHER THAN ELECTRIC
    • D07B—ROPES OR CABLES IN GENERAL
    • D07B2201/00—Ropes or cables
    • D07B2201/20—Rope or cable components
    • D07B2201/2015—Strands
    • D07B2201/2041—Strands characterised by the materials used
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D07—ROPES; CABLES OTHER THAN ELECTRIC
    • D07B—ROPES OR CABLES IN GENERAL
    • D07B2205/00—Rope or cable materials
    • D07B2205/20—Organic high polymers
    • D07B2205/2046—Polyamides, e.g. nylons
    • D07B2205/205—Aramides
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D07—ROPES; CABLES OTHER THAN ELECTRIC
    • D07B—ROPES OR CABLES IN GENERAL
    • D07B2205/00—Rope or cable materials
    • D07B2205/30—Inorganic materials
    • D07B2205/3003—Glass
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D07—ROPES; CABLES OTHER THAN ELECTRIC
    • D07B—ROPES OR CABLES IN GENERAL
    • D07B2501/00—Application field
    • D07B2501/20—Application field related to ropes or cables
    • D07B2501/2007—Elevators

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a synthetic fiber rope consisting of strands arranged in at least one strand layer, wherein a strand of stranded yarns and a yarn consists of synthetic fibers, wherein at least one strand of at least one strand layer indicator fibers or at least one indicator yarn for monitoring the life of the rope has according to the definition of the independent claims.
  • EP 1 371 597 A1 is known as a suspension for lifts used, sheathed rope known.
  • the rope has inner layers of strands and outer layers of strands, wherein a strand layer consists of several stranded strands and the stranding direction of the inner strand layers is opposite to the stranding direction of the outer strand layer.
  • the tensile strength of the inner strand layers is higher than the tensile strength of the outer strand layer.
  • Each strand is constructed of stranded and impregnated aramid fibers.
  • the service life of the outer strand layer is smaller than the service life of the inner strand layers.
  • each two adjacent strands are provided with electrically conductive wires that rub against each other and thus detect the expiration of the rope life or the end of the Seillebensdauer in a timely manner.
  • the cable has inner layers of strands and outer layers of strands, wherein a strand layer consists of several stranded strands and the stranding direction of the inner strand layers is in the same direction as the stranding direction of the outer strand layer.
  • Each strand is constructed of stranded and impregnated aramid fibers.
  • each a strand of a strand layer is provided with electrically conductive carbon fibers.
  • the carbon fibers either tear or break rather than the load-bearing aramid fibers of the strand either due to excessive strains or too large a number of bending changes.
  • the number of cracked carbon fibers can be determined.
  • only a certain percentage of the carbon fibers may fail. Then the elevator is automatically driven to a predetermined stop and turned off.
  • the invention aims to remedy this situation.
  • the invention as characterized in claim 1, solves the problem of providing a synthetic fiber rope with increased sensitivity for monitoring the life of the rope.
  • the monitoring of rope life is a fundamental problem of all synthetic fiber ropes, especially those that are surrounded by a jacket.
  • the Carbon fibers are selected according to the load requirements in the rope and arranged.
  • a disadvantage of this method may be that the parameters to be conditioned can not be optimally matched to each other and the suspension means must be replaced too early to be far enough from the critical state.
  • synthetic fiber ropes serving as suspension means can be used up to 60% or 80% of the residual breaking force, based on the normal breaking force. The more precisely this point can be reached, the more economically can suspension elements be used.
  • synthetic fiber cables serving as lifting means for elevators are permanently electrically monitored by means of yarns of carbon fibers integrated in the cable strands.
  • the advantage here is that the synthetic fiber ropes over its entire length including non-visible areas, such as the areas in the cable locks, are monitored.
  • the synthetic fiber ropes detect the abrasive wear within the rope and reliably detect damage caused by external forces and give the elevator user a maximum level of security through the permanent connection to the elevator control, which can respond quickly and uncompromisingly when needed.
  • An indicator fiber may be any material that is conductive in any form, such as fiber-optic fibers or metallic coated engineering fibers, carbon fibers, etc. that are electrically conductive, with the fibers rubbing sooner on direct wear contact the carrying fibers.
  • the conductive indicator fibers are contacted at the end of the rope and connected to devices. At one end of the rope the indicator fibers are connected to a signal transmitter and at the other end of the rope, the indicator fibers are connected to a signal receiver. The transmission signal is measured by means of the signal receiver and evaluated on the basis of the measured or the missing signal, the state of the indicator fibers.
  • EP 0 731 209 A1 shows an example of an indicator fiber monitoring by means of electrical signals.
  • a synthetic fiber rope consists of several stranded strands arranged in different layers, wherein each strand consists of stranded yarns, wherein a yarn consists of, for example, 1000 synthetic fibers.
  • a raw yarn consists either of unidirectional synthetic fibers or, for better processability, already has a protective rotation of, for example, 15 revolutions per meter from the factory.
  • fiber is used as a length-independent generic term for all textile fibers.
  • ā€œFilamentā€ is the name for textile fibers of very large or practically endless length in the manufacture of man-made fibers.
  • the stranding direction of the yarns in the strands is provided so that the single fiber is advantageously aligned in the pulling direction of the cable or in the cable longitudinal axis.
  • the synthetic fiber rope may be composed of chemical fibers such as aramid fibers or related fibers, polyethylene fibers, polyester fibers and glass fibers, etc.
  • the synthetic fiber rope may consist of one or two or three or more than three strand layers. At least one strand of at least one strand layer has indicator fibers or at least one indicator yarn for monitoring the life of the rope.
  • the plastic surrounding the strand provided with at least one indicator fiber or an indicator yarn, also called a matrix has a lower abrasion resistance than the matrix of the remaining strands.
  • the matrix material or the resin of the strands surrounding the strands with indicator fibers or indicator yarns consists of a softer plastic (for example Shore hardness range A) than the matrix materials (for example Shore hardness range D) of the adjacent or remaining strands, as a result of which this strand is opposite a stranded wire without indicator fibers or indicator yarn a lower resistance to Abrasion has.
  • the matrix material may be interspersed with a plasticizer.
  • known plasticizers can be used.
  • the strand with indicator fibers or indicator yarn acts as a predetermined breaking point.
  • the stranded wire with indicator fibers or indicator yarn is referred to below as the indicator strand.
  • the wear increase can be controlled.
  • Phthalates and adipates are typical softeners that soften the strand whose transverse stiffness is lower and the resistance to abrasion is reduced.
  • the matrix can be made "softer" than the neighboring strands, with increasing amount of plasticizer, the abrasion behavior deteriorates depending on the degree of softness.
  • the matrix material of the adjacent strand or other strands (strand without indicator fibers or indicator yarn) which is identical to the matrix material of the indicator strand can be mixed with an additive which reduces the friction with respect to the indicator strand.
  • additives for example, waxes or small amounts of Teflon can be added. (1 to 3% wax or 5 to 15% Teflon powder, based on the solids content of the matrix without fiber content).
  • this can be done with the matrix material of the neighboring strand identical matrix material of the indicator strand during manufacture are treated so that the plastic matrix degraded until the hardness and the wear resistance decreases.
  • This is achieved by a temperature treatment of the indicator strand at a temperature greater than 230 Ā° and a treatment time of more than 20 s. Due to the temperature, the long molecular chains required for the material properties separate so much that the molecules no longer completely recombine on cooling.
  • the stranded matrix can be fed with water molecules that prevent complete recombination of the molecular chains. Alternatively, other molecules are conceivable that impair or prevent recombination. There is an initial degradation of the matrix, which leads to a significantly lower abrasion resistance and thus provokes a failure of the indicator fibers or the indicator yarn. The abrasion protection is deliberately deteriorated.
  • the indicator fibers or the indicator yarn is located in the vicinity of the Litzenober Assembly and makes the helical structure of the synthetic fibers or artificial fiber yarns with. Because of the softer stranded matrix, the indicator fibers or the indicator yarn are rubbed through. Thus, the permanent monitoring of the load-bearing strand is interrupted and detected as wear before the other supporting strands were affected. This ensures that the indicator strands have different performance not only because of the different elongation at break, but also because of the different hardness of the matrix, a reliable failure probability is generated. (The elongation at break is stretching until a fiber, yarn or strand breaks).
  • the indicator strands in a multilayer synthetic fiber rope in such a way that the load bearing is higher in relation to the adjacent strands.
  • the two inner concentric Litzenlagen a higher load share, because although the lay length compared to the outermost layer is constant, the impact angle to the center of the synthetic fiber rope is getting smaller.
  • the strands are significantly steeper in the rope network, whereby the strands are shorter or longer depending on the situation. Due to the geometric limitation, the innermost strands are the shortest and therefore have the higher percentage of support. It is therefore advisable to arrange further indicator fibers or indicator yarns in individual strands of the two inner strand layers.
  • the middle strand layer is to be preferred because this layer is subjected to increased stress due to the different winding radii and thus different bending speeds.
  • a synthetic fiber with very good dynamic bending strength can be used for the strand construction of the strand without indicator fibers.
  • the indicator fibers for example, carbon fibers
  • the indicator fibers may be combined with synthetic fibers whose dynamic bending repellency is inferior to that of the other synthetic fibers of the indicator strand or that of the synthetic fibers of the strand without indicator fibers.
  • the superior synthetic fibers exist for the use of current co-polymer based suspending agents, for example copoly-terephthalamide, among these Conditions of working inferior fibers may be poly-p-phenylene terephthalamide.
  • the dynamic bending capacity is the bending capacity under changing loads).
  • the indicator fibers for example carbon fibers
  • the indicator fibers can be combined with synthetic fibers which have a higher modulus of elasticity compared to the other synthetic fibers of the indicator strand or to the synthetic fibers of the strand without indicator yarn.
  • synthetic fibers which are combined with the indicator yarns in the indicator strands for example, Twaron fibers having an E-modulus of 100,000 to 120,000 N / mm 2 can be used.
  • the remaining fibers of the non-indicator strands may for example consist of techno fibers with 76'000 N / mm 2 .
  • the above measures to monitor the life of the rope can also be combined.
  • the resistance to abrasion by changing the stranded matrix can be provided and at the same time the indicator yarn consist of indicator fibers and synthetic fibers which are inferior in stress to the other synthetic fibers.

Landscapes

  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Crystallography & Structural Chemistry (AREA)
  • Ropes Or Cables (AREA)
  • Insulated Conductors (AREA)
  • Maintenance And Inspection Apparatuses For Elevators (AREA)
  • Lift-Guide Devices, And Elevator Ropes And Cables (AREA)

Abstract

Artificial fiber cable comprises a friction-resistant cord with indicator fibers and indicator yarn lying opposite the remaining cord. Preferred Features: The matrix of the cable has a lower friction resistance than the remaining cable. A plasticizer runs through the matrix of the cable. The matrix of the remaining cable is displaced with an additive which reduces the friction compared with the cable with the indicator fibers and/or indicator yarn.

Description

Die Erfindung betrifft ein Kunstfaserseil bestehend aus in mindestens einer Litzenlage angeordneten Litzen, wobei eine Litze aus verseilten Garnen und ein Garn aus Kunstfasern besteht, wobei mindestens eine Litze mindestens einer Litzenlage Indikatorfasern bzw. mindestens ein Indikatorgarn zur Ɯberwachung der Seillebensdauer aufweist gemƤss der Definition der unabhƤngigen PatentansprĆ¼che.The invention relates to a synthetic fiber rope consisting of strands arranged in at least one strand layer, wherein a strand of stranded yarns and a yarn consists of synthetic fibers, wherein at least one strand of at least one strand layer indicator fibers or at least one indicator yarn for monitoring the life of the rope has according to the definition of the independent claims.

Aus der Anmeldeschrift EP 1 371 597 A1 ist ein als Tragmittel fĆ¼r AufzĆ¼ge verwendetes, ummanteltes Seil bekannt geworden. Das Seil weist innere Litzenlagen und Ƥussere Litzenlagen auf, wobei eine Litzenlage aus mehreren verseilten Litzen besteht und die Verseilrichtung der inneren Litzenlagen entgegengesetzt zur Verseilrichtung der Ƥusseren Litzenlage ist. Die Zugfestigkeit der inneren Litzenlagen ist hƶher als die Zugfestigkeit der Ƥusseren Litzenlage. Jede Litze ist aufgebaut aus verseilten und imprƤgnierten Aramidkunstfasern. Die Standzeit der Ƥusseren Litzenlage ist kleiner als die Standzeit der inneren Litzenlagen. Zur Ɯberwachung des Seils sind einzelne Litzen der Ƥusseren Litzenlage mit elektrisch leitenden DrƤhten versehen, wobei jeweils zwei benachbarte Litzen mit elektrisch leitenden DrƤhten versehen sind, die sich gegenseitig abreiben und somit den Ablauf der Seilstandzeit bzw. das Ende der Seillebensdauer rechtzeitig detektieren.From the registration EP 1 371 597 A1 is known as a suspension for lifts used, sheathed rope known. The rope has inner layers of strands and outer layers of strands, wherein a strand layer consists of several stranded strands and the stranding direction of the inner strand layers is opposite to the stranding direction of the outer strand layer. The tensile strength of the inner strand layers is higher than the tensile strength of the outer strand layer. Each strand is constructed of stranded and impregnated aramid fibers. The service life of the outer strand layer is smaller than the service life of the inner strand layers. To monitor the rope individual strands of the outer strand layer are provided with electrically conductive wires, each two adjacent strands are provided with electrically conductive wires that rub against each other and thus detect the expiration of the rope life or the end of the Seillebensdauer in a timely manner.

Aus der Anmeldeschrift EP 0 731 209 A1 ist ein als Tragmittel fĆ¼r AufzĆ¼ge verwendetes, ummanteltes Seil bekannt geworden. Das Seil weist innere Litzenlagen und Ƥussere Litzenlagen auf, wobei eine Litzenlage aus mehreren verseilten Litzen besteht und die Verseilrichtung der inneren Litzenlagen gleichsinnig zur Verseilrichtung der Ƥusseren Litzenlage ist. Jede Litze ist aufgebaut aus verseilten und imprƤgnierten Aramidkunstfasern. Zur Ɯberwachung der Seillebensdauer bzw. der Ablegereife des Kunstfaserseils ist jeweils eine Litze einer Litzenlage mit elektrisch leitenden Kohlenfasern versehen. Im laufenden Betrieb werden in jedem Fall die Kohlenfasern entweder aufgrund zu grosser Dehnungen oder einer zu grossen Anzahl von Biegewechseln eher reissen oder brechen als die tragenden Aramidfasern der Litze. Mit Hilfe einer Spannungsquelle kann die Zahl der gerissenen Kohlenfasern bestimmt werden. Damit eine ResttragfƤhigkeit des Kunstfaserseiles gewƤhrleistet werden kann, darf nur ein bestimmter Prozentsatz der Kohlenfasern versagen. Dann wird der Aufzug selbsttƤtig in einen vorbestimmten Halt gefahren und ausgeschaltet.From the registration EP 0 731 209 A1 is one as Tragmittel for lifts used, sheathed rope has become known. The cable has inner layers of strands and outer layers of strands, wherein a strand layer consists of several stranded strands and the stranding direction of the inner strand layers is in the same direction as the stranding direction of the outer strand layer. Each strand is constructed of stranded and impregnated aramid fibers. To monitor the rope life or the Ablegereife the synthetic fiber rope each a strand of a strand layer is provided with electrically conductive carbon fibers. During operation, in any case, the carbon fibers either tear or break rather than the load-bearing aramid fibers of the strand either due to excessive strains or too large a number of bending changes. With the help of a voltage source, the number of cracked carbon fibers can be determined. In order to ensure a residual capacity of the synthetic fiber rope, only a certain percentage of the carbon fibers may fail. Then the elevator is automatically driven to a predetermined stop and turned off.

Hier will die Erfindung Abhilfe schaffen. Die Erfindung, wie sie in Anspruch 1 gekennzeichnet ist, lƶst die Aufgabe, ein Kunstfaserseil mit erhƶhter SensitivitƤt zur Ɯberwachung der Seillebensdauer zu schaffen.The invention aims to remedy this situation. The invention, as characterized in claim 1, solves the problem of providing a synthetic fiber rope with increased sensitivity for monitoring the life of the rope.

Vorteilhafte Weiterbildungen der Erfindung sind in den abhƤngigen PatentansprĆ¼chen angegeben.Advantageous developments of the invention are specified in the dependent claims.

Die Ɯberwachung der Seillebensdauer ist ein grundsƤtzliches Problem aller Kunstfaserseile, insbesondere derer, die mit einem Mantel umgeben sind.The monitoring of rope life is a fundamental problem of all synthetic fiber ropes, especially those that are surrounded by a jacket.

GemƤss heutigem Stand der Technik kƶnnen die Kohlenstofffasern den BelastungsansprĆ¼chen im Seil entsprechend ausgewƤhlt und angeordnet werden. Nachteilig an dieser Methode kann sein, dass die zu konditionierenden Parameter nicht optimal aufeinander abgestimmt werden kƶnnen und die Tragmittel zu frĆ¼hzeitig ausgewechselt werden mĆ¼ssen, um weit genug vom kritischen Zustand entfernt zu sein. Im Aufzugsbau kƶnnen als Tragmittel dienende Kunstfaserseile bis zu 60% respektive 80% der Restbruchkraft, bezogen auf die Normalbruchkraft eingesetzt werden. Je genauer dieser Punkt erreichbar ist, desto wirtschaftlicher kƶnnen Tragmittel eingesetzt werden.According to the current state of the art, the Carbon fibers are selected according to the load requirements in the rope and arranged. A disadvantage of this method may be that the parameters to be conditioned can not be optimally matched to each other and the suspension means must be replaced too early to be far enough from the critical state. In elevator construction, synthetic fiber ropes serving as suspension means can be used up to 60% or 80% of the residual breaking force, based on the normal breaking force. The more precisely this point can be reached, the more economically can suspension elements be used.

Je nach Art, Einsatzgebiet und Sicherheitsanforderung der Kunstfaserseilanwendung stellen sich erhƶhte Anforderungen an die ƜberwachungssensitivitƤt der Indikatorlitzen des Kunstfaserseils. Richtiges Ansprechverhalten und Replizierbarkeit je nach Anforderung sind vorteilhafte Eigenschaften des erfindungsgemƤssen Kunstfaserseiles. Bekannterweise werden als Tragmittel fĆ¼r AufzĆ¼ge dienende Kunstfaserseile mittels in die Seillitzen integrierten Garnen aus Kohlenstofffasern permanent elektrisch Ć¼berwacht. Vorteilhaft dabei ist, dass die Kunstfaserseile Ć¼ber ihre gesamte LƤnge inklusive nicht einsehbare Bereiche, wie beispielsweise die Bereiche in den Seilschlƶssern, Ć¼berwacht werden. Die Kunstfaserseile detektieren den abrasiven Verschleiss innerhalb des Seiles und detektieren zuverlƤssig von Aussen einwirkende BeschƤdigungen und geben dem Aufzugsbenutzer ein hƶchstes Mass an Sicherheit durch die stƤndige Verbindung zur Aufzugssteuerung, die im Bedarfsfall schnell und kompromisslos reagieren kann.Depending on the type, field of application and safety requirements of the synthetic fiber rope application, there are increased demands on the monitoring sensitivity of the indicator strands of the synthetic fiber rope. Correct response and replicability depending on the requirements are advantageous properties of the inventive synthetic fiber rope. As is known, synthetic fiber cables serving as lifting means for elevators are permanently electrically monitored by means of yarns of carbon fibers integrated in the cable strands. The advantage here is that the synthetic fiber ropes over its entire length including non-visible areas, such as the areas in the cable locks, are monitored. The synthetic fiber ropes detect the abrasive wear within the rope and reliably detect damage caused by external forces and give the elevator user a maximum level of security through the permanent connection to the elevator control, which can respond quickly and uncompromisingly when needed.

Die Anforderungen an eine moderne TragmittelĆ¼berwachung sind gegenĆ¼ber frĆ¼her gestiegen. Damit das Kunstfaserseil bis an die Versagengrenze herangefĆ¼hrt werden und damit das wirtschaftliche Potenzial der neuartigen Tragmittel stƤrker ausgeschƶpft werden kann, bzw. der Anwender eine nach seinen BedĆ¼rfnissen benƶtigte SensitivitƤt der Seilablegereifeerkennung einstellen kann, mĆ¼ssen die Litzen mit Indikatorfasern in ihrem Ansprechverhalten noch besser justierbar sein, wobei die Indikatorfasern der Litzen in AbhƤngigkeit einer zu erreichenden Biegewechselzahl und Restbruchkraft mit einer hohen Wahrscheinlichkeit ihre elektrische LeitfƤhigkeit verlieren und so einen Kabelverschleiss detektieren.The requirements for a modern suspension element monitoring have increased compared to earlier. So that the synthetic rope must be brought up to the limit of failure and thus the economic potential of the new support means can be used more fully, or the user can set according to his needs sensitivity of the cable Rope detection, the strands with indicator fibers in their response must be even better adjustable, the indicator fibers Depending on the number of bending cycles to be achieved and residual breaking force, the strands lose their electrical conductivity with a high probability and thus detect cable wear.

Eine Indikatorfaser bzw. ein Indikatorgarn kann aus allen Werkstoffen sein, die in irgend einer Form leitfƤhig sind, wie beispielsweise Fasern mit Lichtleitereigenschaften oder metallisch beschichtete technische Fasern, Kohlenstofffasern, etc., die elektrisch leitfƤhig sind, wobei die Fasern bei direkter VerschleissberĆ¼hrung frĆ¼her zerreiben als die tragenden Fasern.An indicator fiber may be any material that is conductive in any form, such as fiber-optic fibers or metallic coated engineering fibers, carbon fibers, etc. that are electrically conductive, with the fibers rubbing sooner on direct wear contact the carrying fibers.

Zur permanenten Ɯberwachung werden die leitfƤhigen Indikatorfasern am Seilende kontaktiert und an GerƤte angeschlossen. Am einen Seilende werden die Indikatorfasern an einen Signalsender angeschlossen und am anderen Seilende werden die Indikatorfasern an einen SignalempfƤnger angeschlossen. Das Sendesignal wird mittels des SignalempfƤngers gemessen und aufgrund des gemessenen bzw. des ausbleibenden Signals der Zustand der Indikatorfasern bewertet. EP 0 731 209 A1 zeigt ein Beispiel fĆ¼r eine IndikatorfaserĆ¼berwachung mittels elektrischen Signalen.For permanent monitoring, the conductive indicator fibers are contacted at the end of the rope and connected to devices. At one end of the rope the indicator fibers are connected to a signal transmitter and at the other end of the rope, the indicator fibers are connected to a signal receiver. The transmission signal is measured by means of the signal receiver and evaluated on the basis of the measured or the missing signal, the state of the indicator fibers. EP 0 731 209 A1 shows an example of an indicator fiber monitoring by means of electrical signals.

Ein Kunstfaserseil besteht aus mehreren in unterschiedlichen Lagen angeordneten, verseilten Litzen, wobei jede Litze aus verseilten Garnen besteht, wobei ein Garn aus beispielsweise 1000 Kunstfasern besteht. Ein Rohgarn besteht entweder aus unidirektionalen Kunstfasern oder haben zur besseren Verarbeitbarkeit bereits vom Werk aus eine Schutzdrehung von beispielsweise 15 Umdrehungen pro Meter. In der Regel wird "Faser" als lƤngenunabhƤngiger Oberbegriff fĆ¼r alle textilen Faserstoffe benutzt. "Filament" ist die Bezeichnung fĆ¼r Textilfasern sehr grosser, bzw. praktisch endloser LƤnge bei der Chemiefaserherstellung. Die Verseilrichtung der Garne in den Litzen ist so vorgesehen, dass die einzelne Faser vorteilhafterweise in der Zugrichtung des Seils bzw. in der KabellƤngsachse ausgerichtet ist. Das Kunstfaserseil kann aus Chemiefasern wie beispielsweise Aramidfasern oder artverwandte Fasern, Polyethylenfasern, Polyesterfasern und Glasfasern, etc. aufgebaut sein. Das Kunstfaserseil kann aus einer oder zwei oder drei oder mehr als drei Litzenlagen bestehen. Mindestens eine Litze mindestens einer Litzenlage weist Indikatorfasern bzw. mindestens ein Indikatorgarn auf zur Ɯberwachung der Seillebensdauer.A synthetic fiber rope consists of several stranded strands arranged in different layers, wherein each strand consists of stranded yarns, wherein a yarn consists of, for example, 1000 synthetic fibers. A raw yarn consists either of unidirectional synthetic fibers or, for better processability, already has a protective rotation of, for example, 15 revolutions per meter from the factory. As a rule "fiber" is used as a length-independent generic term for all textile fibers. "Filament" is the name for textile fibers of very large or practically endless length in the manufacture of man-made fibers. The stranding direction of the yarns in the strands is provided so that the single fiber is advantageously aligned in the pulling direction of the cable or in the cable longitudinal axis. The synthetic fiber rope may be composed of chemical fibers such as aramid fibers or related fibers, polyethylene fibers, polyester fibers and glass fibers, etc. The synthetic fiber rope may consist of one or two or three or more than three strand layers. At least one strand of at least one strand layer has indicator fibers or at least one indicator yarn for monitoring the life of the rope.

ErfindungsgemƤss hat der die mit mindestens einer Indikatorfaser, bzw. einem Indikatorgarn versehene Litze umgebende Kunststoff auch Matrix genannt eine geringere Abriebfestigkeit als die Matrix der Ć¼brigen Litzen.According to the invention, the plastic surrounding the strand provided with at least one indicator fiber or an indicator yarn, also called a matrix, has a lower abrasion resistance than the matrix of the remaining strands.

Beim erfindungsgemƤssen Kunstfaserseil besteht das Matrixmaterial bzw. das die Litzen umgebende Harz der Litzen mit Indikatorfasern bzw. Indikatorgarnen aus einem weicheren Kunststoff (beispielsweise ShorehƤrtebereich A) als die Matrixmaterialien (beispielsweise ShorehƤrtebereich D) der benachbarten bzw. Ć¼brigen Litzen, wodurch diese Litze gegenĆ¼ber einer Litze ohne Indikatorfasern bzw. Indikatorgarn eine geringere WiderstandsfƤhigkeit gegen Abrieb aufweist. Alternativ zum weicheren Kunststoff kann das Matrixmaterial mit einem Weichmacher durchsetzt sein. HierfĆ¼r kƶnnen bekannte Weichmacher verwendet werden. Aufgrund des schlechteren Abriebverhaltens der Litzen mit Indikatorfasern wird wƤhrend der Biegung durch die auftretende Relativbewegung zu den benachbarten Litzen ein frĆ¼hzeitig einsetzender Verschleiss und somit ein frĆ¼herer Ausfall der Indikatorfasern in den Litzen provoziert. Die Litze mit Indikatorfasern bzw. Indikatorgarn wirkt als Sollbruchstelle. Die Litze mit Indikatorfasern bzw. Indikatorgarn wird im weiteren Indikatorlitze genannt. Je nach Art und Menge des gewƤhlten Weichmachers kann die Verschleisszunahme gesteuert werden.In the case of the synthetic fiber rope according to the invention, the matrix material or the resin of the strands surrounding the strands with indicator fibers or indicator yarns consists of a softer plastic (for example Shore hardness range A) than the matrix materials (for example Shore hardness range D) of the adjacent or remaining strands, as a result of which this strand is opposite a stranded wire without indicator fibers or indicator yarn a lower resistance to Abrasion has. As an alternative to the softer plastic, the matrix material may be interspersed with a plasticizer. For this purpose, known plasticizers can be used. Due to the poorer abrasion behavior of the strands with indicator fibers an early onset wear and thus earlier failure of the indicator fibers in the strands is provoked during the bending by the relative movement to the adjacent strands. The strand with indicator fibers or indicator yarn acts as a predetermined breaking point. The stranded wire with indicator fibers or indicator yarn is referred to below as the indicator strand. Depending on the type and amount of the selected plasticizer, the wear increase can be controlled.

Phthalate und Adipate sind typische Weichmacher, die die Litze weicher, deren Quersteifigkeit geringer und die WiderstandsfƤhigkeit gegen Abrieb geringer machen. Durch ein gewƤhltes GewichtsverhƤltnis von 1% bis 30% auf die Matrix der Indikatorlitze kann die Matrix "weicher" gegenĆ¼ber den Nachbarlitzen ausgefĆ¼hrt werden, wobei bei steigender Weichmachermenge das Abriebverhalten je nach Weichheitsgrad sich verschlechtert.Phthalates and adipates are typical softeners that soften the strand whose transverse stiffness is lower and the resistance to abrasion is reduced. By choosing a weight ratio of 1% to 30% on the matrix of the indicator strand, the matrix can be made "softer" than the neighboring strands, with increasing amount of plasticizer, the abrasion behavior deteriorates depending on the degree of softness.

Weiters kann das mit dem Matrixmaterial der Indikatorlitze identische Matrixmaterial der Nachbarlitze bzw. Ć¼brigen Litzen (Litze ohne Indikatorfasern bzw. Indikatorgarn) mit einem Additiv versetzt werden, das die Reibung gegenĆ¼ber der Indikatorlitze reduziert. Als Additive kƶnnen beispielsweise Wachse oder kleine Mengen Teflon zugegeben werden. (1 bis 3% Wachs oder 5 bis 15 % Teflonpuder, bezogen auf den Feststoffanteil der Matrix ohne Faseranteil).Furthermore, the matrix material of the adjacent strand or other strands (strand without indicator fibers or indicator yarn) which is identical to the matrix material of the indicator strand can be mixed with an additive which reduces the friction with respect to the indicator strand. As additives, for example, waxes or small amounts of Teflon can be added. (1 to 3% wax or 5 to 15% Teflon powder, based on the solids content of the matrix without fiber content).

Weiters kann das mit dem Matrixmaterial der Nachbarlitze identische Matrixmaterial der Indikatorlitze wƤhrend der Herstellung so behandelt werden, dass die Kunststoffmatrix soweit degradiert bis die HƤrte und die VerschleissbestƤndigkeit abnimmt. Dies wird erreicht durch eine Temperaturbehandlung der Indikatorlitze bei einer Temperatur grƶsser als 230Ā° und einer Behandlungszeit von mehr als 20 s. Temperaturbedingt trennen sich die fĆ¼r die Materialeigenschaften erforderlichen langen MolekĆ¼lketten soweit, dass beim AbkĆ¼hlen die MolekĆ¼le nicht mehr vollstƤndig rekombinieren. Zur UnterstĆ¼tzung dieses Prozesses kƶnnen der Litzenmatrix WassermolekĆ¼hle zugefĆ¼hrt werden, die eine vollstƤndige Rekombination der MolekĆ¼lketten verhindert. Ersatzweise sind andere MolekĆ¼le denkbar, die die Rekombination beeintrƤchtigt oder verhindert. Es tritt eine Anfangsdegradation der Matrix auf, die zu einer deutlich geringeren AbriebbestƤndigkeit fĆ¼hrt und damit einen Ausfall der Indikatorfasern bzw. des Indikatorgarns provoziert. Der Abriebschutz wird gezielt verschlechtert.Furthermore, this can be done with the matrix material of the neighboring strand identical matrix material of the indicator strand during manufacture are treated so that the plastic matrix degraded until the hardness and the wear resistance decreases. This is achieved by a temperature treatment of the indicator strand at a temperature greater than 230 Ā° and a treatment time of more than 20 s. Due to the temperature, the long molecular chains required for the material properties separate so much that the molecules no longer completely recombine on cooling. To support this process, the stranded matrix can be fed with water molecules that prevent complete recombination of the molecular chains. Alternatively, other molecules are conceivable that impair or prevent recombination. There is an initial degradation of the matrix, which leads to a significantly lower abrasion resistance and thus provokes a failure of the indicator fibers or the indicator yarn. The abrasion protection is deliberately deteriorated.

Die Indikatorfasern bzw. das Indikatorgarn befindet sich in der NƤhe der LitzenoberflƤche und macht die Wendelstruktur der Kunstfasern bzw. der Kunstfasergarne mit. Wegen der weicheren Litzenmatrix werden die Indikatorfasern bzw. das Indikatorgarn durchgerieben. Damit wird die permanente Ɯberwachung der lasttragenden Litze unterbrochen und als Verschleiss detektiert, bevor die Ć¼brigen tragenden Litzen in Mitleidenschaft gezogen wurden. Damit ist gewƤhrleistet, dass die Indikatorlitzen nicht nur aufgrund der unterschiedlichen Bruchdehnung ein unterschiedliches Leistungsvermƶgen haben, sondern auch durch die unterschiedliche HƤrte der Matrix sich eine zuverlƤssige Ausfallwahrscheinlichkeit generiert. (Die Bruchdehnung ist die Dehnung bis zum Bruch einer Faser, eines Garns oder einer Litze).The indicator fibers or the indicator yarn is located in the vicinity of the LitzenoberflƤche and makes the helical structure of the synthetic fibers or artificial fiber yarns with. Because of the softer stranded matrix, the indicator fibers or the indicator yarn are rubbed through. Thus, the permanent monitoring of the load-bearing strand is interrupted and detected as wear before the other supporting strands were affected. This ensures that the indicator strands have different performance not only because of the different elongation at break, but also because of the different hardness of the matrix, a reliable failure probability is generated. (The elongation at break is stretching until a fiber, yarn or strand breaks).

Weiters besteht die Mƶglichkeit die Indikatorlitzen in einem mehrlagigen Kunstfaserseil so zu positionieren, dass die Lastaufnahme gegenĆ¼ber den benachbarten Litzen hƶher ist. Beipielsweise nehmen bei einem Kunstfaserseil mit drei Litzenlagen die beiden inneren konzentrischen Litzenlagen einen hƶheren Lastanteil auf, weil zwar die SchlaglƤnge gegenĆ¼ber der Ƥussersten Lage konstant ist, der Schlagwinkel jedoch zum Mittelpunkt des Kunstfaserseils immer kleiner wird. Die Litzen liegen im Seilverbund deutlich steiler, wodurch die Litzen je nach Lage kĆ¼rzer oder lƤnger sind. Aufgrund der geometrischen Limitierung sind die innersten Litzen die kĆ¼rzesten und haben demnach den hƶheren Traganteil. Deshalb empfiehlt es sich, weitere Indikatorfasern bzw. Indikatorgarne in einzelnen Litzen der beiden inneren Litzenlagen anzuordnen. Dabei ist bei einem dreilagigen Seil die mittlere Litzenlage zu bevorzugen, weil diese Lage aufgrund der unterschiedlichen Wickelradien und damit unterschiedlichen Biegegeschwindigkeiten erhƶhten Stressbelastungen unterworfen ist.Furthermore, it is possible to position the indicator strands in a multilayer synthetic fiber rope in such a way that the load bearing is higher in relation to the adjacent strands. For example, take the case of a synthetic fiber rope with three strand layers, the two inner concentric Litzenlagen a higher load share, because although the lay length compared to the outermost layer is constant, the impact angle to the center of the synthetic fiber rope is getting smaller. The strands are significantly steeper in the rope network, whereby the strands are shorter or longer depending on the situation. Due to the geometric limitation, the innermost strands are the shortest and therefore have the higher percentage of support. It is therefore advisable to arrange further indicator fibers or indicator yarns in individual strands of the two inner strand layers. Here, in a three-ply rope, the middle strand layer is to be preferred because this layer is subjected to increased stress due to the different winding radii and thus different bending speeds.

Weiters kann fĆ¼r den Litzenaufbau der Litze ohne Indikatorfasern eine Kunstfaser mit sehr gutem dynamischem Biegewechselvermƶgen verwendet werden. FĆ¼r das Indikatorgarn der Indikatorlitze kƶnnen die Indikatorfasern (beispielsweise Kohlenstofffasern) kombiniert werden mit Kunstfasern, deren dynamisches Biegelwechselvermƶgen dem der Ć¼brigen Kunstfasern der Indikatorlitze bzw. dem der Kunstfasern der Litze ohne Indikatorfasern unterlegen ist. Die Ć¼berlegenen Kunstfasern bestehen fĆ¼r die Anwendung von laufenden Tragmitteln auf Basis von Co-Polymeren, beispielsweise Copolyterephthalamid, die unter diesen Bedingungen arbeitenden unterlegenen Fasern kƶnnen aus Poly-p-phenylenterephthalamid sein. (Das dynamische Biegewechselvermƶgen ist das Biegewechselvermƶgen unter sich Ƥndernden Lasten).Furthermore, a synthetic fiber with very good dynamic bending strength can be used for the strand construction of the strand without indicator fibers. For the indicator yarn of the indicator strand, the indicator fibers (for example, carbon fibers) may be combined with synthetic fibers whose dynamic bending repellency is inferior to that of the other synthetic fibers of the indicator strand or that of the synthetic fibers of the strand without indicator fibers. The superior synthetic fibers exist for the use of current co-polymer based suspending agents, for example copoly-terephthalamide, among these Conditions of working inferior fibers may be poly-p-phenylene terephthalamide. (The dynamic bending capacity is the bending capacity under changing loads).

Weiters kƶnnen fĆ¼r den Aufbau des Indikatorgarns die Indikatorfasern (beispielsweise Kohlenstofffasern) mit Kunstfasern kombiniert werden, die gegenĆ¼ber den Ć¼brigen Kunstfasern der Indikatorlitze bzw. gegenĆ¼ber den Kunstfasern der Litze ohne Indikatorgarn einen hƶheren E-Modul aufweisen. FĆ¼r die Kunstfasern, die mit den Indikatorgarnen in den Indikatorlitzen kombiniert werden, kƶnnen beispielsweise Twaronfasern mit einem E-Modul von 100'000 bis 120'000 N/mm2 verwendet werden. Die Ć¼brigen Fasern der Nicht-Indikatorlitzen kƶnnen beispielsweise aus Technorafasern mit 76'000 N/mm2 bestehen.Furthermore, for the construction of the indicator yarn, the indicator fibers (for example carbon fibers) can be combined with synthetic fibers which have a higher modulus of elasticity compared to the other synthetic fibers of the indicator strand or to the synthetic fibers of the strand without indicator yarn. For the synthetic fibers which are combined with the indicator yarns in the indicator strands, for example, Twaron fibers having an E-modulus of 100,000 to 120,000 N / mm 2 can be used. The remaining fibers of the non-indicator strands may for example consist of techno fibers with 76'000 N / mm 2 .

Die oben genannten Massnahmen zur Ɯberwachung der Seillebensdauer kƶnnen auch kombiniert werden. Beispielsweise kann die WiderstandsfƤhigkeit gegen Abrieb durch verƤndern der Litzenmatrix vorgesehen sein und gleichzeitig das Indikatorgarn aus Indikatorfasern und in der Beanspruchung gegenĆ¼ber den Ć¼brigen Kunstfasern unterlegenen Kunstfasern bestehen.The above measures to monitor the life of the rope can also be combined. For example, the resistance to abrasion by changing the stranded matrix can be provided and at the same time the indicator yarn consist of indicator fibers and synthetic fibers which are inferior in stress to the other synthetic fibers.

Claims (11)

Kunstfaserseil bestehend aus in mindestens einer Litzenlage angeordneten Litzen, wobei eine Litze aus verseilten Garnen und ein Garn aus Kunstfasern besteht, wobei mindestens eine Litze mindestens einer Litzenlage Indikatorfasern bzw. mindestens ein Indikatorgarn zur Ɯberwachung der Seillebensdauer aufweist,
dadurch gekennzeichnet,
dass die Litze mit Indikatorfasern bzw. mit mindestens einem Indikatorgarn gegenĆ¼ber den Ć¼brigen Litzen eine geringere WiderstandsfƤhigkeit gegen Abrieb aufweist.Synthetic fiber rope consisting of strands arranged in at least one strand layer, a strand of stranded yarns and a yarn of synthetic fibers, at least one strand of at least one strand layer having indicator fibers or at least one indicator yarn for monitoring the life of the rope;
characterized,
that the strand with indicator fibers or with at least one indicator yarn has a lower abrasion resistance than the other strands. Kunstfaserseil nach Anspruch 1,
dadurch gekennzeichnet,
dass die Matrix der Litze mit Indikatorfasern bzw. mit mindestens einem Indikatorgarn eine geringere Abriebfestigkeit hat als die Matrix der Ć¼brigen Litzen.Synthetic fiber rope according to claim 1,
characterized,
that the matrix of the strand with indicator fibers or with at least one indicator yarn has a lower abrasion resistance than the matrix of the remaining strands. Kunstfaserseil nach Anspruch 2,
dadurch gekennzeichnet,
dass die Matrix der Litze mit Indikatorfasern bzw. mit mindestens einem Indikatorgarn mit Weichmacher durchsetzt ist.Synthetic fiber rope according to claim 2,
characterized,
that the matrix of the strand is interspersed with indicator fibers or with at least one indicator yarn with plasticizer. Kunstfaserseil nach Anspruch 2,
dadurch gekennzeichnet,
dass die Matrix der Litze mit Indikatorfasern bzw. mit mindestens einem Indikatorgarn mit einer kleineren ShorehƤrte ausgelegt ist als die Matrix der benachbarten bzw. Ć¼brigen Litzen.Synthetic fiber rope according to claim 2,
characterized,
that the matrix of the strand is designed with indicator fibers or with at least one indicator yarn with a lower Shore hardness than the matrix of the adjacent or remaining strands. Kunstfaserseil nach Anspruch 2,
dadurch gekennzeichnet,
dass die Matrix der Litze mit Indikatorfasern bzw. mit mindestens einem Indikatorgarn mittels WƤrmebehandlung und/oder mittels Zusatz von MolekĆ¼len degradiert ist.Synthetic fiber rope according to claim 2,
characterized,
that the matrix of the strand is degraded with indicator fibers or with at least one indicator yarn by means of heat treatment and / or by addition of molecules. Kunstfaserseil nach einem der vorhergehenden AnsprĆ¼che,
dadurch gekennzeichnet,
dass die Matrix der Ć¼brigen Litzen mit einem Additiv versetzt ist, das die Reibung gegenĆ¼ber der Litze mit Indikatorfasern bzw. mit mindestens einem Indikatorgarn reduziert.Synthetic fiber rope according to one of the preceding claims,
characterized,
that the matrix of the remaining strands is mixed with an additive which reduces the friction with respect to the strand with indicator fibers or with at least one indicator yarn. Kunstfaserseil nach einem der vorhergehenden AnsprĆ¼che,
dadurch gekennzeichnet,
dass die Litze mit Indikatorfasern bzw. mit mindestens einem Indikatorgarn so positioniert ist, dass die Lastaufnahme gegenĆ¼ber den benachbarten Litzen hƶher ist.Synthetic fiber rope according to one of the preceding claims,
characterized,
that the strand is positioned with indicator fibers or with at least one indicator yarn so that the load bearing is higher in relation to the adjacent strands. Verfahren zur Ɯberwachung der Seillebensdauer eines Kunstfaserseils nach den AnsprĆ¼chen 1 bis 7,
dadurch gekennzeichnet,
dass die Litzen mittels Indikatorfasern permanent Ć¼berwacht werden.Method for monitoring the rope life of a synthetic fiber rope according to claims 1 to 7,
characterized,
that the strands are permanently monitored by indicator fibers. Verfahren nach Anspruch 8,
dadurch gekennzeichnet,
dass zur IndikatorfaserĆ¼berwachung am einen Seilende die Indikatorfasern an einen Signalsender angeschlossen werden und am anderen Seilende die Indikatorfasern an einen SignalempfƤnger angeschlossen werden und dass ein Sendesignal des Signalsenders mittels des SignalempfƤngers gemessen und aufgrund des gemessenen bzw. des ausbleibenden Signals der Zustand der Indikatorfasern bewertet wird.Method according to claim 8,
characterized,
that indicator fiber monitoring at one end of the rope, the indicator fibers are connected to a signal transmitter and the other end of the indicator fibers are connected to a signal receiver and that a transmission signal of the signal transmitter is measured by the signal receiver and evaluated on the basis of the measured or the missing signal, the state of the indicator fibers. Verfahren nach Anspruch 9,
dadurch gekennzeichnet,
dass die IndikatorfaserĆ¼berwachung mittels optischen oder elektrischen Signalen erfolgt.Method according to claim 9,
characterized,
the indicator fiber monitoring is performed by means of optical or electrical signals. Aufzug mit Kunstfaserseil nach einem der vorhergehenden AnsprĆ¼che.Artificial rope cable lift according to one of the preceding claims.
EP07120990A 2006-12-04 2007-11-19 Synthetic fibre rope, method for monitoring the service life of a synthetic fibre rope and lift with a synthetic fibre rope Active EP1930497B1 (en)

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US10472765B2 (en) 2014-11-05 2019-11-12 Teufelberger Fiber Rope Gmbh Rope made of textile fiber material
WO2017068054A1 (en) 2015-10-21 2017-04-27 Teufelberger Fiber Rope Gmbh High-strength fiber rope for lifting devices such as cranes
US11008702B2 (en) 2015-10-21 2021-05-18 Teufelberger Fiber Rope Gmbh High-strength fiber rope for lifting devices such as cranes
EP3392404A1 (en) 2017-04-20 2018-10-24 Teufelberger Fiber Rope GmbH High strength fibre cable for hoisting equipment such as cranes
US10808355B2 (en) 2017-04-20 2020-10-20 Teufelberger Fiber Rope Gmbh High-strength fibre rope for hoisting equipment such as cranes

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ZA200710257B (en) 2008-11-26
CA2638139A1 (en) 2008-06-04
KR20080051073A (en) 2008-06-10
RU2425187C2 (en) 2011-07-27
MY151157A (en) 2014-04-30
TW200837247A (en) 2008-09-16
BRPI0704413A (en) 2008-07-22
EP1930497B1 (en) 2012-05-16
JP2008150210A (en) 2008-07-03
TWI472665B (en) 2015-02-11
US20080148704A1 (en) 2008-06-26
KR101495343B1 (en) 2015-02-24
EP1930497A3 (en) 2009-06-03
AU2007237327A1 (en) 2008-06-19
AU2007237327B2 (en) 2012-05-17
AU2007237327A2 (en) 2009-05-28
SG143143A1 (en) 2008-06-27
MX2007014201A (en) 2009-02-17
CN101195970B (en) 2012-10-10
NO20076205L (en) 2008-06-05
RU2007144978A (en) 2009-06-10
AR064128A1 (en) 2009-03-11
CA2638139C (en) 2015-06-23
JP5542302B2 (en) 2014-07-09
HK1120840A1 (en) 2009-04-09
CN101195970A (en) 2008-06-11
NZ563352A (en) 2008-12-24
US7665289B2 (en) 2010-02-23

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