Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D487/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms in the condensed system, not provided for by groups C07D451/00 - C07D477/00
  • C07D487/22—Heterocyclic compounds containing nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms in the condensed system, not provided for by groups C07D451/00 - C07D477/00 in which the condensed system contains four or more hetero rings

Definitions

• the present invention relates to introverted cucurbituril CB [n] compounds and/or derivatives, and methods of making and using the same as well as to an improved synthesis of higher cucurbituril compounds. Description of the Background
• Cucurbituril (CB[n]) compounds are macrocyclic compounds containing glycouril repeat units, and afford an advantageous alternative to cyclodextrins in creating supramolecular constructs.
• Cucurbiturils were first synthesized in 1905 by Behrend, although the molecular structure thereof was not elucidated until 1981. Later synthetic efforts to prepare CB[n] compounds demonstrated the complexity and unreliability of conventional preparatory methods. See Day et al. J., Org. Chem.. 2001, 8094-8100, and Lee et a!.. Ace. Chem.. Res. 2003, 621-630. Kim et al. J.A.C.S. 2000, 122, 540-541.
• CB [n] compounds have the formula shown in Figure l(a): wherein in the CB [n] formula, corresponding n values are shown for exemplary CB [n] compounds CB[5] - CB[8].
• inverted also herein called "introverted”
• z-CB[n] compounds and/or z-CB[n] derivatives.
• an object of the present invention to provide various methods of using the inverted CB[n] compounds and/or CB[n] derivatives.
• inverted CB [n] compounds and/or inverted CB [n] derivatives thereof having one or more hydrogen atoms or functional groups protruding into the internal CB [n] cavity.
• Figure l(a) shows the structural formulae of known CB [n] compounds;
• Figure l(b) shows the same for some known CB [n] derivatives.
• Figure 2 illustrates the general formula for introverted CB [n] compounds and/or derivatives, which the functional groups R have replaced -H atoms.
• Figure 3 illustrates same advantageous features of /-CB [n] compounds and derivatives.
• Figure 4 illustrates 1 HNMR spectra recorded with water presaturation for: a) mixture of i-CB[6] • 1(*), z ⁇ CB[7] .1 ( ⁇ ), CB[7] .1 (0), and CB[6] .1 (o), b) z-CB[6], c) i- CB[I] (500 MHz), D 2 OrNaCl, 298K.
• Figure 5 depicts a view of introverted CB [6] from crystal structure data.
• Figure 6 illustrates 1 HNMR spectra recorded for: a) ) z ⁇ CB[6], CB[6] and 1 in a ratio of 1:1:2 (0.5M NaCl), and b) i-CB[7], 1 and 2 in a ratio of 1:1:1 (500 MHz, D 2 O), RT).
• Figure 7 illustrates a ES-MS spectrum of z-CB[6].
• Figure 8 illustrates a 13 CNMR spectrum of z-CB[6] (400MHz, D 2 OZDCl).
• Figure 9 illustrates DQF-COSY and ROESY spectra of i-CB[6].
• Figure 10 illustrates 1 HNMR spectra of z-CB[6] complexed with 1.
• Figure 11 illustrates complexation induced shifts of z-CB[6] protons upon complexation with 1.
• Figure 12 illustrates DQF-COSY and ROESY spectra of z-CB[6] • 1.
• Figure 13 illustrates intermolecular NOEs between z-CB[6] and 1 in z-CB[6] *1.
• Figure 14 illustrates 1 H- 13 C HSQC spectra of z-CB[6] • 1 and i-CB[6].
• Figure 15 illustrates MALDI-TOF spectrum of z-CB[6] • 1.
• Figure 16 illustrates 1 HNMR spectra for z-CB[6] above (bottom) and with excess 1,6-hexane diamine (tsp).
• Figure 17 illustrates a 13 CNMR spectrum for z-CB[7] (125 MHz, D 2 O).
• Figure 18 illustrates MALDI-TOF spectrum of z-CB[7].
• Figure 19 illustrates DQF-COSY and ROESY spectra of z-CB[7].
• Figure 20 illustrates 1 HNMR spectrum of /-CB [7] • 1.
• Figure 21 illustrates complexation induced shifts of z-CB[7] protons upon complexation with 1.
• Figure 22 illustrates 1 HNMR spectra of CB [7] (top) and /-CB [7] (bottom) with a slight excess of 2. hi the presence of CB [7] (top), there are two sets of NMR signals corresponding to free 2 and coniplexed 2 with CB [7].
• Figure 23 is a thermogram (top) and binding isotherm (bottom) of (ferrocenemethyl) trimethyl ammonium in complexing with z-CB[7] at 303K.
• Figure 24 is a flowchart for the separation of a CB [n] compounds from a mixture.
• the present invention provides, in part, an improved synthetic procedure for preparing higher cucurbituril (CB[n]) compounds, and, notably, inverted CB[n] compounds.
• CB[n] cucurbituril
• the term "higher" CB [n] compound and/or derivative means compounds and/or derivatives where n has an integral value of from 8 to 25, preferably from 8 to 20, and most preferably from 8 to 16. However, all integral n values of 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24 and 25 are explicitly contemplated.
• CB[5] corresponds to an n value of 0, CB[6] to where n is 1, CB[7] to where n is 2, and CB[8] to where n is 3.
• the compound CB[12] corresponds to a n value of 7, for example.
• CB[n] refers to cucurbituril compounds of the formulae depicted in Figure l(a) for any given n value.
• CB[nj may also refer to cucurbituril derivatives for any given n value. In such cases, the derivative is specified as having a particular and defined functionality.
• CB [n] compounds and/or derivatives means that all -H atoms and/or functional groups replacing -H atoms protrude or point out from the cucurbituril molecule. These compounds or derivatives are indicated as "CB[n]."
• the present invention also provides inverted or introverted CB [n] compounds and CB[n] derivatives.
• inverted and “introverted” are used interchangeably to refer to cucurbituril compounds or derivatives thereof having at least one hydrogen atom or functional group, respectively, which protrudes or points into the internal volume cavity of the cucurbituril molecule.
• at least two inverted hydrogen atoms of functional groups protrude into the internal volume cavity of the cucurbituril molecule.
• all of the inverted cucurbituril compounds and derivatives described hereinbelow may also be conveniently labeled with the prefix "/,” i.e., z-CB[6] or /-CB[12], for example.
• the prefix "/" refers to the fact that the CB [n] compound has at least one - H atom protruding or pointing into the internal volume cavity of the CB [n] molecule.
• the /-CB [n] compound will have more than one - H atom protruding or pointing into the internal volume cavity of the CB[n] molecule.
• the prefix "/,” as used herein, may also refer to the fact that a CB [n] derivative has at least one functional group replacing an -H atom, which group protrudes or points into the internal volume cavity of the CB[n] molecule.
• the term "derivative" refers to a CB [n] compound or /-CB [n] compound where at least one -H atom, which protrudes or points into the internal cavity volume of the molecule, is replaced with a functional group.
• the one or more internal functional groups may be lower alkyl, C 6 -C 14 aryl and/or arylalkyl, hydroxy, amino, halo, or nitro.
• lower alkyl are methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, iso-propyl or n-butyl.
• Examples C 6 -C 14 aryl include phenyl or naphthyl, while examples Of C 6 -C 14 arylalkyl include lower alkyl phenyl, such as methylphenyl (toluoyl) or ethylphenyl, for example.
• the /-CB [n] compounds of the present invention have the formula shown in Figure 2 where n may be an integer of from 0 to up to at least 25. However, n is preferably an integer of from 6 to 20, most preferably from 8 to 16. Additionally, it is explicitly disclosed herein that the inverted or introverted or i- CB [n] compounds and/or derivatives of the present invention may be either mono- introverted or multiply-introverted. As used herein, the term "mono-introverted" means that the -H atoms for an /-CB [n] compound or the functional groups of a single glycouril ring framework are pointed inward into the internal volume cavity of the molecule.
• multiply-introverted means that the — H atoms for an i- CB[n] compound or the functional groups of multiple, i.e., more than one, glycouril ring framework are pointed inward into the internal volume cavity of the molecule.
• R or R 1 or both may be functional groups as defined above which replace — H atoms.
• n may be an integer of from 5 to at least 25, and preferably from 6 to 20, and most preferably from 8 to 16.
• z-CB[n] compounds and derivatives of all functional groups as defined above are explicitly contemplated for n values of 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, and 25.
• the present invention achieves a number of important objectives.
• First, the present invention affords an improved synthesis for higher CB[n] compounds and/or derivatives generally.
• the present invention affords a synthesis of large inverted cucurbituril compounds and derivatives thereof under anhydrous conditions.
• CB [n] n > 8 the larger cucurbitural homologs (CB [n] n > 8), including inverted CB [n] compounds, are most efficiently prepared under anhydrous acidic conditions, and that inverted or introverted, i.e., z-CB[n] compounds, can also thereby be prepared.
• the present invention affords a synthesis for persubstituted inverted cucurbiturils using glycouril monomers.
• CB [n] derivatives incorporating one or more aromatic rings into their macrocyclic structure. These CB[n] derivatives greatly expand the range of applications of CB[n] by providing functionalization sites along their rims which complement those that already exist around the equatorial or mid-section of the CB [n] molecule.
• Figure 3 illustrates the advantageous features of the z-CB[n] compounds and derivatives of the present invention. Additionally, the present invention also provides various advantageous chemical transformations using the inverted CB [n] compounds and/or derivatives described herein. Figure 3 illustrates some of the useful transformations afforded with the inverted CB [n] compounds and/or derivatives.
• Scheme 1 shows one of several S- to C-shaped isomerization reactions.
• the "methoxy labels" of (+)-l 1 undergo clean transposition to the opposite side of the molecule in ( ⁇ )-12 when the reaction is conducted under anhydrous conditions.
• Scheme 2 summarizes the stereochemical outcome of three potentially viable mechanisms: mechanism 1, mechanism 2, mechanism 3.
• the stereochemical outcome indicates that mechanism 3 is dominant under our standard isomerization conditions (ClH 2 CH 2 Cl, anh. PTSA, reflux).
• mechanism 1 is not operative in our system when we work under anhydrous acidic conditions.
• H 2 O can compete with the internal N and O nucleophiles of mechanism 3 for the capture of 19 (Scheme 2), effectively forcing fragmentation of the methylene bridges by a variation of mechanism 1.
• CB [n] (n > 8) and derivatives display enhanced stability. This facilitates the preparation of higher CB [n] compounds in a controllable manner when using anhydrous acidic conditions where water-sensitive functional groups are present. If such groups are not present acidic aqueous conditions may be used.
• Scheme 3 shows the conversion of CB[8] into CB[5], CB[6], and CBJ7] under aqueous acidic conditions reported by Day.
• anhydrous acidic conditions we mean that in initial attempts “standard conditions” (ClCH 2 CH 2 Cl, anh. PTSA, reflux) are used, and if solubility problems occur then neat anhydrous PTSA (m.p. 38 °C) and/or CH 3 SO 3 H may be used. Based on results, CB[8] is stable to these conditions as depicted in Scheme 3.
• glycoluril derivatives bearing electron withdrawing functional groups on their convex face provide the most successful syntheses of CB[n] derivatives.
• the lower alkyl ester groups, such as ethyl ester groups of 3 est er are ideally suited for this purpose: 1) they are electron withdrawing groups, 2) they provide good solubility in organic solvents, and 3) they are readily transformed into a variety of functional groups that would be useful for CB[n] synthesis.
• 3 ester easily transformed into the corresponding bis(cyclic ether) 24 est ⁇ i by treatment with paraformaldehyde in refluxing TFA (Scheme 7).
• imides 34 ⁇ U , 34 am j ne , 35B U , and 35 am j ne> for example, are broadly compatible with both aqueous and anhydrous acidic CB [n] forming reactions.
• the diamides 3B U , 3 a mi ne3 24 BU , and 24 amme and the imides 34 ⁇ U , 34 am i ne , 35 ⁇ U , and 35 am ine are more resistant to hydrolysis under the reaction conditions.
• the heterooligomerization reaction conditions (3 ⁇ 24) are most successful because formaldehyde is neither added to the reaction mixture nor produced. The presence of free formaldehyde in the reaction mixture would otherwise trigger competitive hydroxymethylation of the N-atom of the amide.
• Ureidyl NH terminated oligomers are conveniently used as components for tailor- made CB [n] formation.
• CB [n] and derivatives those involving homo-oligomerization of glycoluril derivatives (3) or cyclic ethers (24) and hetero-oligomerizations of 3 and 24.
• Treatment of 42Ce st er with 3,5-dimethylphenol in TFA resulted in a methylene group transfer reaction yielding deprotected 44C ester in 59% yield (Scheme 14).
• CB [n] 40 Scheme 15
• 44C 4>e ster for example, as a starting material.
• the highly selective heterodimerization reaction reported above (Scheme 8) is an alternative.
• Hydrazides function as nucleophilic glycoluril substitutes in typical methylene bridge forming reactions.
• molecules with nucleophilic N-atoms might serve as glycoluril surrogates in CB [n] forming reactions.
• acylhydrazides 50 and 51 undergo extremely repaid reaction with 52 and 42C es ter yielding 53 and 54, respectively (Scheme 18). In these reactions, we do not observe reactions resulting from the self-condensation of the cyclic ethers 52 and 42C es ter.
• the cause of the enhanced reactivity of 50 and 51 can be ascribed to the a-effect - the neighboring N-atom enhances its nucleophilicity.
• This reaction may also be extended to the use of bis(hydrazides) 55 and 56 to allow for the formulation of CB[n] derivatives incorporating one or more hydrazide units.
• paraformaldehyde is reacted with one or more compounds capable of reacting therewith to form methylene bridges.
• compounds capable of reacting therewith to form methylene bridges.
• examples of such compounds are glycolurils, glycoluril cyclic ethers or arylhydrazides, such as phenylhydrazide or toluoylhydrazide.
• glycolurils or glycoluril cyclic ethers are used, it is preferred that they bear an electron- withdrawing carboxylic acid moiety, such as lower alkyl carboxy, i.e., -CO 2 Me or - Co 2 Et.
• the solvent may either be acidic aqueous or acidic anhydrous in nature. Acids generally used are TFA, PTSA or MeSO 3 H. Examples of anhydrous solvents are hydrocarbons, or chlorinated hydrocarbons, for example.
• anhydrous generally means the organic solvent contains less than 0.01% by wt. of water, and preferably less than 0.001% by wt. of water. Organic solvents used may be dried u sing any conventional drying agent which are well known to those skilled in the art.
• Powered glycoluril (795g, 5.59 mol) and powered paraformaldehyde (354 g, 11.20mmol) were mixed thoroughly.
• An ice-cold concentrated HCl solution (1130 mL) was added gradually while stirring with a large glass rod. After the addition of a -100 m/, stirring was no longer possible and solidification was observed and an exotherm was observed.
• the heterogenous mixture was gradually heated to 80 D (2.5 h) and maintained at that temperature for 2.5 hours until all the solid had dissolved.
• the homogenous red solution was heated to 100 °C for 14 hours. After cooling to room temperature, the purification process was begun.
• CB [5] and CB[7] have moderate solubility in water but other CB [n] almost are insoluble in water.
• CB[5] and CB [7] have moderate solubility in water but other CB [n] almost are insoluble in water.
• CB[5] and CB [7] were isolated. Separation of CB[5] from CB [7] is based on its moderate solubility (about 33 mg/mL) in 50% aqueous MeOH solution (v/v). The solubility of CB [7] is less than 4 mg/mL in this solution.
• CB[6], introverted CB[6], and CB[5]@CB[10] have appreciable solubility in 3 M HCl solution whereas CB[8] is substantially less soluble.
• CB[8] is substantially less soluble.
• CB[6], introverted CB[6], and CB[5]@CB[10] were separated by fractional crystallization from different concentration HCl solutions.
• CB[5]@CB[10] was crystallized from the mixture by using concentrated HCl as solvent.
• Introverted CB[6] is less soluble than CB[6] in 0.2 M aq. Na 2 SO 4 which allows it to be isolated as an insoluble solid by washing and filtration.
• Introverted CB [7] is readily separable from introverted CB [6] by gel permeation • chromatography (GPC).
• CB[6] Traces of CB[6] can be removed from Introverted CB[6] by the addition of water to an HCl solution of the mixture containing 1,6-diaminohexane.
• the solid introverted CB [6] is recrystallized by diffusing water into its HCl solution to yield the pure form (2% yield).
• z-CB [6] and z-CB [7] were synthesized using the procedures described above. Each were ch tiaarraacctteerriizzeedd bbyy 11 HH NNMMRR sspectroscopy and x-ray crystallography, after separation by gel permeation chromatography.
• the z-CB[n] are detected by 1 H NMR spectroscopy in CB[n] reaction mixtures produced from the reaction between glycoluril and formaldehyde in acidic media.
• CB[n] reaction mixtures produced from the reaction between glycoluril and formaldehyde in acidic media.
• p-xylylenediammonium ion (1) is added as a probe to a mixture of CB[n]
• each different CB[n]*l and ⁇ -CB[n]*l exhibits a single diagnostic aromatic resonance ( Figure 4a, 6.9 - 6.4 ppm).
• z-CB[6] and z-CB[7] were isolated in 2.0% and 0.4% yields, respectively, in pure form either by gel permeation chromatography (Superdex 30, 0.15 M NH 4 HCO 3 ) or by fractional crystallization (18% aq. HC 1) followed by selective complexation (z-CB[6]: + H 3 N(CH 2 ) 6 NH 3 + , 2) to remove other CB [n].
• the structures of z-CB [6] and z-CB [7] were unequivocally established by 2D NMR spectroscopy.
• the methane resonances for the inverted subunit of z-CB [6] appear as small but distinct signals at ⁇ 5.05 ppm and 62.8 ppm in open regions of the 1 H and 13 C NMR spectra, respectively, which are upfield-shifted compared with those of CB [6] (5.65 and 71.0 ppm, respectively).
• the inverted protons of z-CB[6] and z-CB[7] undergo remarkable upfield shifts (1.66 and 1.48 ppm. respectively) when complexed to 1 due to the anisotropic effect of the aromatic ring of 1 as well as its preferred alignment along the long axis of the z-CB.
• z-CB[7] retains the ability to bind to guests commonly bound to CB[7]1,8 (e.g. 1. 2, and (ferrocenemethyl)trimethylammonium ion (3)) but with lower affinity and higher kinetic liability.
• the association constants (Ka) for the guests 1, 2, and 3 with z-CB [7] measured by isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) are (9 ⁇ 1) x 10 6 M “1 , (8.8 ⁇ 0.9) x 10 5 M “1 , and (2.2 ⁇ 0.1) x 10 6 M “1 , respectively, which are 2 to 6 order of magnitude lower than those with CB [7].
• z-CB [6] and z-CB [7] show a distinct preference for guests with a flatter profile.
• z-CB[7] binds aromatic guest 1 more strongly than linear aliphatic guest 2.
• 1 equiv 1 and 2 the majority of z-CB[7] forms a complex with 1, while 2 exists mainly as a free guest.
• K 3 value of z-CB [7] for 1 higher than that for voluminous guest 3 which is in sharp contrast to the behavior of CB [7] which displays much high affinity for 3 than 1.
• the inverted glycoluril unit modulates guest binding affinity and rates of dissociation, both of which are of critical importance in the creation of CB [n] based molecular machines.
• z-CB[6] and z-CB[7] are kinetic or thermodynamic products in CB [n] forming reactions product resubmission experiments were conducted.
• purified z-CB[6] was heated in cone. DCl it was transformed into a mixture of CB[5], CB[6], and CB[7] (24:13:1) in 87% combined isolated yield.
• i-CB[7] was treated similarly a 4:1 mixture of CB[6], and CB[7] was obtained in 71% combined yield.
• NMR spectra were measured on a Bruker AM400 or on a Bruker DRX500 spectrometers operating at 400 or 500 MHz for 1 H and 100 or 125 MHz for 3 C. 2D NMR experiments were performed using the standard pulse sequences supplied by the manufacturer. Mass spectrometry was performed on a JEOL AccuTOF electrospray instrument, or on an ABI 4700 Proteomics Analyzer MALDI-TOF instrument. The formation constants for the inclusion of several guests in zCB[7] were determined by isothermal titration calorimetry using a VP-ITC instrument from MicroCal. All solutions were prepared in purified water (Milli-Q, Millipore).
• CB [6] and iCB[6] were separated by fractional crystallization from different concentration HCl solutions.
• the initial CB[6] / zCB[6] mixture was recrystallized from a minimum volume of cone. HCl .
• the filtrate is enriched in z ' CB[n]; adding the filtrate to MeOH gives the precipitate which is filtered and dried.
• the solid now enriched in z ' CB[6] is recrystallized from 17.5% HCl which gives CB[6] as a solid and filtrate further enriched in z " CB[6].
• the structure was solved and refined using the SHELXS-97 and SHELXL-97 software. The final anisotropic full-matrix least-squares refinement on F 2 converged to the R values.
• the raw data were processed and scaled using the program HKL2000.
• the space group was determined to be R-3.
• a total of 15222 measured reflections were merged into 6769 independent reflections.
• the structure was solved by directed methods and refined by full- matrix least-squares method implemented in SHELXTL program package. AU he non- hydrogen atoms were refined anisotropically except consisted THF. Hydrogen atomos were added to their geometrically ideal positions.
• the crystallographic data are summarized in
• z-CB [n] compounds and/or derivatives for the CB [n] research are clear and many.
• the z-CB[n] compounds of large ring size can be synthesized with unprecedented size and shape selectively.
• synthetic and mechanistic studies indicate that the preparation and isolation of z-CB[n] compounds of large ring sizes, i.e. z-CB [12] - z-CB [25], and with larger numbers of inverted glycoluril units is readily effected.
• functional groups such as -OH or CO 2 H may be introduced to the inverted unit to directly interact with guests within their hydrophobic cavity.
• the CB [n] compounds and/or derivatives, and z-CB[n] compounds and/or derivatives of the present invention may have an internal volume cavity of up to about 10,000 ⁇ 3 .
• internal volume cavities in the ranges of 300 to 6O ⁇ A 3 , 300 to 1,200 A 3 , 300 to 1,800 A 3 , 300 to 3,000 A 3 , 300 to 6,000 A 3 and even 300 to 9,000 A 3 .
• Figures 4 and 6-23 provide various types of instrumental characterizations of exemplary z-CB[n] compounds using known instrumental procedures.
• Figure 5 depicts a view of introverted CB [6] from crystal structure data.
• Anisotropic atomic displacement ellipsoids for the non-hydrogen atoms are shown at the 50% probability level. Inverted hydrogen atoms are conspicuously protruding into the molecular cavity.
• Figure 24 illustrates a flow diagram for the separation of various extroverted and introverted CB[n] compounds. Although the diagram does not show z-CB[7], z-CB[7] may be separated from z-CB[6] as described herein. These procedures may be used with routine modification, if required, to isolate other CB [n] and z-CB[n] compounds, particularly where n > 8.
• Further guest compounds which may be hosted by the present CB [n] compounds and/or derivatives, and z-CB[n] compounds and/or derivatives may have a molecular weight of up to about 1,000 daltons, preferably up to about 500 daltons.
• Examples of specific guest compounds are pharmaceutically active compounds and/or biologically active amines, such as dopamine or acetylcholine.

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