Classifications

• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01D—SEPARATION
  • B01D53/00—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols
  • B01D53/34—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases
  • B01D53/92—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases of engine exhaust gases
  • B01D53/94—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases of engine exhaust gases by catalytic processes
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01D—SEPARATION
  • B01D53/00—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols
  • B01D53/34—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases
  • B01D53/92—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases of engine exhaust gases
  • B01D53/94—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases of engine exhaust gases by catalytic processes
  • B01D53/944—Simultaneously removing carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons or carbon making use of oxidation catalysts
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
  • B01J23/00—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00
  • B01J23/10—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of rare earths
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
  • B01J23/00—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00
  • B01J23/38—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of noble metals
  • B01J23/40—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of noble metals of the platinum group metals
  • B01J23/42—Platinum
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
  • B01J23/00—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00
  • B01J23/38—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of noble metals
  • B01J23/54—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of noble metals combined with metals, oxides or hydroxides provided for in groups B01J23/02 - B01J23/36
  • B01J23/56—Platinum group metals
  • B01J23/63—Platinum group metals with rare earths or actinides
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01D—SEPARATION
  • B01D2255/00—Catalysts
  • B01D2255/10—Noble metals or compounds thereof
  • B01D2255/102—Platinum group metals
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01D—SEPARATION
  • B01D2255/00—Catalysts
  • B01D2255/20—Metals or compounds thereof
  • B01D2255/206—Rare earth metals
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01D—SEPARATION
  • B01D2255/00—Catalysts
  • B01D2255/20—Metals or compounds thereof
  • B01D2255/207—Transition metals
  • B01D2255/20715—Zirconium
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01D—SEPARATION
  • B01D2255/00—Catalysts
  • B01D2255/30—Silica
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01D—SEPARATION
  • B01D2257/00—Components to be removed
  • B01D2257/50—Carbon oxides
  • B01D2257/502—Carbon monoxide
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01D—SEPARATION
  • B01D2257/00—Components to be removed
  • B01D2257/70—Organic compounds not provided for in groups B01D2257/00 - B01D2257/602
  • B01D2257/702—Hydrocarbons
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
  • B01J21/00—Catalysts comprising the elements, oxides, or hydroxides of magnesium, boron, aluminium, carbon, silicon, titanium, zirconium, or hafnium
  • B01J21/06—Silicon, titanium, zirconium or hafnium; Oxides or hydroxides thereof
  • B01J21/066—Zirconium or hafnium; Oxides or hydroxides thereof
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
  • B01J37/00—Processes, in general, for preparing catalysts; Processes, in general, for activation of catalysts
  • B01J37/02—Impregnation, coating or precipitation
  • B01J37/03—Precipitation; Co-precipitation
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
  • B01J37/00—Processes, in general, for preparing catalysts; Processes, in general, for activation of catalysts
  • B01J37/02—Impregnation, coating or precipitation
  • B01J37/03—Precipitation; Co-precipitation
  • B01J37/036—Precipitation; Co-precipitation to form a gel or a cogel
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
  • Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
  • Y02A50/00—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE in human health protection, e.g. against extreme weather
  • Y02A50/20—Air quality improvement or preservation, e.g. vehicle emission control or emission reduction by using catalytic converters

Definitions

• the invention relates to a process for the treatment of gases, in particular of the exhaust gas of an internal combustion engine, for the catalytic oxidation of carbon monoxide and hydrocarbons.
• gases in particular of the exhaust gas of an internal combustion engine
• automotive afterburner standards that limit emissions of carbon monoxide and hydrocarbons will harden and extend not only to conventional gasoline engines but also to diesel engines.
• engines of the latter type emit exhaust gases which permanently contain an excess of oxygen.
• the three-way catalysts are of limited effectiveness for the treatment of these gases because any excess of oxygen results in a sudden deterioration of their performance.
• the object of the invention is therefore to provide a catalyst suitable for the treatment of oxygen-rich gases and having a significant activity at low temperatures.
• Another object is to provide a catalyst with improved sulfation resistance.
• the process according to the invention for treating gas for the catalytic oxidation of carbon monoxide and hydrocarbons contained therein, in an oxygen-rich medium is characterized in that a composition is used as catalyst. base of a metal oxidation catalyst and a zirconia comprising silica.
• specific surface means the specific surface area B. AND. determined by nitrogen adsorption according to ASTM D 3663-78 based on the BRUNAUER method -
• rare earth elements are understood to mean the elements of the group consisting of yttrium and the elements of the periodic classification of atomic number inclusive of between 57 and 71.
• the process of the invention relates to the catalytic oxidation of carbon monoxide and hydrocarbons contained in gases.
• gases that may be treated in the context of the present invention are, for example, those derived from gas turbines, from boilers of thermal power plants or even from internal combustion engines. It is moreover the oxidation of the above-mentioned compounds by oxygen, that is to say the reactions: CO + 1 / 2O 2 ⁇ CO 2 (1)
• Such gases can be those of gasoline engines operating in lean burn and which have an oxygen content (expressed in volume) for example of at least 2% and those with an even higher oxygen content, for example diesel engine gases, that is to say at least 5% or more than 5%, more particularly at least 10%, this content may for example be between 5% and 20% .
• the process may also, during the treatment of the gases, carry out an oxidation of the soluble organic fraction, that is to say hydrocarbons liquids from the fuel and lubricating oil which are adsorbed on soot particles, as well as oxidation of oxygenates, such as aldehydes, to carbon dioxide and water.
• an oxidation of the soluble organic fraction that is to say hydrocarbons liquids from the fuel and lubricating oil which are adsorbed on soot particles, as well as oxidation of oxygenates, such as aldehydes, to carbon dioxide and water.
• This composition is based on a metal which is a catalyst of the oxidation reactions described above and a zirconia which acts as a support for said metal.
• precious metals may be mentioned more particularly.
• Gold, silver, and platinum-bearing metals that is, ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, osmium, iridium, and platinum. Platinum can be used especially.
• Precious metals can, of course, be used alone or in combination.
• the amount of oxidation catalyst may be, for example, between 0.05% and 10% and more particularly between 0.1% and 5%, this quantity being expressed by weight of the oxidation catalyst in metallic form relative to the mass of the whole composition. It will be understood that this quantity is given for information only, the minimum amount of oxidation catalyst being that below which the composition no longer has catalytic efficiency and the maximum content is generally not critical but essentially dependent on a question of cost.
• the composition used as a catalyst in the process of the invention is further based on a zirconia whose essential characteristic is to comprise silica.
• the silica content can vary in a wide range. The minimum value is generally that from which the zirconia has a sufficient thermal stability and the maximum content that beyond which may appear phases that may reduce the effectiveness of the composition. By way of example, this content may be between 1% and 50% and more particularly between 5 and 30%, this quantity being expressed as a mass of silica relative to the zirconia + silica group.
• the zirconia of the composition may further comprise a rare earth, this rare earth being present in oxide form.
• the rare earth can be in particular lanthanum, neodymium, praseodymium and yttrium. Generally, the content of rare earth may be up to 20%, this amount being expressed as mass of rare earth oxide relative to the zirconia + silica + rare earth oxide complex.
• the zirconium-based compositions comprising silica optionally in combination with a rare earth are known products which can be prepared by different types of processes.
• zirconium sol any system consisting of fine solid particles of colloidal dimensions, that is to say dimensions of between about 1 nm and about 500 nm, based on a zirconium compound, this compound being generally an oxide and / or hydrated zirconium oxide, such as an oxohydroxide or a zirconium hydroxynitrate, suspended in an aqueous liquid phase.
• zirconium salts chosen for example from nitrates, acetates or chlorides.
• zirconyl nitrate or zirconyl chloride zirconyl nitrate is most commonly used.
• silicon it is possible to use a silicate of an alkaline element, for example sodium, a silicon alkoxide or an alkyl siliconate of an alkaline element such as sodium or potassium, and methyl siliconate may be mentioned as an example. of potassium.
• the salts thereof may be used, for example, nitrates, chlorides, sulphates, carbonates.
• the zirconia used in the process of the invention can also be prepared with a process which comprises the following steps:
• the silica may be in the form of a soil or a suspension.
• the medium in which the zirconium compound, the silicon compound and, where appropriate, the compound of the rare earth compound is brought into contact is made basic by using a base or a basic compound of the hydroxide type in particular. Mention may be made of alkali or alkaline earth hydroxides. It is also possible to use secondary, tertiary or quaternary amines. However, amines and ammonia may be preferred in that they reduce the risk of pollution by alkaline or alkaline earth cations. We can also mention urea.
• the basic compound is generally used in the form of an aqueous solution.
• Step (a) is preferably conducted at room temperature (20-
• the next step (b) of the process is the step of heating the precipitate in a liquid medium.
• This heating can be carried out directly on the reaction medium obtained after step (a) or on a suspension obtained after separation of the precipitate from the reaction medium, optional washing and return to water of the precipitate.
• the temperature at which the medium is heated is at least 100 ° C. and even more particularly at least 130 ° C.
• the heating operation can be carried out by introducing the liquid medium into a closed enclosure (closed reactor of the type autoclave). Under the conditions of the temperatures given above, and in aqueous medium, it may be specified, by way of illustration, that the pressure in the closed reactor can vary between a value greater than 1 Bar (10 5 Pa) and 165 Bar (1, 65. 10 7 Pa), preferably between 5 Bar ( 5 ⁇ 10 5 Pa) and 165 Bar (1.65. 10 7 Pa). It is also possible to carry out heating in an open reactor for temperatures in the region of 100 ° C.
• the heating may be conducted either under air or under an inert gas atmosphere, preferably nitrogen in the latter case.
• the duration of the heating can vary within wide limits, for example between 1 and 48 hours, preferably between 2 and 24 hours.
• the rise in temperature is carried out at a speed which is not critical, and it is thus possible to reach the reaction temperature set by heating the medium for example between 30 minutes and 4 hours, these values being given for all purposes. indicative fact.
• the precipitate obtained after the heating step and possibly a washing may be resuspended in water and then another heating of the medium thus obtained may be carried out. This other heating is done under the same conditions as those described for the first.
• the next step (c) of the process consists in adding to the precipitate from the preceding step a compound which is chosen from anionic surfactants, nonionic surfactants, polyethylene glycols and carboxylic acids and their salts.
• a compound which is chosen from anionic surfactants, nonionic surfactants, polyethylene glycols and carboxylic acids and their salts As regards this compound, reference may be made to the teaching of application WO-98/45212 and to the use of the surfactants described in this document.
• ethoxycarboxylates ethoxylated fatty acids
• sarcosinates phosphate esters
• sulphates such as alcohol sulphates, sulphates of ether alcohol and sulphated alkanolamide ethoxylates
• sulphonates such as sulfosuccinates, alkyl benzene or alkyl naphthalene sulfonates.
• Nonionic surfactants which may be mentioned are acetylenic surfactants, alcohol ethoxylates, alkanolamides, amine oxides, ethoxylated alkanolamides, long chain ethoxylated amines, ethylene oxide / propylene oxide copolymers, derivatives thereof.
• acetylenic surfactants alcohol ethoxylates, alkanolamides, amine oxides, ethoxylated alkanolamides, long chain ethoxylated amines, ethylene oxide / propylene oxide copolymers, derivatives thereof.
• sorbiatan ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, glycerol, polyglyceryl esters and their ethoxylated derivatives, alkylamines, alkylimidazolines, ethoxylated oils and alkylphenol ethoxylates.
• These include in particular the products sold under the trademarks IGEPAL ®, DOWANOL
• carboxylic acids it is possible to use, in particular, aliphatic mono- or dicarboxylic acids and, among these, more particularly saturated acids. You can also use fatty acids and more particularly saturated fatty acids. These include formic, acetic, propionic, butyric, isobutyric, valeric, caproic, caprylic, capric, lauric, myristic and palmitic acids.
• dicarboxylic acids there may be mentioned oxalic acid, malonic acid, succinic acid, glutaric acid, adipic acid, pimelic acid, suberic acid, azelaic acid and sebacic acid.
• the salts of the carboxylic acids can also be used, especially the ammoniacal salts.
• product of the carboxymethyl alcohol fatty alcohol ethoxylate type is meant products consisting of ethoxylated or propoxylated fatty alcohols comprising at the end of the chain a -CH 2 -COOH group. These products can meet the formula:
• a surfactant may consist of a mixture of products of the above formula for which R 1 may be saturated and unsaturated respectively or products comprising both -CH 2 -CH 2 -O- groups and -C (CH 3 ) -CH 2 -O-.
• the addition of the surfactant can be done in two ways. It can be added directly to the precipitate suspension from the previous heating step (b). It may also be added to the solid precipitate after separation thereof by any known means from the medium in which the heating took place.
• the amount of surfactant used is generally between 5% and 100%, more particularly between 15% and 60%.
• the precipitate recovered is then calcined.
• This calcination makes it possible to develop the crystallinity of the product formed and it can also be adjusted and / or chosen as a function of the temperature of subsequent use reserved for the composition, and this taking into account the fact that the specific surface of the product is as much lower than the calcination temperature implemented is higher.
• Such calcination is generally carried out under air, but a calcination carried out for example under inert gas or under a controlled atmosphere (oxidizing or reducing) is obviously not excluded.
• the calcination temperature is generally limited to a range of values between 500 ° C. and 1100 ° C., more particularly between 600 ° C. and 900 ° C.
• the deposition of the oxidation catalyst metal on the zirconia comprising silica is in a known manner, for example by impregnation of the zirconia with a salt of the catalyst metal.
• the composition based on the metal and zirconia can be used in powder form but it can optionally be shaped to be in the form of granules, balls, cylinders or honeycombs of variable dimensions.
• This composition may also be used in a device comprising a coating (wash coat) based on the composition, on a substrate of the type for example metal monolith or ceramic.
• the invention therefore also relates to a device for implementing the method as described above and which is characterized in that it comprises a coating based on this same composition on the aforementioned type of substrate.
• This device can be an element of a catalytic exhaust pipe mounted on a motor vehicle.
• This example relates to the preparation of a composition based on oxides of zirconium and silicon in the respective proportions by mass of oxide of 90% and 10%.
• a solution A is prepared by mixing 173.8 g of a solution of zirconium nitrate (21% by weight expressed as oxide) and 240 g of distilled water in a stirred beaker.
• a solution B is prepared in another stirred beaker by mixing 100 ml of an ammonia solution (29% vol) and
• the suspension thus obtained is placed in a stainless steel autoclave equipped with a stirrer.
• the temperature of the medium is brought to 150 0 C for 2 hours with stirring.
• an ammonium laurate gel was prepared under the following conditions: 13.3 g of lauric acid are introduced into 7.8 g of ammonia (29% vol) and 27 ml of distilled water, and then homogenize with a spatula.
• the product obtained is then dried in an oven at 120 ° C. overnight and finally calcined in air at 900 ° C. for 4 hours in steps.
• This product is characterized by a specific surface area of 75 m 2 / g and a pure tetragonal phase.
• This oxide is then impregnated with a platinum (II) tetramine hydroxide salt (Pt (NH 3 MOH) 2 ) so as to obtain a catalyst containing 1% by weight of platinum relative to the oxide mass.
• Pt (NH 3 MOH) 2 platinum tetramine hydroxide salt
• This example relates to the preparation of a composition based on zirconium oxides and silicon in the respective proportions by oxide mass of 95% and 5%.
• solution A is prepared by mixing 10.7 g of a sodium silicate solution (19% by weight expressed as oxide) with
• solution A and solution B are introduced simultaneously and gradually.
• the suspension thus obtained is placed in a stainless steel autoclave equipped with a stirrer.
• the temperature of the medium is brought to 15O 0 C for 2 hours with stirring.
• an ammonium laurate gel was prepared under the following conditions: 13.3 g of lauric acid are introduced into 7.8 g of ammonia (29% vol) and 27 ml of distilled water, and then homogenize with a spatula.
• the product obtained is then dried in an oven at 120 ° C. overnight and finally calcined in air at 900 ° C. for 4 hours in steps.
• the area obtained for this product is 80 m 2 / g.
• This oxide is then impregnated with a platinum (II) tetramine hydroxide salt (Pt (NH 4 ) 4 (OH) 2 ) so as to obtain a catalyst containing 1% by weight of platinum relative to the oxide mass.
• a platinum (II) tetramine hydroxide salt Pt (NH 4 ) 4 (OH) 2
• the catalyst obtained is dried at 120 ° C. overnight and then calcined at 500 ° C. under air for 2 hours.
• This example relates to the preparation of a composition based on oxides of zirconium and silicon in the respective proportions by mass of oxide of 80% and 20%.
• solution A is prepared by mixing 42.6 g of a sodium silicate solution (19% by weight expressed as oxide) with
• This example relates to the preparation of a composition based on oxides of zirconium, silicon and lanthanum in the respective proportions by weight of oxide of 80%, 10% and 10%.
• solution A is prepared by mixing 42.6 g of a sodium silicate solution (19% by weight expressed as oxide) with 40 ml of an ammonia solution (29% vol) and 330 ml of distilled water.
• a solution B of 155.3 g of a solution of zirconium nitrate (21% by weight expressed as oxide) and 15.0 g of a solution of lanthanum nitrate (27% by weight) is also prepared. expressed as oxide). Then proceed as in Example 2.
• This example relates to the preparation of a comparative platinum-type composition supported on alumina.
• a gamma transition alumina marketed by Condéa is impregnated with a solution of lanthanum nitrate so as to obtain, after drying and calcining in air at 500 ° C., an alumina stabilized with 10% by weight of lanthanum oxide.
• This support is then impregnated with a platinum (II) tetramine hydroxide salt (Pt (NHa) 4 (OH) 2 ) so as to obtain a catalyst containing 1% by weight of platinum relative to the oxide mass.
• a platinum (II) tetramine hydroxide salt Pt (NHa) 4 (OH) 2
• composition obtained is dried at 120 ° C. overnight and then calcined at 500 ° C. in air for 2 hours.
• This example describes a catalytic test using the compositions prepared in the previous examples.
• the catalytic compositions are first subjected to aging before the catalytic test. Aging
• a synthetic gas mixture containing 20 vpm of SO 2 , 10% vol of O 2 and 10% vol of H 2 O in N 2 is continuously circulated in a quartz reactor containing the catalytic compound.
• the temperature of the reactor is raised to 300 ° C. for 12 hours in stages.
• the sulfur element content S of the catalytic composition is measured at the end of aging to evaluate its resistance to sulphation. Under aging conditions, the maximum sulfur content that can be captured by the catalyst composition is 1.28% by weight. More sulfur content the catalytic composition after aging is small, the higher its resistance to sulfation.
• the aged catalytic compositions are then evaluated in a temperature-triggering catalytic test (of the light-off type) for the oxidation reactions of CO and propene C 3 H 6 .
• a synthetic mixture representative of a diesel engine exhaust gas containing 2000 vpm of CO, 667 vpm of H 2 , 250 vpm of C 3 H 6 and 250 vpm of C 3 is passed over the catalytic composition.
• H 8 150 vpm NO, 10% vol CO 2 , 13% vol O 2 and 10% vol H 2 O in N 2 .
• the gaseous mixture circulates continuously with a flow rate of 30 L / h in a quartz reactor containing 20 mg of catalytic compound diluted in 180 mg of silicon carbide SiC.
• SiC is inert with respect to the oxidation reactions and here acts as a diluent making it possible to ensure the homogeneity of the catalytic bed.
• the conversion of CO and propene C 3 HO is measured as a function of the temperature of the catalytic composition.
• the catalytic composition is thus subjected to a temperature ramp of 10 ° C./min between 100 ° C. and 450 ° C. while the synthetic mixture circulates in the reactor.
• the gases leaving the reactor are analyzed by infrared spectroscopy at intervals of about 10 seconds in order to measure the conversion of CO 2 and hydrocarbons to CO 2 and H 2 O.
• T20% at which temperature 20% conversion of CO or propene C 3 H 6 is measured.
• 2 temperature ramps are chained.
• the catalytic activity of the catalytic composition is stabilized during the first ramp.
• Temperatures T20% are measured during the second ramp.

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