Classifications

• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
  • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
  • H01M4/00—Electrodes
  • H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
  • H01M4/13—Electrodes for accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte, e.g. for lithium-accumulators; Processes of manufacture thereof
  • H01M4/131—Electrodes based on mixed oxides or hydroxides, or on mixtures of oxides or hydroxides, e.g. LiCoOx
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
  • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
  • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
  • H01M10/02—Details
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
  • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
  • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
  • H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
  • H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
  • H01M10/0525—Rocking-chair batteries, i.e. batteries with lithium insertion or intercalation in both electrodes; Lithium-ion batteries
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
  • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
  • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
  • H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
  • H01M10/056—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes
  • H01M10/0564—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes the electrolyte being constituted of organic materials only
  • H01M10/0566—Liquid materials
  • H01M10/0568—Liquid materials characterised by the solutes
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
  • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
  • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
  • H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
  • H01M10/056—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes
  • H01M10/0564—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes the electrolyte being constituted of organic materials only
  • H01M10/0566—Liquid materials
  • H01M10/0569—Liquid materials characterised by the solvents
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
  • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
  • H01M4/00—Electrodes
  • H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
  • H01M4/13—Electrodes for accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte, e.g. for lithium-accumulators; Processes of manufacture thereof
  • H01M4/131—Electrodes based on mixed oxides or hydroxides, or on mixtures of oxides or hydroxides, e.g. LiCoOx
  • H01M4/1315—Electrodes based on mixed oxides or hydroxides, or on mixtures of oxides or hydroxides, e.g. LiCoOx containing halogen atoms, e.g. LiCoOxFy
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
  • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
  • H01M4/00—Electrodes
  • H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
  • H01M4/13—Electrodes for accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte, e.g. for lithium-accumulators; Processes of manufacture thereof
  • H01M4/133—Electrodes based on carbonaceous material, e.g. graphite-intercalation compounds or CFx
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
  • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
  • H01M4/00—Electrodes
  • H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
  • H01M4/13—Electrodes for accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte, e.g. for lithium-accumulators; Processes of manufacture thereof
  • H01M4/136—Electrodes based on inorganic compounds other than oxides or hydroxides, e.g. sulfides, selenides, tellurides, halogenides or LiCoFy
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
  • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
  • H01M4/00—Electrodes
  • H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
  • H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
  • H01M4/48—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides
  • H01M4/50—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of manganese
  • H01M4/505—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of manganese of mixed oxides or hydroxides containing manganese for inserting or intercalating light metals, e.g. LiMn2O4 or LiMn2OxFy
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
  • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
  • H01M4/00—Electrodes
  • H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
  • H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
  • H01M4/48—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides
  • H01M4/52—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of nickel, cobalt or iron
  • H01M4/525—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of nickel, cobalt or iron of mixed oxides or hydroxides containing iron, cobalt or nickel for inserting or intercalating light metals, e.g. LiNiO2, LiCoO2 or LiCoOxFy
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
  • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
  • H01M4/00—Electrodes
  • H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
  • H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
  • H01M4/58—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic compounds other than oxides or hydroxides, e.g. sulfides, selenides, tellurides, halogenides or LiCoFy; of polyanionic structures, e.g. phosphates, silicates or borates
  • H01M4/5825—Oxygenated metallic salts or polyanionic structures, e.g. borates, phosphates, silicates, olivines
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
  • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
  • H01M4/00—Electrodes
  • H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
  • H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
  • H01M4/58—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic compounds other than oxides or hydroxides, e.g. sulfides, selenides, tellurides, halogenides or LiCoFy; of polyanionic structures, e.g. phosphates, silicates or borates
  • H01M4/583—Carbonaceous material, e.g. graphite-intercalation compounds or CFx
  • H01M4/587—Carbonaceous material, e.g. graphite-intercalation compounds or CFx for inserting or intercalating light metals
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
  • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
  • Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
  • Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries

Definitions

• This invention relates to an electrochemical cell employing an
• the charge carrier present in the electrolyte differs from the charge carrier
• a battery pack consists of one or more electrochemical cells or
• each cell typically includes a positive electrode, a negative
• electrode active material employed an electrolyte having a salt of a
• the electrode active material and the alkali metal were the same (e.g. use of
• LiPF 6 as an electrolyte salt in a cell containing LiCoO 2 ).
• lithium (Li) is best suited for intercalation with
• alkaline-based electrode active materials can be employed in a secondary
• the present invention provides a novel secondary electrochemical
• a positive electrode active material containing one or more (i.e. at
• the charge carrier(s) present in the electrolyte differ from the charge carrier(s)
• the electrode active material in its nascent
• A contains at least one element capable of forming a positive ion
• M' includes at least one redox active element, and 1 ⁇ b ⁇ 6 and 0
• XY 4 is selected from the group consisting of X'[O 4-X Y' x ], X'[O 4-
• W is selected from the group consisting of V, Hf, Zr, Ti and
• Y' is selected from the group consisting of a halogen
• (v) Z is selected from the group consisting of a hydroxyl (OH), a
• M, X, Y, Z, a, b, c, x, y, z, d, e and f are selected so as to
• the secondary electrochemical cell is a
• cylindrical cell having a spirally coiled or wound electrode assembly enclosed in
• electrochemical cell is a prismatic cell having a jellyroll-type electrode assembly
• the secondary electrochemical cell is a
• the electrochemical cell further includes a non-aqueous
• the non-aqueous electrolyte contains one or more charge
• the electrolyte is the electrolyte
• electrode active materials is lithium-free in its nascent state.
• Figure 1 is a schematic cross-sectional diagram illustrating the
• Figure 2 is a plot of cathode specific capacity vs. cell voltage for a
• Figure 3 is a plot of differential capacity for a graphite / 1 M LiPF 6
• Figure 4 is a cathode specific capacity plot for multiple cycles for a
• an electrode active material preferably one described herein below as general
• the cell 10 includes a spirally coiled or wound
• the electrode assembly 12 includes: a first or positive
• electrode 16 consisting of, among other things, an electrode active material
• separator 20 is preferably an electrically insulating, ionically conductive
• microporous film and composed of a polymeric material selected from the
• ⁇ tif ⁇ y lEkG : l ⁇ ' 16,18 includes a current col ector 22 and 24,
• Each current collector 22,24 is a foil or grid of an
• electrically conductive metal such as iron, copper, aluminum, titanium, nickel,
• the current collector may be treated
• oxide-removing agent such as a mild acid and the like
• suitable coatings include polymeric materials comprising a homogenously
• dispersed electrically conductive material e.g. carbon
• acrylics including acrylic acid and methacrylic acids
• esters including poly (ethylene-co-acrylic acid); vinylic materials including
• polyesters including poly(adipic acid-co-ethylene glycol); polyurethanes;
• the positive electrode 16 further includes a positive electrode film
• each film 26 is preferably both sides of the positive electrode current collector 22, each film 26
• electrode film 26 is preferably composed of between 80% and 99% by weight of
• Suitable binders include: polyacrylic acid; carboxymethylcellulose;
• diacetylcellulose hydroxypropylcellulose
• polyethylene polyethylene
• polypropylene polypropylene
• copolymer polyvinyl alcohol; polyvinyl chloride; polyvinyl pyrrolidone;
• Suitable electrically conductive agents include: natural graphite
• thermal black, and the like conductive fibers such as carbon fibers and metallic ; fibers; TOBtai powiiJeMi . as carbon fluoride, copper, nickel, and the like; and
• organic conductive materials such as polyphenylene derivatives.
• the negative electrode 18 is formed of a negative electrode film 28
• negative electrode film 28 is composed of between 80% and 95% of an
• intercalation material between 2% and 10% by weight binder, and (optionally)
• Intercalation materials suitable herein include: transition metal
• oxides metal chalcogenides, carbons (e.g. graphite), and mixtures thereof
• the intercalation material is selected from the
• each such graphite having one or more of the following properties: a
• P d average particle diameter
• SA specific surface
• separator 20 "overhangs” or extends a width "a" beyond each edge of the
• negative electrode 18 In one embodiment, 50 ⁇ m ⁇ a ⁇ 2,000 ⁇ m. To ensure
• alkali metal does not plate on the edges of the negative electrode 18 during
• the negative electrode 18 "overhangs” or extends a width "b" beyond
• each edge of the positive electrode 16 In one embodiment, 50 ⁇ m ⁇ b ⁇ 2,000
• the cylindrical casing 14 includes a cylindrical body member 30
• closed end 32 is electrically conductive and provides electrical communication
• insulating member 38 is interposed between the spirally coiled or wound
• the positive terminal subassembly 40 is adapted to
• Suitable positive terminal assemblies 40 are disclosed in U.S. Patent No.
• a non-aqueous electrolyte (not shown) is provided for transferring
• electrolyte includes a non-aqueous solvent and an alkali metal salt dissolved
• the non-aqueous electrolyte contains a
• Suitable solvents include: a cyclic carbonate such as ethylene
• non-cyclic carbonate such as dimethyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate, ethyl
• .gamma.-lactone such as ⁇ -butyrolactone
• a non-cyclic ether such as 1 ,2-
• 2-oxazolidinone a propylene carbonate derivative, a tetrahydrofuran derivative,
• non-cyclic carbonate or a mixture of a cyclic carbonate, a non-cyclic carbonate
• Suitable alkali metal salts particularly lithium salts, include (along
• LiCIO 4 LiBF 4 ; LiPF 6 ; LiAICI 4 ; LiSbF 6 ; LiSCN;
• LiCF 3 SO 3 LiCF 3 CO 2 ; Li(CF 3 SO 2 ) 2 ; LiAsF 6 ; LiN(CF 3 SO2) 2 ; LiB 10 CI 10 ; a lithium
• electrolyte contains at least LiPF 6 .
• the positive electrode film 26 contains a
• positive electrode active material charge carrier refers to an element capable of
• an “electrolyte charge carrier” refers to an ion
• electrode active material are selected so as to maintain electroneutrality of the
• composition may take on non-integer values.
• moiety A contains at least
• A is selected from the group consisting of elements from Groups I
• A' are each selected from the group consisting of elements from Groups I
• A does not include lithium (Li) or sodium (Na).
• Group refers to the Group numbers (i.e.,
• moiety A may be partially
• (b) D is an element other than the alkali metal charge carrier
• V D is the oxidation state of moiety D
• V A V D or V A ⁇ V D ; . ⁇ j an
• moiety D is at least one element preferably having an
• D is at least one transition metal.
• transition metals useful herein are examples of transition metals useful herein.
• moiety D include, without limitation, Nb (Niobium), Zr
• moiety D is at least one element
• Nb Niobium
• Mg Magnnesium
• Zr Zero-Valium
• the valence or oxidation state of D (V D ) is greater than the valence
• A may be substituted by moiety D by isocharge substitution, A may be substituted by an
• moiety A may be substituted by moiety D by aliovalent substitution, moiety A may be substituted
• At least one of M and M' includes at least one redox active
• moieties M and M' are
• transition metals and mixtures thereof, wherein.
• redox active element includes those elements characterized as being capable
• M' include, without limitation, elements from Groups 4 through 11 of the
• Ti Ti (Titanium), V (Vanadium), Cr (Chromium), Mn (Manganese), Fe
• Ru (Ruthenium), Rh (Rhodium), Pd (Palladium), Os (Osmium), Ir (Iridium), Pt
• M and/or M' may comprise a mixture of
• moiety M and/or M' is a redox active element.
• M is a redox active element selected from the group
• M is a redox active element selected from
• moieties M and/or M' include one or more
• redox active elements and (optionally) one or more non-redox active elements.
• non-redox active elements include elements that are
• Cd Cadmium
• Group 13 elements particularly B (Boron), Al (Aluminum), Ga
• M and/or M' MI n MII 0 , wherein 0 ⁇ o + n ⁇ b
• non-redox active elements wherein at least one of Ml and Mil is redox active.
• Ml may be partially substituted with Mil by isocharge or aliovalent substitution
• Ml may be substituted by an equal
• M Ml n - 0 MII 0 .
• Ml may be partially substituted by Mil by aliovalent
• Ml is selected from the group consisting of
• Ml may be
• Ml is partially substituted by Mil by
• Si 2+ , Sn 2+ , Pb 2+ , and mixtures thereof, and Mil is selected from the group
• Ml is selected from the
• Mil is selected from the group consisting of Zn 2+ , Cd 2+ , and mixtures
• Ml is selected from the
• Mil is selected from the group consisting of Sc 3+ , Y 3+ , B 3+ ,
• Ml is partially substituted by Mil by
• Ml is selected
• Si 2+ , Sn 2+ , Pb 2+ , and mixtures thereof, and Mil is selected from the group
• Ml is a 2+ oxidation state redox active element
• Ml is selected from the group consisting of
• Mil is selected from the group consisting of Be 2+ , Mg 2+ , Ca 2+ , Sr 2+ , Ba 2+ , Zn 2+ ,
• M and/or M' M1 q M2 r M3 Sl wherein:
• M1 is a redox active element with a 2+ oxidation state
• L fiff 'Mz is Selected from the group consisting of redox and non-
• M3 is selected from the group consisting of redox and non-
• M1 , M2, and M3 is redox active.
• M1 is substituted by an equal amount of
• M 1 is substituted by an "oxidatively"
• V M1 is the oxidation state of M1
• V M2 is the oxidation state of M2
• V M3 is the oxidation state of M3).
• M1 is selected from the group consisting of
• M2 is selected from the group consisting of Cu 1+ , Ag 1+ and mixtures
• M3 is selected from the group consisting of Ti 3+ , V 3+ , Cr 3+ , Mn 3+ ,
• M1 and M3 are selected from their respective preceding groups, and M2 is
• M2 is selected from the group consisting of Cu 1+ , Ag 1+ and mixtures
• M3 is selected from the group consisting of Ti 3+ , V 3+ , Cr 3+ , Mn 3+ ,
• M1 and M3 are selected from their respective preceding groups, and M2 is
• M1 is selected from the group
• M2 is selected from the group consisting of Cu 1+ , Ag 1+ ,
• M3 is selected from the group consisting of Sc 3+ , Y 3+ ,
• M3 are selected from their respective preceding groups, and M2 is selected
• moiety XY 4 is a polyanion
• X is selected from the group consisting of P, As, Sb, Si, Ge,
• W is selected from the group consisting of V, Hf, Zr, Ti and
• XY 4 is selected from the group consisting of
• XY 4 is a polyanion selected from the group consisting of PO 4 ,
• XY 4 is
• XY 4 includes about 80% or more phosphate and up to about
• XY 4 is selected from the group
• W is selected from the group consisting of Zr and Ti.
• moiety Z (when provided) is
• Z is selected from the
• Z is OH.
• z is h, or a
• stoichiometric values of the elements of the composition are selected so as to
• values of one or more elements of the composition may take on non-integer
• the XY 4 moiety is, as a unit moiety, an anion having a
• anion may take on non-integer values, depending on the charge and
• XY 4 is selected from the group consisting of X'[O 4-X Y' X ], X'[O 4-
• X is selected from the group consisting of P, As, Sb, Si, Ge,
• A, M, X, Y, Z, a, b, x, y, z, and f are selected so as to maintain
• M of general formula (II) is
• M of general formula (II) is selected from the group
• M of general formula (II) is
• Barker et al. published January 6, 2000; WO 00/31812 to Barker et al.,
• NaMnSO 4 F NaFe 0-9 Mg 0-1 SO 4 CI; NaFeSO 4 F; NaMnSO 4 OH; KMnSO 4 F;
• NaVPO 4 F Na 3 V 2 (PO 4 ) 2 F 3 ; NaVPO 4 CI; NaVPO 4 OH; NaVPO 4 F;
• NaMn 0-9 Fe 0-8 PO 4 Na 3 V 2 (PO 4 ) 3 ; Na 3 Fe 2 (PO 4 ) 3 ; Na 3 Mn 2 (PO 4 ) 3 ; Na 3 FeTi(PO 4 ) 3 ;
• Na 3 FeMo(PO 4 ) 3 Na 3 FeNi(PO 4 ) 3 ; Na 3 FeMn(PO 4 ) 3 ; Na 3 FeAI(PO 4 ) 3 ;
• Na 3 FeCo(P0 4 ) 3 Na 3 Ti 2 (PO 4 ) 3 ; Na 3 TiCr(PO 4 ) 3 ; Na 3 TiMn(PO 4 ) 3 ; Na 3 TiMo(PO 4 ) 3 ;
• Preferred active materials of this subembodiment include
• M, a, b and e are selected so as to maintain electroneutrality of
• NaMn 2 O 4 NaNio. 75 Alo. 2 5O2, Na 2 CuO 2 , Y-NaV 2 O 5 ,LiCo 0 . 5 Ni 0 .5O 2 , NaCoO 2 ,
• Preferred materials include NaNiO 2 , NaCoO 2, NaNi 1-x Co x 0 2 , Y-NaV 2 O 5 ,
• modified manganese oxide having an inner and an outer region
• the inner region comprises a cubic spinel manganese oxide
• outer region is enriched with Mn +4 relative to the inner region, moiety A is as
• Wi f ⁇ iMrliipfeter ably contains less than 50% by weignt o ⁇ tne a ⁇ ali
• the mixture contains at least
• the mixture contains from about 0.1% to
• the alkali metal compound is a compound of lithium, sodium,
• the alkali metal compound serves as a source
• alkali metal ion in particulate form of alkali metal ion in particulate form.
• Preferred alkali metal compounds are
• carbonates without limitation, carbonates, metal oxides, hydroxides, sulfates, aluminates,
• lithium compounds thus include, without
• lithium carbonates lithium metal oxides, lithium mixed metal oxides,
• lithium hydroxides lithium hydroxides, lithium aluminates, and lithium silicates, while analogous
• a preferred lithium compound is lithium
• the modified manganese oxide is preferably characterized by
• the decomposition product is a reaction product of the
• p is greater than or equal to about 0.081.
• the invention is red in color. Without being bound by theory, the red color may be any color.
• Li 2 MnO 3 or Na 2 MnO 3 , which is also red in
• the alkali metal compound is lithium carbonate.
• the cubic spinel lithiated manganese oxide becomes enriched in lithium.
• Barker et al. issued July 22, 2003.
• X is selected from the group consisting of P, As, Sb, Si, Ge, V, S,
• A, M', X, a, c, and f are selected so as to maintain
• Vl is a 2+ ion containing a metal (M') in the 4+ oxidation state.
• M' metal
• V vanadium
• XY 4 PO 4 .
• NaVOPO 4 Na(VO) 0-75 MOa 25 PO 4 , and NaVOSO 4- Particularly preferred are NaVOPO 4 and
• moieties A and M are as described herein above, wherein O ⁇ a ⁇ 2
• W is selected from the group consisting of Hf, Ti, Zr, and mixtures
• A, M, W, a and b are selected so as to maintain electroneutrality
• moiety M is selected from the
• the sample is removed from the oven and cooled.
• carbon intercalation anode is constructed with an electrolyte comprising 1 M
• Na 1-O25 COo 1S Fe 0-I AIa O2S Mg O1OB PO 4 is made as follows. The following sources of
• Na, Co, Fe, Al, Mg, and phosphate are provided containing the respective
• An electrode is made with 80% of
• the active material 10% of Super P conductive carbon, and 10% poly
• intercalation anode is constructed with an electrolyte comprising 1 M LiPF 6
• An electrode active material comprising Na 2 NiPO 4 F, representative
• Na 1+x NiPO 4 F x is then made from the NaNiPO 4 precursor.
• the material is made according to the formula Na 2 NiPO 4 F.
• the material is made according to the formula Na 2 NiPO 4 F.
• carbon intercalation anode is constructed with an electrolyte comprising 1 M
• An electrode active material comprising Na 1-2 VPO 4 F 112 is made as
• a metal phosphate is made by carbothermal reduction of .
• the precursors are premixed using a mortar and pestle and
• the pellet is transferred to an oven equipped with a flowing
• the sample is heated at a ramp rate of 2° per minute to an
• the pellet is transferred to a furnace with
• the sample is heated at a ramp rate of 2° per minute to
• the precursors are pre- , . .
• the sample is heated at 700°C for 15 minutes, cooled, and
• An electrode is made with 80% of the active material, 10% of Super P
• An electrode active material comprising NaCoPO 4 F is made
• This active material is made under oxidizing conditions where the
• metal in the final product has a higher oxidation state than the metal in the
• An electrode is made with 80% of the active
• An electrode active material comprising Lio.iNa 0 . 9 VP0 4 F is made
• An electrode is made with 80% of the active
• An electrode active material comprising NaVPO 4 F is made
• Model 4744 acid digestion bomb which is a Teflon lined stainless steel
• hydrothermal reaction vessel The bomb is placed in an oven and heated at a
• the product sample is washed repeatedly with deionized water to
• An electrode is made with 80% of
• the active material 10% of Super P conductive carbon, and 10% poly
• intercalation anode is constructed with an electrolyte comprising 1 M LiPF 6
• An electrode active material of formula NaVPO 4 OH is made
• the hydroxyl group is incorporated into the active material at the relatively low
• An electrode is made with 80% of the active material
• An electrode active material comprising NaVPO 4 F is made
• the sample is washed repeatedly with the deionized water to
• An electrode is made with 80% of the active material, 10%
• electrolyte comprising 1 M LiPF 6 dissolved in 2:1 by weight mixture of ethylene
• An electrode active material comprising Li 4 Fe 2 (PO 4 ) S F,
• M 2 O 3 represents a +3 metal oxide or mixture of +3 metal
• powders are mixed and pelletized as in the previous examples.
• the pellet is
• An electrode is made with 80% of
• the active material 10% of Super P conductive carbon, and 10% poly
• An electrode active material comprising Na 2 Li 2 M 2 (PO 4 ) S F is made
• MPO 4 represents a metal +3 phosphate or mixture of metal +3
• An electrode is made with 80% of the active material, 10% of
• electrolyte comprising 1 M LiPF 6 dissolved in 2:1 by weight mixture of ethylene
• An electrode active material comprising Na 3 V 2 (PO 4 ) 2 F 3 is made as
• VPO 4 precursor is made according to the following reaction

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• Condensed Matter Physics & Semiconductors (AREA)
• General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
• Crystallography & Structural Chemistry (AREA)
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• 2006
  • 2006-03-28 EP EP06740012A patent/EP1866998A4/de not_active Withdrawn
  • 2006-03-28 JP JP2008504333A patent/JP5384935B2/ja not_active Expired - Fee Related
  • 2006-03-28 KR KR1020077024667A patent/KR101326426B1/ko not_active IP Right Cessation
  • 2006-03-28 CA CA002601912A patent/CA2601912A1/en not_active Abandoned
  • 2006-03-28 WO PCT/US2006/011571 patent/WO2006105253A2/en active Application Filing
• 2012
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