EP1863651A1 - Sicherheitselement - Google Patents
SicherheitselementInfo
- Publication number
- EP1863651A1 EP1863651A1 EP06704752A EP06704752A EP1863651A1 EP 1863651 A1 EP1863651 A1 EP 1863651A1 EP 06704752 A EP06704752 A EP 06704752A EP 06704752 A EP06704752 A EP 06704752A EP 1863651 A1 EP1863651 A1 EP 1863651A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- luminescent substance
- luminescent
- emission
- frequency range
- security element
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 162
- 230000005284 excitation Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 27
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 19
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000012546 transfer Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 230000002349 favourable effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000001514 detection method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000011147 inorganic material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910010272 inorganic material Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000011368 organic material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229920000742 Cotton Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000007513 acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000002313 adhesive film Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000005540 biological transmission Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000002144 chemical decomposition reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000002485 combustion reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000003247 decreasing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011161 development Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000003993 interaction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001681 protective effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000012552 review Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B42—BOOKBINDING; ALBUMS; FILES; SPECIAL PRINTED MATTER
- B42D—BOOKS; BOOK COVERS; LOOSE LEAVES; PRINTED MATTER CHARACTERISED BY IDENTIFICATION OR SECURITY FEATURES; PRINTED MATTER OF SPECIAL FORMAT OR STYLE NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; DEVICES FOR USE THEREWITH AND NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; MOVABLE-STRIP WRITING OR READING APPARATUS
- B42D25/00—Information-bearing cards or sheet-like structures characterised by identification or security features; Manufacture thereof
- B42D25/20—Information-bearing cards or sheet-like structures characterised by identification or security features; Manufacture thereof characterised by a particular use or purpose
- B42D25/29—Securities; Bank notes
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B42—BOOKBINDING; ALBUMS; FILES; SPECIAL PRINTED MATTER
- B42D—BOOKS; BOOK COVERS; LOOSE LEAVES; PRINTED MATTER CHARACTERISED BY IDENTIFICATION OR SECURITY FEATURES; PRINTED MATTER OF SPECIAL FORMAT OR STYLE NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; DEVICES FOR USE THEREWITH AND NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; MOVABLE-STRIP WRITING OR READING APPARATUS
- B42D25/00—Information-bearing cards or sheet-like structures characterised by identification or security features; Manufacture thereof
- B42D25/30—Identification or security features, e.g. for preventing forgery
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G07—CHECKING-DEVICES
- G07D—HANDLING OF COINS OR VALUABLE PAPERS, e.g. TESTING, SORTING BY DENOMINATIONS, COUNTING, DISPENSING, CHANGING OR DEPOSITING
- G07D7/00—Testing specially adapted to determine the identity or genuineness of valuable papers or for segregating those which are unacceptable, e.g. banknotes that are alien to a currency
- G07D7/06—Testing specially adapted to determine the identity or genuineness of valuable papers or for segregating those which are unacceptable, e.g. banknotes that are alien to a currency using wave or particle radiation
- G07D7/12—Visible light, infrared or ultraviolet radiation
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G07—CHECKING-DEVICES
- G07D—HANDLING OF COINS OR VALUABLE PAPERS, e.g. TESTING, SORTING BY DENOMINATIONS, COUNTING, DISPENSING, CHANGING OR DEPOSITING
- G07D7/00—Testing specially adapted to determine the identity or genuineness of valuable papers or for segregating those which are unacceptable, e.g. banknotes that are alien to a currency
- G07D7/06—Testing specially adapted to determine the identity or genuineness of valuable papers or for segregating those which are unacceptable, e.g. banknotes that are alien to a currency using wave or particle radiation
- G07D7/12—Visible light, infrared or ultraviolet radiation
- G07D7/1205—Testing spectral properties
-
- B42D2035/34—
Definitions
- the invention relates to a security element for a security document, wherein the security document comprises a base body of a base material comprising a first luminescent substance.
- the object of the invention is to provide a security element of the type described above, in which the known disadvantages are avoided, which can be easily checked and which has a high security against counterfeiting.
- this is achieved in that a second luminescent substance is provided, that an energy transmission is provided between the first luminescent substance and the second luminescent substance, wherein the frequency range of the excitation of one of the luminescent substances corresponds to the frequency range of the emission of the other of the luminescent substances, and that the first luminescent substance is thermally unstable at the ignition temperature of the base material and / or at a temperature of 185 ° C.
- the emission of one of the luminescent substances stimulates the other of the luminescent substances, the presence of both substances can be checked in a simple manner in one step.
- the ratio of the emission of the first luminescent substance to the emission of the second luminescent substance can be determined and used as a criterion for the authenticity.
- the security element can not be fully extracted after burning the banknote. If the second luminescent substance is thermally stable, the presumption of authenticity can be confirmed by the detection of this substance in a burnt security document.
- the first luminescent substance against Acids are formed unstable, whereby the first luminescent substance can not be extracted even in a chemical decomposition of the base material.
- the frequency range of the emission is higher than the frequency range of the excitation.
- the frequency range of the excitation of the second luminescent substance corresponds to the frequency range of the emission of the first luminescent substance, wherein the first luminescent substance excites the second luminescent substance.
- the first luminescent substance is an up-converter, the energy of its emission is usually considerably lower than the excitation.
- the excitation of the up-converter by means of an external light source can easily ensure that there is sufficient energy to excite the second luminescent substance.
- the frequency range of the emission of the first luminescent substance is in the visible range, whereby the presence of the first luminescent substance can be easily detected with the naked eye, provided that a suitable light source is used for excitation.
- a suitable light source can be, for example, IR laser diodes, which can be provided simply and inexpensively, for example as a key fob.
- the frequency range of the emission is lower than the frequency range of the excitation.
- Such conventional down-converters have a good quantum efficiency, whereby a sufficient emission of the second luminescent substance can be ensured even when using an up-converter.
- the first luminescent substance and the second luminescent substance are present in a predeterminable ratio, whereby the ratio of the emission of the first luminescent substance to the emission of the second luminescent substance is used as another criterion for the authenticity.
- a first luminescent substance and the second luminescent substance are present in a predeterminable ratio, whereby the ratio of the emission of the first luminescent substance to the emission of the second luminescent substance is used as another criterion for the authenticity.
- a first luminescent substance and the second luminescent substance are present in a predeterminable ratio, whereby the ratio of the emission of the first luminescent substance to the emission of the second luminescent substance is used as another criterion for the authenticity.
- Area comprises the first luminescent substance and the second luminescent substance, and that a second area comprises only the first luminescent substance.
- the regional presence of the substances can be easily determined and as
- Safety criterion can be used.
- a third region comprises only the second luminescent substance, whereby the
- Imitation of the security element is further complicated with a simple verifiability.
- the invention further relates to a security document with one described above
- the security document has the advantages described for the security element.
- the invention further relates to a printing ink for a security element described above, wherein the security element can be applied to a security document having a base body of a base material, comprising a first luminescent substance.
- Another object of the invention is to provide a printing ink of the type described above, with the security element according to the invention is easy to produce.
- this is achieved in that a second luminescent substance is provided, that an energy transfer is provided between the first luminescent substance and the second luminescent substance, wherein the
- Frequency range of the excitation of one of the luminescent substances corresponds to the frequency range of the emission of the other of the luminescent substances, and that the first luminescent substance at the ignition temperature of the base material and / or at a
- the invention further relates to a method for checking the authenticity and / or quality of a security document with a security element comprising a first luminescent substance, wherein the first luminescent substance is excited by means of a light source.
- the object of the invention is to provide a method of the type described above, in which the known disadvantages are avoided, with a simple and quick review can be performed and high security against counterfeiting can be ensured.
- this is achieved by exciting a second luminescent substance from the emission of the first luminescent substance, and determining the ratio of the emission of the first luminescent substance to the emission of the second luminescent substance.
- Substances can be easily checked together. By determining the
- Ratio of the emission of the first luminescent substance to the emission of the second luminescent substance provides an additional criterion for the authenticity.
- FIG. 1 is a plan view of a security document according to the invention.
- Fig. 2 shows the emission of the first luminescent substance upon excitation thereof
- Fig. 3 shows the emission of the second luminescent substance upon excitation thereof
- FIG. 1 shows a plan view of a security document 5 with a security element 1.
- the security document 5 comprises a base 51 made of a base material.
- the security document 5 can be, for example, a banknote, a chip card, a document or the like, wherein the base material may in particular be paper, cardboard, plastic, cotton. In other embodiments, the base material may also be a composite material.
- the security element 1 comprises a first luminescent substance and a second luminescent substance, wherein an energy transfer is provided between the first luminescent substance and the second luminescent substance, wherein the frequency range of the excitation of one of the luminescent substances the frequency range of the emission of the other of the corresponds to luminescent substances.
- one of the luminescent substances is excited by the emission of the other of the luminescent substances.
- both luminescent substances can be excited.
- the security element 1 can be designed so that the second luminescent substance is excited by the emission of the first luminescent substance, or also that the first luminescent substance is excited by the emission of the second luminescent substance.
- the luminescent substances can be excited in a frequency range which is around a frequency with maximum energy yield.
- the frequency range corresponds to the technically meaningful range in which the energy yield corresponds to a specifiable percentage of the maximum energy yield, which can preferably be greater than 10%, in particular greater than 20%.
- the correspondence of the frequency ranges is given when there is an overlap of the frequency ranges, wherein preferably both frequencies lie with the maximum energy yield in the overlap region. It appears particularly favorable if the distance of the two frequencies with the maximum energy yield is less than 25%, preferably less than 10%, in particular less than 5%, of the total width of the overlap region.
- the first luminescent substance is thermally unstable at the ignition temperature of the base material and / or at a temperature of 185 ° C.
- Thermally unstable in the sense of the invention means that a chemical or physical conversion of the luminescent substance takes place, so that the luminescent properties are lost, or at least change so much that the change can be checked by a detector and the security document 5 can be eliminated.
- the ignition temperature is the lowest temperature at which the base material is made to burn. For a security document 5 with a base material of paper, the ignition temperature is usually between 185 ° C and 36O 0 C.
- Luminescent substances can be of organic or inorganic material, wherein organic materials are often thermally unstable but have the disadvantage that they are also non-lightfast and unsuitable for security documents exposed to light, for example banknotes, without appropriate protective measures. In contrast, most inorganic materials are thermally stable and can be extracted after combustion of the security document.
- the frequency range of the emission may be higher than the frequency range of the excitation, which in this case is an up-converter. If an up-converter is provided for the first luminescent substance, a thermally unstable and light-fast material can be provided in a simple manner.
- Known Up converters have a low quantum efficiency, which is why a strong excitation is required to cause a corresponding intensity of the emission.
- the security element 1 is embodied such that the frequency range of the excitation of the second luminescent substance corresponds to the frequency range of the emission of the first luminescent substance.
- the up-converter can be excited by means of an external light source with a high intensity, whereby a sufficient emission is achieved in order to ensure a readily measurable emission of the second luminescent substance.
- the frequency range of the emission of the first luminescent substance is in the visible range, then the emission can be easily detected with the naked eye.
- an up-converter excitation can be done by means of an IR laser diode, which can be provided easily and inexpensively.
- the general public can be provided with a means of checking the authenticity of a security document 5 simply and quickly.
- Down converters usually have a higher quantum efficiency than up-converters, which is why it seems favorable if, in the case of the second luminescent substance, the frequency range of the emission is lower than the frequency range of the excitation.
- An additional security feature is formed when the first luminescent substance and the second luminescent substance are present in a predeterminable ratio. In this case, the ratio of the emission of the first luminescent substance to the emission of the second luminescent substance can be determined, the ratio being determined by the corresponding quantities of the luminescent substances.
- the security element 1 can be designed in such a way that a first region 11 comprises the first luminescent substance and the second luminescent substance, a second region 12 only the first luminescent substance and a third region 13 only the second luminescent substance.
- a security element 1 is shown in Fig. 1.
- FIG. 2 shows the emission of the first luminescent substance during its excitation. It can be seen that the concentration of the first luminescent substance is not constant and is increasing in the representation from left to right.
- FIG. 3 shows the emission of the second luminescent substance during its excitation. It can be seen that the concentration of the second luminescent substance in the illustration is decreasing from left to right.
- Fig. 4 the emission of the second luminescent substance upon excitation of the first luminescent substance is shown. In this case, an emission occurs only in the first region 11, in which both luminescent substances are present.
- a different concentration of the first luminescent substance and / or the second luminescent substance can be achieved, for example, by means of different line widths and / or line spacings in the first region 11, the second region 12 and / or the third region 13. It can also be the formation of barcodes by a corresponding arrangement of the areas 11, 12, 13 can be achieved. In other embodiments of the security element 1 according to the invention, only the first region 11, the first region 11 and the second region 12 or the first region 11 and the third region 13 may be provided.
- the first luminescent substance can be excited by means of a light source and the ratio of the emission of the first luminescent substance to the emission of the second luminescent substance can be determined. By taking this ratio into account, the security against counterfeiting can be further improved.
- the security element 1 can be easily manufactured in a printing step when using a printing ink comprising the first luminescent substance and the second luminescent substance.
- the first luminescent substance and the second luminescent substance occur only in low concentrations in the security element, as this makes it difficult for a counterfeiter to find these substances.
- an up-converter can be provided by the provision of the up-converter as an externally excited substance of the security element 1 even with a low concentration of Luminescent substances a sufficient quality of the security element 1 can be achieved, which ensures reliable detection. Due to the low concentrations, the security element 1 can be realized by printing technology simply and inexpensively. Furthermore, the choice of a low concentration makes it difficult to find the security feature by a counterfeiter.
- the security element 1 can also be designed as an adhesive film, as a component of a hologram, as a strip element or the like.
- the security element 1 can also comprise further security features, for example a further luminescent substance.
Landscapes
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Toxicology (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Business, Economics & Management (AREA)
- Spectroscopy & Molecular Physics (AREA)
- Accounting & Taxation (AREA)
- Finance (AREA)
- Credit Cards Or The Like (AREA)
- Inspection Of Paper Currency And Valuable Securities (AREA)
- Medicines Containing Antibodies Or Antigens For Use As Internal Diagnostic Agents (AREA)
- Bidet-Like Cleaning Device And Other Flush Toilet Accessories (AREA)
- Burglar Alarm Systems (AREA)
- Luminescent Compositions (AREA)
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
PL06704752T PL1863651T3 (pl) | 2005-03-21 | 2006-03-16 | Element zabezpieczający |
AT06704752T ATE431786T1 (de) | 2005-03-21 | 2006-03-16 | Sicherheitselement |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
AT0048105A AT502868B1 (de) | 2005-03-21 | 2005-03-21 | Sicherheitselement |
PCT/AT2006/000110 WO2006099642A1 (de) | 2005-03-21 | 2006-03-16 | Sicherheitselement |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
EP1863651A1 true EP1863651A1 (de) | 2007-12-12 |
EP1863651B1 EP1863651B1 (de) | 2009-05-20 |
Family
ID=36790948
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP06704752A Active EP1863651B1 (de) | 2005-03-21 | 2006-03-16 | Sicherheitselement |
Country Status (13)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US7656511B2 (de) |
EP (1) | EP1863651B1 (de) |
JP (1) | JP5183464B2 (de) |
AT (2) | AT502868B1 (de) |
AU (1) | AU2006227581B2 (de) |
CA (1) | CA2599427C (de) |
DE (1) | DE502006003773D1 (de) |
ES (1) | ES2327560T3 (de) |
MA (1) | MA29390B1 (de) |
PL (1) | PL1863651T3 (de) |
RU (1) | RU2401745C2 (de) |
WO (1) | WO2006099642A1 (de) |
ZA (1) | ZA200708590B (de) |
Families Citing this family (8)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US8328102B2 (en) * | 2009-12-21 | 2012-12-11 | Honeywell International Inc. | Method and authentication apparatus for authenticating value documents |
US9999323B2 (en) | 2011-05-27 | 2018-06-19 | Sun Chemical Corporation | Authentication reader and a dispenser comprising the authentication reader |
US10893781B2 (en) | 2011-05-27 | 2021-01-19 | Sun Chemical Corporation | Authentication reader and a dispenser comprising the authentication reader |
FI124434B (en) * | 2012-10-31 | 2014-08-29 | Metso Automation Oy | Method and apparatus for track monitoring |
FI126174B (en) | 2012-12-04 | 2016-07-29 | Valmet Automation Oy | Tissue measurement |
DE102014011383A1 (de) | 2014-08-01 | 2016-02-04 | Giesecke & Devrient Gmbh | Sicherheitselement, Wertdokument-Substrat, Sicherheitspapier, Wertdokument und Verfahren zur Herstellung desselben und Trensferband |
WO2016057956A1 (en) | 2014-10-10 | 2016-04-14 | Sun Chemical Corporation | Authentication system |
DE102019210762A1 (de) * | 2019-07-19 | 2021-01-21 | Bundesdruckerei Gmbh | Verfahren zur Auswertung von flüchtigen nicht resistenten Anti-Stokes-Lumineszenzstoffen auf Wertdokumenten |
Citations (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
WO2001006453A1 (en) * | 1999-07-16 | 2001-01-25 | Verification Technologies, Inc. D/B/A Veritec | Portable authentication device and method of authenticating products or product packaging |
Family Cites Families (12)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE3446861A1 (de) * | 1984-12-21 | 1986-07-10 | GAO Gesellschaft für Automation und Organisation mbH, 8000 München | Sicherheitsdokument mit darin eingelagertem sicherheitsfaden und verfahren zur herstellung und echtheitspruefung des sicherheitsdokuments |
US5118349A (en) * | 1986-08-19 | 1992-06-02 | Petrel | Security markings, material provided with security marks, and apparatus to detect the security mark |
DE3741179A1 (de) * | 1987-12-04 | 1989-06-15 | Gao Ges Automation Org | Dokument mit faelschungssicherem oberflaechenrelief und verfahren zur herstellung desselben |
JP3841867B2 (ja) * | 1996-02-29 | 2006-11-08 | 大日本印刷株式会社 | 残存性の有価証券 |
GB9607788D0 (en) * | 1996-04-15 | 1996-06-19 | De La Rue Thomas & Co Ltd | Document of value |
DE19758587C2 (de) * | 1997-03-04 | 2003-03-27 | Bundesdruckerei Gmbh | Anordnung zur visuellen und maschinellen Echtheitsprüfung von Wert- und Sicherheitsdokumenten |
JPH1180632A (ja) * | 1997-09-08 | 1999-03-26 | Toshiba Tec Kk | インビジブル蛍光インク |
DE19860093B4 (de) | 1998-12-23 | 2008-10-09 | Giesecke & Devrient Gmbh | Echtheitsmerkmalskombination für Wertdokumente |
FR2828698B1 (fr) | 2001-08-14 | 2003-11-21 | Banque De France | Composition de marquage de securite a cascade lumineuse |
JP4276864B2 (ja) | 2002-03-19 | 2009-06-10 | 大日本印刷株式会社 | セキュリティ要素、熱転写シート、中間転写記録媒体及びセキュリティ要素の形成方法 |
FR2849708B1 (fr) * | 2003-01-03 | 2005-03-11 | Banque De France | Dispositif de securite en guide d'onde |
US7147801B2 (en) * | 2003-03-13 | 2006-12-12 | Videojet Technologies Inc. | Ink jet ink composition and method for security marking |
-
2005
- 2005-03-21 AT AT0048105A patent/AT502868B1/de active
-
2006
- 2006-03-16 EP EP06704752A patent/EP1863651B1/de active Active
- 2006-03-16 AU AU2006227581A patent/AU2006227581B2/en not_active Ceased
- 2006-03-16 RU RU2007138976/12A patent/RU2401745C2/ru not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2006-03-16 DE DE502006003773T patent/DE502006003773D1/de active Active
- 2006-03-16 ES ES06704752T patent/ES2327560T3/es active Active
- 2006-03-16 PL PL06704752T patent/PL1863651T3/pl unknown
- 2006-03-16 WO PCT/AT2006/000110 patent/WO2006099642A1/de active Application Filing
- 2006-03-16 US US11/909,335 patent/US7656511B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2006-03-16 AT AT06704752T patent/ATE431786T1/de active
- 2006-03-16 CA CA2599427A patent/CA2599427C/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2006-03-16 JP JP2008502181A patent/JP5183464B2/ja not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
2007
- 2007-10-09 ZA ZA200708590A patent/ZA200708590B/en unknown
- 2007-10-11 MA MA30294A patent/MA29390B1/fr unknown
Patent Citations (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
WO2001006453A1 (en) * | 1999-07-16 | 2001-01-25 | Verification Technologies, Inc. D/B/A Veritec | Portable authentication device and method of authenticating products or product packaging |
Non-Patent Citations (1)
Title |
---|
See also references of WO2006099642A1 * |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
JP2008533622A (ja) | 2008-08-21 |
AT502868B1 (de) | 2008-06-15 |
MA29390B1 (fr) | 2008-04-01 |
RU2007138976A (ru) | 2009-04-27 |
PL1863651T3 (pl) | 2009-12-31 |
ZA200708590B (en) | 2008-07-30 |
EP1863651B1 (de) | 2009-05-20 |
ES2327560T3 (es) | 2009-10-30 |
CA2599427C (en) | 2013-09-03 |
WO2006099642A1 (de) | 2006-09-28 |
CA2599427A1 (en) | 2006-09-28 |
AT502868A1 (de) | 2007-06-15 |
ATE431786T1 (de) | 2009-06-15 |
AU2006227581A1 (en) | 2006-09-28 |
DE502006003773D1 (de) | 2009-07-02 |
US7656511B2 (en) | 2010-02-02 |
AU2006227581B2 (en) | 2011-07-07 |
JP5183464B2 (ja) | 2013-04-17 |
US20090231572A1 (en) | 2009-09-17 |
RU2401745C2 (ru) | 2010-10-20 |
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Legal Events
Date | Code | Title | Description |
---|---|---|---|
PUAI | Public reference made under article 153(3) epc to a published international application that has entered the european phase |
Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: 0009012 |
|
17P | Request for examination filed |
Effective date: 20071022 |
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