EP1838819A1 - Composition d'essence oxygenee a pression de vapeur reid (rvp) reduite et procede - Google Patents

Composition d'essence oxygenee a pression de vapeur reid (rvp) reduite et procede

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Publication number
EP1838819A1
EP1838819A1 EP06718533A EP06718533A EP1838819A1 EP 1838819 A1 EP1838819 A1 EP 1838819A1 EP 06718533 A EP06718533 A EP 06718533A EP 06718533 A EP06718533 A EP 06718533A EP 1838819 A1 EP1838819 A1 EP 1838819A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
rvp
gasoline
blend
reducing compound
oxygenate
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
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Application number
EP06718533A
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German (de)
English (en)
Inventor
Leslie R. Wolf
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BP Corp North America Inc
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BP Corp North America Inc
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Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by BP Corp North America Inc filed Critical BP Corp North America Inc
Publication of EP1838819A1 publication Critical patent/EP1838819A1/fr
Withdrawn legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
    • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
    • C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
    • C10L1/14—Organic compounds
    • C10L1/18—Organic compounds containing oxygen
    • C10L1/182—Organic compounds containing oxygen containing hydroxy groups; Salts thereof
    • C10L1/1822—Organic compounds containing oxygen containing hydroxy groups; Salts thereof hydroxy group directly attached to (cyclo)aliphatic carbon atoms
    • C10L1/1824—Organic compounds containing oxygen containing hydroxy groups; Salts thereof hydroxy group directly attached to (cyclo)aliphatic carbon atoms mono-hydroxy
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
    • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
    • C10L1/02—Liquid carbonaceous fuels essentially based on components consisting of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen only
    • C10L1/023—Liquid carbonaceous fuels essentially based on components consisting of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen only for spark ignition
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
    • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
    • C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
    • C10L1/14—Organic compounds
    • C10L1/18—Organic compounds containing oxygen
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
    • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
    • C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
    • C10L1/14—Organic compounds
    • C10L1/18—Organic compounds containing oxygen
    • C10L1/182—Organic compounds containing oxygen containing hydroxy groups; Salts thereof
    • C10L1/1822—Organic compounds containing oxygen containing hydroxy groups; Salts thereof hydroxy group directly attached to (cyclo)aliphatic carbon atoms
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
    • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
    • C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
    • C10L1/14—Organic compounds
    • C10L1/18—Organic compounds containing oxygen
    • C10L1/182—Organic compounds containing oxygen containing hydroxy groups; Salts thereof
    • C10L1/1822—Organic compounds containing oxygen containing hydroxy groups; Salts thereof hydroxy group directly attached to (cyclo)aliphatic carbon atoms
    • C10L1/1826—Organic compounds containing oxygen containing hydroxy groups; Salts thereof hydroxy group directly attached to (cyclo)aliphatic carbon atoms poly-hydroxy
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
    • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
    • C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
    • C10L1/14—Organic compounds
    • C10L1/18—Organic compounds containing oxygen
    • C10L1/188—Carboxylic acids; metal salts thereof
    • C10L1/1881—Carboxylic acids; metal salts thereof carboxylic group attached to an aliphatic carbon atom

Definitions

  • This invention relates to fuels, more particularly to oxygenated gasolines including gasolines containing ethanol.
  • This invention provides an oxygenated gasoline having a reduced Reid vapor pressure (RVP) thereby allowing a higher proportion of low boiling components to be blended into the gasoline without exceeding RVP limits.
  • This invention also provides a method for reducing the RVP of oxygenated gasolines.
  • Gasolines are fuels which are suitable for use in a spark-ignition engine and which generally contain as a primary component a mixture of numerous hydrocarbons having different boiling points and typically boiling at a temperature in the range of from about 26 0 C to about 225 0 C under atmospheric pressure. This range is approximate and can vary depending upon the actual mixture of hydrocarbon molecules present, the additives or other compounds present (if any), and the environmental conditions.
  • the hydrocarbon component of gasolines contain C 4 to C-io hydrocarbons.
  • Gasolines are typically required to meet certain physical and performance standards. Some characteristics may be implemented for proper operation of engines or other fuel combustion apparatuses. However, many physical and performance characteristics are set by national or regional regulations for other reasons such as environmental management. Examples of physical characteristics include RVP, sulfur content, oxygen content, aromatic hydrocarbon content, benzene content, olefin content, temperature at which 90 percent of the fuel is distilled (T-90), temperature at which 50 percent of the fuel is distilled (T-50) and others. Performance characteristics can include octane rating (also called anti-knock index), combustion properties, and emission components.
  • ASTM 4814 ASTM Standard Specification Number D 4814-01 a
  • ASTM 4814 Additional federal and state regulations supplement this standard.
  • the specifications for gasolines set forth in ASTM 4814 vary based on a number of parameters affecting volatility and combustion such as weather, season, geographic location and altitude. For this reason, gasolines produced in accordance with ASTM 4814 are broken into volatility categories AA 1 A, B, C, D and E, and vapor lock protection categories 1 , 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6, each category having a set of specifications describing gasolines meeting the requirements of the respective classes. This specification also sets forth test methods for determining the parameters in the specification.
  • a Class AA-2 gasoline blended for use during the summer driving season in relatively warm climates must have a maximum vapor pressure of 54 kPa, a maximum temperature for distillation of 10% volume of its components (the 'TV') of 70 0 C, a temperature range for distillation of 50% volume of its components (the "T 50 ") of between 77 0 C and 121 0 C, a maximum temperature for distillation of 90% volume of its components (the "T 90 ") of 190 0 C, a distillation end point of 190 0 C, a distillation residue maximum of 2% volume, a "Driveability Index" or "DI" maximum temperature of 597 0 C, where Dl is calculated as 1.5 times the T-io plus 3.0 times the T 50 plus the Tgo, and a maximum vapor to liquid ratio of 20 at a test temperature of 56 0 C.
  • DI Driveability Index
  • RVP 4814 and is commonly regulated in many jurisdictions.
  • RVP can be measured in accordance with ASTM Standard Specification D 5191 -04a ("D 5191") which is incorporated by reference herein.
  • RVP standards are typically expressed as a maximum RVP limit which gasolines sold commercially in a particular jurisdiction may be compelled to meet.
  • RVP limits significantly constrain the composition of hydrocarbons in gasolines because RVP increases as the proportion of lighter hydrocarbons increases.
  • the proportion of lighter hydrocarbons for example C 4 hydrocarbons, are reduced. Reducing such lighter hydrocarbons can negatively impact gasoline characteristics.
  • RVP limits also impose a burden upon refineries.
  • refineries adjust the composition of gasolines by controlling the proportions of various refinery streams which are used to produce the gasolines. For example, to produce a gasoline with a higher boiling point, a refinery may need to reduce the proportion of low-boiling refinery streams used to produce the gasoline.
  • refineries typically reduce the proportion of lighter boiling hydrocarbons in gasolines. RVP is typically controlled or adjusted using empirically determined RVP blending values.
  • RVP blend value represent a particular composition's contribution to the RVP of a particular mixture.
  • One consequence of such RVP constraints upon refineries is that less gasoline can be refined from each barrel of petroleum. This can significantly impact the gasoline supply available to meet consumer demand.
  • the impact of RVP limits has intensified because of the increasing use of oxygenates in gasolines. Oxygenates are used in gasolines to increase the chemical oxygen content. Unfortunately, oxygenates have a non-linear effect upon RVP when blended into a fuel. Therefore, RVP blending values of oxygenates are determined empirically for a particular concentration of a particular oxygenate in a particular fuel. Many jurisdictions have oxygenate requirements for gasolines to promote more complete combustion. Methyl-tertiary-butyl ether (MTBE) was a commonly used as a gasoline oxygenate. However, many jurisdictions prohibit or severely limit the use of MTBE and similar ethers.
  • MTBE Methyl-tertiary-butyl ether
  • RVP increase amplifies the difficulty of producing gasoline within applicable RVP limits. Ethanol exhibits both of the foregoing effects. [11] There is a need for a composition or method to lessen the detrimental effects which can result from blending oxygenates into gasolines. In particular, it would be desirable to counter at least some of the RVP increase attributable to blending oxygenates into gasolines. [12] We have found that certain compounds can exhibit unexpectedly low
  • RVP blending values for blending with typical oxygenated gasolines. Surprisingly, in some cases, such compounds can even exhibit negative RVP blending values. [13]
  • This invention lessens the RVP increase attributable to oxygenate blending into gasolines which allows refineries to use a higher proportion of low- boiling hydrocarbons in gasoline blend stocks thereby increasing the gasoline refining capacity of the refinery.
  • This invention can be used to reduce the RVP of an oxygenated gasoline. In certain instances where an oxygenated gasoline is blended which has an RVP value exceeding the applicable maximum RVP limit, this invention can be used to make the oxygenated gasoline comply with the RVP limit.
  • RVP reducing compounds can have a surprising RVP reducing effect upon oxygenated gasolines.
  • RVP reducing compounds can interact with an oxygenate to lower the RVP increase expected from blending the oxygenate with a gasoline blend stock.
  • the RVP reducing compound's effect is so dramatic that the RVP reducing compound exhibits a negative RVP blending value.
  • This invention provides an oxygenated gasoline which can meet an applicable RVP limit and can still include a greater amount of lighter components than would otherwise be possible.
  • This invention allows a refinery to use a greater proportion of crude for gasoline thereby increasing the supply of gasoline.
  • This invention also provides a method of reducing the RVP of an oxygenated gasoline.
  • This invention also provides a method of reducing the RVP constraint upon gasoline blend stocks for oxygenate blending in the production of oxygenated gasolines for jurisdictions having a maximum RVP limit.
  • a gasoline containing a gasoline blend stock, a suitable oxygenate, and an effective amount of a RVP reducing compound Preferably, the RVP reducing compound has a RVP blend value less than about 21 kPa, more preferably less than about 0.0 kPa.
  • the RVP value of a mixture of the gasoline blend stock and the suitable oxygenate is at least about 47.5 kPa.
  • the suitable oxygenate is an alcohol, more preferably ethanol.
  • the RVP reducing compound can be selected from a group consisting of 2-propanol, 1- butanol, 2-butanol, tert-butanol, 1 ,3-propanediol, 2,3-butanediol, acetic acid and combinations thereof.
  • Preferably greater than 2 vol% suitable oxygenates are present.
  • Preferably, less than 15 vol% RVP reducing compounds are present. More than one suitable oxygenate can be used. More than one RVP reducing compound can be used.
  • a method of reducing the RVP of an oxygenated gasoline includes a step of blending a gasoline blend stock and one or more suitable oxygenates to form an oxygenated gasoline, and the step of mixing the oxygenated gasoline and one or more RVP reducing compounds wherein at least one RVP reducing compound has a RVP blend value less than about 21 kPa, preferably less than about 0.0 kPa.
  • the suitable oxygenate can be an alcohol, preferably ethanol, and the RVP reducing compound can be selected from the group consisting of 2-propanol, 1-butanol, 2-butanol, tert-butanol, 1 ,3-propanediol, 2,3-butanediol, acetic acid and combinations thereof.
  • Either or both of the blending or mixing steps can be performed at a terminal.
  • the blending step can be performed contemporaneously with the mixing step.
  • Preferably greater than 2 vol% suitable oxygenates are present.
  • Preferably, less than 15 vol% RVP reducing compounds are present.
  • a method of reducing the RVP constraint upon a gasoline blend stock in the production of oxygenated gasolines with a predetermined maximum RVP limit includes the step of blending a gasoline blend stock and one or more suitable oxygenates to form an oxygenated gasoline having a RVP value greater than the predetermined maximum RVP limit, and the step of adding an effective amount of one or more RVP reducing compounds to form a gasoline having a RVP value less than or equal to the predetermined maximum RVP limit.
  • the blending step and the adding step can be performed contemporaneously.
  • the suitable oxygenate is preferably ethanol.
  • the RVP reducing compound can be selected from the group consisting of 2-propanol, 1- butanol, 2-butanol, tert-butanol, 1 ,3-propanediol, 2,3-butanediol, acetic acid and combinations thereof. Preferably greater than 2 vol% suitable oxygenates are present. Preferably, less than 15 vol% RVP reducing compounds are present. [19] Relative absorbance, as described further herein, is a useful way to identify particularly effective RVP reducing compounds. Relative absorbance can also be used to identify oxygenated gasolines which are particularly amenable to RVP reduction using an RVP reducing compound.
  • a gasoline blend stock, one or more suitable oxygenates and one or more RVP reducing compounds can be selected such that a mixture of the gasoline blend stock, suitable oxygenate(s) and RVP compound(s) has a normalized relative absorbance less than about 0.045.
  • a blend of the gasoline blend stock and suitable oxygenate(s) has a normalized relative absorbance greater than about 0.05.
  • Figure 1 is a graph plotting the relative absorbance of an oxygenated gasoline having two different oxygenates as a function of wt%.
  • Figure 2 is a bar graph of the relative absorbance of an oxygenated gasoline with several RVP reducing compounds.
  • Figure 3 is a graph plotting the RVP of an unleaded regular gasoline having a base RVP of 42 kPa as a function of the volume percent of ethanol in that gasoline.
  • Gasolines are well known in the art and generally contain as a primary component a mixture of hydrocarbons having different boiling points and typically boiling at a temperature in the range of from about 26 0 C to about 225 0 C under atmospheric pressure. This range is approximate and can vary depending upon the actual mixture of hydrocarbon molecules present, the additives or other compounds present (if any), and the environmental conditions.
  • Oxygenated gasolines are a blend of a gasoline blend stock and one or more oxygenates.
  • Gasoline blend stocks can be produced from a single component, such as the product from a refinery alkylation unit or other refinery streams. However, gasoline blend stocks are more commonly blended using more than one component.
  • Gasoline blend stocks are blended to meet desired physical and performance characteristics and to meet regulatory requirements and may involve a few components, for example three or four, or may involve many components, for example twelve or more.
  • Gasolines and gasoline blend stocks optionally may include other chemicals or additives.
  • additives or other chemicals can be added to adjust properties of a gasoline to meet regulatory requirements, add or enhance desirable properties, reduce undesirable detrimental effects, adjust performance characteristics, or otherwise modify the characteristics of the gasoline.
  • chemicals or additives include detergents, antioxidants, stability enhancers, demulsifiers, corrosion inhibitors, metal deactivators, and others. More than one additive or chemical can be used.
  • Useful additives and chemicals are described in US Patent No. 5,782,937 to Colucci et al.
  • Gasolines and gasoline blend stocks may also contain solvent or carrier solutions which are often used to deliver additives into a fuel. Examples of such solvents or carrier solutions include, but are not limited to, mineral oil, alcohols, carboxylic acids, synthetic oils, and numerous other which are known in the art.
  • solvents or carrier solutions include, but are not limited to, mineral oil, alcohols, carboxylic acids, synthetic oils, and numerous other which are known in the art.
  • Gasoline blend stocks suitable for the composition of this invention are typically blend stocks useable for making gasolines for consumption in spark ignition engines or in other engines which combust gasoline.
  • Suitable gasoline blend stocks include blend stocks for gasolines meeting ASTM 4814 and blend stocks for reformulated gasoline. Suitable gasoline blend stocks also include blend stocks having low sulfur content which may be desired to meet regional requirements, for example having less than about 150 ppmv sulfur, more preferably less than about 100 ppmv sulfur, more preferably less than about 80 ppmv sulfur. Such suitable gasoline blend stocks also include blend stocks having low aromatics content which may be desirable to meet regulatory requirements, for example having less than about 8000 ppmv benzene, more preferably less than about 7000 ppmv benzene, or as further example, having less than about 35 vol% total aromatics content, more preferably less than about 25 vol% total aromatics content. As used herein "total aromatics content” refers to the total amount of all aromatic species present.
  • Oxygenate as used herein means a C 2 to C 8 compound containing only carbon, hydrogen and one or more oxygen atoms.
  • oxygenates can be alcohols, ketones, esters, aldehydes, carboxylic acids, ethers, ether alcohols, ketone alcohols and poly alcohols.
  • Ethanol is a preferred oxygenate for several reasons including its widespread availability.
  • Suitable oxygenate as used herein means an oxygenate which has a RVP blend value of at least 44.8 kPa and which is soluble in the particular oxygenated gasoline being produced. Preferably greater than about 2 vol% oxygenate is present.
  • RVP blend value or "blend RVP” is the effective RVP of a composition when blended into a fuel mixture.
  • a compound is soluble in a second compound if a mixture of the compounds exhibits a single liquid phase in the desired concentrations over the temperature range of interest which, unless stated otherwise, is from about - 40 0 C to the initial boiling point of the mixture.
  • RVP reducing compound as used herein means a C 2 to C 8 compound including only carbon and hydrogen and one or more heteroatom each of which is selected from the group consisting of oxygen and nitrogen, which compound is soluble in the selected oxygenated gasoline and which reduces the RVP of the selected oxygenated gasoline when blended into the selected oxygenated gasoline.
  • An effective amount of a RVP reducing compound is an amount that reduces the RVP of the oxygenated gasoline by at least 0.34 kPa for the particular RVP reducing compound concentration. RVP can be determined in accordance with ASTM D 5191 using sufficient measurements for a statistically significant determination.
  • RVP reducing compound Preferably, the total concentration of RVP reducing compound is less than about 15 vol%, more preferably less than about 10 vol%, most preferably no greater than about 5 vol%.
  • RVP reducing compounds can be alcohols, ketones, esters, carboxylic acids, ethers, ether alcohols, ketone alcohols, poly alcohols, amines, amine alcohols and combinations thereof.
  • RVP reducing compounds examples include 2- propanol, 1-butanol, 2-butanol, tert-butanol, 2-butanone, 3-methyl-2-butanone, 4- methyl-2-pentanone, ethyl acetate, butyl acetate, acetic acid, diisopropyl ether, methyl tert-butyl ether, 2-ethoxy ethanol, 4-methyl-4-hydroxy-2-pentanone, 1,3- propanediol, 2,3-butanediol, 2-ethyl hexanol, triethyl amine and combinations thereof.
  • RVP reducing compounds which are especially effective for reducing the RVP of oxygenated gasolines can be identified by determining the normalized relative absorbance of a mixture of the oxygenated gasoline and the RVP reducing compound. Additionally, suitable oxygenates which are particularly amenable to such especially effective RVP reduction can be identified by determining the normalized relative absorbance of the oxygenated gasoline (without the RVP reducing compound).
  • RVP reducing compounds interact with oxygenates in an oxygenated gasoline and increase the tendency of the oxygenate to remain in a liquid phase thereby reducing the RVP of the oxygenated gasoline.
  • Relative absorbance is an analytical technique that can be used to identify suitable oxygenates and RVP reducing compounds which are particularly amenable to such interactions which produce a synergistic reduction of RVP.
  • Relative absorbance employs the two-point baseline method, difference method, and infrared quantitative analysis techniques as described in ASTM Standard Practices for General Techniques of Infrared Quantitative Analysis Specification E 168-99 ("E 168") which is incorporated by reference herein.
  • Relative absorbance of a mixture containing a RVP reducing compound and an oxygenated gasoline is determined using the difference spectrum obtained by subtracting the absorbance spectrum of the oxygenated gasoline without any suitable oxygenate from the absorbance spectrum of the mixture and using the two-point baseline method to calculate the ratio of the band area from 3680 cm '1 to 3550 cm “1 , to the band area from 3680 cm '1 to 3100 cm “1 .
  • Use of the difference spectrum as described minimizes variability due to use of different gasoline blend stocks.
  • Relative absorbance of an oxygenated gasoline is determined using the difference spectrum obtained by subtracting the absorbance spectrum of the oxygenated gasoline without the suitable oxygenate from the absorbance spectrum of the oxygenated gasoline and using the two-point baseline method to calculate the ratio of the band area from 3680 cm “1 to 3550 cm “1 , to the band area from 3680 cm “1 to 3100 cm “1 .
  • Table I below shows the relative absorbance of several oxygenated gasolines having differing concentrations of two oxygenate compounds in a fungible unleaded regular gasoline meeting ASTM D 4814. Figure 1 shows a plot of this data.
  • Table Il shows the relative absorbance of several mixtures of RVP reducing compounds and an oxygenated gasoline with the same fungible unleaded regular gasoline used for Table I.
  • Figure 2 is a graph of the data.
  • a RVP reducing compound is selected such that the normalized relative absorbance of a mixture containing one or more RVP reducing compound and an oxygenated gasoline is less than about 0.045, preferably less than about 0.030.
  • one or more suitable oxygenates are selected such that the normalized relative absorbance of an oxygenated gasoline containing such suitable oxygenate(s), (without the RVP reducing compound) is greater than about 0.05, preferably greater than about 0.1.
  • Normalized relative absorbance of a mixture containing a RVP reducing compound and an oxygenated gasoline is defined as the relative absorbance of the mixture when the RVP reducing compound is present at more than about 0.5 wt% in the mixture at the desired concentration of suitable oxygenate.
  • Normalized relative absorbance of an oxygenated gasoline (without a RVP reducing compound) is determined by calculating relative absorbance when the suitable oxygenate is present at about 1.0 wt% in an oxygenated gasoline.
  • the RVP reducing compound is 2-propanol, 1-butanol, 2- butanol, tert-butanol, 1 ,3-propanediol, 2,3-butanediol, or acetic acid. More preferably, the suitable RVP reducing compound is 1-butanol, 2-butanol, or tert- butanol. Other examples of RVP reducing compounds include triethyl amine, tertiary-octyl amine.
  • the oxygenated gasoline includes a blend of gasoline blend stock, one or more suitable oxygenates, and one or more RVP reducing compound including 1-butanol.
  • the oxygenated gasoline is a blend of gasoline blend stock, one or more suitable oxygenates including ethanol, and one or more RVP reducing compounds including 1-butanol.
  • RVP reducing compounds or both do not vary linearly with the amount each component used. In particular, volatility-related characteristics of such mixtures can diverge from linear proportionality with respect to the amount of each component used.
  • Figure 3 illustrates how the RVP of a gasoline varies with respect to the volume percent of ethanol in the fuel.
  • Figure 3 plots the RVP of an unleaded regular gasoline having a base RVP of 42 kPa as a function of the volume percent of ethanol in that gasoline. As shown in Figure 3, there is a non-linear relationship between the vol% of ethanol and RVP. This non-linear effect has made it particularly difficult to predict the actual impact upon RVP of oxygenates in gasoline.
  • RVP of an oxygenated gasoline varies with the gasoline blend stock used, the particular oxygenate used and the specific concentration of the oxygenate in the oxygenated gasoline. Because of this non-linear variability, RVP of an oxygenated gasoline is determined empirically. RVP data is typically empirically gathered over a range of oxygenate concentrations and over a range of gasoline blend stocks. [46] The blend RVP of an oxygenate is typically calculated by measuring the
  • RVP of a fuel before addition of such oxygenate and after addition of such oxygenate The oxygenate blend RVP values which can be calculated from such empirical data also exhibit non-linear behavior with respect to concentration of the oxygenate in the particular oxygenated gasoline making such blend RVP values difficult to predict. Because of such non-linear effects upon RVP 1 the calculated blend RVP value is particular to the concentration of a particular oxygenate added to a particular fuel. [47] The blend RVP of RVP reducing compounds when calculated as a function of volume fraction of such RVP reducing compound exhibit non-linear behavior making it more difficult to predict the RVP of the resulting mixture.
  • the blend RVP of a suitable RVP reducing compound is typically calculated by measuring the RVP of a fuel before addition of such RVP reducing compound and after addition of such RVP reducing compound. Because RVP reducing compounds exhibit nonlinear effect upon RVP when added to a fuel, the measured blend RVP is particular to the concentration of the RVP reducing compound added to the particular fuel. [48] We have surprisingly found that the combination of one or more suitable oxygenates and one or more RVP reducing compounds . can have a synergistic effect on the RVP value of the gasoline being produced. [49] In any embodiment, gasoline blend stock, suitable oxygenates and RVP reducing compounds can be blended in any order. For example, RVP reducing compounds can be added to a mixture including a gasoline blend stock and suitable oxygenates.
  • one or more suitable oxygenates and one or more RVP reducing compounds can be added in several different locations or in multiple stages.
  • RVP reducing compounds can be added with the suitable oxygenates, added before the suitable oxygenates or blended with the suitable oxygenates before being added to a gasoline blend stock.
  • one or more RVP reducing compounds are added to oxygenated gasoline.
  • one or more suitable oxygenates and one or more RVP reducing compounds are blended into a gasoline blend stock contemporaneously.
  • more than one suitable oxygenate can be used in place of a single suitable oxygenate and, optionally, more than one RVP reducing compound can be used instead of just one RVP reducing compound.
  • Suitable oxygenates and RVP reducing compounds can be added at any point within the distribution chain.
  • a gasoline blend stock can be transported to a terminal and then suitable oxygenates and RVP reducing compounds can be blended with the gasoline blend stock, individually or in combination, at the terminal.
  • a gasoline blend stock, one or more suitable oxygenate and one or more RVP reducing compound can be combined at a refinery.
  • Other components or additives can be added at any point in the distribution chain.
  • a method for reducing the RVP of an oxygenated gasoline is provided. The method can be practiced at a refinery, terminal, retail site, or any other suitable point in the distribution chain. Preferably, the method is practiced at a terminal already designed for blending ethanol or some other oxygenate with a gasoline blend stock or at a terminal which can be adapted to accommodate such blending.
  • a gasoline blend stock is blended with either ethanol, another suitable oxygenate, or a combination of suitable oxygenates, and either a RVP reducing compound, or combination of RVP reducing compounds, to produce an oxygenated gasoline fuel having a lower RVP than the oxygenated gasoline without the RVP reducing compounds.
  • the particular RVP reducing compound used in any embodiment depends upon the particular gasoline blend stock used and the particular suitable oxygenate used, preferably, a RVP reducing compound is chosen such that the blend RVP value of the RVP reducing compound is less than the RVP value of the remaining mixture. More preferably, a RVP reducing compound is selected such that the blend RVP of the RVP reducing compound is at most about 50% of the RVP of the remaining mixture. Alternatively, a RVP reducing compound can be selected such that the blend RVP of the RVP reducing compound is less than about 31 kPa, more preferably less than about 21 kPa, more preferably less than about 0.0 kPa.
  • RVP limits may vary with country, region, and season.
  • RVP limits place a constraint on the refinery product which can be used as gasoline.
  • oxygenates when blended into a gasoline blend stock, will raise the RVP of the resulting blend.
  • Gasoline blend stocks for oxygenate blending typically have an RVP sufficiently below any applicable upper limits to account for the anticipated effect of the oxygenate. This further constrains the refinery product which can be used for gasolines because less high-volatility fuel components can used for- gasoline blend stocks.
  • RVP constraint can limit the amount of gasoline available for consumption.
  • a method for reducing the RVP constraint on refinery for the production of gasoline blend stock for oxygenate blending is provided.
  • the RVP constraint on a refinery is lessened because oxygenated gasoline that complies with regulatory RVP limits can be produced using gasoline blend stock which might not otherwise be useable to produce RVP compliant oxygenated gasoline.
  • Another embodiment provides a method to reduce the RVP of an oxygenated gasoline such that some oxygenated gasoline which might not otherwise meet regulatory RVP limits might be further blended to comply with such regulatory RVP limits.
  • an oxygenated gasoline is produced by blending a selected gasoline blend stock, a selected suitable oxygenate and a selected RVP reducing compound to form an oxygenated gasoline.
  • the RVP reducing compound reduces the RVP value of the oxygenated gasoline.
  • use of a RVP reducing compound can allow use of a gasoline blend stock with a higher RVP value than could typically be used to produce an oxygenated gasoline meeting applicable RVP regulations.
  • a gasoline blend stock, a suitable oxygenate, and a RVP reducing compound are selected such that, even though the RVP value of the mixture of the gasoline blend stock and the suitable oxygenate would exceed the maximum RVP value, the RVP value of the oxygenated gasoline mixture containing the gasoline blend stock, the suitable oxygenate and the RVP reducing compound is less than or equal to the maximum RVP value.
  • the blend RVP values do not linearly correlate with the volume percent of these suitable oxygenate compounds.
  • the suitable oxygenates exhibit an effect upon RVP that is non-linear with respect to the volume percent of the oxygenate compound.
  • the results in Table IV also illustrate that increasing the concentration of different oxygenates can have a different effect upon the particular oxygenate's blend RVP value.
  • Increasing the concentration of each of 1-butanol, 2-butanol, and acetic acid from 5 vol% to 10 vol% increased the blend RVP value of the oxygenate.
  • the same concentration increase for each of 2-propanol and ethanol resulted in a decrease in blend RVP value of the oxygenate.
  • EXAMPLE 1 [63] The gasoline blend stock of Comparative Example A above was blended with 5 vol% suitable oxygenate. Ethanol was used as the suitable oxygenate. The RVP of the resulting oxygenated gasoline was measured to be 67.2 kPa when measured in accordance with ASTM D5191. Several potential RVP reducing compounds were blended with the oxygenated gasoline to determine whether the compounds were soluble and to determine the blend RVP value. The blend RVP value was calculated for 1 vol% and 5 vol% blends by measuring the RVP of the resulting gasolines in accordance with ASTM D5191. The results are shown in Table V below. TABLE V - RVP Blend Values (psi)
  • Table V illustrates the unpredictable nature of blending oxygenates
  • RVP reducing compounds with gasoline blend stocks 1 ,3-propanediol and glycerol which were insoluble in this particular gasoline blend stock (see Comparative Example A) were also not soluble in the oxygenated gasoline mixture of this Example and therefore are not RVP reducing compounds for this particular mixture.
  • 2,3- butanediol was insoluble in this particular gasoline blend stock (see Comparative Example A), however, it was and is a RVP reducing compound at 1 vol% when blended with this particular gasoline blend stock and 5 vol% ethanol.
  • 2,3-butanediol was not soluble, and is not a RVP reducing compound at 5 vol% when blended with this particular gasoline blend stock and 5 vol% ethanol.
  • Table Vl further illustrates the unpredictable nature of blending oxygenates and RVP reducing compounds with gasoline blend stocks.
  • 1 ,3- propanediol was not a suitable RVP reducing compound for the oxygenated gasoline mixture of Example 1 , but is a suitable RVP reducing compound at 1 vol% for the oxygenated gasoline mixture of this example.
  • 2,3-butanediol was not a suitable RVP reducing compound at 5 vol% in the oxygenated gasoline mixture of Example 1 , but is a suitable RVP reducing compound at 5 vol% for the oxygenated gasoline mixture of this example.
  • the results in Table Vl also reveal that these RVP reducing compounds at 1 vol% exhibited negative RVP blend values.
  • RVP reducing compounds Even at 5 vol% concentration, the RVP reducing compounds exhibited RVP blend values below 13.8 kPa. Such RVP blend values indicate significant RVP reducing effect.
  • the examples above show how RVP reducing compounds can reduce the RVP of an oxygenated gasoline. In regions which have a maximum RVP limit, refineries typically produce gasoline blend stocks significantly below such limit in anticipation of an RVP increase from oxygenate blending. Because a suitable RVP reducing compound can be used to reduce the RVP of an oxygenated gasoline, refiners can utilize gasoline blend stocks to produce oxygenated gasolines which comply with applicable RVP limits which gasoline blend stocks might not otherwise be useable to produce RVP compliant oxygenated gasoline.

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Abstract

L'invention concerne des compositions d'essences oxygénées qui présentent une pression de vapeur réduite comparée à celles contenant un composé oxygéné unique et aucun composé de réduction de RVP. Lesdites compositions peuvent être formées au niveau d'une raffinerie ou au niveau d'un terminal. L'invention concerne également des procédés de réduction de pression de vapeur d'une essence oxygénée ainsi que des procédés de réduction de contraintes de pression de vapeur sur une raffinerie lors de la production d'essence oxygénée. L'invention concerne en outre des propriétés fondamentales de composés de réduction de RVP, y compris une analyse spectrale IR. L'invention concerne enfin des processus et des procédés de mélange et de distribution desdits carburants.
EP06718533A 2005-01-25 2006-01-17 Composition d'essence oxygenee a pression de vapeur reid (rvp) reduite et procede Withdrawn EP1838819A1 (fr)

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US20060162243A1 (en) 2006-07-27
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