EP1769246A1 - Analytisches system und verfahren zur analyse nichtlinearer optischer signale - Google Patents
Analytisches system und verfahren zur analyse nichtlinearer optischer signaleInfo
- Publication number
- EP1769246A1 EP1769246A1 EP04740541A EP04740541A EP1769246A1 EP 1769246 A1 EP1769246 A1 EP 1769246A1 EP 04740541 A EP04740541 A EP 04740541A EP 04740541 A EP04740541 A EP 04740541A EP 1769246 A1 EP1769246 A1 EP 1769246A1
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- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- excitation light
- interaction
- correlated
- analytical system
- modulation
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
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Classifications
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N21/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of optical means, i.e. using sub-millimetre waves, infrared, visible or ultraviolet light
- G01N21/62—Systems in which the material investigated is excited whereby it emits light or causes a change in wavelength of the incident light
- G01N21/63—Systems in which the material investigated is excited whereby it emits light or causes a change in wavelength of the incident light optically excited
- G01N21/64—Fluorescence; Phosphorescence
- G01N21/645—Specially adapted constructive features of fluorimeters
- G01N21/648—Specially adapted constructive features of fluorimeters using evanescent coupling or surface plasmon coupling for the excitation of fluorescence
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N21/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of optical means, i.e. using sub-millimetre waves, infrared, visible or ultraviolet light
- G01N21/62—Systems in which the material investigated is excited whereby it emits light or causes a change in wavelength of the incident light
- G01N21/63—Systems in which the material investigated is excited whereby it emits light or causes a change in wavelength of the incident light optically excited
- G01N21/64—Fluorescence; Phosphorescence
- G01N21/6428—Measuring fluorescence of fluorescent products of reactions or of fluorochrome labelled reactive substances, e.g. measuring quenching effects, using measuring "optrodes"
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N21/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of optical means, i.e. using sub-millimetre waves, infrared, visible or ultraviolet light
- G01N21/62—Systems in which the material investigated is excited whereby it emits light or causes a change in wavelength of the incident light
- G01N21/63—Systems in which the material investigated is excited whereby it emits light or causes a change in wavelength of the incident light optically excited
- G01N21/64—Fluorescence; Phosphorescence
- G01N21/645—Specially adapted constructive features of fluorimeters
- G01N21/6452—Individual samples arranged in a regular 2D-array, e.g. multiwell plates
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N21/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of optical means, i.e. using sub-millimetre waves, infrared, visible or ultraviolet light
- G01N21/62—Systems in which the material investigated is excited whereby it emits light or causes a change in wavelength of the incident light
- G01N21/63—Systems in which the material investigated is excited whereby it emits light or causes a change in wavelength of the incident light optically excited
- G01N21/64—Fluorescence; Phosphorescence
- G01N21/645—Specially adapted constructive features of fluorimeters
- G01N21/6456—Spatial resolved fluorescence measurements; Imaging
Definitions
- the present invention describes a method for the detection of optical signals which are, for example, overlaid by scatter, noise and background signals.
- this method is suitable for the detection of weak nonlinear optical signals, such as luminescence after two-photon excitation, i.e. after simultaneous absorption of two photons of relatively low energy (relatively long wavelength) by a luminescent chromophore, which leads to the emission of a photon of higher energy (shorter wavelength) than that of the excitation light in the form of luminescence.
- weak nonlinear optical signals such as luminescence after two-photon excitation, i.e. after simultaneous absorption of two photons of relatively low energy (relatively long wavelength) by a luminescent chromophore, which leads to the emission of a photon of higher energy (shorter wavelength) than that of the excitation light in the form of luminescence.
- Nonlinear optical signals are characterized in that their signal levels depend in a nonlinear manner on the exciting light intensity.
- the intensity of the resulting luminescence is proportional to the square of the excitation intensity, in contrast, for example, to conventional single-photon luminescence excitation, in which the intensity after absorption of a single one Excitation photons of higher energy (shorter wavelength) emission of low-energy luminescence (longer wavelength) induced by luminescent molecules generally linearly depends on the excitation intensity.
- Deviations from this linear relationship for the luminescence generated by absorption of a single photon by a luminescence-sensitive chromophore occur, for example, in the event of an inversion of the occupancy numbers of higher and lower-energy excited states (as are typical for the functional principle of a laser) or in the approximation the saturation of an excited state and the corresponding emptying of the ground state.
- Another example of a linear dependence on the intensity of the incident excitation light is Stray light intensity from rough surfaces. In contrast, the intensity of background light and noise of the measured light signals are uncorrelated with the excitation light in many measuring arrangements.
- the detection limit for weak light signals is often determined by scattered light from the excitation light (e.g. a laser). Since the luminescent light and the excitation light have different wavelengths, they can be spectrally separated to a certain degree, for example with transmission filters (bandpass filters such as interference filters or high-pass filters). Particularly in the case of luminescence excited by single-photon absorption, however, a non-negligible proportion of stray light often reaches the detector. The cause is the mostly small spectral separation of excitation and luminescence (Stokes shift) and the typically large difference in intensity between extremely weak (luminescence) signals and relatively strong scattered light from the excitation light.
- the primary object of the present invention is to remove parts which are linearly correlated and uncorrelated with the intensity of the excitation light from one, two or more dimensional images.
- a “one-, two- or multi-dimensional image” should be understood to mean the recording of the measured light intensities as a function of one, two or more (then typically three) location coordinates. This recording can be in the form of an image (eg a photograph whose intensity values are digitized in the course of the further steps of the method according to the invention) or a numerical file, for example in the form of a computer file.
- An essential aspect of the present invention is that the separation of different light components is not wavelength-specific, but according to their non-linear character.
- linear and nonlinear light components ie light components correlated linearly and nonlinearly with the excitation light
- the present invention is explained below primarily against the background of luminescence excitation and detection as an example of a widely used detection method in (bio) chemical analysis and as an important field of application of the invention.
- the invention is directly applicable to further optical techniques, such as, for example, "second harmony generation” (in which the irradiation of an excitation light of a specific wavelength results in the emission of a response light of half the wavelength, with respect to the wavelength of the irradiated excitation light) and their fields of application as well further techniques, in whole or in part, of non-optical character, which have as their object the detection of signals which follow the intensity of a power-modulated stimulating excitation signal in a non-linear manner.
- second harmony generation in which the irradiation of an excitation light of a specific wavelength results in the emission of a response light of half the wavelength, with respect to the wavelength of the irradiated excitation light
- non-optical character which have as their object the detection of signals which follow the intensity of a power-modulated stimulating
- luminescence refers to the spontaneous emission of photons in the ultraviolet to infrared range after optical or non-optical, such as, for example, electrical or chemical or biochemical or thermal excitation.
- chemiluminescence, bioluminescence, electroluminescence and in particular fluorescence and phosphorescence are included under the term "luminescence”.
- optical transparency of a material is used in the following in the sense that the transparency of this material at least an excitation wavelength is required. With a longer or shorter wavelength, this material can also be absorbent.
- the sensitivity for analyte detection has been significantly increased in recent years.
- WO 95/33197 describes a method in which the excitation light is coupled into the waveguiding film of a sensor platform as a diffractive optical element via a relief grating.
- the surface of the sensor platform is brought into contact with a sample containing the analyte, and the isotropically emitted luminescence in the penetration depth of the evanescent field of luminescent substances is measured by means of suitable measuring devices such as photodiodes, photomultipliers or CCD cameras.
- suitable measuring devices such as photodiodes, photomultipliers or CCD cameras.
- devices for the simultaneous or sequential implementation of luminescence-based multiple measurements with essentially monomodal, planar inorganic waveguides, e.g. B. WO 96/35940, devices (arrays) are known in which at least two separate waveguiding areas are arranged on a sensor platform, which are irradiated separately with excitation light.
- the division of the sensor platform into separate wave-guiding areas has the disadvantage that the space required for discrete measurement areas in discrete wave-guiding areas on the common sensor platform is relatively large and therefore only achieves a relatively low density of different measurement fields (or so-called "features”) can be.
- arrays Based on simple glass or microscope platelets, without additional wave-guiding layers, arrays are known as so-called “microarrays” with a very high feature density.
- US 5445934 (Affymax Technologies) describes arrays of oligonucleotides with a density of more than Described and claimed 1000 features per square centimeter for the detection of nucleic acids with complementary (partial) sequences. The excitation and reading out of such arrays is based on classic optical arrangements and methods.
- the entire array can be illuminated simultaneously with an expanded excitation light bundle, but what leads to a relatively low sensitivity, since the excitation is not limited to the interacting surface and because the scattered light component is also relatively large and scattered light or background fluorescent light is also generated from the glass substrate in the areas in which there is no immobilization to bind the analyte ilized oligonucleotides.
- confocal measuring arrangements are often used and the various features are read out sequentially by "scanning". However, this results in a greater expenditure of time for reading out a large array and a relatively complex optical structure.
- the background signals and the associated background noise remain the limiting factors for the detection limits that can be achieved.
- this is due, among other things, to the fact that with most of the luminescent dyes used, the spectral distance between the excitation and emission wavelengths (Stokes shift) is relatively small, typically between 20 ⁇ m and 50 nm.
- Some luminescent dyes are known which have a large Stokes shift, up to approximately 300 nm, such as, for example, some lanthanide complexes. However, they generally have a relatively low quantum yield and / or low photostability.
- planar thin-waveguides make it possible to carry out two-photon luminescence excitation not only in a microscopic excitation beam diameter but also macroscopically on areas of several square millimeters on the surface of a suitable thin-film waveguide [Duveneck, GL, et al., "Evanescent- field-induced two-photon fluorescence: excitation of macroscopic areas of planar waveguides ", Applied Physics B, 73 (2001) 869-871; WO 01/79821; WO 02/79765].
- This new combination of waveguide technology with two-photon luminescence excitation makes it possible to clearly separate the long-wave excitation light from the shorter-wave emission light.
- Spectral separation methods have the general disadvantage of never completely suppressing the excitation light to be discriminated (excitation signal) and also not completely transmitting the emission wavelength to be detected.
- the effectiveness of interference filters is still significantly dependent on the angle of incidence of the light on the filter.
- the excitation current can also be used
- the resulting emission light in the periodically varying lighting conditions (in the absence and in the presence of excitation light) is directed to a detector whose response time corresponds at least to the modulation frequency
- Lock-in amplifiers only amplify those signals that are correlated with the modulation frequency by forming the difference between the detector signals fed to it in the different phases. This eliminates the light components measured by the detector, which are not correlated with the modulated excitation intensity.
- the lock-in technique also allows the decay time, ie the lifetime of this emission after pulsed excitation, to be determined by measuring the phase difference between the maximum excitation light intensity and the maximum emission light intensity.
- the signal components proportional to the excitation light are typically selected for further processing with a single detector (“point detector”) and response signal components that are not correlated with the excitation signal are rejected.
- WO 96/15625 describes a device and a method for detecting an intensity-modulated radiation field, the demodulation process being electronically integrated in a detector array.
- This method is suitable, for example, for time-of-flight measurements (TOF) or heterodyne interference measurements of distant, moving objects.
- TOF time-of-flight measurements
- the method is based on the filtering of linear signal components from the background light.
- the measured time or phase shift in an interferometric method becomes The description mentions that, in the case of a sinusoidally modulated radiation field, the amplitude, the phase and the background light of the radiation field can be determined with a number of four scans (signal measurements) per period, and that with one Increasing the sampling rate can be used to determine further parameters of the radiation field, such as Fourier coefficients, however, no information is given as to how such a further development could be implemented, but rather only the detection of linear signal components of the radiation gsfeldes described.
- the present invention relates to the separation of the non-linear signal components from the other components, which are linearly correlated or uncorrelated to a modulated excitation field.
- signal components whose detection is the task of the invention described in WO 96/15626 and the other publications mentioned above are to be rejected.
- the arrangement according to the invention and the method according to the invention to be carried out with it have the advantage that they enable the use of any one- or two-dimensional detector array, provided that its electronic response time is short enough to match the frequency of the modulation of the excitation light power and thus the modulation of the intensity of the light to be detected coming from the measuring location.
- detectors such as the "lock-in CCDs" described is possible for the arrangement according to the invention and the measurement method according to the invention, but is in no way necessary.
- the camera images are transmitted as data to a computer, and the phase-sensitive demodulation of this data is carried out by numerical analysis performed using the computer.
- the method described in the two publications mentioned is limited to the separation of constant background light and linear interference signals, which are generated by illumination with a light source. In the arrangements described, two light beams of constant intensity but modulated phase shift are brought to interference.
- the application of this method describes the measurement of two-dimensional height profiles, for example of surfaces with a structure on the order of micrometers or nanometers.
- the mathematical method of Fourier series development of a time signal is used; only the phase position of the first harmonic coefficient, which is a measure of the distance of the sample point (measurement location) from the detector, is explicitly used.
- the present invention does not relate to the measurement of height profiles, distance measurements, or object detection with modulated lighting. Under the conditions of application of our invention, the position of the measuring location is known very precisely.
- the present invention also does not require the generation of interference patterns, but is suitable for analyzing these too, provided that they have non-linear signal components.
- the present invention is intended for the generation of images non-linearly correlated with an excitation light in one or more spatial coordinates. from a well-known location.
- a possible embodiment of the invention is based on phase-sensitive detection at the second harmonic of the excitation modulation.
- phase position of the nonlinear signal does not provide any information about the spatial position, but rather, for example, about the chemical character. It can be used to measure excitation lifetimes, for example, in contrast to the runtime differences in the publications cited above. Detailed description of the invention
- a first object of the present invention is a method for the highly sensitive simultaneous measurement of nonlinear optical emission signals, spatially resolved in one or two spatial dimensions, comprising:
- interaction spaces Irradiation of the excitation light from at least one light source in a power-modulated and / or pulse-duration-modulated form into an interaction volume or to an interaction surface or an interaction layer (summarized under the name "interaction spaces"), in which interaction spaces one or more emissions non-linearly correlated with the excitation light are excited
- An “interaction volume” is to be understood as a three-dimensional volume on which the excitation light acts and in which under suitable conditions can be generated in a manner that is linear with the intensity of a modulated irradiated excitation light response signals.
- said non-linearly correlated response signals can be a luminescence after multiphoton excitation or a "second harmonic" signal, ie a response signal at half the irradiated excitation wavelength (frequency-doubled signal).
- Such signals can originate, for example, from suitable chromophores. Multiphoton-induced emissions can be generated with a large number of chromophores, provided that sufficiently high excitation intensities are provided.
- Rhodamines are known to be particularly well suited for the excitation of luminescence (more precisely fluorescence) after two-photon absorption.
- For "second harmony generation” molecules with an asymmetrical arrangement of their molecular groups are known to be particularly suitable.
- an “interaction surface” is to be understood as the surface between a solid support and an adjacent medium or the interface between different physico-chemical phases (which, for example, can also be immiscible different liquids), on which or on which nonlinear with the excitation light correlated response signals can be generated.
- the “interaction layer” is intended to be a layer above or below such an interaction surface in which the described nonlinear response signals can be generated.
- such an “interaction layer” can be the volume of a medium over an optical waveguide, the layer thickness being determined by the depth of penetration of the evanescent field of the light guided in the waveguide or in the waveguiding layer or in the waveguiding film is defined in said medium.
- reaction volume As “interaction volume”, “interaction area” and “interaction layer” thus defined are to be summarized under the term “interaction space”.
- interaction space As “non-linear correlated with an excitation light or its intensity
- the excitation light can be modulated in various ways. For example, this can be done using an acousto-optical modulator (AOM), a liquid crystal (LCD) attenuator, a rotating wave plate in combination with a polarizer or a variable neutral density filter.
- AOM acousto-optical modulator
- LCD liquid crystal
- a rotating wave plate in combination with a polarizer or a variable neutral density filter.
- the different signal components correlated with the excitation light intensity are separated from the processing of the response signals recorded with different excitation power and spatially resolved in one or two spatial dimensions.
- This can be, for example, pictures taken with a CCD camera, which are transferred in digital form to a computer and correspondingly stored in a one- or multi-dimensional data matrix.
- a preferred embodiment of the method according to the invention is characterized in that it does not include spectral filtering of the light to be detected, which emanates from the interaction spaces.
- the method according to the invention can also be carried out in combination with such spectral filtering.
- the use of such spectrally selective optical components is preferred, which receive an existing spatial resolution of the signals (such as two-dimensional measurements of light intensities).
- Edge e.g. high-pass or low-pass filters
- band-pass filters such as interference filters, nodge filters etc.
- Said one- or two-dimensional detector array can be selected from the group comprising CCD cameras, CCD chips, CMOS cameras, CMOS chips, photodiode arrays, avalanche diode arrays, multichannel plates and multichannel photomultipliers , wherein a phase-sensitive demodulation can be integrated in said detector array.
- the time resolution of the detection should be so high that it can follow at least twice the frequency of the modulation of the excitation light. It proves to be a further important advantage of the present invention that even detectors with a relatively strong noise, which are relatively inexpensive but could not previously be used for highly sensitive measurements due to the high noise, can be used, since those which are uncorrelated with the excitation light Noise components are eliminated according to the invention.
- a large number of possible embodiments of the method according to the invention are characterized in that the excitation light radiated into an interaction space is modulated by means of opto-mechanical and / or acousto-optical and / or electro-optically active aids.
- Said opto-mechanical and / or acousto-optical and / or electro-optically active aids can be selected from the group consisting of mechanical shutters (comparable to camera closures) and rotating choppers, each alternating the light path between the excitation light source and the interaction space block and release, polarization-selective components such as rotating half-wave plates in combination with polarizers, liquid crystal attenuators, electro-optically active crystals, in their transmission locally or temporally variable neutral density filters, acousto-optic modulators and modulators that are based on interference effects, such as Michelson hiterferometer or Mach-Zehnder interferometer.
- the modulation of the excitation light radiated into an interaction space takes place by means of direct, active modulation of the light emitted by the excitation light source.
- the modulation of the irradiated to an interaction space Excitation light takes place by modulating the excitation current for a semiconductor laser as an excitation light source.
- Numerous possible embodiments of the method according to the invention are characterized in that the modulation of the excitation light radiated into an interaction space takes place periodically. However, it is also possible for the excitation light radiated into an interaction space to be modulated non-periodically.
- a special variant consists in that the modulation of the excitation light radiated into an interaction space consists in the simultaneous modulation of the pulse duration and the peak power of the irradiated excitation light, the peak power preferably being varied inversely in proportion to the pulse duration, and particularly preferably the integral of the pulse power remains constant.
- the detection of the light emanating from the interaction spaces typically takes place in a time-correlated manner with the modulation of the excitation light power. It is possible for the light emanating from the interaction spaces to be detected at a frequency which corresponds to an integer multiple of the modulation frequency of the excitation light power. In order to carry out the separation of the response signal components which are differently correlated with the excitation light intensity, different embodiments are possible according to the method according to the present invention.
- Other preferred embodiments of the method according to the invention are characterized in that the separation of the response signal components from the interaction space that are non-linearly correlated with the excitation light power is carried out with the aid of a harmonic analysis.
- the harmonic analysis is based on the fact that non-linear systems generate harmonics with harmonic excitation (modulation at constant frequency).
- the parameters of these harmonics can be determined by Fourier analysis. Signals correlated linearly with the excitation light, for example from scattered light, do not contribute to higher harmonics. Further explanations are given in Example 3.2.
- stray light-free images of luminescence signals induced by two-photon absorption can be produced, for example, when the second harmonic is detected.
- response signal components from the interaction space that are non-linearly correlated with the excitation light power are separated from the other signal components by means of a step-like modulation of the excitation light power.
- the separation of the non-linearly correlated response signal components from the excitation light power Interaction space from the remaining signal components is carried out using a 4-stage algorithm for modulating the excitation light power.
- This variant is characterized by the fact that it is particularly easy to implement in practice.
- the power of the excitation light is not continuously modulated at one frequency, but is periodically set to 4 discrete values in stages. This advantageously means that the effort required to carry out the necessary calculations can be significantly reduced in comparison to other variants. This embodiment is described in detail in Example 3.3.
- the step heights are advantageously chosen so that the parts to be eliminated in the mathematical analysis step of the method according to the invention can be linearly correlated with the excitation light or uncorrelated with the excitation light in a computationally simple manner to zero.
- the excitation light powers can often not be set exactly to the required values, for example because the measurement of the excitation light power arriving in the interaction space is difficult to carry out.
- a further preferred embodiment is therefore distinguished in that experimentally induced deviations in the excitation light powers from the nominal values provided for the modulation are compensated for by means of numerical corrections. It is particularly advantageous, if necessary, if the response signals measured using a 4-stage modulation algorithm are multiplied by correction factors. The procedure for determining correction factors is described in Example 3.3.1.
- the correction factors for the response signals are determined by numerical analysis of the response signal data generated, this being done, for example, by evaluating the signals designated areas of an interaction space or using separate measurements (for example using a calibration sample).
- the method according to the invention is characterized in that the separation of the non-linear response signal components from the interaction space correlated with the excitation light power from the other signal components can be carried out in real time (within the recording time for signal recording) with the recording of the signals from the interaction space.
- the interaction space is an interaction layer on a surface of a solid support
- the areal extent of the interaction space (on said surface of this support) due to the interaction area with the incident power-modulated excitation light and its depth (extension perpendicular to said) Surface of the carrier) are defined by the range of the modulated excitation light intensity in this spatial dimension perpendicular to said surface of the carrier.
- the conditions are selected so that the excitation light intensity on this surface has a maximum value of a certain size and decreases with distance from the solid support and this surface.
- the range of the excitation light intensity can then be, for example, a distance from this surface at which the excitation light intensity has decreased to 1 / e multiplied by the intensity on this surface.
- Preferred embodiments of the method according to the invention are therefore characterized in that one or more specific binding partners for the detection of one or more analytes in a binding assay (with binding of the binding partner from a supplied solution to the immobilized binding partner) are immobilized on the surface of said solid support, the Analyte detection takes place on the basis of an optical response signal of the immobilized binding partner itself or the binding partner supplied in solution or one or more further binding partners supplied in one or more additional method steps correlated with the excitation light power.
- a possible variant is characterized in that the specific binding partners immobilized on the surface of said solid support are the one or more analytes themselves, which are embedded in a native sample matrix or in a form of the modified with one or more preparation steps Sample matrix are immobilized.
- sample matrix can for example be selected from the group of extracts of healthy or pathological cells (e.g. from human, animal, bacterial or plant cell extracts), extracts from animal or human tissue such as organ -, skin, hair or bone tissue, or of plant tissue, as well as of body fluids or their components, such as blood, serum or plasma, joint fluids, tear fluid, urine, saliva, tissue fluid, lymph.
- body fluids or their components such as blood, serum or plasma, joint fluids, tear fluid, urine, saliva, tissue fluid, lymph.
- the sample can be taken, for example, from an organism or tissue or cell structure or cell by means of a method from the group of tissue sections, biopsy and "laser capture micro dissection".
- Another variant of the method according to the invention using immobilized specific binding partners consists in the fact that the specific binding partners immobilized on the surface of said solid support are biological or biochemical or synthetic recognition elements for the specific recognition of one or more analytes in a sample supplied.
- Said attachment partners i.e. the self-immobilized analytes to be detected or to be detected in a sample supplied and / or their immobilized or biological or biochemical or synthetic recognition elements or in a detection reagent supplied can for example be selected from the group consisting of proteins, for example mono- or polyclonal antibodies and antibody fragments, peptides, Enzymes, glycopeptides, oligosaccharides, lectins, antigens for antibodies, proteins functionalized with additional binding sites (“tag proteins”, such as “histidine tag proteins”) as well as nucleic acids (e.g. DNA, RNA, oligonucleotides) and nucleic acid analogs (e.g. . PNA), aptamers, membrane-bound and isolated receptors and their ligands, cavities generated by chemical synthesis for receiving molecular imprints, natural and artificial polymers, etc.
- proteins for example mono- or polyclonal antibodies and antibody fragments, peptides, Enzymes, glycopeptides
- compounds or substances or molecular subgroups applied to the surface of said solid support which are capable of emitting optical signals correlated therewith under the action of the excitation light, or with the aid thereof, after their interaction with other compounds present in the interaction space, nonlinear Optical signals correlated with the excitation light can be generated, or specific binding partners applied can be immobilized in discrete measuring areas (spots), which can have any geometry, for example circular, oval, triangular, rectangular, polygon-like shape, etc., with a single measuring area being of the same type or can contain different compounds or substances or molecular subgroups or specific binding partners.
- Said discrete measuring ranges can, for example, by spatially selective application of compounds or substances or molecular subgroups, which under the influence of the excitation light are capable of emitting optical signals correlated therewith in a nonlinear manner, or with the aid of which, after their interaction with other compounds present in the interaction space, optical signals correlated nonlinearly with the excitation light can be generated, or by applying specific binding partners on said solid support are generated, preferably using one or more methods from the group of methods which “inkjet spotting”, mechanical spotting, “micro contact printing”, fluidic contacting of the areas for the measurement areas to be created with the compounds to be immobilized by supplying them in parallel or crossed microchannels, under the influence of pressure differences or electrical or electromagnetic potentials, as well as photochemical and photolithographic immobilization processes.
- the detection limit of an analytical method is limited by signals due to so-called non-specific binding, ie by signals which are generated by binding analytes or other compounds used for the detection of said analytes, which not only in the area of the immobilized specific binding partners, but also are bound to the surface of the solid support in uncovered areas thereof, for example by hydrophobic adsorption or by electrostatic interactions.
- “chemically neutral” compounds are applied between the spatially separated measuring areas or in unoccupied partial areas within these measuring areas with respect to the analyte and / or its binding partners, preferably consisting, for example, of the groups which contain albumins, in particular bovine serum albumin or human serum albumin , Casein, unspecific, polyclonal or monoclonal, foreign or empirically unspecific antibodies for the analyte (s) to be detected and their binding partners (especially for immunoassays), detergents - such as Tween 20 -, fragmented natural or synthetic DNA that does not hybridize with polynucleotides to be analyzed, such as extracts of herring or salmon sperm (especially for polynucleotide hybridization assays), or also uncharged, but hydrophilic polymers, such as polyethylene glycols or dextrans.
- albumins in particular bovine serum albumin or human serum albumin
- Casein unspecific, polyclonal or monoclonal, foreign or empirically unspecific antibodies
- a variety of methods are known for immobilizing molecules or groups or complexes of molecules on a solid support.
- One possibility is that compounds or substances or molecular subgroups applied to the surface of said solid support, which are capable of emitting optical signals correlated linearly under the influence of the excitation light, or with their help, after their interaction with other compounds present in the interaction space, optical signals correlated nonlinearly with the excitation light, or specific binding partners applied directly or by means of a so-called spacer ("spacer", formed as an independent molecule or molecular group) are immobilized on the surface of said solid support using one or more types of interactions from the group of interactions, which comprises hydrophobic interactions, electrostatic interactions and covalent bonding.
- optical signals correlated nonlinearly with the excitation light, or an adhesion-promoting layer is applied to the applied specific binding partners, which preferably has a thickness of less than 200 nm, particularly preferably less than 20 nm, and which preferably has a chemical one Compound from the groups includes which silanes, functionalized silanes, epoxides, functionalized, charged or polar polymers and "self-organized passive or functionalized mono- or multilayers", thiols, alkyl phosphates and phosphonates, multi functional block copolymers such as poly (L) lysine / polyethylene glycols.
- a large number of discrete measurement areas with the same or different specific binding partners contained therein can be arranged on the surface of the solid support. It would come in a 2- dimensional arrangement more than 10, preferably more than 100, particularly preferably more than 1000 measuring areas can be arranged on a square centimeter.
- said solid support is optically transparent at the wavelength of the excitation light acting on it. It is also advantageous if said solid support is essentially planar.
- said solid support comprises an optical waveguide structure comprising one or more layers.
- said solid support comprises a planar optical waveguide comprising one or more layers or divided into discrete waveguiding regions.
- said solid support has a planar optical thin-film waveguide with an essentially optically transparent, waveguiding layer (a) on a second, also essentially optically transparent layer (b) with a lower refractive index than layer (a) and optionally also one essentially optically transparent intermediate layer (b ') between layer (a) and layer (b) with a lower refractive index than layer (a).
- a wave-guiding layer of said solid support is in optical contact with one or more optical coupling elements which make it possible to couple excitation light into said wave-guiding layer, said optical coupling elements being selected from the group of prism couplers, evanescent couplers brought together optical waveguides with overlapping evanescent fields, end face couplers with focusing lenses, preferably cylindrical lenses, arranged in front of one end face of said waveguiding layer of the evanescent field sensor platform, and grating couplers. It is particularly preferred that one or more lattice structures (c) are formed in a waveguiding layer of the solid support, which enable the excitation light to be coupled in.
- one or more lattice structures (c ') with the same or different lattice period and lattice depth as lattice structures (c) are formed in a waveguiding layer of the solid support, which enable the coupling out of light guided in said waveguiding layer.
- the signals to be detected non-linearly correlated with the excitation light using the method according to the invention can be of different types.
- said optical emission signals non-linearly correlated with the excitation light intensity comprise the signals of frequency doubling ("second harmonic generation"), sum or difference frequency generation.
- non-linear optical emission signals correlated with the excitation light intensity are induced by multiphoton absorption.
- optical emission signals correlated nonlinearly with the excitation light intensity are induced by a two-photon absorption.
- Another object of the present invention is an analytical system for the highly sensitive simultaneous measurement of non-linear optical emission signals, spatially resolved in one or two spatial dimensions, comprising: - at least one light source for emitting excitation light - technical aids for power modulation and / or pulse duration modulation of the at least one light source an interaction volume or an interaction surface or an interaction layer, collectively referred to as “interaction space”, in which one or more emissions non-linearly correlated with the excitation light can be excited - at least one one one or two-dimensional detector array for measuring the light emanating from the interaction space - a computer to which the measurement data transfer said detector arrays and by means of which the measurement data is formatted and analyzed in a one- or multi-dimensional data matrix t are characterized in that the proportions of the light emanating from there that are linearly proportional to the intensity of the excitation light available in the interaction spaces are fractioned
- Another object of the invention is the use of an analytical system according to the invention and / or a method according to the invention for quantitative and / or qualitative analyzes for the determination of chemical, biochemical or biological analytes in screening methods in pharmaceutical research, combinatorial chemistry, clinical and preclinical development Real-time education studies and for determining kinetic parameters in affinity screening and in research, for qualitative and quantitative analyte determinations, in particular for DNA and RNA analysis and the determination of genomic or proteomic differences in the genome, such as For example, single nucleotide polymorphisms, for measuring protein-DNA interactions, for determining control mechanisms for m-RNA expression and for protein (bio) synthesis, for preparing toxicity studies and for determining expression profiles, in particular for determining biological and chemical marker substances, such as mRNA, proteins, peptides or low-molecular organic (messenger) substances, as well as for the detection of antibodies, antigens, pathogens or bacteria in pharmaceutical product research and development, human and veterinary diagnostics, agrochemical product research and
- the invention also includes the use of an analytical system and / or a method according to the invention in nonlinear optics, materials research, the investigation of processes at phase boundaries and surfaces of solid bodies, the quality control of optical components, in particular for laser technology, for example of frequency doubling components.
- An analytical system comprises an interaction space according to the aforementioned definition, in which nonlinearly correlated response signals can be generated with variations of an irradiated excitation light, an optical system for excitation and detection (by means of a one- or two-dimensional detector array) of said response signals, a computer onto which transmit the detector signals, store them in a data matrix and then use them to split the measurement data into their parts, which correlate differently with the excitation light, according to an inventive specification.
- a method according to the invention comprises the use of an analytical system according to the invention for the generation and detection of non-linearly correlated response signals with an excitation light in an interaction volume as defined above and the splitting of the recorded measurement data according to their proportions differently correlated with the excitation light.
- FIG. 1 shows, as an example of an interaction space for the generation of non-linearly correlated optical signals with an excitation light, the diagram of a thin-film waveguide in supervision, with gratings for coupling and decoupling light into and out of the waveguide, between which gratings the light is guided in the waveguide , and with measuring areas generated on the surface in the form of circular areas of material (referred to as a whole as “sensor platform”), in which the generation of non-linear response signals correlated with the excitation light is to be detected.
- FIG. 2 shows a suitable optical system for generating signals correlated nonlinearly with the excitation light, as a component of an analytical system according to the invention.
- Figure 3 shows in a false color representation (scale on the right edge) the response signals recorded by a sensor platform according to the diagram of Figure 1 as a superimposition of 150 images with modulated intensity of the excitation light, above without separation of the parts differently correlated with the excitation light, below after selection of the non-linearly correlated response signal component according to the inventive method.
- FIG. 5 shows the dependence of the spatial noise, without and after selection of the non-linearly correlated response signal component by the method according to the invention, on the number of recordings taken into account for the analysis.
- FIG. 6 illustrates an embodiment of the method according to the invention using a step-like (4-step) modulation of the excitation light and a harmonic analysis.
- the interaction space in the sense of the preceding definition, in which nonlinear optical signals are to be generated, is the layer adjacent to the surface of a planar thin-film waveguide, the lateral extent of which is due to the length and width of a layer guided in the waveguide Excitation light and its height above the waveguide is defined by the depth of penetration of the evanescent field above the waveguide.
- the coupling angle from the glass substrate to the waveguiding layer (a), based on the normal to the plane of the surface of the waveguide structure, is -20.4 ° for excitation light of 800 nm wavelength; the outer angle of incidence on the layer (b) to meet the coupling condition is -31.4 °.
- first coupling grating (c) to the right in FIG. 1 for coupling the excitation light
- second coupling grating (c ') to the left in FIG. 1 for coupling out the light guided in the waveguiding film in different concentrations in discrete measurement areas ("spots", spot diameter 120 ⁇ m, (center-to-center) spot distance 350 ⁇ m).
- (d) denotes measurement areas generated on the waveguide structure by applying dyes to be examined, with filled circles under The experimental conditions indicate luminescent measuring ranges and non-filled circles indicate non-luminescent measuring ranges. These luminescent dyes are to be examined for their possibilities for emitting non-linearly correlated signals with a modulated excitation light intensity ts indicated. 2.
- FIG. 1 A suitable optical system for generating signals non-linearly correlated with the excitation light, as part of an analytical system according to the invention, is shown in FIG.
- a pulsed titanium sapphire laser with emission at approx. 800 nm (pulse length: 100 fsec, repetition rate: 80 MHz, medium power used: up to 1.5 W, spectral pulse width: 8 nm, tsunami model 3960, Spectra) serves as the excitation light source (f) Physics, Mt. View, CA, USA).
- the intensity of the excitation light emitted by the laser can be continuously varied using an acousto-optical modulator (h) (fused silica crystal, 60 MHz carrier frequency, ASM-601-23, IntraAction, Bellwood, IL, USA) 0% and 80% of the output power can be regulated.
- An aperture (i) serves to block out the zero order of the transmitted light after the acousto-optical modulator.
- the hitensity of the excitation light can be regulated between 0% and 100% of the output power using a rotating half-wave plate (j) for 800 nm and a polarizer (k). Both intensity controls can be controlled with a computer.
- lenses (1) for example in the excitation beam path (in the direction of the waveguide structure).
- B. cylindrical lenses are used to generate parallel incident light beams of the desired geometry on the coupling grating (c) of the waveguide structure (W).
- the incident excitation light is deflected via a mirror onto the coupling grating (c) of the waveguide structure, which is mounted on an adjusting element which translates in the x, y and z directions (parallel and in the axes perpendicular to the grating lines) and rotation ( with axis of rotation corresponding to the grid lines of the coupling grid).
- the full width at half maximum in the Under these conditions, the wave-guiding layer of coupled excitation light is typically 1 mm to 2 mm.
- the intensity of the excitation light of the pulsed laser impinging on the coupling grating of the waveguide structure is determined by rotating a half-wave plate (j) located in the excitation beam path (j) with constant adjustment of a polarizer also mounted in the excitation beam path ( k) Periodically sinusoidally modulated A complete rotation of the half-wave plate is connected with 4 complete, sinusoidal modulation periods of the excitation light intensity arriving at the coupling-in grating.
- the light emanating from the waveguide structure is collected by means of collecting optics and, without further spectrally selective components in the emission beam path, on a CCD camera (m) (AstroCam, TE3 / A, Cambridge, GB) is guided as a detector, about 100 camera images are recorded during one revolution of the half-wave plate and their digital, pixel-resolved data are sent to a computer for further processing.
- m CCD camera
- optical power measuring device with which, for example, the intensity of the transmitted light component behind the waveguide structure can be measured
- p optical spectrometer
- s (P) is measured for three different powers P, the values for a 0 , ⁇ l5 and a 2 can be calculated. An image of a 2 for each pixel results in a background and stray light-free image of the non-linearly correlated signal component (in the special case of the luminescence signal induced by two-photon absorption).
- s (P) is measured for more than three powers
- the values for a 0 , a v and a 2 can be determined using a Gaussian method of least square deviation.
- this calculation yields a polynomial algorithm that can be easily vectorized. This allows the coefficients a 0 , a ⁇ , and a 2 to be calculated for an entire image within a very short time (in real time).
- the matrix ⁇ c ⁇ the calculation of which is relatively time-consuming, and the factor ⁇ remain constant and do not have to be recalculated, even if the measurement object is changed or if several identical cycles P (n) are measured on one measurement object, by averaging of the resulting solution vectors L to improve the signal-to-noise ratio.
- FIG. 3 shows the mean of a series of 150 camera images taken during 1.5 rotations of the half-wave plate.
- FIG. 3 shows the same averaged image series after the linear and the signal components not correlated with the modulated excitation light have been removed using the method of parallel Taylor development described above. At least 9 spots with immobilized dye molecules can clearly be seen, from which a non-linear emission, in this case a luminescence stimulated by two-photon absorption, originates. This spatially resolved emission comes from the portion of luminescence excited in the evanescent field of the waveguide, which is largely isotropically emitted into the surrounding space.
- the upper line profile there is no specific signal, only strong scattered light with a high spatial statistical variation.
- FIG. 5 illustrates the performance of the analytical method according to the invention on the basis of the reduction in "spatial signal noise” achieved.
- the "spatial signal noise” is understood to mean the local variation of the signals without the influence of a specific emission signal, ie the noise of the scattered and background light.
- an increasing number of images, up to a maximum of 150 images, were taken into account for the analysis (ie averaged).
- harmonic analysis Another approach is chosen for harmonic analysis. It is based on the fact that non-linear systems generate harmonics with harmonic excitation (modulation at constant frequency).
- the parameters of these harmonics can be determined by Fourier analysis. Such a Fourier analysis can also be vectorized for image series and carried out as simple matrix multiplication, as described in the case of the analysis based on parallel Taylor development. Signals correlated linearly with the excitation light, for example from scattered light, do not contribute to higher harmonics.
- stray light-free images of luminescence signals induced by two-photon absorption can be produced, for example, when the second harmonic is detected.
- a particularly simple variant of the embodiment using the harmonic analysis is based on the application of a 4-step algorithm.
- the power of the excitation light is not continuously modulated at one frequency, but is periodically set to 4 discrete values in stages.
- the time course of the signal modulation (here measured in the number of sequentially recorded camera images of the response signal) is shown in FIG. 6.
- the intensity of the excitation light acting on the interaction space is set sequentially to the values 0, 1, 2 and 1.
- This excitation light profile is followed by the linearly correlated response signal components (eg of scattered light), expressed in relative units, in the same way (0, 1, 2, 1 corresponding to non-scaled values a, b, c, d), as shown in FIG.
- the response signal detected at the fundamental frequency ( ⁇ ) of this step-shaped modulation of the excitation light contains both linear and non-linear (in this case quadratic) components correlated with the excitation light.
- the signal detected in the second harmonic (2oS) no longer contains any linearly correlated components (e.g. of scattered light), as can be seen from a detailed examination of the functioning of this embodiment of the method according to the invention:
- the response signal values (0, 1, 2, 1) or (0, 1, 4, 1) measured at the various times, correlated with the fundamental frequency or the second harmonic, are corresponding to the Fourier analysis with cos ( ⁇ ) t ) or cos (2 ⁇ t) multiplied and the products then summed up ..
- the zero point in time is chosen when recording the signal components c or c '. These cos values then give the values (-1, 0, 1, 0) for the fundamental wave and the values (1, -1, 1, -1) for the second harmonic, by which the signal values are to be multiplied.
- the execution of this multiplication of the measured values with the cos values, together with the formation of the sums, for determining the Fourier coefficients, for the linearly correlated signal components (referred to as “linear signals” in the table) and the nonlinear (here quadratic) correlated Signal components (referred to as “non-linear signals” in the table) are shown in table form in FIG. 6. From this it can be seen how, following this embodiment of the method according to the invention, the parts linearly correlated with the excitation light are eliminated upon detection in accordance with the second harmonic.
- the signal values of the individual pixels must then be scaled accordingly.
- the scaling factor is ⁇ ⁇ :
- the multiplication factors for the 4 levels (+ 1, -1, + 1, -1) are replaced by the correction factors ⁇ c a , c b , c c , ⁇ .
- the background light is not correlated with the excitation light.
- the analysis can be carried out using the condition (11.iv.b) in a corresponding image area in which no signals which are not linearly correlated with the excitation light should be recorded. It is advantageous if the signals of a scatter body are recorded in this image area.
- the coefficients are adjusted by iterative variation in such a way that the signal values a 2 of the 4-stage algorithm converge to 0 in the calibration range, the linear components aj on the scattering body converge to finite values, in the rest of the calibration range to 0, and the background values ao to a constant value , or converge to the smoothest possible course, or to the dark field values of the detector system.
- the convergence criteria can be defined differently. The procedure mentioned here is therefore not to be understood as general, but only as a possible example.
- pulsed light sources mode-locked lasers
- very high excitation powers are available for a short period of time, which are sufficient to excite non-linearly correlated response signals.
- the pulse duration is very short compared to the period between two successive pulses, a high load on the sample (the interaction space) by excitation light can still be avoided, since the average temporal intensity of the excitation light can be set relatively low.
- Another possible embodiment of an analytical system according to the invention and the method according to the invention to be carried out thereby is based not on varying the intensity of the excitation light irradiated on the interaction space, but rather on the pulse duration, for example via an element with adjustable dispersion of the group delay time (GDD, group delay dispersion).
- GDD group delay time
- the variation of the group delay and thus the variation of the pulse duration while the pulse energy remains the same can be done, for example, using a Gires Tournois Interferometer (GTI) mirror with an electrically controllable optical thickness.
- GTI Gires Tournois Interferometer
- the separation of linear and non-linear signals correlated with the excitation light and uncorrelated signals is based on the fact that, under the test conditions, the scattered light is proportional to the excitation light power and luminescence after their excitation by two-photon absorption is proportional to the square of the excitation light power.
- the modulation of the pulse duration is advantageously carried out in such a way that the integral of the pulse power remains constant during the pulses, ie the peak power is correspondingly increased, for example, in the case of shorter pulses. Under these conditions the scattered light is independent of the peak power, and a luminescence induced by two-photon excitation is then linearly proportional to the pulse peak power.
- the signal sought is then by the coefficient; given instead of a 2 .
- the signal sought is modulated with the fundamental frequency under these conditions.
- An advantage of this variant of the method according to the invention is, for example, that possible thermal effects due to the constant mean intensity, due to possible absorption of the excitation light irradiated with high intensity, are also constant and thus do not influence the results in a more complex manner.
- Another advantage is that in the case of two-photon absorption, using a step-like modulation of the excitation light, it is even possible to work with only 2 steps (pulse durations) instead of 4 steps.
- the signal values corresponding to the individual images are also added and subtracted alternately, in an analogous manner to that described above for the 4-stage algorithm. In this way, the signals triggered by two-photon absorption can also be selected and the stray light and background signal components can be suppressed.
- a double-beam excitation is characterized in that (in the case of two-photon excitation) the two photons to be absorbed at the same time do not necessarily come from the same light source (laser) and not necessarily have the same wavelength.
- laser laser
- the cross sections (the sizes) of the three contributions can be different. For example, it is possible that only one of the three contributions is of significant size.
- the excitation energy of the corresponding two-photon absorption process results from the sum of the individual photon energies.
- ⁇ a (Y ⁇ + y ⁇ .. It is advantageous if one of the two
- Laser is tunable in wavelength (i.e. has a variable emission wavelength). Then different analytes can be detected specifically on the basis of their two-photon absorption wavelength, by varying the wavelength of one of the two light beams acting on the interaction space.
- both pulses must be present in the interaction space in terms of time and space.
- one of the two lasers for example a tunable laser
- the necessary time overlap is automatically guaranteed.
- the excitation light intensities used can, for example, be selected so that the necessary peak power for efficient two-photon absorption is provided with the aid of the one pulsed laser, while the continuous wave laser is used for the energy selection of the absorption transition (corresponding to the previous summation for the resulting excitation wavelength).
- P ⁇ and 2 are advantageously modulated with different frequencies ⁇ and ⁇ a ⁇ .
- the signal sought can then be detected both at the sum frequency ( ⁇ + coi) and at the difference frequency ( ⁇ ⁇ - ⁇ i).
- the intensity of the two beams P ⁇ and P 2 is advantageously modulated in accordance with the values (0,0,1,1) and (0,1,0,1).
- rotating “choppers” By using these mechanical “choppers” only the light path is alternately blocked and released , as a further advantage over the aforementioned types of modulators, the problem of changes in the steel position and the focus, which can result when using these modulators, can be completely avoided.
- the theoretically optimal performance "0%” and "100%" transmission can be achieved very well with a chopper.
- the modulation of the intensity of one or both beams can be replaced by the modulation of another beam parameter, for example the pulse duration or the spatial position.
- the parallel Talyor development is implemented analogously to Section 3.1 or 3.4.1.
- the proportions of luminescence according to one, two, three, m photon absorption can be separated accordingly.
- the proportion of single-photon absorption cannot be separated from excitation scattered light linearly correlated with the excitation light intensity. All other higher-order components (corresponding to multi-photon processes) can, however, be separated from the scattered light and from one another.
- the modulation and signal recording method using a 4-step algorithm can be transferred to multi-photon processes without changing two-photon processes. Only the scaling factors for the signals need to be adjusted. It is also part of the present invention that when detecting m-photon absorption up to m laser beams are used in order to implement a selective analysis analogous to the arrangement of the double-beam excitation described above.
- resonant processes in the context of the present invention were presented above. These are understood to mean processes by which a real existing state, for example an excited state of a molecule or chromophores, is reached (excited). (eg by multiphoton absorption), which state then disintegrates after a finite, if mostly short, time period, for example by emission of light.
- non-resonant processes are to be understood as those processes in which an excited state does not really exist, but is of a purely virtual nature. This means that the virtual, excited state has to decay again almost instantaneously, whereby additional boundary conditions for the direction and momentum of the light beams involved must be taken into account.
- An example application for a two-dimensional non-linear optical signal detection is the measurement of the homogeneity of frequency doubling crystals.
- the angle between the light beam of the excitation laser and the generated, frequency-doubled light beam is zero or very small, so that a spatial separation of the two light beams is hardly possible.
- highly effective spectral filters must be used, or the use of spectrally dispersive elements (grids, prisms) is required, whereby only one spatial dimension can then be spatially resolved, while generating two-dimensional images no longer is possible.
- Another disadvantage of the conventional arrangements and methods is that the excitation light usually has to be focused into the crystal in order to achieve the required intensity for efficient frequency doubling.
- the frequency-doubled signals for such an arrangement are generally very small and provided with large portions of the excitation light.
- the detection methods described here have been developed precisely for this problem. All of the aforementioned embodiments of the invention are suitable for separating the signal components that are differently correlated with the excitation light.
- an embodiment of the invention in combination with such spectral filtering, eg. B. using a bandpass filter, in which the spatially resolved hiformation is preserved via the signal distribution.
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Abstract
Description
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Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CH13052003 | 2003-07-23 | ||
| PCT/EP2004/007176 WO2005019821A1 (de) | 2003-07-23 | 2004-07-01 | Analytisches system und verfahren zur analyse nichtlinearer optischer signale |
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| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| EP1769246A1 true EP1769246A1 (de) | 2007-04-04 |
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| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP04740541A Withdrawn EP1769246A1 (de) | 2003-07-23 | 2004-07-01 | Analytisches system und verfahren zur analyse nichtlinearer optischer signale |
Country Status (4)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US7545494B2 (de) |
| EP (1) | EP1769246A1 (de) |
| CA (1) | CA2534582A1 (de) |
| WO (1) | WO2005019821A1 (de) |
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| CN104697745A (zh) * | 2013-12-09 | 2015-06-10 | 上海机电工程研究所 | 飞行器自辐射模拟装置 |
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| GB2503604B (en) | 2011-03-21 | 2020-04-22 | Biodesy Llc | Classification of kinase inhibitors using second harmonic optical techniques |
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| DE102015218422A1 (de) | 2015-09-24 | 2017-03-30 | Universität Stuttgart | Sensorelement für Photolumineszenz-Messungen, Photolumineszenz-Detektionseinrichtung, Verfahren zum Betreiben einer Photolumineszenz-Detektionseinrichtung, Verfahren zur Herstellung eines Sensorelements, und Verwendung eines Sensorelements |
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| CA2534582A1 (en) | 2005-03-03 |
| US7545494B2 (en) | 2009-06-09 |
| WO2005019821A1 (de) | 2005-03-03 |
| US20060291772A1 (en) | 2006-12-28 |
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