EP1756079A2 - Synthese de ceto-epoxydes d'acides amines - Google Patents

Synthese de ceto-epoxydes d'acides amines

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Publication number
EP1756079A2
EP1756079A2 EP05748392A EP05748392A EP1756079A2 EP 1756079 A2 EP1756079 A2 EP 1756079A2 EP 05748392 A EP05748392 A EP 05748392A EP 05748392 A EP05748392 A EP 05748392A EP 1756079 A2 EP1756079 A2 EP 1756079A2
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
alkyl
hydrogen
aryl
absent
βalkyl
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
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Application number
EP05748392A
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German (de)
English (en)
Inventor
Guy J. Laidig
Peggy A. Radel
Mark S. Smyth
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Onyx Pharmaceuticals Inc
Original Assignee
Proteolix Inc
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Publication date
Application filed by Proteolix Inc filed Critical Proteolix Inc
Priority claimed from PCT/US2005/017000 external-priority patent/WO2005111009A2/fr
Publication of EP1756079A2 publication Critical patent/EP1756079A2/fr
Withdrawn legal-status Critical Current

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Definitions

  • This invention relates to methods for the synthesis of amino acid keto-epoxides according to scheme (I)
  • R 1 is selected from a protecting group or a further chain of amino acids, which itself may be optionally substituted, preferably a protecting group, most preferably an electron withdrawing protecting group;
  • R 2 is selected from hydrogen and C 1-6 alkyl
  • R 1 and R 2 together are C(0)-aryl-C(0) or C(0)C ⁇ - 6 alkenylC(0), thereby forming a ring;
  • R 3 is selected from hydrogen, C 1-6 alkyl, C ⁇ -6 alkoxyalkyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, heteroaryl, Ci- ⁇ heteroaralkyl, and Ci-earalkyl;
  • A is a stereoselective reduction under reducing conditions, preferably sodium borohydride with cerium trichloride, lithium tri-tert-butoxyaluminum hydride, or L-selectride, most preferably sodium borohydride with cerium trichloride;
  • B is a stereoselective epoxidation under epoxidizing conditions, preferably m- chloroperbenzoic acid or VO(acac) 2 with t-BuOOH, most preferably VO(acac) 2 with t-BuOOH; and
  • C is an oxidation under oxidizing conditions, preferably Dess-Martin periodinane, or the like, Swern, or tetrapropylammonium perruthenate with 4-methylmorpholine-N- oxide.
  • keto-epoxides may optionally include groups bonded to ' carbons, the stereochemistry of the ⁇ ' -carbon (that carbon forming a part of the epoxide or aziridine ring) can be (R) or (S).
  • a preferred compound may have a number of stereocenters having the indicated up-down (or ⁇ -a, where ⁇ as drawn herein is above the plane of the page) or (R)-(S) relationship (that is, it is not required that every stereocenter in the compound conform to the preferences stated).
  • the stereochemistry of the ' carbon is (R), that is, the X atom is ⁇ , or above the plane of the molecule.
  • the Cahn-Ingold- Prelog rules for determining absolute stereochemistry are followed. These rules are described, for example, in Organic Chemistry, Fox and Whitesell; Jones and Bartlett Publishers, Boston, MA (1994); Section 5-6, pp 177-178, which section is hereby incorporated by reference.
  • This invention relates to methods for the synthesis of amino acid keto-epoxides according to scheme (I)
  • R 1 is selected from a protecting group or a further chain of amino acids, which itself may be optionally substituted, preferably a protecting group, most preferably an electron withdrawing protecting group;
  • R 2 is selected from hydrogen and C ⁇ - 6 alkyl
  • R 1 and R 2 together are C(0)-aryl-C(0) or C(O)C ⁇ .6alkenylC(0), thereby forming a ring;
  • R 3 is selected from hydrogen, C h alky!, Ci- ⁇ alkoxyalkyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, heteroaryl, Ci- ⁇ heteiOaralkyl, and C ⁇ - 6 aralkyl;
  • A is a stereoselective reduction under reducing conditions, preferably wherein the reducing agent is sodium borohydride with cerium trichloride, lithium tri-tert- butoxyaluminum hydride, or L-selectride, most preferably sodium borohydride with cerium trichloride;
  • B is a stereoselective epoxidation under epoxidizing conditions, preferably wherein the oxidizing reagent(s) is m-chloroperbenzoic acid or VO(acac) 2 with t-BuOOH, most preferably VO(acac) 2 with t-BuOOH; and
  • C is an oxidation under oxidizing conditions, preferably a Swern oxidation or an oxidation wherein the oxidizing reagent(s) is Dess-Martin periodinane, or the like, or tetrapropylammonium perruthenate (TPAP) with 4-methylmorpholine-N- oxide (NMO), most preferably a Swern oxidation.
  • oxidizing reagent(s) is Dess-Martin periodinane, or the like, or tetrapropylammonium perruthenate (TPAP) with 4-methylmorpholine-N- oxide (NMO), most preferably a Swern oxidation.
  • N-protecting groups e.g., the benzyloxy carbonyl group or the t-butyloxycarbonyl group (Boc)
  • various coupling reagents e.g., dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCC), 1,3-diisopropylcarbodiimide (DIC), l-(3- dimethylaminopropyl)-3-ethylcarbodiimide (EDC), N-hydroxyazabenzotriazole (HATU), carbonyldiimidazole, or 1-hydroxybenzotriazole monohydrate (HOBT), and various cleavage conditions: for example, trifluoracetic acid (TFA), HC1 in dioxane, hydrogenation on Pd-C in organic solvents (such as methanol or ethyl acetate), boron tris(trifluoroacetate), and cyanogen bromide, and reaction in solution with isolation and purification of intermediates are well-known in
  • R 1 is selected from a protecting group or a further chain of amino acids, which itself may be optionally substituted.
  • R 1 is a protecting group.
  • R 1 is an electron withdrawing protecting group.
  • R 1 is selected from t- butoxy carbonyl (Boc), benzoyl (Bz), fluoren-9-ylmethoxycarbonyl (Fmoc), trichloroethoxycarbonyl (Troc), and benzyloxy carbonyl (Cbz). In the most preferred embodiment, R 1 is Cbz.
  • R 1 and R 2 together are C(0)-aryl-C(0) or C(0)C]. 6 alkenylC(0), thereby forming a ring. In a preferred such embodiment, R 1 and R 2 together are phthaloyl.
  • R 3 is selected from hydrogen, C ⁇ aU yl, C ⁇ . ⁇ alkoxyalkyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, heteroaryl, Ci-6heteroaralkyl, and Ci- ⁇ aralkyl.
  • R 3 is C ⁇ aU yl.
  • R 3 is isobutyl.
  • A is a stereoselective reduction under reducing conditions.
  • the reducing agent in A is selected from sodium borohydride with cerium trichloride, lithium tri-tert-butoxyaluminum hydride, or L-selectride.
  • the reducing agent is sodium borohydride with cerium trichloride.
  • achiral reducing agents such as lithium aluminum hydride, trimethoxylithium aluminum hydride, K-selectride, KS-selectride, LS-selectride, and diisobutylaluminum hydride
  • chiral reducing agents such as (R) or (S)-2-methyl-CBS-oxaborolidine and (R) or (S)-alpine borane, chiral oxazaborolidines, (R,R or S,S) lithium dimethylborolane, and chiral alkoxy(acyloxy)borohydrides
  • achiral reducing agents in the presence of chiral additives such as lithium aluminum hydride in the presence of quinine or ephedrine.
  • B is a stereoselective epoxidation under epoxidizing conditions.
  • the conditions include m-chloroperbenzoic acid (or another suitable peroxyacid) or VO(acac) 2 with t-BuOOH.
  • B is VO(acac) 2 with t-BuOOH.
  • Other suitable epoxidizing conditions include, but are not limited to, Sharpless asymmetric epoxidation, Shi asymmetric epoxidation, Jacobsen epoxidation, dimethyldioxirane, and trifluoromethylmethyldioxirane.
  • C is an oxidation under oxidizing conditions.
  • C is a Swern or Moffat oxidation or employs Dess-Martin periodinane or TPAP with NMO.
  • C is a Swern oxidation.
  • Other suitable oxidizing agents include, but are not limited to, ruthenium dioxide, pyridinium chlorochromate (PCC), IBX, and pyridinium dichromate (PDC).
  • the invention provides the sequence of reactions as discrete steps, wherein the product of each reaction (A, B, and C) is isolated and purified. In another embodiment, the invention provides the sequence of reactions, wherein the product of at least one reaction is used in the next reaction without isolation and/or purification. Additionally, the invention relates to the sequence of reactions (A, B, and C), each individual reaction (A, B, and C) and subcombinations thereof. Thus, the invention relates to the synthesis of an allyl alcohol according to scheme (II)
  • R 1 is selected from a protecting group or a further chain of amino acids, which itself may be optionally substituted, preferably a protecting group, most preferably an electron withdrawing protecting group;
  • R 2 is selected from hydrogen and or
  • R 1 and R 2 together are C(0)-aryl-C(0) or C(O)C ⁇ - 6 alkenylC(0), thereby forming a ring;
  • R 3 is selected from hydrogen, C ⁇ -6 alkyl, Ci- ⁇ alkoxyalkyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, heteroaryl, C ⁇ - 6 heteroaralkyl, and Ci- ⁇ aralkyl; and A is a stereoselective reduction under reducing conditions, preferably wherein the reducing agent is sodium borohydride with cerium trichloride, lithium tri-tert- butoxyaluminum hydride, or L-selectride, most preferably sodium borohydride with cerium trichloride.
  • the invention further relates to the synthesis of an epoxide according to scheme
  • R 1 is selected from a protecting group or a further chain of amino acids, which itself may be optionally substituted, preferably a protecting group, most preferably an electron withdrawing protecting group;
  • R 2 is selected from hydrogen and d- ⁇ alkyl
  • R 1 and R 2 together are C(0)-aryl-C(0) or C(0)C 1-6 alkenylC(0), thereby forming a ring;
  • R 3 is selected from hydrogen, C ⁇ -6 alkyl, C ⁇ - 6 alkoxyalkyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, heteroaryl, d- ⁇ heteroaralkyl, and C 1-6 aralkyl;
  • B is a stereoselective epoxidation under epoxidizing conditions, preferably wherein the oxidizing reagent(s) is m-chloroperbenzoic acid or VO(acac) 2 with t-BuOOH, most preferably VO(acac) 2 with t-BuOOH. Additionally, the invention relates to the synthesis of amino acid keto-epoxides according to scheme (IV)
  • R 1 is selected from a protecting group or a further chain of amino acids, which itself may be optionally substituted, preferably a protecting group, most preferably an electron withdrawing protecting group;
  • R 2 is selected from hydrogen and Ci- ⁇ alkyl; or R 1 and R 2 together are C(0)-aryl-C(0) or C(0)Ci -6 alkenylC(0), thereby forming a ring;
  • R 3 is selected from hydrogen, Ci-ealkyl, Q.galkoxyalkyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, heteroaryl, C 1-6 heteroaralkyl, and Ci- ⁇ aralkyl;
  • C is an oxidation under oxidizing conditions, preferably a Swern oxidation or an oxidation wherein the oxidizing reagent(s) is Dess-Martin periodinane or tetrapropylammonium perruthenate (TPAP) with 4-methylmorpholine-N-oxide
  • oxidizing reagent(s) is Dess-Martin periodinane or tetrapropylammonium perruthenate (TPAP) with 4-methylmorpholine-N-oxide
  • the reduction may be replaced by an organometal addition to an aldehyde, followed by an epoxidation oxidation sequence as shown in scheme (V)
  • the epoxidation could be replaced with an asymmetric dihydroxylation, selective silylation or tosylation, epoxidation sequence as shown in scheme (VI) to arrive at the desired amino acid keto-epoxide.
  • the amino acid keto-epoxide may optionally be further modified in a four-step procedure (Wipf, P. et al., 1998, J. Org. Chem., 63:6089-6090) or a one-step procedure (Shao, H. et al., 1995, J. Org. Chem., 60:790-791) resulting in the formation of the corresponding aziridine.
  • the compounds in scheme I have the following stereochemistry
  • the amino acid keto-epoxide or keto-aziridine may be further modified by deprotection of the amine, if applicable, and coupling with a chain of amino acids.
  • Methods for the coupling of such fragments are well known in the art (Elofsson, M., et al. (1999) Chemistry & Biology, 6:811-822; Elofsson, M., et al (1999) Chemistry & Biology, 6:811-822).
  • the chain of amino acids comprises one to three amino acids.
  • the chain of amino acids has a structure of formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof
  • Q is absent or is selected from O, NH, and N-Ci- ⁇ alkyl, preferably Q is absent, O, or NH, most preferably Q is absent or O;
  • X is COOH or an activated form thereof, preferably X is COOH, COC1, or CON(Me)(OMe), most preferably X is COOH or COC1;
  • Y is absent or is selected from O, NH, N-C ⁇ -6 alkyl, S, SO, S0 2 , CHOR 17 , and CHC0 2 R 17 ; each Z is independently selected from O, S, NH, and N-C 1-6 alkyl, preferably O; or
  • R 5 , R 6 , and R 7 are each independently selected from Ci- ⁇ alkyl, Ci -6 hydroxyalkyl, Ci- 6alkoxyalkyl, aryl, and Ci- ⁇ aralkyl, any of which is optionally substituted with one or more of amide, amine, carboxylic acid (or a salt thereof), ester (including C ⁇ -6alkyl and Ci-salkyl ester and aryl ester), thiol, or thioether substituents;
  • R 9 is N(R 10 )LQR n ;
  • R 10 , R 12 , and R 13 are independently selected from hydrogen, OH, C ⁇ -6 alkyl, and a group of formula II; preferably, R 10 is selected from hydrogen, OH, and C ⁇ - 6 alkyl, and R 12 and R 13 are independently selected from hydrogen and C ⁇ -6 alkyl, preferably hydrogen;
  • R 10 and R 11 together are C ⁇ -6 alkyl-Y-C 1-6 alkyl, C 1-6 alkyl-ZAZ-C ⁇ -6 alkyl, ZAZ-C 1-6 alkyl- ZAZ-C ⁇ . 6 alkyl, ZAZ-Ci-ealkyl-ZAZ, or Ci- ⁇ alkyl-A, thereby forming a ring; preferably C ⁇ -2 alkyl-Y-C ⁇ -2 alkyl, C ⁇ -2 alkyl-ZA-C ⁇ -2 alkyl, A-C ⁇ -2 alkyl-ZA-C ⁇ . 2alkyl, A-C ⁇ -3 alkyl-A, or C ⁇ -4 alkyl-A, wherein each occurrence of Z and A is independently other than a covalent bond;
  • R 15 and R 16 are independently selected from hydrogen, metal cation, C ⁇ aHcyl, Ci- 6alkenyl, Ci- ⁇ alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, d. ⁇ aralkyl, and d- ⁇ heteroaralkyl, preferably from hydrogen, metal cation, and C ⁇ aUcyl, or R 15 and R 16 together are d -6 alkyl, thereby forming a ring; each R 17 is independently selected from hydrogen and C ⁇ aUcyl, preferably C ⁇ aH yl;
  • R 18 is independently selected from hydrogen, OH, C 1-6 alkyl, d- ⁇ alkenyl, C 1-6 alkynyl, carbocyclyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, heteroaryl, Ci-garalkyl, and d- ⁇ heteroaralkyl;
  • R 19 and R 20 are independently selected from hydrogen and C ⁇ an yl, or R 19 and R 20 together form a 3- to 6-membered carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring;
  • R 21 and R 22 are independently selected from hydrogen, a metal cation, C ⁇ - 6 alkyl, and Ci. 6aralkyl, or R 21 and R 22 together represent Ci-ealkyl, thereby forming a ring; provided that in any occurrence of the sequence ZAZ, at least one member of the sequence must be other than a covalent bond.
  • R 5 , R 6 , and R 7 are selected from C ⁇ -6 alkyl or C ⁇ -6 aralkyl.
  • R 6 is C ⁇ -6 alkyl and R 5 and R 7 are Ci-earalkyl.
  • R 6 is isobutyl, R 5 is 2-phenylethyl, and R 7 is phenylmethyl.
  • L and Q are absent and R 11 is selected from C 1-6 alkyl,
  • R 10 is C ⁇ -6 alkyl and R u is selected from butyl, allyl, propargyl, phenylmethyl, 2-pyridyl, 3-pyridyl, and 4-pyridyl.
  • L is S0 2
  • Q is absent
  • R 11 is selected from C ⁇ aUcyl and aryl.
  • R 11 is selected from methyl and phenyl.
  • R u is ethyl, isopropyl, 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl, or 2- (methylsulfonyl)ethyl.
  • R 11 is selected from 2-phenylethyl, phenylmethyl, (4- methoxyphenyl)methyl, (4-chlorophenyl)methyl, and (4-fluorophenyl)methyl.
  • R 11 is substituted or unsubstituted phenyl.
  • R 7 is heterocyclylMZAZ-C ⁇ -8 alkyl- where heterocyclyl is substituted or unsubstituted oxodioxolenyl or N(R 12 )(R 13 ), wherein R 12 and R 13 together are Ci- 6 alkyl-Y-C ⁇ . 6 alkyl, preferably C ⁇ -3 alkyl-Y-C ⁇ -3 alkyl, thereby forming a ring.
  • R 11 is -Ci. 8alkylN(R 17 ) 2 or -C ⁇ -8 alkylN + (R 17 ) 3 , where R 17 is C ⁇ -6 alkyl.
  • R 11 is heterocyclylM-, where heterocyclyl is selected from morpholino, piperidino, piperazino, and pyrrolidino.
  • the chain of amino acids has a structure of formula (III)
  • D is absent or is C ⁇ -8 alkyl
  • M is absent or is C ⁇ -8 alkyl
  • Q is absent or is selected from O, NH, andN-Ci- ⁇ alkyl, preferably Q is absent, 0, or NH, most preferably Q is absent;
  • X is COOH or an activated form thereof, preferably X is COOH, COC1, or CON(Me)(OMe), most preferably X is COOH or COC1; each V is independently absent or is selected from O, S, NH, and N-Ci- ⁇ alkyl, preferably V is absent or O;
  • W is absent or is independently selected from O, S, NH, and N-C ⁇ -6 alkyl, preferably O;
  • Y is absent or is selected from O, NH, N-C ⁇ -6 alkyl, S, SO, S0 2 , CHOR 17 , and CHC0 2 R 17 ; each Z is independently selected from O, S, NH, and N-C ⁇ -6 alkyl, preferably O; or
  • Z is optionally a covalent bond when adjacent to an occurrence of A
  • R 5 , R 6 , and R 7 are each independently selected from Ci- ⁇ alkyl, d-ehydroxyalkyl, d.
  • R 16 DVKOC ⁇ _ 3 alkyl- wherein at least one of R 5 and R 7 is R 16 DVKOC ⁇ -3 alkyl-;
  • R 9 is N(R 10 )LQR n ;
  • R 10 is selected from hydrogen, OH, and Ci- ⁇ alkyl, preferably hydrogen or C ⁇ - 6 alkyl;
  • R ⁇ is a further chain of amino acids, hydrogen, a protecting group, aryl, or heteroaryl, any of which is optionally substituted with halogen, carbonyl, nitro, hydroxy, aryl, C ⁇ -5 alkyl; or R 11 is selected from C ⁇ -6 alkyl, d-galkenyl, C ⁇ -6 alkynyl, Ci- 6aralkyl, C ⁇ -6 heteroaralkyl, R 12 ZAZ-C ⁇ -8 alkyl-, R 15 ZAZ-C 1-8 alkyl-,
  • R 12 and R 13 are independently selected from hydrogen, metal cation, Ci- ⁇ alkyl, C ⁇ _ galkenyl, Ci- ⁇ alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, Ci- ⁇ aralkyl, and C ⁇ - 6 heteroaralkyl, preferably from hydrogen, metal cation, and C ⁇ aUcyl, or R 12 and R 13 together are Ci-ealkyl, thereby forming a ring; each R 14 is independently selected from hydrogen and C ⁇ -6 alkyl, preferably Ci- ⁇ alkyl; each R 15 is independently selected from hydrogen, OR 14 , C ⁇ -6 alkyl, Ci- ⁇ alkenyl, Ci. 6alkynyl, carbocyclyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, heteroaryl, Ci- ⁇ aralkyl, and Ci-
  • R 17 and R 18 are independently selected from hydrogen, metal cation, C 1-6 alkyl, d- 6alkenyl, Ci- ⁇ alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, Ci-earalkyl, and Ci-gheteroaralkyl, preferably from hydrogen, metal cation, and Ci- ⁇ alkyl, or R 17 and R 18 together are Ci- ⁇ alkyl, thereby forming a ring; and each R 19 is independently selected from hydrogen, OR 14 , C ⁇ -6 alkyl, C 1-6 alkenyl, d.
  • R 5 , R 6 , and R 7 are each independently selected from d. ⁇ alkyl, Ci- ⁇ hydroxyalkyl, Ci- ⁇ alkoxyalkyl, aryl, Ci- ⁇ aralkyl, and R 16 DVKOC ⁇ -3 alkyl- wherein at least one of R 5 and R 7 is R 16 DVKOC ⁇ -3 alkyl-.
  • one of R 5 and R 7 is C ⁇ -6 aralkyl and the other is R 16 DVKOC ⁇ -3 alkyl-, and R 6 is independently C ⁇ aHcyl.
  • one of R 5 and R 7 is 2- phenylethyl or phenylmethyl and the other is R 16 DVKOCH 2 - or R 16 DVKO(CH 3 )CH-, and R 6 is isobutyl.
  • each R 15 is independently selected from hydrogen, Ci- ealkyl, Ci- ⁇ alkenyl, Ci- ⁇ alkynyl, carbocyclyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, heteroaryl, Ci- ⁇ aralkyl, and C ⁇ - 6 heteroaralkyl.
  • each R 19 is independently selected from hydrogen, Ci- ealkyl, Ci- ⁇ alkenyl, Ci- ⁇ alkynyl, carbocyclyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, heteroaryl, C ⁇ -6 aralkyl, and Ci-eheteroaralkyl.
  • R 11 is selected from hydrogen, a further chain of amino acids, d -6 acyl, a protecting group, aryl, heteroaryl, C ⁇ aUcyl, C ⁇ _ ⁇ alkenyl, Ci- ⁇ alkynyl, d-garalkyl, and Ci-eheteroaralkyl.
  • R 10 is Ci- ⁇ alkyl and R ⁇ is selected from butyl, allyl, propargyl, phenylmethyl, 2-pyridyl, 3-pyridyl, and 4-pyridyl.
  • L is S0 2 , Q is absent, and R 11 is selected from Ci- ⁇ alkyl and aryl. In certain such embodiments, R n is selected from methyl and phenyl.
  • R 12 ZA-Ci. 8 alkyl-ZAZ-Ci- 8 alkyl-, heterocyclylMZAZ-C ⁇ -8 alkyl-, (R 14 ) 2 N-d -8 alkyl-, (R 14 ) 3 N + -C ⁇ -8 alkyl-, heterocyclylM-, carbocyclylM-, R 15 S0 2 C ⁇ -8 alkyl-, and R 15 S0 2 NH-.
  • Q is absent
  • R 11 is H.
  • R 10 is C ⁇ aU yl
  • R 11 is Ci-ealkyl
  • Q is absent
  • R 11 is ethyl, isopropyl, 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl, or 2- (methylsulfonyl)ethyl.
  • R n is selected from 2-phenylethyl, phenylmethyl, (4- methoxyphenyl)methyl, (4-chlorophenyl)methyl, and (4-fluorophenyl)methyl.
  • R 11 is heterocyclylMZAZ-C ⁇ -8 alkyl- where heterocyclyl is substituted or unsubstituted oxodioxolenyl or N(R 20 )(R 21 ), wherein R 20 and R 21 together are C ⁇ -6 alkyl-Y-C ⁇ -6 alkyl, preferably C ⁇ -3 alkyl-Y-C ⁇ -3 alkyl, thereby forming a ring.
  • R 11 is -Ci-salkylNXR 1 ) 2 or -Ci- 8 alkylN + (R 14 ) 3 , where R 14 is C ⁇ - 6 alkyl.
  • R 11 is heterocyclylM-, where heterocyclyl is selected from morpholino, piperidino, piperazino, and pyrrolidino.
  • R 10 is Ci- ⁇ alkyl
  • Q is selected from O and NH
  • R u is selected from Ci- ⁇ alkyl, cycloalkyl-M, C ⁇ - 6 araalkyl, and Ci-6heteroaraalkyl.
  • R 10 is Ci- ⁇ alkyl
  • Q is selected from O and NH
  • R 11 is Ci- ⁇ alkyl, where Ci. ealkyl is selected from methyl, ethyl, and isopropyl.
  • L and Q are absent, and R 10 and R 11 together are C ⁇ _ 3 alkyl-Y-C ⁇ -3 alkyl.
  • D, V, K, and W are absent.
  • V and K are absent, D is C ]-8 alkyl, and W is O.
  • D is C ⁇ -8 alkyl, K is CO, and V and W are O.
  • R 16 is R 17 GB-.
  • R 16 is heterocyclyl-.
  • D is C ⁇ -8 alkyl.
  • V is O
  • heterocyclyl is oxodioxolenyl.
  • V is absent
  • heterocyclyl is N(R 20 )(R 21 ), where R 20 and R 21 together are J-T-J, J-WB-J, or B-J-T-J
  • J is absent or is C ⁇ _ 3 alkyl.
  • R 16 is (R 19 ) 2 N- or (R 19 ) 3 N + -, and preferably V is absent.
  • R 16 is R 19 S0 2 GBG-.
  • R 16 is R 7 GBC ⁇ . 8 alkyl-.
  • B is
  • the C ⁇ _ 8 alkyl moiety is optionally substituted with OH, C ⁇ -8 alkyl (optionally substituted with halogen, preferably fluorine), C ⁇ -8 alkylW, aryl, heteroaryl, carbocyclyl, heterocyclyl, and Ci- ⁇ aralkyl.
  • the C ⁇ - 8 alkyl moiety is an unsubstituted, mono-, or disubstituted Cialkyl.
  • the product of the coupling reaction of a compound of the amino acid keto-epoxide or keto-aziridine with a compound of formula (III) is a compound having a structure of formula (IV)
  • G is selected from O, NH, and N-C ⁇ . 6 alkyl
  • Q is absent or is selected from O, NH, and N-Ci-ealkyl, preferably Q is absent, O, or NH, most preferably Q is absent;
  • X is selected from O, S, NH, and N-Ci-ealkyl, preferably O; each V is independently absent or is selected from O, S, NH, and N-Ci- ⁇ alkyl, preferably V is absent or O;
  • W is absent or is independently selected from O, S, NH, and N-Ci-ealkyl, preferably O;
  • Y is absent or is selected from O, NH, N-C ⁇ -6 alkyl, S, SO, S0 2 , CHOR 10 , and CHC0 2 R 10 ; each Z is independently selected from O, S, NH, and N-Ci-galkyl, preferably O; or Z is optionally a covalent bond when adjacent to an occurrence of A;
  • R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , and R 4 are each independently selected from Ci- ⁇ alkyl, Ci-ehydroxyalkyl, Ci- 6alkoxyalkyl, aryl, C ⁇ - 6 aralkyl, and R 14 DVKOC ⁇ _ alkyl-, wherein at least one of R 1 and R 3 is R 14 DVKOC ⁇ _ 3 alkyl-;
  • R 5 is N(R 6 )LQR 7 ;
  • R 6 is selected from hydrogen, OH, and C ⁇ - 6 alkyl, preferably Ci- ⁇ alkyl;
  • R 7 is a further chain of amino acids, hydrogen, a protecting group, aryl, or heteroaryl, any of which is optionally substituted with halogen, carbonyl, nitro, hydroxy, aryl, Ci-salkyl; or R 7 is selected from Ci- ⁇ alkyl, Ci- ⁇ alkenyl, d- ⁇ alkynyl, Ci. earalkyl, d. 6 heteroaralkyl, R 8 ZAZ-C ⁇ .
  • R 6 and R 7 together are C ⁇ - 6 alkyl-Y-C ⁇ -ealkyl, ZAZ-C ⁇ -6 alkyl-ZAZ-C ⁇ -6 alkyl, or ZAZ-Ci. ⁇ alkyl-ZAZ, thereby forming a ring, wherein each occurrence of Z and A is independently other than a covalent bond;
  • R 8 and R 9 are independently selected from hydrogen, metal cation, Ci- ⁇ alkyl, d- ⁇ alkenyl, Ci- ⁇ alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, Ci- ⁇ aralkyl, and C ⁇ - 6 heteroaralkyl, preferably from hydrogen, metal cation, and Ci-ealkyl, or R 8 and R 9 together are C ⁇ - 6 alkyl, thereby forming a ring; each R 10 is independently selected from hydrogen and Ci-ealkyl, preferably Ci- ⁇ alkyl; each R 11 is independently selected from hydrogen, OR 10 , C ⁇ aUcyl, d-ealkenyl, Ci. ⁇ alkynyl, carbocyclyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, heteroaryl, C ⁇ . 6 aralkyl, and Ci. 6heteroaralkyl;
  • D is absent or is C ⁇ -8 alkyl
  • M is absent or is d_ 8 alkyl
  • Q is absent or is selected from O, NH, and N-Ci-ealkyl, preferably Q is absent, O, or NH, most preferably Q is absent;
  • W is absent or is independently selected from O, S, NH, preferably O;
  • Y is absent or is selected from O, NH, N-C ⁇ . 6 alkyl, S, SO, S0 2 , CHOR 10 , and CHC0 2 R 10 ; each Z is independently selected from O, S, NH, and N-Ci- ⁇ alkyl, preferably O;
  • R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , and R 4 are each independently selected from C ⁇ -6alkyl, Ci_6hydroxyalkyI, d_ 6alkoxyalkyl, aryl, Ci- ⁇ aralkyl, and R 14 DVKOC ⁇ . 3 alkyl-, wherein at least one of R 1 and R 3 is R 14 DVKOC ⁇ . 3 alkyl-; R 5 is N(R 6 )LQR 7 ;
  • R 6 is selected from hydrogen, OH, and C h alky., preferably Ci-ealkyl;
  • R 7 is a further chain of amino acids, hydrogen, a protecting group, aryl, or heteroaryl, any of which is optionally substituted with halogen, carbonyl, nitro, hydroxy, aryl, Ci-salkyl; or R 7 is selected from Cu ⁇ alkyl, d- ⁇ alkenyl, Ci- ⁇ alkynyl, C ⁇ . earalkyl, C ⁇ -6 heteroaralkyl, R 8 ZA-C ⁇ - 8 all yl-, R ⁇ Z-C ⁇ -8 alkyl-,
  • R 6 and R 7 together are C ⁇ -6 alkyl-Y-C 1-6 alkyl, C ⁇ alkyl-ZA-d-ealkyl, A-C ⁇ -6 alkyl-ZA- C 1-6 alkyl, A-C ⁇ -6 alkyl-A, or C 1-6 alkyl-A, preferably C 1-2 alkyl-Y-C 1-2 alkyl, C ⁇ . 2alkyl-ZA-C 1-2 alkyl, A-C 1-2 alkyl-ZA-C 1-2 alkyl, A-C ⁇ -3 alkyl-A, or C 1-4 alkyl-A, thereby forming a ring, preferably R is hydrogen and R is C 1-6 alkyl;
  • R and R are independently selected from hydrogen, metal cation, C ⁇ -6 alkyl, d_ 6alkenyl, C 1-6 alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, C 1-6 aralkyl, and C 1-6 heteroaralkyl, preferably from hydrogen, metal cation, and C ⁇ -6 alkyl, or R 8 and R 9 together are C ⁇ -6 alkyl, thereby forming a ring; each R 10 is independently selected from hydrogen and d- ⁇ alkyl, preferably C ⁇ -6 alkyl; each R 11 is independently selected from hydrogen, OR 10 , C 1-6 alkyl, C 1-6 alkenyl, C ⁇ .
  • the chain of amino acids has a structure of formula (V) or (VI) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof R 5 R 10
  • each Ar is independently an aromatic or heteroaromatic group optionally substituted with 1 to 4 substituents;
  • X is COOH or an activated form thereof, preferably X is COOH, COC1, or CON(Me)(OMe), most preferably X is COOH or COC1;
  • Z is absent or is C 1-6 alkyl;
  • R 5 and R 6 are each independently selected from C 1-6 alkyl, C ⁇ -6 hydroxyalkyl,
  • R 9 is N(R 10 )L-Z-R u ;
  • R 10 is selected from hydrogen, OH, C ⁇ -6 aralkyl-Y-, and C ⁇ -6 alkyl-Y-, preferably hydrogen;
  • R 11 is selected from hydrogen, OR 12 , C ⁇ -6 alkenyl, Ar-Y-, carbocyclyl, and heterocyclyl; and R is selected from hydrogen, C ⁇ -6 alkyl, and C ⁇ -6 aralkyl, preferably hydrogen.
  • R 10 is selected from hydrogen, OH, C 1-6 aralkyl, and d. 6 alkyl, preferably hydrogen.
  • R 11 is selected from hydrogen, C 1-6 alkenyl, Ar-Y-, carbocyclyl, and heterocyclyl.
  • R 5 and R 6 are each independently selected from Ci- ealkyl, C 1-6 hydroxyalkyl, and C ⁇ -6 aralkyl.
  • R 5 is Ci- 6 alkyl and R is C 1-6 aralkyl.
  • R 5 is isobutyl and R 6 is phenylmethyl.
  • R 10 is hydrogen
  • R ⁇ is Ar-Y-
  • each Ar is independently selected from phenyl, indolyl, benzofuranyl, naphthyl, quinolinyl, quinolonyl, thienyl, pyridyl, pyrazyl, and the like
  • Ar may be substituted with Ar-Q-, where Q is selected from a direct bond, -O-, and C 1-6 alkyl.
  • Z may be substituted, preferably with Ar, e.g., phenyl.
  • heterocyclyl is selected from chromonyl, chromanyl, morpholino, and piperidinyl.
  • Ar is selected from phenyl, indolyl, benzofuranyl, naphthyl, quinolinyl, quinolonyl, thienyl, pyridyl, pyrazyl, and the like.
  • R 10 is hydrogen, L is C ⁇ O or SO 2 , Z is absent, and R 11 is C ⁇ -6 alkenyl, where C 1-6 alkenyl is a substituted vinyl group where the substituent is preferably an aryl or heteroaryl group, more preferably a phenyl group optionally substituted with one to four substituents.
  • R is selected from hydrogen and C 1-6 alkyl.
  • R is selected from hydrogen and methyl. In more preferred such embodiments, R is hydrogen.
  • the chain of amino acids has a structure of formula (VII)
  • X is COOH or an activated form thereof, preferably X is COOH, COC1, or CON(Me)(OMe), most preferably X is COOH or COC1; R , R , and R are independently selected from C ⁇ -6 alkyl, C ⁇ -6 hydroxyalkyl, Ci.
  • R 6 alkoxyalkyl, aryl, and C 1-6 aralkyl, each of which is optionally substituted with a group selected from amide, amine, carboxylic acid or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, carboxyl ester, thiol, and thioether, preferably R 6 is C ⁇ -6 alkyl and R 5 and R 7 are C ⁇ _ 6 aralkyl, most preferably, R is isobutyl, R is 2-phenylethyl, and R is phenylmethyl;
  • R 9 is a further chain of amino acids, hydrogen, C 1-6 acyl, a protecting group, aryl, or heteroaryl, where substituents include halogen, carbonyl, nitro, hydroxy, aryl, and d_ salkyl, preferably R 9 is C 1-6 acyl, most preferably R is acetyl.
  • amine and “amino” are art-recognized and refer to both unsubstituted and substituted amines and salts thereof, e.g., a moiety that can be represented by the general formulae:
  • R 9 , R 10 and R 10 each independently represent a hydrogen, an alkyl, an alkenyl, -(CH 2 ) m -R 8 , or R 9 and R 10 taken together with the N atom to which they are attached complete a heterocycle having from 4 to 8 atoms in the ring structure;
  • R 8 represents an aryl, a cycloalkyl, a cycloalkenyl, a heterocyclyl or a polycyclyl; and m is zero or an integer from 1 to 8.
  • only one of R 9 or R 10 can be a carbonyl, e.g., R 9 , R 10 , and the nitrogen together do not form an imide.
  • R 9 and R 10 each independently represent a hydrogen, an alkyl, an alkenyl, or -(CH 2 ) m -R 8 .
  • the amino group is basic, meaning the conjugate acid has a pK a > 7.00.
  • amide and “amido” are art-recognized as an amino-substituted carbonyl and includes a moiety that can be represented by the general formula:
  • R 9 and R 10 are as defined above for "amine” or “amino”. Preferred embodiments of the amide will not include imides which may be unstable.
  • aryl as used herein includes 5-, 6-, and 7-membered substituted or unsubstituted single-ring aromatic groups in which each atom of the ring is carbon.
  • aryl also includes polycyclic ring systems having two or more cyclic rings in which two or more carbons are common to two adjoining rings wherein at least one of the rings is aromatic, e.g., the other cyclic rings can be cycloalkyls, cycloalkenyls, cycloalkynyls, aryls, heteroaryls, and/or heterocyclyls.
  • Aryl groups include benzene, naphthalene, phenanthrene, phenol, aniline, and the like.
  • carrier refers to a non- aromatic substituted or unsubstituted ring in which each atom of the ring is carbon.
  • carrier also include polycyclic ring systems having two or more cyclic rings in which two or more carbons are common to two adjoining rings wherein at least one of the rings is carbocyclic, e.g., the other cyclic rings can be cycloaikyls, cycloalkenyls, cycloalkynyls, aryls, heteroaryls, and/or heterocyclyls.
  • carbonyl is art-recognized and includes such moieties as can be represented by the general formula:
  • X is a bond or represents an oxygen or a sulfur
  • R 11 represents a hydrogen, an alkyl, an alkenyl, -(CH 2 ) m -R 8 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt
  • R 11 represents a hydrogen, an alkyl, an alkenyl or -(CH 2 ) m -R 8 , where m and R 8 are as defined above.
  • enzyme can be any partially or wholly proteinaceous molecule which carries out a chemical reaction in a catalytic manner.
  • Such enzymes can be native enzymes, fusion enzymes, proenzymes, apoenzymes, denatured enzymes, farnesylated enzymes, ubiquitinated enzymes, fatty acylated enzymes, gerangeranylated enzymes, GPI-linked enzymes, lipid-linked enzymes, prenylated enzymes, naturally-occurring or artificially-generated mutant enzymes, enzymes with side chain or backbone modifications, enzymes having leader sequences, and enzymes complexed with non- proteinaceous material, such as proteoglycans, proteoliposomes.
  • Enzymes can be made by any means, including natural expression, promoted expression, cloning, various solution-based and solid-based peptide syntheses, and similar methods known to those ofskill in the art.
  • C ⁇ -6 heteroaralkyl refers to a C 1-6 alkyl group substituted with a heteroaryl group.
  • heteroaryl includes substituted or unsubstituted aromatic 5- to 7- membered ring structures, more preferably 5- to 6-membered rings, whose ring structures include one to four heteroatoms.
  • heteroaryl also includes polycyclic ring systems having two or more cyclic rings in which two or more carbons are common to two adjoining rings wherein at least one of the rings is heteroaromatic, e.g., the other cyclic rings can be cycloalkyls, cycloalkenyls, cycloalkynyls, aryls, heteroaryls, and/or heterocyclyls.
  • Heteroaryl groups include, for example, pyrrole, furan, thiophene, imidazole, oxazole, thiazole, triazole, pyrazole, pyridine, pyrazine, pyridazine and pyriniidine, and the like.
  • heteroatom as used herein means an atom of any element other than carbon or hydrogen. Preferred heteroatoms are nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, and sulfur.
  • heterocyclyl or “heterocyclic group” refer to substituted or unsubstituted non-aromatic 3- to 10-membered ring structures, more preferably 3- to 7- membered rings, whose ring structures include one to four heteroatoms.
  • heterocyclyl or “heterocyclic group” also include polycyclic ring systems having two or more cyclic rings in which two or more carbons are common to two adjoining rings wherein at least one of the rings is heterocyclic, e.g., the other cyclic rings can be cycloalkyls, cycloalkenyls, cycloalkynyls, aryls, heteroaryls, and/or heterocyclyls.
  • Heterocyclyl groups include, for example, piperidine, piperazine, pyrrolidine, morpholine, lactones, lactams, and the like.
  • C ⁇ -6 hydroxyalkyl refers to a C 1-6 alkyl group substituted with a hydroxy group.
  • inhibitor is meant to describe a compound that blocks or reduces an activity of an enzyme (for example, inhibition of proteolytic cleavage of standard fluorogenic peptide substrates such as Suc-LLVY-AMC, Box-LLR-AMC and Z-LLE-AMC, inhibition of various catalytic activities of the 20S proteasome).
  • An inhibitor can act with competitive, uncompetitive, or noncompetitive inhibition.
  • An inhibitor can bind reversibly or irreversibly, and therefore the term includes compounds that are suicide substrates of an enzyme.
  • An inhibitor can modify one or more sites on or near the active site of the enzyme, or it can cause a conformational change elsewhere on the enzyme.
  • peptide includes not only standard amide linkage with standard ⁇ -substituents, but commonly utilized peptidomimetics, other modified linkages, non-naturally occurring side chains, and side chain modifications, as detailed below.
  • polycyclyl or “polycyclic” refer to two or more rings (e.g., cycloalkyls, cycloalkenyls, cycloalkynyls, aryls, heteroaryls, and/or heterocyclyls) in which two or more carbons are common to two adjoining rings, e.g., the rings are "fused rings".
  • rings e.g., cycloalkyls, cycloalkenyls, cycloalkynyls, aryls, heteroaryls, and/or heterocyclyls
  • Each of the rings of the polycycle can be substituted or unsubstituted.
  • preventing is art-recognized, and when used in relation to a condition, such as a local recunence (e.g., pain), a disease such as cancer, a syndrome complex such as heart failure or any other medical condition, is well understood in the art, and includes administration of a composition which reduces the frequency of, or delays the onset of, symptoms of a medical condition in a subject relative to a subject which does not receive the composition.
  • a condition such as a local recunence (e.g., pain)
  • a disease such as cancer
  • a syndrome complex such as heart failure or any other medical condition
  • prevention of cancer includes, for example, reducing the number of detectable cancerous growths in a population of patients receiving a prophylactic treatment relative to an untreated control population, and/or delaying the appearance of detectable cancerous growths in a treated population versus an untreated control population, e.g., by a statistically and/or clinically significant amount.
  • Prevention of an infection includes, for example, reducing the number of diagnoses of the infection in a treated population versus an untreated control population, and/or delaying the onset of symptoms of the infection in a treated population versus an untreated control population.
  • Prevention of pain includes, for example, reducing the magnitude of, or alternatively delaying, pain sensations experienced by subjects in a treated population versus an untreated control population.
  • prophylactic or therapeutic treatment is art-recognized and includes administration to the host of one or more of the subject compositions. If it is administered prior to clinical manifestation of the unwanted condition (e.g., disease or other unwanted state of the host animal) then the treatment is prophylactic, (i.e., it protects the host against developing the unwanted condition), whereas if it is administered after manifestation of the unwanted condition, the treatment is therapeutic, (i.e., it is intended to diminish, ameliorate, or stabilize the existing unwanted condition or side effects thereof).
  • the unwanted condition e.g., disease or other unwanted state of the host animal
  • stereoselective is art-recognized and refers to reactions in which one diastereomer (or one enantiomeric pair of diastereomers) is formed or destroyed in considerable preference to others that might have been formed or destroyed.
  • substituted refers to moieties having substituents replacing a hydrogen on one or more carbons of the backbone. It will be understood that “substitution” or “substituted with” includes the implicit proviso that such substitution is in accordance with permitted valence of the substituted atom and the substituent, and that the substitution results in a stable compound, e.g., which does not spontaneously undergo transformation such as by rearrangement, cyclization, elimination, etc.
  • the tenn "substituted" is contemplated to include all permissible substituents of organic compounds, hi a broad aspect, the permissible substituents include acyclic and cyclic, branched and unbranched, carbocyclic and heterocyclic, aromatic and non- aromatic substituents of organic compounds.
  • the permissible substituents can be one or more and the same or different for appropriate organic compounds.
  • the heteroatoms such as nitrogen may have hydrogen substituents and/or any permissible substituents of organic compounds described herein which satisfy the valences of the heteroatoms.
  • Substituents can include, for example, a halogen, a hydroxyl, a carbonyl (such as a carboxyl, an alkoxycarbonyl, a formyl, or an acyl), a thiocarbonyl (such as a thioester, a thioacetate, or a thioformate), an alkoxyl, a phosphoryl, a phosphate, a phosphonate, a phosphinate, an amino, an amido, an amidine, an imine, a cyano, a nitro, an azido, a sulfhydryl, an alkylthio, a sulfate, a sulfonate, a sulfamoyl, a sulfonamido, a sulfonyl, a heterocyclyl, an aralkyl, or an aromatic or heteroaromatic moiety.
  • a "therapeutically effective amount" of a compound with respect to the subject method of treatment refers to an amount of the compound(s) in a preparation which, when administered as part of a desired dosage regimen (to a mammal, preferably a human) alleviates a symptom, ameliorates a condition, or slows the onset of disease conditions according to clinically acceptable standards for the disorder or condition to be treated or the cosmetic purpose, e.g., at a reasonable benefit/risk ratio applicable to any medical treatment.
  • treating includes reversing, reducing, or arresting the symptoms, clinical signs, and underlying pathology of a condition in manner to improve or stabilize a subject's condition.
  • phrases "pharmaceutically acceptable” is employed herein to refer to those ligands, materials, compositions, and/or dosage forms which are, within the scope of sound medical judgment, suitable for use in contact with the tissues of human beings and animals without excessive toxicity, irritation, allergic response, or other problem or complication, commensurate with a reasonable benefit/risk ratio.
  • pharmaceutically acceptable salt refers to the relatively non-toxic, inorganic and organic acid addition salts of the inhibitor(s). These salts can be prepared in situ during the final isolation and purification of the inhibitor(s), or by separately reacting a purified inhibitor(s) in its free base form with a suitable organic or inorganic acid, and isolating the salt thus formed.
  • Representative salts include the hydrobromide, hydrochloride, sulfate, bisulfate, phosphate, nitrate, acetate, valerate, oleate, palmitate, stearate, laurate, benzoate, lactate, phosphate, tosylate, citrate, maleate, fumarate, succinate, tarfrate, naphthylate, mesylate, glucoheptonate, lactobionate, laurylsulphonate salts, and amino acid salts, and the like.
  • sulfate bisulfate
  • phosphate nitrate
  • acetate valerate
  • oleate palmitate
  • stearate laurate
  • benzoate lactate
  • phosphate tosylate
  • citrate maleate
  • fumarate succinate
  • tarfrate tarfrate
  • naphthylate mesylate
  • glucoheptonate lactobionate
  • the inhibitors useful in the methods of the present invention may contain one or more acidic functional groups and, thus, are capable of forming pharmaceutically acceptable salts with pharmaceutically acceptable bases.
  • pharmaceutically acceptable salts refers to the relatively non-toxic inorganic and organic base addition salts of an inhibitor(s). These salts can likewise be prepared in situ during the final isolation and purification of the inhibitor(s), or by separately reacting the purified inhibitor(s) in its free acid form with a suitable base, such as the hydroxide, carbonate, or bicarbonate of a pharmaceutically acceptable metal cation, with ammonia, or with a pharmaceutically acceptable organic primary, secondary, or tertiary amine.
  • a suitable base such as the hydroxide, carbonate, or bicarbonate of a pharmaceutically acceptable metal cation, with ammonia, or with a pharmaceutically acceptable organic primary, secondary, or tertiary amine.
  • Representative alkali or alkaline earth salts include the lithium, sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and aluminum salts, and the like.
  • Representative organic amines useful for the formation of base addition salts include ethylamine, diethylamine, ethylenediamme, ethanolamine, diethanolamine, piperazine, and the like (see, for example, Berge et al., supra).
  • reaction mixture was filtered through a plug of Celite, transferred to a separatory funnel, and washed with V-. saturated NaHCO 3 (2x200 mL) and the aqueous layer extracted with dichloromethane (2x100 mL). The organic layers were combined and washed with water (2x200 mL) and brine (2 x 200 mL) and dried over MgSO 4 . The MgSO 4 was removed by filtration and the volatiles removed under reduced pressure to give a 9/1 mixture of (D) and (E) (10.0 g).
  • oxalyl chloride 22.85 g, 15.7 mL, 180 mmol
  • DMSO 16.88 g, 15.33 mL, 216 mmol
  • the temperature of the reaction was monitored during the addition of the DMSO and the addition rate adjusted to keep the temperature below -65° C requiring approximately 45 minutes.

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Abstract

L'invention concerne des méthodes de préparation de céto-époxydes d'acides aminés. D'une manière plus spécifique, ces cétones allyliques sont convertis de façon stéréosélective en céto-époxydes souhaités.
EP05748392A 2004-05-17 2005-05-17 Synthese de ceto-epoxydes d'acides amines Withdrawn EP1756079A2 (fr)

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