EP1749576B1 - Comminuting apparatus having a frequency controlled electric motor and an epicyclic gear mechanism - Google Patents

Abstract

The comminution device has electric motor which is formed as a high pole three-phase synchronous motor which is electrically connected to the output of the frequency changer controlled by a control device. The gear unit is formed as an epicylic gear unit. The three-phase synchronous motor encloses an epicyclic gear unit. The motor and the gear unit are formed together in a housing. An independent claim is also included for the drive unit.

Description

The invention relates to a shredding device for waste and / or production residues, comprising at least one drive unit with an electric motor electrically connected to the output of a frequency converter controlled by a control device, which is in operative connection with a crushing shaft via a transmission device, which has crushing tools on its periphery the crushing tools cooperate with an antidote for comminuting the material to be processed.

Such comminuting devices are used, for example, for comminuting wood, paper, plastic, rubber, textiles, production residues or waste from industry and commerce, but also from bulky waste, household waste, paper and DSD collections and hospital waste, etc. In this case, the material to be comminuted between rotors or in cooperation between a rotor and one of these associated stationary crosshead is crushed by cutting, shearing, crushing, tearing and / or rubbing. Such a device is for example in European Patent EP 0 419 919 B1 described. In addition, also crushing devices are provided, consisting of a plurality of rotors, each with these associated, fixed trusses between the rotors.

Various drive concepts are known for such comminution devices. For example, conventional devices can an asynchronous motor operating at an engine speed of about 1,500 revolutions at a line frequency of 50 Hz. To set the specified speed of the crushing shaft, the power transmission via a belt drive or a propeller shaft or a clutch to the transmission, in which the speed depending on the requirements to about 50 to 200 rev / min. is reduced. Due to the high gear ratio required gear can be used with several successive gear ratios, which reduces the efficiency of such devices. Furthermore, such devices are heavily loaded by noise due to the number of partly moving at high speed components. In addition, the space requirement of such a drive due to the different interconnected drive elements is large. In many cases, protective covers or housing are required to safely cover rotating shafts, couplings or belt drives between the individual assemblies of such a drive. In another conventional crushing device, a hydraulically acting drive is used, which consists essentially of a drive motor and a suitable hydraulic pump coupled thereto, which is connected via a hydraulic circuit to a hydraulic motor which drives the crushing shaft either by means of a reduction gear or without gear , This variant is very expensive and maintenance-intensive and relatively unfavorable in terms of efficiency. On the other hand, this concept has the advantage that the speed of the crushing shaft is adjustable over a predetermined range. However, the use of hydraulic drives has the disadvantage of poor efficiency and noisy operating noise. Furthermore, highly loaded hydrostatic systems are maintenance-intensive due to the experience in the continuous operation adjusting leaks at the plurality of connections between the individual components.

The publication DE 102 23 811 A1 concerns a generic Comminution device in which the comminution shaft is driven by means of a geared motor with a frequency converter. The GB 2059804 A relates to a shredding device with two parallel, counter-rotating shredding waves, which are driven by a hydraulic motor. The German patent DE 826838 relates to a meat cutting machine with knives, perforated discs and screw with electric single drive, in which between the motor shaft and the coaxial screw an epicyclic gear is turned on. The U.S. Patent 4,919,345 relates to a pre-shredder with counter-rotating cutting shafts, which are driven by an electric motor via a planetary gear device. The German patent DE 103 33 359 B3 describes a shredder for waste, in which the drive unit of the crushing shaft comprises a high-pole three-phase synchronous motor whose drive shaft is connected directly to the shredding shaft without gear.

The invention is based on the object, a crushing device to provide a compact, variable speed drive unit, which has a high efficiency and can also provide high torques for crushing the material to be processed.

This object is achieved by the invention with a crushing device with the features of claim 1. In this case, the crushing device according to the invention is characterized in that the electric motor is designed as a high-pole three-phase synchronous motor, and that the transmission device is designed as a planetary gear-transmission device, wherein the multi-pole three-phase synchronous motor surrounds the epicyclic gear device at least partially and the engine and the transmission are arranged in a common housing.

The use of a synchronous motor in conjunction with an upstream frequency converter allows in an advantageous embodiment of the crushing device according to the invention with respect to the control provision of high torque over the entire speed range, which facilitates, for example, the start-up phase or the device can be started even under load. By using the epicyclic gear device, the torque of the drive unit, which is already very large in a high-pole three-phase synchronous motor (torque motor), can be further increased. Further, the drive unit is particularly compact in the crushing device according to the invention, since the epicyclic gear device is at least partially received by the three-phase synchronous motor, so that the engine and the transmission can be arranged in a common housing.

The invention is based on the idea of a variable-speed synchronous motor via a planetary gear device, which is preferably designed in one stage, to a crushing shaft to couple, so that a crusher can be provided with a very high efficiency. By using a high-pole three-phase synchronous motor, the base speed of the motor is relatively low, so that even a single-stage planetary gear is usually sufficient to reduce the basic speed of the crushing shaft to the necessary level. Such a synchronous motor, for example, have an efficiency of about 92%, a single-stage planetary gear approximately 98%, so that ultimately results in the example given an efficiency of the entire drive unit of about 90%.

The shredding device according to the invention can be flexibly adapted to the respective requirements. In an advantageous embodiment, it is possible to arrange the center of gravity of the entire drive unit close to the comminuting shaft, so that, due to the resulting low power lever, a particularly high level of smoothness of the drive unit results. Due to the compactness of the drive unit, it is also possible in one embodiment of the invention, aufzustecken this directly on the crushing shaft, so that reduces the number of necessary bearings compared to a long-building sequential arrangement of engine and multiple transmission units.

A three-phase synchronous motor used to drive the device according to the invention has a large number of poles to provide high torque and low ground speed. Preferably, three-phase synchronous motors with more than 8 poles, more preferably more than 16 poles, more advantageously more than 22 poles can be used. The pole numbers of the synchronous motor indicated as being advantageous apply in particular to a mains frequency of 50 Hz.

Further advantageous embodiments of the invention are specified in the subclaims.

It may be expedient if the epicyclic gear device comprises at least one sun gear, a ring gear and a plurality of planetary gears. In particular, the planet gears transmission device may be a single-stage planetary gear, which offers the possibility of a fully symmetrical arrangement of all components with respect to the main axis of rotation with a suitable design and thus no imbalances occur during operation on the shredder according to the invention. In this respect, the transmission device designed in this way in the comminuting device according to the invention can also easily cope with the impact-related stresses which normally occur in such devices. Depending on the three-phase synchronous motor used, it may be appropriate to use a planetary gear device with a reduction ratio of 1: 2 to 1:10, whereby the speed of the motor for the shaft can be lowered by the corresponding factor and beyond the torque at the Shredding shaft is increased accordingly. In principle, and in the context of the invention, it is also conceivable to use multi-stage epicyclic gear devices, but this is associated with a higher design complexity and is usually not necessary due to the variable-speed three-phase synchronous motor. Synchronous motors used with the shredding device of the invention have a typical speed of between about 0 to 700 rpm, more typically about 0 to 400 rpm, so that the speed of the driven crushing shaft is in a range of about 0 to 200 rpm, especially typically from about 0 to 100 rpm. lies. In principle, however, three-phase synchronous motors with even higher rotational speeds can also be used for the drive unit of the comminution device according to the invention. The torque of the motors is for example about 1 kNm to a few 10 kNM.

In principle, each shaft of the epicyclic gear device can be used as input or output shaft. However, it has proved to be particularly advantageous if the web shaft the epicyclic gear device is used as the output shaft, to which the crushing shaft of the crushing device is coupled. Here, the web shaft may protrude from the common housing of the engine and the transmission and be coupled outside of the housing with the crushing shaft. On the other hand, it is also possible that the crushing shaft is coupled within the common housing of the engine and transmission with the output shaft of the transmission.

For coupling the web shaft to the comminuting shaft, the web shaft can be designed, for example, as a hollow shaft or as a shaft journal, wherein the comminuting shaft in the coupling region can be designed to be complementary thereto.

It may be expedient if the axis of the sun gear and / or the ring gear of the epicyclic gear device is located or lie on the axis of the synchronous motor. On the other hand, a compact design of the drive unit is achieved, as well as a symmetrical arrangement about the motor axis whereby imbalances in the drive unit can be avoided.

It may be expedient if the sun gear is at least partially covered over its axial extent by radially outer motor windings of the synchronous motor. In this respect, the planetary gear of the crushing device according to the invention lies radially inward of the motor, which ultimately leads to a very compact design of the drive unit of the comminuting device according to the invention. In the same way, the ring gear can be covered at least in sections over its axial extension of radially outer motor windings of the synchronous motor. It is particularly advantageous if substantially the entire planetary gear is arranged radially inwardly of the motor over its axial extension, so that no further or hardly any additional space needs to be made available for the provision of the epicyclic gearbox.

Both a three-phase synchronous motors used in the shredding device according to the invention and the associated planetary gear can be cooled to dissipate operating heat. For this purpose, a liquid cooling circuit may be provided in which the primary side, the circulating cooling liquid flows through a heat exchanger whose secondary-side heat exchange surface is in turn cooled by air or water. In a particularly advantageous embodiment, the cooling circuits of synchronous motor and epicyclic gear are coupled together and have a common heat exchanger, which can serve as circulating coolant, the lubricating oil of the epicyclic gear, whereby the design complexity for the cooling significantly reduced. In principle, the comminution device according to the invention may comprise a three-phase electric motor, in which the rotor (rotor) is arranged radially outside or radially inward of the stator. In the first embodiment, more space may be provided for the planetary-gear-type planetary gear mechanism. The second embodiment has the advantage over the first that the entire drive unit has a small extent in the radial direction. The magnetic field device of the rotor can be provided by means of permanent magnets, but also by a corresponding coil device, which is supplied with a direct current.

It may be expedient to integrate the function of the rotor of the synchronous motor and the function of the ring gear of the epicyclic gear device in a component of the drive. In this embodiment, the gear mechanism of the ring gear is rigidly connected to the rotor of the synchronous motor, that is, the ring gear of the epicyclic gear rotates with the rotor. For example, the crushing device according to the invention may comprise a hollow cylindrical component which has on the radial outer surface to provide the rotor function, a magnetic device of the synchronous motor, wherein at least one gear device on the radial inner surface of the component the epicyclic gear device is arranged for the design of the ring gear. It is understood that this hollow cylindrical member does not have to be constructed in one piece, but may comprise a plurality of elements. It is essential that the magnet device, ie the coil or the permanent magnets are rigidly connected to the gear wheel of the ring gear.

In a further embodiment, it may be provided that the rotor of the synchronous motor is connected rigidly or by means of a releasable coupling device with the sun gear. It can also be provided that the stator of the synchronous motor, the common housing of the synchronous motor and gear and the ring gear of the planetary gear are rigidly interconnected. If, in this embodiment, the sun gear is connected to the rotor of the synchronous motor, the web shaft of the planetary gears acts as the output shaft of the gear mechanism.

Due to the compact design of the drive unit of the crushing device according to the invention, the connection of the drive unit with the crushing shaft be such that the entire drive unit comprising the three-phase synchronous motor and the epicyclic gear device is completely supported and supported by the crushing shaft.

To accommodate the reaction torque during operation of the device, it can be provided that the drive unit is connected via a torque support with an external pickup point as the housing of the crushing device.

The invention can be used for a variety of crushing devices. This relates, for example, to comminution devices with a single comminution shaft, which is mounted, for example, at its two ends, wherein at one end, as already described, a drive unit is plugged or flanged. In addition, it can also be provided that in each case such a drive unit comprising a high-pole three-phase synchronous motor with integrated planetary gear are coupled to both ends of a single crushing shaft, wherein the control means via the frequency converter controls the two motors the same. As an antidote, for example, a relative to the shredding tools mounted on the shaft fixed one-piece knife beam or a plurality of relative to the mounted on the shaft crushing tools fixed counter blade for cooperation with the crushing tools use. Furthermore, the invention can also be applied to comminution devices which have two or even more comminution shafts, wherein a single shaft can in turn comprise one or two drive units.

In addition, instead of a fixed counter-agent, a movable counter-agent for the comminution tools may also be provided on a comminution shaft. For example, the antidote, e.g. be resiliently mounted by means of a spring means, so that the antidote can occur when unusually high forces occur relative to the reduction tools, whereby damage to the device can be avoided in many cases. Further, it is e.g. also possible to use as an antidote for a crushing shaft an adjacent crushing shaft, so that the adjacent crushing waves provide each other the respective antidote for processing the Guts to be processed.

Fig. 1 a

eine mit der in den Figuren 1 bzw. 2 ausgestattete erfindungsgemäße Zerkleinerungsvorrichtung in einer Aufsicht,

Fig. 1 b

die in Fig. 3 a gezeigte Zerkleinerungsvorrichtung in einer Seitenansicht,

Fig. 1 c

die in Fig. 3 a gezeigte Zerkleinerungsvorrichtung in einer Frontansicht und

Fig. 2 a

in einer Prinzipskizze im Querschnitt eine Antriebseinheit einer ersten Ausführungsform einer erfindungsgemäßen Zerkleinerungsvorrichtung,

Fig. 2 b

die in Fig. 2 a dargestellte Antriebseinheit in einer Seitenansicht,

Fig. 3

die in Fig. 2 a/b dargestellte Antriebseinheit in einer Halbschnittdarstellung,

Fig. 4

in einer Prinzipskizze eine alternative Antriebseinheit für die erfindungsgemäße Zerkleinerungsvorrichtung

zeigt.The invention will be described below by describing some embodiments and other essential features of the invention with reference to the accompanying drawings, wherein

Fig. 1 a

1 with the invention equipped in Figures 1 and 2 crushing device in a plan view,

Fig. 1 b

the crushing device shown in Fig. 3a in a side view,

Fig. 1 c

the crushing device shown in Fig. 3a in a front view and

Fig. 2 a

in a schematic diagram in cross-section a drive unit of a first embodiment of a comminution device according to the invention,

Fig. 2 b

the drive unit shown in Fig. 2 a in a side view,

Fig. 3

the drive unit shown in Fig. 2 a / b in a half-sectional view,

Fig. 4

in a schematic diagram of an alternative drive unit for the crushing device according to the invention

shows.

Figures 1 a - c show an exemplary crushing device 1 according to the invention, as it can be used for example for waste such as wood, paper or plastics. This has a housing 10, on which a crushing shaft 20 is secured by means of bearings 25, wherein on the periphery of the crushing shaft axially spaced comminution tools 21 are arranged. The crushing space is defined by the table 17 and the wall sections 16. The comminuting tools 21 cooperate with a fixed countermeasure in the form of a knife crosspiece 22. At one end of the comminution shaft 20, a drive unit 100 is mounted, which is supported on the housing 10 via a torque arm 30. The comminuted material falls from above into the comminuting space defined by the wall sections 16 on the table surface 17 and subsequently becomes the comminuting tool by means of a slide 24 which can be moved horizontally by means of the hydraulic drive 23 fed. After the slider 24 has reached the position which is closest to the shredding shaft, the slider is retracted again, whereby further crushing material falls on the table 17, which is subsequently moved in the direction of the shredding shaft after the reversal of the movement of the slider. The comminuted falls with respect to the supervision of Fig. 1 a down and is there collected or transported depending on the specific embodiment. While FIG. 1 a shows the device in a plan view, FIG. 1 b shows a side view and FIG. 1 c shows a front view of the inventive comminution device.

In one embodiment, not shown, the traverse can also be designed so that it is stationary only in the forces occurring in the comminution of intended materials, when these forces are exceeded, e.g. due to a non-comminutable foreign body in the feed material but can yield due to an elastic storage to avoid damage to the crushing plant.

The in Figs. 1 device has a drive unit 100 with a 24-pole three-phase synchronous motor with integrated planetary gear, wherein the transmission output shaft is formed as a hollow shaft on which the machine shaft or crushing shaft 20 is pushed. Accordingly, no special storage for the drive unit is provided, which is held and stored by the crushing shaft. The variable frequency three-phase synchronous motor has an internal rotor with permanent magnets, which in turn radially inwardly receives the planetary gear, so that the illustrated in the figures compact design of the drive unit 100 results. Since the transmission is completely received by the synchronous motor, the entire drive unit is enclosed by a common housing, which is not larger than the corresponding housing for the synchronous motor due to the special design. Not visible in the figures, the crushing device comprises a controlled by a control device frequency converter, with which the speed of the motor and thus the machine shaft is controlled. In the described embodiment, the single-stage planetary gear has a constant reduction of 1: 5. The torque of the electric motor, which is also referred to as a torque motor, is thereby increased by a factor of 5 in comparison to the torque on the output shaft of the motor.

In the following, the basic construction of the drive unit 100 of the inventive comminution device 1 shown in FIG. 1 will be described. 2 b shows the drive unit in a schematic diagram in a side view, FIG. 2 a in a plan view. An essential component of the drive unit 100 is the stator 115 of the three-phase synchronous motor, which comprises the motor winding 116 and the laminated cores 117. Located radially inward, a rotor 120, which is essentially rotationally symmetrical, like the stator, has permanent magnets 121 on its side associated with the stator. Inside lying to the rotor 120 and completely covered in the axial direction of the stator, a planetary gear is arranged, whose components are represented by symbols in Fig. 2 a, b. Radially adjacent to the rotor 120, the gear ring gear 135 is placed, which is connected to the stator of the synchronous motor as indicated. As also indicated in FIG. 2 b, the rotor 120 of the electric motor is rigidly connected to the sun gear shaft 141, which carries the sun gear 140. In the illustrated example, the planetary gear comprises three planet gears 150 which are supported by a planet carrier 152. The transmission output shaft is provided by the planet gear carrier shaft 151 to which the engine shaft is coupled (see Fig. 1). The housing of the drive unit and the stator 115 are connected via a torque arm 30 to the housing 10 of the device.

Fig. 3 shows the drive unit shown in Fig. 2 by means of symbols in a half-sectional view in more detail, wherein the same reference numerals have been used for the same components. As can be seen from the figure, the ring gear 135 is rigidly connected to the housing 10 and the stator 115 via the screw connections 51, 50. About the torque arm 30, the drive housing is supported on the housing of the crushing device, see Fig. 1 a, b. The permanent magnets 121 mounted radially on the rotor 120 interact with the rotating field of the motor winding for synchronously rotating the rotor with the field. The rotor is connected via the screw 53 with the sun gear 140 of the planetary gear, wherein the sun gear via the bearing 60 is supported on the housing 10. Similarly, the rotor 120 is supported against the fixed ring gear 135 by means of the bearing 61. The Planetenradträgerwelle 151 is guided as a transmission output shaft from the housing 10 in the form of a hollow shaft to the outside. As shown in the figure, the machine shaft 20, that is, the crushing shaft, is inserted into the hollow shaft of the transmission and fixed by means of a shrinkage dressing 70. The shrinkage bandage has a ring engaging around the hollow shaft on the outside, in which an oppositely conical bushing is arranged, which is tensioned by screws 70 in the axial direction and thereby generates a radial pressure in the direction of the shaft. The drive is supported or stored directly by the machine shaft. The transmission of the torque between the output hollow shaft, ie the Planetenradträgerwelle and the machine shaft takes place depending on the embodiment, either by friction by the high pressures generated by the shrinkage association or positively, for example by an interlocking internal external teeth of the waves. In the latter case, the shrinkage dressing serves to eliminate the clearance required for assembly between the hollow shaft and the machine shaft in operation. It is understood that other connections between the output shaft of the planetary gear and the crushing shaft can be used.

Starting from the crushing device according to the invention shown in Fig. 1 a is in a further embodiment provided to couple at the second end of the crushing shaft 20 and a drive unit as described in Fig. 3, whereby the torque provided for the crushing can be doubled without the speed must be reduced. In addition, it is within the scope of the invention to provide a comminuting multiple crushing shafts, wherein at least one drive unit is coupled to a high-pole three-phase synchronous motor (torque motor), which radially inwardly at least part of a planetary gear device, in particular a part a single-stage planetary gear includes.

In a further embodiment of the invention it can be provided that the planetary gear included by the synchronous motor is arranged so that the sun gear 140 and the sun gear 141 is connected to the stator 115 and the drive housing, see FIG 4, the sun gear shaft is fixedly connected to the housing 10, for example via a torque arm 30 described above. Again, the Planetenradträgerwelle 151 serves as a transmission output shaft, ie for attachment to the crushing shaft, not shown. In contrast to the drive unit shown in Fig. 2 b shown here moves the Getriebehohlrad 135 of the planetary gear with the rotor 120, ie the rotor of the synchronous motor. The ring gear is therefore rigidly connected to the magnetic device of the rotor and moves with it. Since the rotor is integrated with the ring gear or designed as a related component, there are advantages in terms of the number of components and the necessary separation or bearings.

LIST OF REFERENCE NUMBERS

1

comminution device

10

Housing of the crushing device

16

wall section

17

table

20

Crushing shaft, machine shaft

21

chopping tool

22

knife Traverse

23

hydraulic drive

24

pusher

25

camp

30

torque arm

23

hydraulic drive

50, 51,

52, 53

screw

60, 61,

62

camp

70

shrink connection

71

screw

100

drive unit

105

drive housing

110

Three-phase synchronous motor

115

stator

116

motor winding

117

laminated core

120

runner

121

permanent magnet

135

Transmission gear

140

sun

141

sun

150

planet

151

Landing shaft, planet carrier shaft

152

planet

Claims (15)

1. Shredding device (1) for waste material or and/or production remainders, said device comprising at least one driving unit (100) having an electric motor which is electrically connected to the output of a frequency transformer controlled by a control device, and which is operatively connected via a transmission system to a shredding shaft (20) having shredding tools (21) on its circumference, which shredding tools cooperate with a counter means (22) for shredding the material to be treated, characterized in
   that the electric motor is configured as a high-pole three-phase synchronous motor (110), and that the transmission device is configured as a planetary gear system, wherein the synchronous three-phase motor encloses at least portions of the planetary gear system, and wherein the motor and the planetary gear system are accommodated in a common housing (10).
2. Shredding device according to claim 1,
   characterized in that planetary gear system at least comprises a sun gear (140), a ring gear (135) and several planet gears (150).
3. Shredding device according to one of the claims 1 or 2,
   characterized in that the planet carrier (151) of the planetary gear system protrudes from the common housing (10) for providing an output shaft and is coupled to the shredding shaft (20).
4. Shredding device according to claim 2 or 3,
   characterized in that axis of the sun gear and/or the ring gear lies or lie on the axis of the synchronous motor.
5. Shredding device according to one of the claims 2 to 4,
   characterized in that at least portions of the sun gear (140) are covered along the axial extension thereof by radially outwardly positioned motor windings (116) of the synchronous motor.
6. Shredding device according to claims 2 to 5,
   characterized in that at least portions of the ring gear (135) are covered along the axial extension thereof by radially outwardly positioned motor windings of the synchronous motor.
7. Shredding device according to one of the claims 3 to 6, as far as back-referenced to claim 3, characterized in that the planet carrier (151) is formed as a hollow shaft.
8. Shredding device according to one of the claims 1 to 7,
   characterized in that both the synchronous motor and the planetary gear system comprise a cooling circuit, wherein both cooling circuits are coupled to each other and include a common heat exchanger.
9. Shredding device according to claim 8,
   characterized in that the lubricating oil of the planetary gear system serves as a cooling medium for the coupled cooling circuits.
10. Shredding device according to one of the claims 1 to 9,
    characterized by a hollow-cylindrical component having on the radially outer surface a magnet arrangement of the synchronous motor, wherein on the radially inner surface at least one gear wheel arrangement of the planetary gear system is provided.
11. Shredding device according to one of the claims 2 to 10,
    characterized in that the rotor (120) of the synchronous motor is rigidly connected to the sun gear (140) or by means of a coupling device.
12. Shredding device according to one of the claims 2 to 11,
    characterized in that the stator (115) of the synchronous motor, the common housing (10) and the ring gear (135) of the planetary gear system are rigidly coupled to each other.
13. Shredding device according to one of the claims 1 to 12,
    characterized in that the planetary gear system is formed as a single stage transmission having a reduction ratio from 1:2 to 1:10.
14. Shredding device according to one of the claims 1 to 13,
    characterized in that the driving unit (100) which comprises the synchronous three-phase motor and the planetary gear system is fully carried and supported by the shredding shaft.
15. Shredding device according to one of the claims 12 to 14, as far as back-referenced to claim 12, characterized in that the driving unit (100) which comprises the synchronous three-phase motor and the planetary gear system is connected through a torque support (30) to an external receiving location for receiving a reaction torque during the operation of the device.

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